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GRAY'S NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY

(SEVENTH EDITION — ILLUSTRATED)

A HANDBOOK OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS

OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
AND ADJACENT CANADA

REARRANGED AND EXTENSIVELY REVISED BY

BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON

ABA. GRAY PROFESSOK OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY IN UARVARD UNIVERSITY

AXD

MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:. CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1908, by
THE PRESIDENT AXD FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London
w. p. iS

CONTENTS

PAGE

Preface .«...<,<...„„,. 6

Analytical Key to the Families .,,,,.,. 9

Tabular View of the Families .,,,„,,„ 23

Summary by Divisions, Classes, etc. <, <, , » , , . 27

Summary by Minor Groups •...,.,,. 27

Explanation of Abbreviations of Authors' Names , , - . 28

Other Abbreviations and Signs employed ...... 31

Descriptive Flora . . . . c » , » „ „ . 33

Glossary . . . . » o . » „ „ „ , . 876

Index . , » . o o o o o o o o . . 885

PREFACE

In bringing Dr. Asa Gray's well-known Manual to date and into
accord with modern views of classification and nomenclature, tiie
present editors have found it necessary to rearrange it throughout,
rewrite considerable portions, modify at least slightly nearly all the
descriptions, and adopt certain principles of nomenclature (notably
the one relating to the first specific name) somewhat at variance with
Dr. Gray's practice. Although these changes have been numerous
and in some respects fundamental, it is believed that they are all in
thorough accord wdth the liberal spirit of progress which character-
ized his own successive publications. Wherever possible and in all
cases of doubt, the wording of the sixth edition, prepared by Dr.
Serexo Watson and Professor John Merle Coulter, and pub-
lished in January, 1890, has been retained.

In the arrangement of the plant-families and in grouping them
in orders, the admirable system of Eichler, in recent years much
elaborated and perfected by Engler and Prantl, has been followed
v/ith a few deviations of minor importance.

The term order, used by Dr. Gray as synonymous with family, is
here employed, according to the recommendation of the International
Botanical Congress at Vienna, to designate a group of superior rank ;
the same, in fact, which has sometimes been called a coliort. Orders,
in this sense, are not capable of sharp definition in the manner of
species, genera, or even families, nor is it to be supposed that one
order begins in development where the preceding ends. They are
rather to be conceived as representing somewhat parallel and long-
disconnected lines or tendencies in evolutionary development. The
grouping of the families into orders is shown in the tabular view on
pages 23-27.

To cover a more natural floral area and to make the Manual con-
venient for a greater number of users, some alterations have been
made in the geographic limits adopted in the sixth edition. These
changes result in (1) the exclusion of the territory at the west between
the 96th and 100th meridians, a region now known to include a con-

6

6 PREFACE

siderable percentage of plants characteristic of the Great Plains and
not harmonious with the flora which the present work is especially
designed to treat; and (2) the inchision of the Canadian provinces
of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the
greater part of Quebec and Ontario. As thus modified the limits
are as follows : on the north, the 48th parallel from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence to Lake Superior, and the international boundary thence
to the northwest corner of Minnesota; on the west, the western
boundary of Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, thence southward
along the 96th meridian; on the south, the southern boundaries of
eastern Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia.

In the preparation of this edition valued assistance has been
received from Professor A. S. Hitchcock of the United States
Department of Agriculture, who has elaborated the Gramineae;
Mr. Oakes Ames, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden of
Harvard University, who has treated the Orcliidaceae; President
Ezra Brainerd of Middlebury College, who has revised the genus
Viola; Mr. A. A. Eaton of the Ames Botanical Laboratory, who
has treated the technical genera Equisetum and Isoetes; Dr. J. M.
Greenman of the Field Museum of Natural History, who has
revised Senecio; Mr. W. W. Egglestox, who has revised the exceed-
ingly difficult genus Crataegus; and Miss Mary A. Day, Librarian
of the Gray Herbarium, who has given much clerical and biblio-
graphical assistance throughout the preparation and proof reading
of the text. Many of the older figures, formerly grouped in plates,
have been redrawn and for greater convenience placed in the text,
and to these have been added a much larger number of new ones
drawn chiefly by Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews, but in part also by
Professor J. Franklin Collins of Brown University and Mr. P.
B. Whelpley. All the illustrations of the Orcliidaceae have been
not only skillfully executed but generously contributed by Mrs.
Oakes Ames. The fact that it has been possible thus to extend the
illustration of the Manual has been due in great part to the interest
and liberality of the Visiting Committee of the Gray Herba-
rium. Many botanists throughout the country, notably the members
of the New England Botanical Club, have furnished specimens and
notes which have been exceedingly helpful in determining the geo-
graphic range and limits of variation. To all who have thus in
different ways aided in the preparation of the present work, the
editors wish to express their sincere appreciation and cordial thanks.

At the International Botanical Congress, held at Vienna, June,

PREFACE 7

1905, it was fortunately possible to reach a substantial agreement
on the controversial subject of nomenclature. Some mutual con-
cessions were necessary, but it is believed that they will be cheer-
fully made by those who are really seeking harmony in this matter.
The editors have, therefore, scrupulously endeavored to bring the
nomenclature of the Manual into accord with the Vienna agreement,
in order that American botanical nomenclature may be freed as
speedily as possible from peculiarity or provincialism and assume
the form which has received international sanction. The most im-
portant change in this respect which characterizes the present edition
in distinction from the previous editions is the adoption of the earliest
specific name instead of that specific name which was first combined
witti tJie correct generic name. With this change it becomes more
important to trace the previous use of specific names under other
genera, and, to facilitate this, it seems wise to adopt the double
citation of authorities. In the capitalization of specific and varietal
names, it has been thought best to adopt the custom of many promi-
nent botanists from Linnaeus himself to the distinguished editors
of the Index Kewensis. The chief change in this respect from the
usage of previous editions consists in the decapitalization of geo-.
graphic adjectives, such as canadensis, ameincana, and the like. In
regard to these words it should be borne in mind that they are not
English and therefore not subject to the rules of English grammar.
They are a part of an international system of Latin nomenclature,
which should not be modified by different nations by introducing
peculiarities of their several languages. Many generic and other
names, which were in use prior to 1753, were adopted by Linnaeus
and his followers. These names are indicated in the Manual by
brackets inclosing the name of the pre-Linnean author ; thus, Poly'
podium [Tourn.] L.

In the treatment of the ever increasing number of foreign plants
which have been recorded within our range, it has seemed desirable
to include in the Manual only those which have given some evidence
of self-dissemination and shown some tendency to become permanent
members of our flora. Waifs, ballast-weeds, and plants persisting
locally after cultivation have in general been omitted.

During the last twenty years there has been an unprecedented
activity in the characterization of new species and varieties within
our range. The present editors have considerably delayed the
issue of this work in order to examine these new propositions
and give them recognition in all cases where their merit could be

3 PKEFACB

demonstrated. In a few instances, however, it has been impossible
from lack of material or data either to include as valid or to reduce'
definitely to synonymy such sx3ecies and varieties, and it has accord
ingly seemed best not to mention them. It is not thereby meant
that they are not of value, but merely that evidence of their distinct-
ness has not been available.

Botanical names, being in many instances latinized forms of
geographic, aboriginal, or personal designations, are not always
capable of easy or consistent pronunciation. From long-established
custom they are usually pronounced in English-speaking countries
according to the pronunciation of Latin after the English method,
exceptions being frequent in such names as Michauxiana, which is
commonly pronounced meshoiana, or by others meshoziana, to avoid
the awkward pronunciation which the word would have according
to the English rules. The subject is one into which considerations
of taste, convenience, and custom enter to such an extent that it is
most difficult to lay down definite principles free from pedantry
However, as a general guide, the names in this, as in previous edi
tions, are marked with accents, — the accented syllable being deter
mined as far as possible by the well-known rules of Latin quantity
In cases of doubtful quantity, in such names as Berlandiera, Pahneri,
Bacopa, etc., it has seemed best to treat the penultimate vowel as
long, according to the usage of most British and Continental writers.
Two accents are used, the grave (') to indicate the long English
sound of the vowel, the acute (') to show the shortened or other,
wise modified sound. Eor aid in determining the accented syllablcj
the editors are in several instances indebted to Dr. A. S. Pease.

In consideration of recent differences in nomenclatorial practice,
and with a wish to make the Manual as convenient as possible foi
all users, synonyms have been inserted freely to show the equiva-
lence of different names, especially of those permitted by the
Eochester and American Codes but not sanctioned by the Interna-
tional Eules. It has been necessary to make these citations exceed-
ingly brief, the specific name, when the same, being omitted; e.g.
under Raaunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, the synonym OxygrapJus Vrantl
means that the species has been treated by Prantl under the identi-
cal specific name (Cymbalaria) in Oxygraphis, a genus not maintained
in the present work

B. L. E.

M, L. F.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

(Carried out, in some cases, to subfamilies and genera)

Division I. PTERIDOPHYTA

Fern-like, moss-like, rush-like, or aquatic plants without true flowers,
Reproduction by spores (without embryos).

A. Floating plants with small 2-ranked leaves; si^orocarps borne on

the under side of the stem Salviniackae. 50

A.. Terrestrial or submersed plants, not floating B.

B. Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed
sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like
spikes Equisetaceae, 5'^

B. Stems without conspicuous sheathed joints C.

C. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow; sporangia sessile,
axillary.
Stem short, corm-like; leaves elongate, awl-shape or linear,

in a rosette IsoiiTACEAE, 58

Stem elongate, creeping (sometimes underground) or branch-
ing ; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated.
Sporangia of two kinds, some containing many minute
spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4)
much larger macrospores Selaginellaceae, 57

Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores Lycopodiaceae, 54-

C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated; if narrow, without
axillary sporangia D.
D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, clover-like ; sporocarps (inclosing

the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem Marsileaceae, 49

D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, simple or variously cleft; spo-
rangia not inclosed in basal sporocarps E.
E. Fertile fronds, or fertile portions of the fronds conspicu-
ously unlike the sterile F.
F. Slender twining or climbing plant, the frond with alter-
nate paired and stalked palmately lobed divisions Lygodium^ 46
F. Neither twining nor climbing G.
G. Sterile fronds linear-filiform, tortuous; the fertile fili-
form, tipped by a 1-sided short (3-8 mm. long)
pinnate fertile portion Schizaea, 45

G. Sterile fronds (or segments) broader H.
H. Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a

long-stalked simple spike Ophioglossaceae, 4.7

H. Sterile and fertile fronds or segments more or less
deft I.

9

10 ANALYTICAL KEY

L Rootstock almost none, the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appear-
ing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots ; lower segment
sterile, upper fertile and bearing 2-rowed globular
sporangia Botrychium, 47

I. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots
fibrous; fronds numerous or the fertile and sterile
clearly distinct J.
J. Fertile fronds or segments scarcely or not at all leaf-like,
the sporangia globose or in bead-like rows.
Sporangia globose, thin-walledj 2-valved, densely

crowded, not 2-ranked Osmund aceae, 46

Sporangia globose and distinct or connected in bead-
like chains, firm, 2-ranked Onoclea, 45
J. Fertile fronds or segments green and leaf-like, at least

above ; the sporangia not globose Polypodiaceae, 33

E. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile.

Sporangia sessile at the base of a bristle-like receptacle and
surrounded by a cup-like involucre ; frond of a single layer
of cells Hymenophyllaceae, 33

^ - ' Sporangia stalked, with no bristle-like receptacle ; frond of

more than one layer of cells Polypodiaceae, 'da

Division II. SPERMATOPHYTA

Plants with true flowers containing stamens, pistils, or both. Reprodu*'
tion normally by seeds containing an embryo.

Subdivision I. GYMNOSP^RMAE

Ovules not in a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear,
or scale-like mostly evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers K,

K. Flowers themselves catkin-like or borne in catkins, which be-
come cones or berry-like Pinaceae, 62

K. Flowers solitary, axillary ; seed solitary, more or less enveloped

in a pulpy disk ' Taxaceae, 62

Subdivision II. ANGIOSPERMAE

Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit.

CLASf? 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibers
distributed through them (a transverse slice showing the fibers as dots scat-
tered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon, the
early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or
sixes, never in fives. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species, except
in the genus Smilax, herbaceous L.

L. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoidal, or flask-shaped free-swimming

aquatics without true leaves Lemnaceae, 25S

L. Plants with stems and leaves (sometimes scale-like) M.

ANALYTICAL KEY 11

M. Perianth free from the ovary or none N.

N. Perianth wanting or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions O,

O. Flowers inclosed or subtended by imbricated husk-like

scales (glumes) ; grass-like plants with jointed stems,

sheathing (mostly narrow) leaves, and 1-seeded fruit.

Stems hollow, round or flattened; leaf-sheaths split;

anthers attached by the middle Gramineae, 86

Stems usually more or less triangular, solid ; leaf-sheaths

not split ; anthers attached at the base Cyperaceae, 171

O. Flowers not inclosed in husk-like scales (though sometimes in
involucrate heads) P.
P. Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves
often floating.
Flowers perfect Najadaceae, 69

Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Flowers in globose heads Sparganiaceae, 68

Flowers axillary, solitary Najadaceae, 69

P. Terrestrial or marsh plants Q.
0 Leaves petioled, the blade net-veined Araceae, 257

Q. Leaves linear or sword-shaped, parallel-veined, not petioled R.
R. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Flowers in cylindrical spikes Typhaceae, 67

Flowers in heads.
Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate Eriocaulaceae, 260
Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate Sparganiaceae, 68
R. Flowers perfect.

Flowers in a dense spike, this borne on the margin

of a 2-edged scape ; root aromatic Acorus, 258

Scapes or peduncles cylindrical.

Ovaries 3-6, separating at least when ripe Juncaginaceae, 79
Ovary single, 3-carpeled Juncaceae, 267

N. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scale-
like nor bristle-form S.
S. Pistils numerous in a head or ring Alismaceae, 80

S. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) T.
T. Stamens 3.

Moss-like, aquatic ; flowers solitary IVIayacaceaEj 263

Rush-like marsh or bog plants ; flowers in spikes, racemes,
or heads.
Flowers racemose or spicate Juncagixaceae, 79

Flowers in dense scaly heads Xyridaceae, 262

T. Stamens 4 Maianthejnum, 291

T. Stamens 6 U.
U. Stamens all alike and fertile.

Gray scurfy moss-like epiphyte Bromeliaceae, 265

' Not epiphytic.

Ovary of nearly separate carpels Juncaginaceae, 79

Ovary (often angled or lobed) not deeply cleft.
• Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so.

Perianth woolly Haemodoraceae, 296

Perianth not woolly.
Plant rush-like; perianth small, greenish or

purplish brown Juncacsae, 267

12 ANALYTICAL KEY

Plant not rush-like Liliackae, 279

Divisions of the perianth unlike, 3 green sepals and
3 colored petals.
Stem-leaves ovate or oblong, 3 in a whorl Trillium, 293

Stem-leaves linear or nearly so ; flowers umbeled

COMMELINACEAE, 264

U. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers.

Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral

petals COM.MKLI.VACEAE, 264

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed Pontederiacfae, 266

M. Perianth present, aduate to the ovary V-
V. Stamens 1-2; flowers irregular.

Anthers 2-celled ; seeds many Orchid aceae, 304

Anthers 1-celled ; seeds solitary Marantaceae, 304

V. Stamens 3 or more ; flowers mostly regular or nearly so W.
W. Climbing plant with net-veined ovate leaves Dioscoreaceae, 297

W. Not climbing; leaves parallel- veined.

Perianth woolly, only partially adnate to the ovary

HaeMODOK ACEAE, 296

Perianth not woolly, adnate to the whole surface of the
ovary.
Aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous Hydrocharitaceae, 85
Terrestrial ; flowers perfect.
Stamens 6 Amarylledaceae, 297

Stamens 3.
Leaves 2-ranked, equitant; stamens opposite the

outer segments of the perianth Iridaceae, 299

Leaves not 2-ranked, the cauline scale-like; stamens
opposite the inner segments of the perianth

Burmanniaceae, 304

Class 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between
the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year,
by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves
net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the
flower mostly in fours or fives X. ? ■ - ; ■ ^.^ % ^ i''

X. Corolla none ; calyx present or absent Y.

Y. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins Z.
Z. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers in a short catkin or catkin-like head Urticaceae, 344

Fertile flowers single or clustered ; the sterile in slender
catkins (except in Fugus).
Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked Juglandaceae, 3.30

Leaves sJmple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre Fagaceae, 337
Z. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like
heads a.
a. Ovary many-ovuled ; fruit many-seeded.

Ovary and pod 2-celled : seeds not tufted Liquidamhar, 453

Ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds hairy-tufted Salicaceae. 32C

AKALYTICAL KEY 18

a. Ovary 1-2-celled; cells 1-ovuled ; fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees ; fruit a berry Loranthaceae, 351

Trees and slirubs, not parasitic.
Calyx regular, in fertile flower succulent in fruit Ubticaceae, 344
Calyx none or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma 1, simple.
Leaves palmately angled or lobed Platanaceae, 454

Leaves ovate or oblong, entire Leitneriaceae, 330

Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin Betulaceae, 332
Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets

naked, waxy-coated, or drupe-like Myricaceae, 329

Y. Flowers not in catkins h.

h. Ovary or its cells containing only 1-2 (rarely 3-4) ovules c.
c. Pistils more than 1, distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules Rosaceae, 454

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves punctate with transparent dots Zanthoxylum, 537

Leaves not dotted.
Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like Ranunculaceae, 31)2
Calyx none ; flowers spiked Piperaceae, 320

5o Pistil 1 , simple or compound d.
d. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting e.
e. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Tree ; calyx none Platanaceae, 454

Herbs; calyx present, commonly corolla-like Polygonaceae, 353
e. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none /.
/. Herbs g.
g. Aquatic, submerged or nearly so.

Leaves whorled, dissected ; style 1 Ceratophyllaceae, 389
Leaves opposite, entire ; styles 2 ; ovary 4-celled

Callitrichaceae, 549
g. Not aquatics h.
h. Styles 10 ; ovary and berry lO-celled Phytolaccaceae, 374

h. Style, if any, and stigma 1.

Flowers unisexual; ovary of the fertile flowers

1-celled Urticaceae, 344

Flowers perfect; pod 2-celled, 2-seeded Lepidium, 425

h. Styles 2-3 or branched ; ovary 1-4-celled L

i. Leaves palmately lobed or divided CannaUneae, 344

i. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided j.
j. Ovary and pod .3-celled; juice usually milky.

Flowers in basal spikes; stamens 4; fila-
*^ ments thick, flattened Buxaceae, 55C

Inflorescence various, not of basal spikes;
stamens l-oo , rarely 4 ; filaments not con-
spicuously thick Euphorbiaceae, 540
,f. Ovary not 3-celled ; juice not milky k.
h. Flowers in numerous small involucrate

heads; fruit a 3-angled achene Eno(fomim,oo^

h. Flowers not involucrate.

Leaves covered at least beneath with stel-
late hairs: embryo straight Euphorbiaceae, 540

Harlan C. Brown

14 ANALYTICAL KEY

Leaves without stellate hairs ; embryo curved or
coiled.
Stipules scarious Illecebraceab, 37(>

Stipules none.
Leaves opposite.
Plant fleshy Salicornia, 369

Not fleshy.
Flowers in heads or spikes, these often

panicled ; anthers 1-celled Amaranthaceae, 371
Flowers sessile in forks of branching

inflorescence Illecebraceab, 376

Leaves alternate.
Flowers and bracts scarious Amaranthaceae, 371

Flowers small, chiefly greenish ; no scarious

bracts Chenopodiaceae, 364

/, Shrubs or trees.

Leaves small, linear or scale-like; low heath-like shrubs

Empetraceae, 551
Leaves oblong to orbicular ; never heath-like.
Leaves opposite.
Fruit 3-celled, not winged Rhamnaceae, 560

Fruit 2-cened, a double samara Aceraceae, 557

Fruit 1-celled, a single samara Oleaceae, 650

Leaves alternate.
Ovary 3-celled Rhamnaceae, 560

Ovary 1-2-celled.
Styles and stigmas 2 Urticaceae, 344

Style and stigma 1.
Anthers opening lengthwise Thymelaeaceae, 589

Anthers opening by uplifted lids Lauraceae, 413

d. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the
calyx as to appear so.
Parasites on the branches of trees Loranthaceae, 351

Aquatic herbs Haloragidaceae, 602

Terrestrial.
Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla.
Leaves opposite, simple Nyctaginaceae, 375

Leaves alternate, pinnate Sanguisorba, 494

Leaves alternate, simple Comandra, 350

Shrubs or trees.
Leaves scurfy Elaeagnaceae, 590

Leaves not scurfy, opposite Nestronia, 350

Leaves not scurfy, alternate.
Style 1, stigmatic down one side; flowers solitary, in

pairs, or in umbel-like clusters Nyssa, 625

Style 1, short; stigma terminal; flowers racemose Pyrularia, 350
Styles 2 Hamamelidaceae, 452

b. Ovary or its cells containmg many ovules I.
I. Calyx none ; ovary and fruit naked.

Aquatic herb Podostemaceae, 441

Tree or shrub Hamamelh^aceae, 452

I. Calyx present m.
flW. Ovary superior.

ANALYTICAL KEY

15

Penthorum, 442
AlZOACEAB, 377

Ranunculaceae, 392

Caryophyllaceae, 377

Glaux, 647

Lythraceae, 591

Aristolochiaceae, 351

Ludvigia, 594

Chrysosplenium, 448

Ovaries 2 or more, separate Ranunculaceae,

Ovary single.
Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked ; leaves scattered
Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves opposite or whorled
Ovary 1-2-celled.
Leaves compound
Leaves simple.
Calyx of separate sepals
Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft
Calyx 4-toothed
m. Ovary and pod inferior.

Ovary 6-celled ; stamens 6-12
Ovary 4-celled ; stamens 4
Ovary 1-celled ; stamens 8-10
X. Both calyx and corolla present n.
n. Corolla of separate petals o.
o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Pola-
nisia), and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx-
lobes p.
p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q.
q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at base
into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r.
r. Aquatics with peltate leaves Nymphaeaceae, 389

r. Terrestrial plants.
Climbers.
Leaves alternate
Leaves opposite
Not climbing.
Filaments united into a tube
Filaments not united.
Leaves opposite, entire.
Leaves alternate.
Stamens on the calyx
Stamens on the receptacle or disk.
Trees or shrubs.

Sepals and petals imbricated
Sepals and petals valvate
Herbs

q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may
be several s.
s. Leaves punctate with translucent dots Hypericaceae, 571

s. Leaves not punctate t.
t. Ovary simple, 1-celled.

Ovules 2 Rosacbae, 454

Ovules many.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected

Ranunculaceae, 392
Leaves peltate, lobed Podophyllum, 411

t. Ovary compound.
Ovary 1-celled.
Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; juice milky or col-
ored ; placentae parietal Papaveraceae, 414
Sepals 2; juice watery; placentae central Portulacackak. 387

Menispermaceae, 410
Clematis, 402

Malvaceae, 566

Calycanthaceae, 409

rosaceae, 454

Magnoliaceae, 408

Anonaceae, 410

Resedaceae, 439

^3 ANALYTICAL KEY

Sepals 4; juice watery; placentae parietal Capparidaceae. 438
Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; juice watery; placentae

parietal Cistaceae, 576

Ovary several-celled.
Calyx valvate in bud.
Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers

1-celled IVL^LVACEAE, 566

Trees ; anthers 2-celled Tiliaceae, 565

Calyx imbricate in bud.
Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals

Ternstroemiaceae, 570
Aquatic or marsh-dwelling herbs.
Leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped ; placentae in

the axis Sarraceniaceae, 439

Leaves (when mature) flattish, never tubular or
trumpet-shaped; ovules on the partitions of
the ovary Nymphaeaceae, 389

p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary.
Ovary 7-30-celled.
Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs Nymphaeaceae, 389

Cells 10, each 1-ovuled; trees or shrubs AmelancJiier, 'i59

Ovary 6-celled Asarum, 352

Ovary 1-5-celled.
Fleshy-stemmed, without true foliage ; petals many Cactaceae, 588

Leaves present.

Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules arising from the base of a

1-celled ovary Portulacaceae, 387

Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2.
Leaves opposite ; stipules none Saxifragaceae, 444

Leaves alternate.

Stipules present Rosaceae, 454

Stipules none.
Herbs with rough-pubescent leaves Loasaceae, 588

Trees or shrubs Styracaceae, 649

0, Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals u.
u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Ovaries 3-6, separate ; woody vines Menispermaceae, 410

Ovary only one.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate Yitaceae, 562

Calyx 4-5-cleft ; petals involute Rhamnaceae, 560

Ovary 1-celled.
Anthers opening by uplifted lids Berberidaceae, 411

Anthers not opening by uplifted lids.

Style 1, unbranched ; stigma 1 PpwImulaceae, 643

Styles, style-branches, or stigmas more than 1.
Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 Portulacaceae, 387

Sepals or calyx-lobes 3-5.
Flowers monoecious Crotovopsis, 542

Flowers perfect Plumb agin aceae, 643

. u. Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the same
number alternate with them v.
V. Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. ovary wholly superior le

ANALYTICAL KEY ^7

^. Ovaries 2or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x.

X. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma
common to the 2 ovaries a ^^,

^ o*„ . . , ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663

X. stamens free from each other and from the pistils y.
y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx.

Leaves punctate with translucent dots Rutaceae 537

Leaves without translucent dots.
Trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnate.
Low shrub; leaflets mostly 5 Zanthorhha. 408

Tree ; leaflets 11 or more Ailanthus, 538

Herbs. '

Leaves fleshy Crassulaceae, 441

Leaves not fleshy.
Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style.
Ovary 2-3-lobed Limnantkaceae, 551

Ovary 5-lobed Geraniaceae. 534

Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas

cj- . , Ranunculaceae, 392

y. btamens inserted on the caljrx.

Plant fleshy ; stamens just twice as many as the pistils

T>i . ^ ^ ^ Crassulaceae, 441

ir-lant not fleshy; stamens not twice as many as the pistils
Stipules present Rosaceae, 454

,. n Stipules none Saxifragaceae, 444

w. Ovary 1 z.

z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta Leguminosae, 499

r. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae,
styles, or stigmas A.
A. Ovary 1-celled.

Corrolla irregular.
Petals 4 ; stamens 6 Fumariaceae, 416

Pe als and stamens 5 Violaceae, 579

Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary.
Trees or shrubs Anacardiaceae, 652

^ ^'^^ Cruciferae, 418

Ovules more than one.

Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell.
Petals not inserted on the calyx Caryophyllaceae, 377

Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or

tubular calyx Lythraceae, 591

Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae.
Leaves punctate with translucent dots Hypertcaceae, 571

Leaves beset with gland-tipped bristles Droseraceae,' 440

Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.
Petals 4.
Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stiped

Capparidaceae, 438
Stamens unequal. 2 being shorter than the other 4 ;

pod sessile Cruciferae. 418

Petals 3 or 5.

Ovary stiped Passifloraceae, 58?

Ovary sessile.

fray's manual — i

18

ANALYTICAL KEY

Saxifragaceae, 444

CiSTACEAE, 576

POLYGALACEAE, 538

Rhododendron, 631

Cuphea, 693

Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepals
Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals
A. Ovary 2-several-celled B.
B. Flowers irregular C.
C. Anthers opening at the top.
Anthers 6-8, 1-celled
Anthers 10, 2-celled
C. Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx
Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so.
Ovary 3-celled ; trees or shrubs Aesculus, 559

Ovary 5-celled ; herbs Balsaminaceae, 560

B. Flowers regular or nearly so D.

D. Stamens, neither just as many nor twice as many as the
petals.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens fewer than the 4 petals
Stamens more numerous than the petals
Herbs.
Petals 5
Petals 4
D. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals
E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious
Flowers perfect and symmetrical.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals.
Ovary 2-3-celled
Ovary 5-celled

Oleaceae, 650

acebacbae, 557

Hypericaceae, 571
Cruciferae, 418
E.

EUPHORBIACEAE, 540

Limnanthaceae, 551
Geraniaceae, 534

Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals.

Leaves abruptly pinnate
Leaves simple
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound.
Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate
Leaves pinnate, not punctate
Leaves simple.
Leaves palmately veined
Leaves pinnately veined.
Leaves alternate.
Climbing shrub
Erect shrubs or trees.
Flowers racemose
Flowers solitary or cymose
Leaves opposite
E. Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell
F. Leaves compound.
Tree or shrub

Herbs ; leaves alternate, or all radical.
Leaflets 3, obcordate
Leaflets more numerous, pointed
Leaves simple
Stipules present between opposite leaves

Zygophyllaceae, 536

LiNACEAE, 531

F.

Ptelea, 537
Sapindaceae, 559

Aceraceae, 557

Celastrus, 557

CYRIIiLACEAE, 553

Aquifoliaceae, 554
Celastraceae, 556
F.

Staphyleaceae, 557

oxalidaceae, 532

Astilbe, 444

Elatinaceae, 575

ANALYTICAL KEY 19

Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, united at base into a 10-toothed

cup or tube ; leaves all radical Galax, 642

Stamens free from each other.
Style 1.
Stamens free from the calyx Ericaceae, 625

Stamens inserted on the calyx Lythraceae, 591

Styles 2-5, or splitting into 2 in fruit.
Stamens free from the calyx; leaves

opposite Caryophyllaceae, .377

Stamens inserted on the calyx Ericaceae, 625

V. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G.

G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs Cucurbitaceae, 764

i G. Not tendril-bearing H.

H. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled.
Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the

ovary Portulacaceae, 387

Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5 ; placentae 2-3, parietal Saxifragaceae, 444
Ovary 2-many-celled.
Anthers opening by pores at the apex Melastomaceae, 593

Anthers not opening by pores.
Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers

the ovary Celastraceae, 556

' Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Style 1 ; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) Onagraceae, 594

Styles 2-3, distinct ; stamens 5 or 10 Saxifragaceae, 444

H. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell.
Stamens 5 or 10.
Trees or shrubs.
Leaves simple, not prickly Crataegus, 460

Leaves compound, or prickly Araliaceae, 605

Herbs.

Fruit dry, splitting at maturity ; styles 2 Umbelliferae, 607

Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united Araliaceae, 605
Stamens 2, 4, or 8.
Style and stigma 1 ; fruit a drupe Cornaceae, 623

Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually
more than 1 ; fruit not drupaceous.
Shrubs or trees Hamamelidaceae, 452

Herbs.
Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed Onagraceae, 594

Styles or sessile stigmas 4 Haloragidaceae, 602

n. Petals more or less united I.
I. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla J.
J. Ovary 1-celled.

Placenta 1, parietal Leguminosae, 499

Placentae 2, parietal Fumariaceae, 416

Placenta at the center or base of the ovary Styracaceae, 649

J. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled Polygalaceae, 538

J. Ovary 3-oc-celled K.

K. Stamens free from the corolla.

Style 1 ; leaves simple Ericaceae, 625

Styles 5 1 leaves 3-foliolate Oxalidaceae, 532

20 ANALYTICAL KEY

K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla.

Saprophytic herbs without green foliage Monotropoideae, 626

Not saprophytic ; foliage green.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs ; anthers mostly 2-celled.
Filaments united into 1-5 groups.
Ovary superior Ternstroemiaceae, 570

Ovary at least partly inferior Styracaceae, 649

Filaments free from each other.
Style 1 Ericaceae, 625

Styles 4 Ebenaceae, 648

Herbs; anthers 1-celled.
Filaments united into a tube Malvaceae, 566

Filaments distinct, 2 at each notch of the corolla Adoxa, 761

I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes L.
L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and opposite them.
Corolla appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 5-celled ; trees

or shrubs Sapotacbae, 648

Corolla not appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 1-celled ;
herbs.
Style 1 ; fruit a several-many-seeded capsule Primulacrae, 643

Styles 5 ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle Plumbaginaceae, 643

L. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer M.
M. Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior) N.
N. Corolla regular O.

O. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ?.

P. Ovaries more than 1, or, if 1, deeply lobed Q.
Q. Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horued.

Stamens united Asclepiadaceae, 663

Stamens distinct.
Stipules or stipular membrane or line between

opposite leaves ; ovary 2-horned Loganiaceae, 652

Stipules none ; ovaries 2.
Leaves kidney-shaped, alternate Dichondra, 669

Leaves not kidney-shaped, chiefly opposite

Apocynaceae, 661
Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.

Leaves alternate Boraginaceae, 679

Leaves opposite Labiatae, 690

P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R.
R. Ovary 1-celled.

Seed 1 ; corolla scarious Plantaginaceae, 743

Seeds several-many.
Leaves entire, opposite Gentianaceae, 654

Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound.
Whole upper surface of corolla white-bearded ;

leaflets 3, entire Mniyanthes, 660

Corolla not conspicuously bearded ; leaves, if
compound, with toothed leaflets

Hydrophyllaceae, 676
B. Ovary 2-10-celled.

Leafless twining parasites Cuscuta.Qll

Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular

line Loganiaceae, 652

ANALYTICAL KEY

21

Leaves alternate or if opposite with no trace of stipules.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so.
Style 1 Ericaceae,

Style none Aqijifoliackae,

Stamens in the notches of the corolla; style 1 Diapknsiaceae,
Stamens on the tube of the corolla.
Stamens 4.
Leafy-stemmed; leaves opposite ; corolla petaloid

Vekbenaceae,
Plantaginaceae,

()25
554
642

BORAGINACEAE,

(rarely in) Breweria,

Convolvulaceae,
Hydrophyllaceae.

Con VOL vulac e ae,
Solanaceae,

acanthaceae,
Verbenaceae,

743
679

669

668
676

673
670

668
712

742

688

Acaulescent; corolla scarious
Stamens 5 or rarely more.
Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets
Fruit a few-many-seeded pod.
Styles 3
Styles 2.
Pod few (mostly 4)-seeded
Pod many-seeded
Style 1, often branched.
Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of
the stigma) 3.
Not twining Polemoniaceae

Twining Ipomoea

Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2
or rarely 4.
Seeds few, mostly 4
Seeds many
O. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.
Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs.
Ovary 2-celled ; cells several-seeded
Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 1-seeded
Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3.
Ovary 4-lobed
Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed.
Herbs.
Acaulescent; corolla scarious Plantaginaceae,

Leafy-stemmed ; corolla not scarious Veronica,

Trees or shrubs Oleaceae,

. Corolla irregular S.
S. Stamens with anthers 5.

Stamens free from the corolla; anther-cells opening at the

apex Rhododendron, 631

Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style Echium, 688

Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled.
Filaments or some of them woolly Verhascum, 719

Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamiis, 716

S. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4.

Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells.
Ovary 4-lobed ; style rising from between the lobes Labiatae, 690

Ovary not lobed ; style from its apex.
Ovary 1-celled ; fruit turned downwards Phrymaceae, 743

Ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit not turned downwards Verbenaceae, 688
Ovules 2-many in each cell.

Lycopus, 709

743

726
650

22 ANALYTICAL KEY

Ovary imperfectly 4-5-celled Martyniaceae, 741

Ovary 1-2-celled,
Ovary 1-celled.
Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial ; stamens 4

Orobanchaceae, 739
Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants ; stamens 2

Lentibulariaceae, 736
Ovary 2-celled.
Trees or woody climbers ; placentae parietal Bignoniaceae, 740
Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis.
Seeds (mostly numerous) not borne on hooks

Scrophut.ariaceae, 717
Seeds (2-12) borne on hook-like processes of the

placentae Acanthaceae, 742

M. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior) T.

T. Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united Cucurbitaceae, 764

T. Tendrils none U.
U. Stamens separate V,

Y. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its

lobes; stipules none ; juice milky Campanulaceae, 765

V. Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla-lobes Valerianaceae, 761
Stamens 4-5 ; leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Leaves opposite or perfoliate, but neither whorled

nor provided with true stipules Caprifoliaceae, 754

Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and

destitute of stipules Rubiaceae, 746

Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads Dipsacaceae, 763
U. Stamens united by their anthers ; these joined in a ring or tube.

Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular Lobeliaceae, 768
Flowers in an involucrate head Compositae, 770

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES TREATED
IN THIS WORK

Orders, Families, etc.

Division I. PTEKIDOPHYTA

Order I. Filicalbs

Fam. 1. Hymenophyllaceae

" 2. Polypodiaceae . .

" 8. Schizaeaceae . . .

** 4. Osmundaceae . .

*• 5. Ophioglossaceae .

" 6. Marsileaceae . . .

" 7. Salviniaceae . . .
3rd. II. Equisetales

Fam. 8. Equisetaceae . .
Ord. III. Lycopodiales

Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae . .

" 10. Selaginellaceae . .

" 11. Isoetaceae . . .

Division II. SPERMATOPHYTA
Subdivision I. Gymnospermae

Ord. IV. CONIFERALES

Fam. 12. Taxaceae

" 18. Pinaceae

Sdbdivision II. Angiospermae

Class I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Ord. V. Pandanales

Fam, 14. Typhaceae

" 15. Sparganiaceae

Ord. VI. "Najadales

Fam. 16. Najadaceae

" 17. Juncaginaceae

** 18. Alismaceae

" 19. Hydrocharitaceae ....
Ortl. VII. Graminales

Yam. 20. Gramineae

" 21. Cyperaceae

Ord. VIII. AEALE8

Fam. 22. Araceae

" 23. Lemnaceae

Ord. IX. Xyeidales

Fam. 24. Eriocaulaceae

" 25. Xyridaceae

" 26. Mayacaceae

•* 27. Commelinaceae ....

'* 28. Bromeliaceae

" 29. Pontederlaceae

Genera.

Native.

Introd.

Species.

Native.

44
4

19
8

312

322

Introd.

Varieties axd
Named Forms.

Native.

22

42
135

Introd.

23

24

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

Okders, Families, etc.

Ord. X. L1LIALE8

Fam. 30. Juncaceae . .

" 31. Liliaceae . . .

" 33. Haemodoraceae

" 33. Dioscoreaceae .

" 34. Amaryllidaceae .

" 35. Iridaceae . . .

Ord. XI. SCITAMINALES

Fam. 36. Marantaceae
Ord. XII. Orchidales

Fam. 37. Burmanniaceae
" 38. Orchidaceae . .

Ge.n'era.

Class II. DICOTYLEDOXEAE
Subclass I. Archichlamydeae

Ord. XIII. P1PERALE8

Fam. 39. Piperaceae

Ord. XIY. Salicales

Fam. 40. Salicaceae

Ord. XV. Myricales

Fam. 41. Myricaceae

Crd. XVI. Leitneriales

Fam. 42. Leitneriaceae

Ord. XVII. JUGLANDALES

Fam. 43. Juglandaceae

Ord. XVIII. Fagales

Fam. 44. Betulaceae

" 45. Fagaceae

Ord. XIX. Ukticales

Fam. 46. Urticaceae

Ord. XX. Santalales

Fam. 47. Santalaceae

" 48. Loranthaceae

Ord. XXI. Aeistolochiales

Fam. 49. Aristolochiaceae

Ord. XXII. POLTGONALES

Fam. 50. Polygonaceae ......

Ord. XXIII. Chenopodiales

Fam. 51. Chenopodiaceae

" 52. Amaranthaceae

" 53. Phytolaccaceae ......

" 54. Nyctaginaceae

" 55. Illecebraceae ......

" 56. Aizoaceae

Ord. XXIV. Caryophyli.ai.es

Fam. 57. Caryophyllaceae

" 58. Portulacaceae

Ord. XXV. Eanunculales

Fam. 59. Ceratophyllaceae

'• 60. Nymphaeaceae

" 61. Ranunculaceae

" 62. Magnoliaceae

Native. Introd

Native Introd

Varietie«i and
Named Fok.ms.

Native. Introd.

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

25

Orders, Families, etc.

Fam. 63. Calycanthaceae

" 64. Anonaceae . . .

" 65. Menisperinaceae .

" 66. Berberidaceae . .

" 67. Lauraceae . . .
Ord. XXYL Papaverales

Fam. 68. Papaveraceae . .

" 69. Furaariaceae . .

" 70. Cruciferae . . ,

" 71. Capparidaceae , .

" 72. Kesedaceae . . .
Ord. XXVII, Sarraceniales

Fam. 73. Sarraceniaceae . .

" 74. Droseraceae . . .
Ord. XXVIII. Eosales

Fam. 75. Podostemaeeae . .

" 76. Crassulaceae . .

" 77. Saxifragaceae . .

" 78. Hamamelidaceae .

" 79. Platanaceae . . .

" 80. Eosaceae . . . .

" 81. Leguminosae . .
Ord. XXIX. Geraniales

Fam. 82. Llnaceae . . , .

" 83. Oxalidaceae .

" 84. Geraniaceae . . .

** 85. Zygophyllaceae

" 86. Eutaceae . . . .

'' 87. Simarubaceae . .

•* 88. Polygalaceae . .

*• 89. Eupborbiaceae . .

" 90. Callitrichaceae . .
Ord. XXX. Sapindales

Fam. 91. Buxaceae . . ,

" 92. Empetraceae . .

" 93. Limuantbaceae .

" 94. Anacardiaceae

" 95. Cyrillaceae . . .

" 96, Aquifoliaceae . .

" 97. Celastraceae . .

" 98. Stapbyleaceae . .

" 99. Aceraceae . . .

", 100. Sapindaceae . .

" 101. Balsaminaceae .

Ol-d. XXXI. EnAMNALES

Fam, 102. Ehamnaceae . .

" 103. Vitaceae . . . .
Ord. XXXII. Malvales

Fam. 104. Tiliaceae . , .

" 105. Malvaceae . . .
Ord. XXXIII. ViOLALES

Fam. 106. Ternstroemiaceae

Genera.

Native.

In trod.

Species.

1
9

50

3

1

181

145

7
8
4

In trod.

Vauieiies and
Na.meu Forms.

Native.

In trod.

26

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

Orders, Families, etc.

Fam. 107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

Orel. XXXIV.

Fam. 113.

Ord. XXXV.

Fam. 114.

" 115.

" 116.

" 117.

" 118.

" 119.

Ord. XXXVI.

Fam. 120.

" 121.

" 122.

Ilypericaceae .
Elatinaceae . .
Cistaceae . .
Violaceae . .
Passifloraceae .
Loasaceae . .

Opuntiales
Cactaceae . .
Myrtales
Thyraelaceae .
Elaeagnaceae .
Lythraceae . .
Melastomaceae
Onagraceae . .
Haloragidaceae

Umbellales
Araliaceae . .
Umbelliferae .
Cornaceae . .

Subclass 11. Metachlamydeae

Ord. XXXVII. Ericales

Fam. 123. Ericaceae

" 124. Diapensiaceae

Ord. XXXVIII. Primulales

Fam. 125. Pliiinbaginaceae ....

" 126. Primulaceae

Ord. XXXIX. Ebenales

■ Fam. 127. Sapotaceae

" 128. Ebenaceae

" 129. Styracaceae

Ord. XL. Gentianales

Fam. 130. Oleaceae

" 131. Loganiaceae

" 132. Gentianaceae

" 133. Apocynaceae

" 134. Asclepiadaceae ....

Ord. XLI. POLEMONIALES

Fam. 135. Convolvulaceae ....

" 136. Polemoniaceae ....

" 137. Hydrophyllaceae ....

" 138. Boraginaceae

" 139. Verbenaceae

" 140. Labiatae

*' 141. Solanaceae

" 142. Scrophulariaceae ....

" 143. Lentibulariaceae ....

" 144. Orobanchaceae ....

" 145. Bignoniaceae

'" 146. Martyniaceae

" 147. Acanthaceae

" 148. Phrymaceae

Genera.

Native. Introd.

29

25

Species.

Native. Introd

78

20

Varieties and
Named Forms.

Native. Introd

17

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

27

_ . 1

Orders, Families, etc.

Genera.

Spfxies.

Varieties and
Named Forms.

Native.

Introd.

Native.

Introd.

Native.

Introd.

Ord. XLII. Plantaginales

Fam. 149. Plantaginaceae

Ord. XLIII. EuBiALES

Fam. 150. Rubiaceae

" 151. Caprifoliaceae

" 152. Valerianaceae

" 153. Dipsacaceae

Ord. XLIV. Campanulales

Fam. 154. Cucurbitaceae

" 155. Campanulaceae

" 156. Lobeliaceae

" 157. Compositae

2

7
8
2

4

2
1
81

2

8

1
25

12

34
35

8

4

8

13

43U

3

8
6
2
5

5

89

2

8
8
3

1

3

123

1
13

.. , ._ 1

SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC.

Division, Class, etc.

Pteridophyta , . .

Spermatophyta . . .

Gymnospermae . .

Angiospermae . .

Monocotyledoneae

Dicotyledoneae .

Archichlamydeae

Metachlamydeae

Genera.

Native. Introd

31
790

10
780
184
596
335
261

180

180
26
154

88

Native. Introd

115

3298

25

3273

993
2280
1249
1031

666
3
663
92
571
321
250

Varieties and
Named Forms.

Native. Introd

61

705

2

703
236
467
253
214

SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS

Families 157

Species

native ....

. . 821

introduced . .

. . 180

total ....

native ....

. . 3413

introduced . .

. . 666

total ....

native ....

. . 766

introduced . .

. . 40

total ....

1001

4079

Varieties, named
forms, etc.

Whole number of different plants (species, varieties, and named forms) treated in
this work

4885

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF
AUTHORS' NAMES

A. Br. — Braun, Alexander.
Adans. — Adanson, Michel.

A. DC. — J>e Candolle, Alphonse.
Ait. — Alton, William.

Ait.f. — Alton, William Townsend.

All. — Alllonl, Carlo.

Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan.

Andr, — Andrews, Henry C.

^ncf rz.—Andrzejowski, Anton Lukiano-

wicz.
Ard. — Arduino, Pietro.
Am. — Amott, George A. Walker^
Asch. — Ascherson, Paul.
Aust. — Austin, Coe Finch.

B. & H. — Bentham, George, and Hooker,

Joseph Dal ton.

Bab. — Bablngton, Charles Cardale.

Baill. — Balllon, Henri Ernest.

Baldw. — Baldwin, William.

Barn. — Barneoud, F. Marius.

^art/. — Bartllng, Friedrich Gottlieb.

Bartr. — Bartram, William.

Beauv. — Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Palisot de.

Benn. — Bennett, Arthur.

Benth. — Bentham, George.

Bernh. — Bemhardi, Johann Jacob.

Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von.

Bieb. — Biebersteln, Friedrich August,
Marschall von.

Bigel. — Bigelow, Jacob.

Bjornstr. — Bjornstrdm, Friedrich Jo-
hann.

B. Jif.ss.— Jussieu, Bernard de.

Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto.

Boenn. — Boennlnghausen, C. M. F. von.

5oer/i.— Boerhaave, Hermann.

Boiss. — Boissier, Edmnnd.

^orM. — Borkhausen, M. B.

Br., A. Sr. — Braun, Alexander.

Br., P. J5r. — Browns, Patrick.

Br., R. 5r. —Brown, Robert.

J5/-acA;.— Brackenrldgc, William D.

Briq. — Briquet, John.

BSP. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns,
E. E., and Poggenberg, Justus F.

Burm. f. — Burman, Nikolaus Laurens.

C. & S. — Chamisso, Adalbert von, and
Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.

C. A. Mey. — Meyer, Carl Anton.

Carr. — Carrlere, ifilie Abel.

Casp. — Caspary, Robert.

Cass. — Cassinl, Henri.

Cav. — Cavanilles, Antonio Jose.

Celak. — Celakovsky, Ladislav.

Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente.

Cham. — Chamisso, Adalbert von.

Chapm. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth

C/iois. — Cholsy, Jacques-Denis.

Clayt. — Clayton, John.

Coult. — Coulter, John Merle.

Cyrill. — Clrlllo, Domenico.

Darl. — Darlington, William.

Davenp. — Davenport, George Edward.

DC. — De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.

DC, A. DC — De Candolle, Alphonse.

Dc?ie. — Decaisne, Joseph.

Desf. — Desfontalnes, Rene Louiche.

Besr. — Desrousseaux.

Desv. — Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise.

Dietr. — Dietrich, Albert.

Dill. — Dillenlus, Johann Jacob.

Dougl. — Douglas, David.

Dufr. — Dufresne, Pierre.

Duham. — 'Dvi Hamel du Monceau, H. L.

Dumont. — Du Mont de Cours:t, G L. M

Dumort. — Dumortler, Barthelemy C.

Dnr. — Durleu de Malsonneuv3.

Eat. — Eaton, Amos.

^/irA. — Ehrhart, Friedrich.

ZZ^ — Elliott, Stephen.

^nd?. — Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus.

£'/i(5re?m.— Engelmann, George.

JE'scA. — Eschscholtz, .Tohann Friedrich

i^isc/i.— Fischer, F E. Ludwig von.

Forst — Forster, J R and George.

Foug. — Fougeroux, Auguste Denis.

28

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' N.AME5

29

/^owrw. — Fournier, Eugene.

/^/•esn. — Fresenius, J. S. G. W-

i^roeZ. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys.

Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph.

Gal. — Galeotti, Henri.

Gaud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupr^, Charles.

G. F. W. Mey. — Meyer, Georg Fried-
rich Wilbelm,

Gilib. — Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel,

Gmel. — Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.

GnieL, J. F. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann
Friedrich.

Gmel., J. G. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann
Georg.

Godr. — Godron, Dominique Alexandre.

Good. — Goodenough, Samuel.

Grab. — Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel.

Graebn. — Graebner, Paul.

Gren. — Grenier, Charles.

Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye.

Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R. A.

Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik.

Gunn. — Gunnerus, Johann Ernst.

G'wss. — Gussoni, Giovanni.

H. & A. — Hooker, William Jackson, and
Amott, G. A. Walker.

Hack. — Hackel, Eduard.

Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johan.

Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl.

/fawss^. — Haussknecht, Carl.

^aw. — Haworth, Adrian Hardy.

HfiiT. — Humboldt, F. Alexander von,
Bonpland, Aime, and Kunth, C S.

Hegel. — Hegelmaier, Friedrich.

Heist. — Heister, Lorentz.

Herb. — Herbert, William.

iTi^c/ic. — Hitchcock, Albert Spear.

Hoffm. — Hoffmann, Georg Franz.

Hook. — Hooker, William Jackson.

Hook./. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton.

Homem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken.

Huds. — 'S.nci^^n, William.

J'acg. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.

J. D. Sm. — Smith, John Donnell.

J. F. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.

J. G. G^me^ — Cmelin, Johann Georg.

J. G. Sm. — Smith, Jared Gage.

J. Sm. — Smith, John.

Jord. — Jordan, Alexis.

Juss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de.

Jtbss., B. Juss. — Jussieu, Bernard de.

Karst. — Karsten, Hermann.

Krock. — Krocker, Anton Johann.

Ktze. — Kuatze, Otto.

L. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linn6, Carl

von.
L.f. — Linn6, Carl von (the son).
Laestad. — Laestadius, Lars Levi.
Lag. — Lagasca, Mariano.
Lall. — Ave-Lallemant, J. L. E.
Z/a/n. — Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet.
Lamb. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.
Za«.— Latourette, M. A. L.
Leavenvj. — Leavenworth, Melines C.
Ledcb. — Ledebour, Carl F. von.
Lehm. — Lehmann, J. G. C.
Lesp.& TA^y.— Lespinasse,Gustave, and

Theveneau, A.
Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich.
i'/?er. — L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L.
Light/. — Lightfoot, John.
Lindl. — Lindley, John.
Lodd. — Loddiges, Conrad.
Loejl. — Loefling, Pehr.
Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J

L. A.
Loud. — Loudon, John Claudius.
Lour. — Loureiro, Juan.
MacM. — MacMillan, Conway.
Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey.
Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann.
Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich.
Merr. — Merrill, Elmer D.
Mett, — Mettenius, Georg Heinrich.
Mey. — Meyer, Ernst Heinrich F.
Mey., C. A. Mey.— Meyer, Carl Anton.
Mey., G. F. W. Mey. — Meyer, Georg

Friedrich Wilhelm.
Mich. — MicheW, Pier' Antonio.
Michx. — Michaux, Andre.
Michx.f. — Michaux, Fran9ois Andre.
Mlll. — MiWer, Philip.
Moq. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.
Muell. Arg. — Mueller, Jean (of Aar-

gau).
Muench. — Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherf

von.
Muhl. — Muhlenberg, G. H. E.
Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas.
Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de.
Nees — 'Neea von Esenbeck, Christian

Gottfried.
Nees & Eberm. ~ Nees von Esenbeck, T

F. L., and Ebermaier, K. H-
ilTetom. — Newman, Edward.

30

ABBHEVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

Nutt — Nuttall, Thomas.

Pall. —Pallas, Peter Simon.

Pari.— Parlatore, Filippo.

P. Br. — Browne, Patrick.

Pers. — Persoon, Cliristian Hendrik.

Peierm. — Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig.

P^ancA. — Planchon, Jules Emile.

P^wm. — Plumier, Charles.

Poir. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.

Poll. — 'Po\\ic\i, Johann Adam.

R. & P. — Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito, and
Pavon, Josef.

R. & S. — Roemer, J. J., and Schultes,
August.

Haf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S.

R. Br. —Brown, Robert.

PeicAenft. — Reichenbach, H. G. L.

Pe^z. — Retzius, Anders Johan.

PiicAard.s. — Richardson, John.

Poem. — Rcemer, M. J.

PosilA;. — Rostkovius, F. W. G.

Po «6.—Rottboell, Christen Fries.

Rupp. — Yin^-^ins, Heinrich Bernhard.

Rupr. — Ruprecht, Franz J.

P?/d6. — Rydberg, Per Axel.

SaZisb.- Salisbury, Richard Anthony.

^far^. — Sargent, Charles Sprague.

Sch. Pip. — Schultz, Karl Heinrich (dis-
tinguished as Bipontinus, i.e. of
Zweibrucken).

/ScAZeic/i.— Schleicher, J. C.

(ScAZeid. — Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.

Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich Adolph.

Sc/tre6. — Schreber, Johann D. C. von.

Sehwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de.

Scop. — Scopoli, Johann Anton.

Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank.

S'er.— Seringe, Nicolas Charles.
S/im«Zm). — Shuttleworth, Robert.
Si6«7i. — Sibthorp, John.
Sieb. & Zmcc — Siebold, P. F. von, and
Zuccarini, J. Q.

Sm. — Smith, James Edward.

Sm., J. Sm.— Smith, John.

Sm., J. I). Sm. — Smith, John Donnell,

Sm., J. G. Sm. — Smith, Jared Gage.

Soland. — Solander, Daniel.

Sprengf. — Sprengel, Kurt.

Sternb. — Sternberg, Caspar.

S^ewd. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.

Stev. — Steven, Christian.

St. Hll. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de.

Sulliv. — Sullivant, William Starling.

Sw>. — Swartz, Olaf.

T. & G.—Toney, John, and Gray, Asa.

Thunh. — Thunberg, Carl Pehr.

Torr. — Torrey, John.

Tour/i.- Toumefort, Joseph Pitton de,

TreZ. — Trelease, William.

Treu. — Treviranus, Christian Ludolf.

Trill. — Trinius, Karl Bernhard.

Twc^erm. — Tuckerman, Edward.

Turcz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus.

Underw. —Underwood, Lucien MarQus.

Vaill. — Vaillant, Sebastien.

7e,ij;._Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Fi^Z. — Villars, Dominique.

TTaAZb. — Wahlberg, PehrFredrik.

PTa/i/enft. — Wahlenberg, Georg.

Waldst. & iTii.- Waldstein, F. A. voa
and Kitaibel, P.

Wallr. — ^ aWroth, K. F. W.

^(^^p._Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.

Walt. — VfdlUx, Thomas.

Wawg'. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.

TTa^s.- Watson, Sereno.

TFe^^s^. — Wettstein, Richard von.

Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.

TFirn???.— Wimmer, Friedrich.

PTi^/i.- Withering, William.

Wormsk. — Wormskiold, M. von.

ITm^/. — Wulfen, Franz Xavier.

FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK

(The customary and well known abbreviations for the states of the Union and
months of the year are omitted from this list.)

Adv., adventive, i.e. as yet only casual
and sporadic.

A/r., Africa.

Alb., Alberta.

Am., America or American.

Assina., Assiniboia.

Austr., Australia.

auth., authors.

B. C, British Columbia.

cm., centimeter (or centimeters), the
hundredth part of a meter, = about
two-fifths of an inch.

cosmop., cosmopolitan.

aistr., distributed.

dm., decimeter (or decimeters), the tenth
part of a meter, = about four inches-

e., east or eastern.

eastw., eastward.

£u., Europe.

Eurasia, Europe and Asia.

/., filius, son, or the younger.

Fl., flowers or flowering.

Fr., fruit or fruiting.

Greenl., Greenland.

Huds. B., Hudson Bay.

J., island.

Introd.^ introduced, i.e. brought in inten-
tionally, as through horticulture, etc.

I. T., Indian Territory.

L., lake.

Lah., Labrador.

L. I., Long Island, New York.

m., meter (or meters), = about S9|^
inches.

Man., Manitoba.

Man. ed. 6, Sixth edition or Gray's Man-
ual of Botany.

Mex., Mexico.

77im., millimeter (or millimeters), =
about one twenty-lifth of an inch-

mt., mts., mountain, mountains.

n., north or northern.

N. A., North America.

nat., naturalized, i.e. thoroughly estab
lished.

N. B., New Brunswick.

n. e. , northeast.

Nfd., Newfoundland.

no., number.

northiv., northward

AT. S., Nova Scotia.

n. 10., northwest.

Okla., Oklahoma.

Ont., Ontario.

P. E. I., Prince Edward Island.

Que., Province of Quebec.

R., river.

«., south or southern.

S. A., South America.

Sask., Saskatchewan,

s. e., southeast.

Siber., Siberia.

southw., southward

Subtrop., sub-tropical

s. w., southwest.

Temp., temperate.

Trop., tropics or tropicaL

w., west or western,

ivestw., westward,

W. I., West Indies.

M (pronounced mu). A micron, the mil-
lionth part of a meter, a measure
used in microscopic studies.

- Figures or words connected by the

SI

B2

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS

short dash indicate the extremes
of variation, as "5-12 mm. long,
few-mauy-flowered," i.e. varying
from five to twelve millimeters in
length and from few to many flow-
ered.
§ section.

! A mark of affirmation or authentica-
tion.

? indicates doubt.

^Bearing stamens or antheridia but
neither pistils nor archegonia.

9 Bearing pistils or archegonia but
neither stamens nor antheridia.

CO Of indefinite number, usually many, i x crossed with, the sign of a hybrid.

100 Millimeters

II

"" ""T""]

T"

1

"imn

- _ 1

2 3

4

5

6

^

8| 9

10

10 Centimeters

yio Meter, or 1 Decimeter

DESCRIPTIVE FLORA

Division I. PTEEIDOPHYTA
(Eerns and Fern Allies)

Male generative cells (spermatozoids) spirally coiled motile bodies,
not developing into a tube. Plants with more or less distinct alter-
nation of generations. The sexual stage, a small thalloid body ; the
asexual provided with vascular tissue and (with rare exceptions)
differentiated into stem and leaves (fronds), some of these modified
to bear asexual reproductive bodies or spores (without embryo),
which again give rise to the sexual generation. — Often called
Vascular Cryptogams or Higher Flowerless Plants.

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (Filmy Fern Family)

Delicate ferns with slender often filiform creeping rootstocks. Fronds
pellucid, of a single layer of cells. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle
within a cup-shaped, tubular, or bivalvular involucre, from the apex of a vein,
the ring transverse and complete. Chiefly tropical, inhabiting damp places,
often epiphytic. Fronds circinate in vernation.

1. TRICHOMANES L. Filmy Fern

Involucre tubular-funnel-shaped, the mouth nearly or quite truncate. ^ Spo-
rangia bursting vertically. — Ours a small creeping fern with much divided
fronds. (An ancient Greek name for some fern.)

1. T. Boschianum Sturm. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 12-35 mm.
wide, bipinnatifid ; rhachis narrowly winged ; pinnae triangular-ovate, the divi-
sions toothed or again lobed ; capillary receptacle often much exserted. ( T. rad-
icans Man. ed. 6, not Sw.) — On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky. to
Ala.

POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Family)

Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Spores borne in
sporangia (spore-cases), these collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters
(sori or fruit dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, cellular-
reticulated, stalked, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed
ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely
J« the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least
fray's manual--^ 3 .33

34 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

when young) hy a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre) ^
growing either from the hack or the margin of the frond.

a. Indusium none or aboi'tive and obscure &.
h. Sterile fronds simply pinnatifid (the segments rarely toothed or lobed).

Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, flat and leaf-like .... 1. Polypodium.
Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like , . . .18. Onoclea.
6. Sterile fronds 2-4-pinnate or -pinnatifid.
Sterile fronds green on both surfaces.

Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, leaf-like 2. Phegopteris.

Fertile fronds much contracted; segments pod-like . . .18. Onoclea.

Sterile fronds whitened beneath 3. Notholaena.

a. Indusium present c.
c. Indusium formed entirely or in part by the revolute edge of the frond d.
d. Sori clearly distinct.

Indusium single, covering the sorus 4. Adiantum.

Indusium double, cup-like or 2-valved 17. Dicksonia.

d, Sori soon confluent as a more or less continuous marginal band.

Stipe stout (8-i mm. in diam.), commonly solitary .... 5. Pteris.
Stipes filiform (0.5-1.3 mm. in diam.), clustered.
Segments of the sterile frond glabrous.
Green or greenish.
Segments petiolulate or articulated at cordate or rounded base 7. Pellaea.
Segments of sterile frond cuneate at sessile unarticulated base 8. Cryptogramma.

Chalky-white beneath 8. Notholaexa.

Segments of the sterile frond pubescent 6. Cheilantues.

C. Indusium not continuous with the edge of the frond e.
6. Indusium peltate or laterally attached, covering the sorus when young /.
/. Sori more or less elongated.

Sori parallel to the midrib . . •. 9. Woodwardia.

Sori parallel to the oblique lateral veins.
Veins free ; fronds 1-3-pinnate.
Sori separate, straight or horseshoe-shaped . . . .10. Asplenium.
Sori linear, confluent in pairs (appearing like single sori

but with indusia on both sides) 11. Scolopendrium.

Veins reticulated ; fronds simple, rooting at the tip . . . 12. Camptosorits.
f. Sori orbicular or reniform g.

g. Indusium evident at least when young ; fertile fronds leaf-like Ji.
h. Indusium fixed by the center.

Indusium orbicular-peltate, without a sinus . . . .13. Polysticiium.
Indusium reniform or if orbicular with a narrow sinus . . 14. Aspidium.

h. Indusium attached at the side 15. Cystopteris.

g. Indusium obscure, lunate ; fertile segments much contracted,

pod-like 18. Onoclea.

e. Indusium inferior, cup-like or involucre-like.

Indusium 2-valved, cup-like 17. Dicksonia.

Indusium cleft into narrow segments 16. Woodsia.

1. P0LYP6dIUM [Toum.] L. Polypody

Fruit dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more
rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne
in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often
covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes
are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from ttoXi/-, many, and woiis, foot,
alluding to the branching rootstock.)

1. P. vulgare L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 8-40 cm.
high, simple and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or some-
what acute, remotely and obscurely toothed ; veins once or twice forked ;
fruit dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin. — Rocks ; common.
July. (Eu., etc.) Variable. Some of the more noteworthy forms have been
distinguished as : Var. attenuXtum Milde, with segments attenuate-acuminate,
serrulate toward the end. Var. auritum Willd., with the lowest segments auri-
cled. Var. cambricum (L.) Willd., with the segments more or less strongly
toothed or pinnatifid. Var cristAtum Moore, with segments 1-several times
forked at the ends.

2. P. polypodioides (L.) Hitchc. Frond evergreen and coriaceous, oblong,
6-25 cm. high, grayish and very scurfy underneath ivith peltate scales, simply
pinnatirid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit dots rather small, near the
margin; veins forking, free in the N. American plant! (P. incanum Sw.) —
Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and 0. to la. , and southw. ; reported on
Staten I., N Y. (Trop.)

^-

POLYPODIACEAE (;fERN FAMILY) 35

2. PHEGOPTERIS (Presl) F^e. Beech Fekx

Fruit dots small, round, naked (no iiuhisium), borne on the back of the veins
below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free
veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autunm.
(Name composed of 07776s, an oak or beech, and irr^pLs, fern.)

* Fronds twice pinnatijid ; pinnae all sessile, adnate to the icinged rhachis.

1. P. polypodioides Fee. Fronds triangular, lowjer than broad (8-26 cm.
long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the
lowest pair deflexed and standing forward ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire,
the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis ; fruit dots all near the margin. (P.
Phegopteris Underw.) — Damp woods, Nfd. to N. Y., " Va.," Wise, la., Wash.,
and Alaska. (Eurasia.)

2. P. hexagon6ptera (Michx.) Fee. Fronds triangular, usually broader than
long (14-30 cm. broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath :
pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the

. very large lowest pinnae often elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones "very
much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main
rhachis ; fruit dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid-
rib.— Rather open woods, centr. Me. to w. Que., w. to Minn., and southw. ;
. common. — Larger and bioader than the last, which it often closely resembles.

* * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled ; rhachis wingless.

•j^>v- 3. P. Dry6pteris (L.) Fee. (Oak Fern.) jProjzds smoo^A, broadly triangular
^,^ (1-L5 dm. wide), the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading,
^ Ns^ 1-2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit dots near the
N^ ^ margin. — Kocky woods ; common north w. (Eurasia.)

4. P. Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Br. Fronds minutely glandular and some-
what rigid, dull green ; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral divisions smaller in
proportion than in the last species. (P. calcarea Fee.) — Shaded limestone,
" Lab." and Anticosti to N. B., la., and Man. ; rare. (Eu.)

3. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Cloak Fern

Fruit dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more
or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre.
Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1-4-pinnate, the lower surface almost
always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or
yellow powder. (Name from vbdos, spurious, and Xatva, a cloak, the woolly
coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.)

1. N. dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long,
3-4-pinnate ; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining ; ultimate pin-
nules ovate-oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface.
(iV. nivea, var. bavenp.) — Clefts of dry calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and
south west w. July, August.

4. ADIANTUM [Toum.] L. Maidenhair

Fruit dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin of a lobe of the frond
reflexed to form an indusium ; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips
of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (hi our species)
or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from
a- privative and Siatuu), meaning unwetted, the foliage repelling rain-drops.)

1. A. pedatum L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk
(2-5 dm. high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender
spreading pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely
triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the vines all proceed,
and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich moist woods. July.

36 POLYPODIACEAE (FERX FAMILY)

2. A. Capillus- Veneris L. Fronds (1-5 dm. high) xmth a continuous main
rhachis, ovate-lanceolate^ often pendent, 2-3-pinnate at the last , the upper third
or half simply piimate ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 15-o2 mm. long,
deeply and irregularly incised ; veinletsflabellately forking from the base ; invo-
lucres lunulate or transversely oblong. — Moist rocky places, s. N. Y. (?) ;
s.e. Pa. to Ky. and Fla.: also S. Dak. and south west w. (Widely distr.)

5. PTERIS L. Brake or Bracken

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms
a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse
vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins, with or without
an obscure inner indusium. Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient
Greek name of Ferns, from Trrepdv, a icing, on account of the prevalent pinnate
or feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilina L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2-9 dm. wide),
ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (2-9 dm. high), the widely spread-
ing branches twice pinnate; pinnules ohlong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ;
the lower more or less pinnatilid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round
with the indusium, which is really double in this species. (Pteridium Kuhn.)
— Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Widely distr.) Var. pseudocau-
DA.TA Clute is a form with many of the pinnulps, especially the terminal ones,
narrow, entire, and much elongated. — Mass. to N. J., south w. to Fla. and Tex.

6. CHEILANTHES Sw.

Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and
roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit dots, covered by a mostly
whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed
of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly
with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chai^y, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and
fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species
with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name
composed of x"^o5) margin, and HvOot, ajloioer, from the marginal sori.)

* Fronds smooth, or at most hairy.

1. C. alabam^nsis (Buckley) Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (7-20 cm.
long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pin-
nules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed ; indusium con-
tinuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence. — On rocks, mts. of Va. to
Ky., south w. and westw. (Mex. )

2. C. lanbsa (Michx.) Watt. Fronds (1-4 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong,
hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straightish prominently articu-
lated rusty hairs, twice pinnate ; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate ; pin-
nules oblong, crowded (4-8 mm. long), more or less incised, the ends of the
roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involncres,
which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia. (C. vestita Sw.) — Clefts of
rocks, Ct. to Minn., Wyo., and south w.

* * Fronds woolly or tomentose.

3. C. tomentbsa Link. Fronds (1.5-5 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, densely
tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obsciirely articulated hairs, thrice
pinnate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules dis-
tinct, minute (1-2 mm. long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the
upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous
somewhat membranaceous indut<ium. — Mts. of Va. and Ky. ; thence w. and
south w. — Stipe and rhacl.is rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy
scales and whitish hairs. (Mex., W. I.)

,. 4. C. Feel Moore. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining ;

FOLYPODIACEAE (^FEliN FAMILY) Sl

fronds (8-1' cm. high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly
articulated flattened hairs, becoming smootlier above, twice or tlirice pinnate;
pinnae (8-12 niin, long) ovate, the lowest distant, tlie others contiguous; pin-
nules cremitely pinnatifld, or mostly divided into minute and roundisli densely
crowded segments (1-2 mm. long), the herbaceous margin recurved and forming
an almost continuous indusium. (0. lanuginosa Nutt.) —In dense tufts, on
dry rocks and cliffs, 111. to Minn., thence w. and south w.

7. PELLAEA Link. Cliff Brake

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free
veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous
line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and
continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed
and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. — Small ferns, with 1-3
pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but
otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth, and shining. (Name
from 7reXX6s, duski/, alluding to the stipe.)

1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link, Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis,
1-0 dm. high; fronds coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divi-
sions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some-
what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked.
— Dry calcareous rocks, " N. H.^' and Vt. to R. I., Ga., and westw. ; not common.
July. Var. cristata Trel. is a form with dichotomously forked pinnae, somewhat
crowded toward the summit of the frond. — Eureka, Mo. {G. Pauls).

8. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock Brake

,\uit dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking
veins. Margins of the fertile segments herbaceous or more or less scaiions, at
first reflexed and meeting at themidrib, at length openiiig out flat and exposing
the confluent sporangia. — Low ferns, with smooth 2-3-pinnate tufted fronds,
the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with narrower divisions, (Name
from KpvTTTds, hidden, and ypajufxTj, a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia
at first concealed by the reflexed margin.)

* jRevolnte margins of the fertile frond hearing a distinct scarious indusial

border ; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, acute.

1. C. densa (Brack.) Diels. Fronds not very dissimilar, 8-20 cm. high ;
stipes purplish brown ; segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, very acute,
incisely serrate. {Pellaea ^oo\.) — Calcareous or serpentine walls of ravines,
etc., Mt. Albert, Ga.sp6 Co., Que. ; Grey Co., Out. ; and in the far west.

* * Revolute margins of the fertile frond scarcely modified; ultimate segments

of the sterile fronds broader.

2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fronds markedly dissimilar ; segments of the
fertile linear (6-10 nun. long), of the sterile ovate-oblong, o?)«?^se, serrulate ;
stipes straw-colored, scaly especially toward the base. — Crevices of rocks,
Arctic Am. to L. Huron, L. Superior, Col., and Cal.

8. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Fronds markedly dissimilar; segments of
the fertile linear-oblong to lance-linear; those of the sterile ovate to obovate-
ftabeUiform, crenulate,' decurrent at their cuneate bases. (Pellaea gracilis
H(iok.) —Shaded chiefly calcareous rocks. Que. and N. B. to Vt., Ct., n. Pa., 111.,
and northwestw. ; local. (Asia.)

9 WOODWARDIA Sm. Chain Ferx

Fruit dots oblongr or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans-
verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusi'j.m fixed by

38 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

Its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the Side next the
midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond. —
Large ferns, with pinnatitid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Wood-
toard, an English botanist.)

§ 1. ANCHISTEA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds alike ; veins fornix
ing only one row of meshes (^areoles).

1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. Fronds (6-14 dm. high) pinnate, with numerous
lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow
areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlets
free ; fruit dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps.
N. S. to ria., La., Mich., and Ont. Rootstocks creeping, often 2-3 ra. long I
July.

§ 2, LORINSERIA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of
the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes.

2. W. areolata (L.) Moore. Fronds pinnatifid ; sterile ones (2-6 dm. high)
with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing ; fertile fronds taller,
with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit dots
(8-10 mm. long) in a single row each side of the secondary midrib ; rootstocks
creeping. {W. angustifolia Sm.) — Wet woods, s. Me. to Fla. and Tex. ; also
Ark. and Mich. ; rare. Aug. , Sept.

10. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort

Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate • the straight or rarely curved
indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile
vein ; — in some species a part of the fruit dots are double, the fertile vein bear-
ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name
from a- privative and o-ttXt^;', the spleen^ for supposed remedial properties.)

§ 1. EUASPLENIUM (Endl.) Klotzsch. Indusium straight or slightly curved^
attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely double ; small evergreen ferns ;
stipes filiform or nearly so, with vascidar bundles separate and peripheral or
if united toward the summit forming a Innate bundle ; scales of the rhizome
and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.

* Fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base.

1. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. Fronds (7-20 cm. long) lanceolate, pinnatifid or
pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, "the apex sometimes
rooting"; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest lo ng -acuminate ; fruit
dots irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation
fertile ; stipes brownish, becoming green above, and so passing into the broad
pale green midrib. — On cliffs and rocks, Ct. to Mo., and southw. ; very rare-
July. — Resembles the Walking Leaf {Camptosorus) , but the veins are free.

X A. ebenoides R. R. Scott. Fronds (1-2 dm. high) broadly lanceolate, pin-
natifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender; divisions lanceolate
from a broad base, the loiver ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of
che frond ; fruit dots much as in the last ; stipes black and polished, as is the
lower part of the midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. {3Iiss Wool-
son. Miss Smith) to Mo., and southw. ; very rare. A noteworthy hybrid be-
tween A. platy neuron and Camptosorus rhizophyllus ; its origin early suspected
'%y M. G. Berkeley and recently demonstrated by Miss Margaret Slosson. This
■fern is more abundant and probably self-perpetuating in Ala.

* * Fronds narrow, linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with numerous
pinnae ; these entire to serrate or rarely incised.

-*- Pinnae not auricled.

2. A. viride Huds. Fronds (5-13 cm. tall) tufted, linear in outline, pale
green, softly herbaceous; pinnae roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short-
stalked, crenately toothed (4-9 mm. long), the midvein indistinct and forking;

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 39

the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis. — Shaded
limestone ; Nfd, to n. N. E., w. and northw , rare. (Widely distr.)

3. A. Trich6manes L. Fronds (8-22 cm. long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, dark green and more rigid ; pinnae roundish-oblong or oval
(3-7 mm. long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely
wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking
and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shin-
ing.—Shaded rocks. July. (Widely distr.) Forma incisum Moore with
deeply pinnatifid pinnae has been reported from Vt. (Miss Grout, Mrs. Norton).

-t- -I- Pinnae more or less auricled.

4. A. parvulum Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (1-25 dm. high), narrowly
linear-oblanceolate ; pinnae (4-12 mm. long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite,
nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, eiitire or crenulate, auricled
on the upper or both sides ; sori rather few, as near the margin as to the continu-
ous midvein ; stipe and rhachis black and shining. (A. resiliens Kunze.). — Mts.
of Va. to Kan., and southw. — Intermediate between the last and the next.

5. A. platyneuron (L ) Oakes. Fronds upright (2-5 dm. tall), linear-
oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller; pinnae (1-3 cm. long)
firmly membranaceous, mostlii alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong-
linear, finely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides ;
sori m;iny, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin ; stipe and rhachis
blackish-purple and shining. (A. ebeneum Ait.) — Kocky open woods, s. Me.
to Col., and southw. (W. I., S. Am., Afr.) Var. serkXthm (E. 8. Miller)
BSP. is a form witli at least some of the pinnae deeply jagged-serrate. Var.
INCISUM (E. C. Howe) Kobnison has very brittle stipes and the pinnae deeply
pinnatifid. (A ebeneum, var. Hortonae Davenp.) — Vt. to Md., Mo., and
*'Ark.'" ; rare.

6. A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate (4-20 cm. tall); stipe
blackish and somewhat shining ; pinnae membranaceous, rather numerous, the
lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. — On rocks, e. N. Y. to Ky.,
" Mo.," and southw. ; rare.

* * * Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, 2-S-pinnate or -pinnatifid.

7. A montanum Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (5-13
cm. long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately
cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler ; rhachis
green, broad and flat; stipe brown at base. — Cliffs and rocks, from Ct. to
O., Ky., "Ark.," and southw. July.

8. A. Ruta-muraria L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (3-7 cm. long exclusive of the
green stipe), subcoriaceous, laxly 2-o-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate;
ultimate segments few, stalked (3-14 ram. long), from narrowly cuneate to
roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex ; veins forking ; sori 2-4 on a
segment; rhachis and stipe green. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Ont., Mich., Mo.,
and southw. ; scarce. July. (Eurasia.)

§ 2. ATHYRIUM (Roth) J. Sm. Indvsium straight or more often curved, fre-
quently crossing the vein; fronds tall, strictly herbaceous ; the stipes green
or greenish not filiform, the bundles concentnc and uniting above into a
S-A-arined central bundle; scales delicate, of thin-walled cells. — Athyrium
Roth as redefined by Milde.

* Fronds simply pinnate ; indusium straight or but slightly curved.

9. A. angustif51ium Michx. Fronds 6-12 dm. high ; pinnae (8-12 cm.
long) numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate,
those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit dots linear, 20-40 each side of the
midvein ; indusia slightly convex. (Athyrium Milde.) — Rich woods, w. Que.
and N. H. to Minn., and southw. Sept.

* * Fronds bipinnatifid ; indusium straight or slightly curved.

10. A. acrostichoides Sw. Fronds (6-11 dm. high) pinnate ; pinnae deepln

40 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

pinnatijid, linear-lanceolate (7-13 cm. long) ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, reinutely
toothed, crowded, each bearing 8-6 pairs of oblong fruit dots^ some of tiien)
double. {A. thelypteroides Michx. ; Athyrium acrostichoides Diels.) — Rich
woods, N. S. to Ga., Ala., and Minn. ; not rare. (A.sia.)

* * * Fronds hipinnate ; indusia at least in part reniform or horseshoe-shaped.

11. A. Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. (Lady Ferx.) Fronds (4-10 dm. high)
ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous :
pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and
doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ;.
fruit dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. {Athyrium Hoth.) —
Moist woods ; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Cosmop.;

11. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. Hart'sTongue

Fruit dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous
by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of
the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening
along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, employed because the numerous
parallel lines of fruit resen)ble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)

1. S. vulgare Sm. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped
base, entire or wavy-margined (12-45 cm. long, 2-0 cm. broaa), bright green.
{Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs,-
Woodstock, N. B. ; Giey and Bruce Cos., Out. ; centr. N. Y. ; and Tenn. ; very
rare. Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.)

12. CAMPTOSdRUS Link. Walking Leap

Fruit dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium^ but irregularly scattered on
either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib
single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia
open face to face) or to become confluent at their ends, tluis forniing ci'ooked
lines (whence the name, from Kaixirrds, flexible, and o-wpos, for fruit dot).

1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, growing in
tufts, spreading or procumbent (1-3 dm. long), gradually narrowed from a
cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at
the end and forms a new plant. — Shaded, especially calcareous rocks; centr.
Me. to Ottawa, thence to Minn., and south w. to Kan. and Ga. — The auricles
are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting ; in another form they are
lacking.

13. POLYSTICHUM Roth

Fronds tufted at the end of a stout rootstock, chiefly of firm or leathery
texture, evergreen ; stipes and rhachises chaffy. Sori orbicular, opening on all
sides of the circular peltate centrally attached indusium. (Name from ttoXiJ-,
many, and (xrixos, row, the sori of some species being in many ranks.)

* Fronds narrowly oblong or lanceolate, simply pinnate, the pinnae sometimes

again cleft.

■»- Upper {spore-bearing') pinnae of the fertile fronds much contracted.

1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (Christmas Fkrn.) Fronds 2-5 dm.
long, the scaly stipe 5-15 cm. in length ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, hnlf-halberd-
shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth; the
smaller upper pinnae bearing two rows of sori, which in age becoming confluent
cover their entire lower surface. {Aspidium Sw.) — Common in ro -ky woods
Var. ScHWEiNiTzii (Beck) Small {Aspidium acrostichoides, var. incisum Gray)
is a variable form with larger fronds, toothed or pinnatifid pinnae, the ft-rtile lesa
reduced and the sori less confluent, chiefly near the tips of the pinnae. — Not rare.

-»- t- Upper (spore-bearing) pinnae similar to the others.

2- P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Holly Fern.) Fronds linear-lanceolate, ver^i

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 41

short-stalked, riirid (1-G dm, long) ; pinnae broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped,
acute, the Umest short-triangular, strongly uuricled on tlie upper side, spiuulnse-
dentate ; sori biseriate, at length subcoiifluent. {Aspidium S\v.) — iiocky (calca-
reous) woods, Gulf of !St. Lawrence ; and from Niagara Falls, Ont., to L. Superior,
westw. and northw. (Eu.)

* * Fronds bipinna^e.

3. P. Braunii (Spenner) F6e. Fronds ovate- or oblong-lanceolate (4-9 dm.
long) tapering to a very short-stiped base ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse,
.runcate and almost rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper continent,
5barply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (Aspidinm
aculeatum, var. Doll.) — Rich, mostly upland woods, Nfd. to N. Y., and
L. Superior. (Eu.)

14. ASPIDIUM Sw. Shield Fern. Wood Fern

Fronds tufted, 1-o-pinnate ; veins simple or branched. Sori orbicular, borne
on the back of the scarcely modified fertile frond. Indusium reniform or, ii
orbicular, exhibiting a distinct narrow^lepression or sinus at one side, although
centrally attached. Stipes not articulated at the base. (Name from da-Tldiov,
a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) Nephrodium Rich.

a. Veins sinii)le or once forked ; fronds not evergreen ; stipes and slender
rootstwcks nearly naked.
Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones.

Fertile veins once forked 1. ^. Thelypteris.

Fertile veins simple . . 2. A. simulatum.

Lower pinnae gradually decreasing in size, the lowest very small . 3. A. noveboracenee
ft. Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked ; fronds mostly ever-
gi-een ; stipes and rootstocks scaly b.

h. Piimae 40-60, small, 4-S mm. broad 4 A. fragrans.

h. Pinnae fewer, 12-1)0 mm. broad c.

c. Frond bipinnatifid or bipinnate (or sub-tripinnatifid near the base).

Sori marginal 5. A. marginale.

Sori not marginal.
Basal scales lance-linear, caudate-attenuate . . . . &. A. Fili-v-mas.
Basal scales ovate-oblong to deltoid.
Basal scales firm, shining, dark chestnut-colored . . 1. A. Goldianum.

Basal scales thin, dull, membranous, light brown.
Indusium glandular-puberulent.
Lobes of frond with incurved teeth; sori 1.5-1.8 mm.

in diameter . . . . {'d) A. ciifitatum, var. Clintoni anuria.

Lobes with spreading teeth ; sori 1-1.2 mm. in diameter. 8. A. BooUii.
Indusium glabrous.
Frond conspicuously narrowed at the base . . . Si. A. cristatum.
Frond scarcely or not at all narrowed at the base.

Lobes incurved -serrate. . . .(9) A. cristatum, var. Clintonianum.

Lobes spinulose-dentate 10. ^. spinulonuin.

e. Fronds tripinnate or tripinnatifid d.
d. Fronds tripinnatifid.

Ba.sal scales large, lance-oblong, dark brown (10) A. ftpinulosuvi, var. dilaiatum.

Basal scales small, deltoid-ovate, light bro\vn.

Indusium glandless (10) A. spmn?oi^um.

Indusium glandular-puberulent . . (10) A. spimilosum, \av.interinediuni.
d. Fronds tripinnate (10) A. spinolusum, var. concordianum.

L A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnae
horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes
oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly revo-
lute margins; veins forked, bearing the (numerous and soon confluent) fruit
dots near their middle ; indusium minute, smooth and naked. (Kephmdiinn
Strempel ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Marshes; common, Aug. (Cosmop.) Forn a
PiTFrknAE (A. A. Eaton) Robinson is a form with pinnae variously forked
at the tip.

2. A. simulatum Davenp. In habit similar to the preceding; veins simple ;
fruit dots few (3-10 on each lobe) ; indusium glandular-ciliolate, (Dryopteris
Davenp.) — Bogccy wo >ds, etc.. Me. to Vt. and Md. ; reported from Mo,

3. A. noveboracense (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, ?(7/)fr-
ing both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs

42 POLYPODIACEAE (^FERN FAMILY^

gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged
and incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit dots distinct, near
the margin ; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. {Dryopteris Gray.)

— Rich woods; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and membrana-
ceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins.

4. A. fragrans (L.) Sw. Fronds (1-3.5 dm. highy glandular and aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae ; their crowded
divisions (2-4 mm. long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or almost entire, nearly
covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicu-
lar with a narrow shius, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged.
{Nephrodium Richards. ; Dryopteris Schott.) — Chiefly on limestone cliffs, N. B.,
and n. N. E. to Minn., Alaska, and Greenl. (Caucasus, Asia.)

5. A. marginale (L.) Sw. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost
coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (3-7 dm. long) ; pinnae lanceolate, acumi-
nate, slightly broadest above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped,
crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenate ; fruit dots close to the margin.
{Nephrodium Michx. ; Dryopteris Gray.)— Rocky hillsides in rich woods,
common, especially northw. Aug. Var. elegans J. Robinson is a form with
large fronds (2-2.5 dm. broad) which have the pinnules or most of them toothed
or lobed.

6. A. Filix-mas (L.) Sw. Frond lanceolate (3-11 dm. long) ; pinnae
linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex ; pinnules oblong, very obtuse,
serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed, dis^
tinct, the upper confluent ; fruit dots nearer the midvein than the margin^
usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. {Dryopteris Schott.)

— Rocky woods, Nfd., N. S., n. Vt., L. Huron, L. Superior, Dak., Ariz., and
northw. (Cosmop.)

7. A. Goldianum Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong
(6-10 dm. long) ; pinnae (1.5-2.3 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in
the middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions {about 20 pairs) oblong-linear,
slightly scythe-shaped (2-3 cm. long), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins pin-
nately forking and bearing the fruit dots very near the midvein ; indusium very
large, orbicular, with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands.
{Nephrodium Hook. & Grev. ; Dryopteris Gray. ) — Rich woods, centr. Me. to
Minn., la., and N. Car.

Var. celsum (Palmer) Robinson. Fronds more narrowly ovate-oblong, slightly
firmer, the lowest pinnae on rather long stalks ; pinnules subremote, {Dryopteris
Goldieana, subsp. Palmer.)— On cypress knees and decaying logs, Disuial
Swamp, Va. {Palmer).

8. A. Bo6ttii Tuckerm. Scales of the stiipe pale-brown ; fronds (4-6.5 dm.
long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base ; lowest pin-
nae triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower ; pinnules oblong-ovate,
sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid ; indusium minutely glandular.
{Nephrodium Davenp. ; Dryopteris Underw.) — Low wet thickets, etc. — Many
differing forms have been referred to this species. Plants corresponding to the
original material have been seen only from N. H., e. Mass., Ct., and e. Pa.
They are suspiciously intermediate between A. cristatum and A. spinulosum,
var. intermedium.

9. A. cristatum (L.) Sw. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (3-6
dm. long) ; pinnae (5-8 cm. long) triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly tri-
angular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ;
the divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the
lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit dots as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium
round-reniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. {Nephrodium
Michx. ; Dryopteris Gra,y.) — Swamps, etc. ; common. July. — Stipes and the
stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)

Var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton, Frond in every way much larger (4-13 dm.
long) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (8-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad),
deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (8-16 pairs) crowded or distant, linear-oblong,
obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed ;

POLYPODIACEAE (FERA FAMILY) 43

veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit dots near
the midvein; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked.
(Dryopteris cristata, var. Underw.) — Swampy woods, N. H. to N. C, and westw.
to Wise. July. — Kootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large
bright-brown scales. Appears to hybridize with A. marginale, as does also the
typical form of the species.

10. A. spinulbsum (O. F. Muller) Sw. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous
scales; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnae oblique to the rhachis,
elongated-triangular, the lower pairs broadly triangular ; pinnules set obliquely
on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate
or pinnatifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium smooth and without mar-
ginal glands. (Nephrodium Strempel ; Dryopteris Kuntze.) — Rich woods,
Nfd. to Va., Ky., and northwestw. (Greenl., Eu.) A. pittsfordense (Slos-
son) Eastman, a supposed hybrid with A. marginale, occurs in Vt. and on Staten
I., N. Y.

A^'ar. intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few, brown with
a darker center; frond broadly oblong-ovate, tripinnatifid ; pinnae spreading^
oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded,
ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately cleft; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at
the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked
glands. {Nephrodium spinulosum, var. Davenp. ; Dryopteris spinulosa, var.
Underw.) — Woods, common.

Var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Hook. Scales of the stipe large, broion with a dark
center ; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, tripinnatifid; pin-
nules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glandular-
ciliolate. (Nephrodium spinulosum, var. fructuosum Gilbert). — N. S. to Va.,
and N. Y. (Eu.) Forma anadenium Robinson is in all respects like var. dila-
tatum, but with the indusium destitute of glands (the var. dilatatum of Am.
auth. chiefly, not Hook.) — Common, chiefly in rocky upland woods. (Asia.)

Var. concordianum (Davenp.) Eastman. Fronds tripinnate ; pinnules (of
the Sd order) small (4 mm. long), elliptical, spinulose-denticulate j indusium
glandular-puberulent. — Concord, Mass. {Purdie).

15. CYST6pTERIS Bernh. Bladder Fern

Fruit dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering away. — Delicate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds ;
the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of Kiyo-rts, a bladder^ and Trripis, fern^
from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated, attenuate (3-6
dm. long), 2-pinnate ; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal ; the
rhachis and pinnae often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules
crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on
the free side. {Filix Underw.) — Shaded ravines, chiefly on calcareous rocks.
July.

2. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Frond oblong -lanceolate (1-3 dm, long, besides
the brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2-3-pinnate; the pinnae ?i\\6. pinnules
ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly
acute, decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis; indusium tapering or
acute at the free end. (Filix Underw.) — Shaded cliffs, rocky woods, etc.:
common and varying greatly in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July.
(Cosmop.)

16. W06dSIA R. Br.

Fruit dots round, borne on the back of simply forked free veins ; the very thin
and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle,
under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into

44 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY')

irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately divided ferns. (Dedi-
cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

* Stalks obscurehj articulated some distance from the base; fronds chaffy or
smooth, ni'ver glandular ; indusium divided nearly to the center into slender
hairs which are curled over the sporangia.

1. W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Frond oblong-lanceolate (5-15 cm. long, 2-4
cm. wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as toell as the
stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse,
sessile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse,
obscurely crenate ; the fruit dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when
old. — Exposed rocks ; arctic Am., s. to N. E., the Great L. region, and in the
mts. to N. C. June. (Eurasia.)

2. W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (4-13
cm. long, 6-34 mm. wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath,
pinnate ; the pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few and
nearly entire; fruit dots rarely confluent. (IF. hyperborea R. Br.) — N. B.,
Que., n. Vt., n. N. Y., Out., and northw. ; rare. (Eurasia.)

3. W. glabella R. Br. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear and
very delicate (4-16 cm. high), pinnate ; pinnae roundish-ovate, the lower ones
rather remote (3-9 mm. long), obtuse, crenately lobed ; fruit dots scanty ; the
hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species. — On moist mossy rocks,
Nfd. to n. N. E., N. Y., Minn , and northw. to Alaska and Green) (Eurasia.)

* * Stalks not articulated; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent.

•t- Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely.

4. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glan-
dular-hairy (2-5 dm. high), pinnate or nearly bipinnate ; pinnae rather remote,
triangular-ovate or oblong (2-6 cm. long), bluntish, pinnately parted ; segments
oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins
forked, and bearing the fruit dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes ; indu-
sium at length splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. — Rocky banks and
cliffs, " N. S.," and centr. Me. to Ga., and westw. Var. angtjsta Peck is a form
with very narrow fronds (35 cm. long and 4 cm. wide) and pinnae. — High-
lands, N.Y.

•t- H- Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow
segments or reduced to mimite hairs.

5. W. oregana D. C. Eaton. Glabrous; fronds bright green, soft in texture,
narrowly lance-oblong (12-23 mm. wide), bipiiinatifid, pinnae triangular-oblong,
obtuse ; the segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the teeth or
margin nearly always reflexed. — Limestone cliffs and ledges, Bic, Que. ; s. shore
of L. Superior (Rohhins), northw. and westw.

6. W. Cathcartiana Kobinson. Finely glandular-puberulent ; fronds (2-3
dm. high) rather dull green, of firm texture, lanceolate (25-55 mm. broad),
bipinnatifid ; pinnae oblong, the lower distant ; segments usually separated by
wide sinuses, oblong, denticulate. {W. scopulina Man. ed. 6, not D C.
Eaton.) — Rocky river banks, w. Mich. {Wheeler), and n.e. Minn. {Miss Ellen
Cat he art.)

7. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Loosely hispidulous with minute white hairs,
and finely glandular-puberulent; segments approximate, crenate-serrulate. —
Limestone cliffs ; Gasp6 Co., Que. ; S. Dak. ; Rocky Mts., etc. ; reported from
Minn, and n.w. la.

17. DICKS6nIA L'H^r.

Fruit dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, inclosed in a
membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the
outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for
James Dickson, an English cryptogamic botanist.^

SCHIZAEACEAE (CURLy GRASS FAMILY) 45

1. D. punctil6bula (Michx.) Gray. (Hay-scented Ferx.) Fronds minutelv
glandular and hairy (5-10 dm. high), ovate-lanceolate and acumhmre in om^ ne^
pale green very thni, with strong chaffless stalks rising from sh. e exten^v iJ
creeping naked rootstocks, mostly bipinnate ; primary Jinnae lanceolate noi.tef
the secondary pmnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobe f'ru ofs
n.mute each on a recurv^ed toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each

m moist and shady places, N.S. to Ala., rarer westw. to Minn.-l^ond s^vee
scented especially n drying. Forma cristata (Maxon) Glut; has ?he p nna;
cr state-forked at tip. -Mass. and Vt. Forma schizophylla Cl.Ue las fronds
often more deeply forked and the ultimate segments incised.^ Mass! and Ct

18. ONOCLEA L.

P.l?T"v?'^ ^''™; f" ^^ejated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly

dSnf .f Ir-l tronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like
divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry
ana mdurated, cracking open and allowing the spires to escape Sterile
fronds fohaceous. Rootstocks creeping and constantly form in 'Tew nl an s
(Name employed by Dioscorides for some probably boraginaceousV^nl)^

§ 1. EUONOCL^A Hook. Fertile fronds bipinnate.

^r.^: .?'u^T^}}^^\ ^'- C^^^^siTivE Fern.) Fronds scattered ; the sterile ones
long-stalked, the lamma 1-8 dm. long, deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid into a few
Ob ong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segie^its ; vehis mici^lated
ned /inilT'i'"' ^T^^ 'f-^"^' contracted, closei; bipinnate, the pin ud's
V a2 \ % berry-hke bodies. -Moist meadows and thickets, verv common
rounded lohP^^T ^''^ ^^^q^"^^' especially bipinnatifid foliaceous fronds with
r;^s^'oSr(s'cTkuhrr """'""' '''^'"' sori, -the so-called var.

§2. STRUTHIOPTERIS Mett. Fertile fronds pinnate.
2. 0. Struthi6pteris (L.) Hoffm. (Ostrich Fern.) Fronds growin- in a

torVtt' base" wit r'"^"r"^ ^^'' "'f- ^^^^^^^' ^^'°^^^^ lanceolate! narrowed
veSs sTmnTe.' ^^^^./^^f ^^ l"^e^r-lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; veins free, the
vemiets simple; fertile fr.md shorter, with pod-like or somewhat neck ace
t's?w Tir- ^''^^f^ Todaro.)- Alluvial soil, Nfd. T Va^^nSt
bearl;onds^Ihe~"n?xt ;ear!^(Eur:s?a.r^' underground stolons, which

SCHIZAEAcEAE (Curly Grass Family)
Sterile fronds tufted and linear-filiform {Schizaea) or resembling a twining
aerial stem with alternate paired palmately lobed leaves {Lygodiiun). Sporangia
borne m double rows on narrow fertile segments, ovate, sessile, having a com-
plete transverse ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit.

1. Sohizaea. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. Plant dwarf, not

ciinihiriir.
9

Lygodium. Fronds with paired alternate stipitate leaf-like segments.

1. SCHIZAEA Sm. Curly Grass

cleft^'JmWr v'^ff^^ r"^^' «f"ate-rayed at the apex, opening by a lonoitudinal
?)vv divtston;^^^^^^ ''''''^'" ^ ^.'^^^^^ row along the single vein of the nar-

row divisions ot tiK. pinnate ^or radiate) fertile append a-es to the slender and

46 OSMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY)

simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dicliotomously many-cleft
fronds (whence the name, from <Tx^fw, to split).

1. S. pusilla Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and
tortuous ; the fertile ones equally slender (0,5 mm. wide), but taller (5-12 cm.)
and bearing at the top the fertile appendage consisting of about 5 pairs of
crowded pinnae (each 2-3 mm. long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. ;
N. S. ; very local. Sept. (Nfd.)

2. LYG6dIUM Sw. Climbing Fern

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com-
pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins ; the fructification on separate
contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a
double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to
short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed
to the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
indusium. (Name from Xvytbdrjs, flexible.)

1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Very smooth ; stalk-like fronds slender,
flexile and twining (3-10 dm. long), from slender running rootstocks; the short
alternate branches or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-
shaped palmately 4-7 -lobed frondlet ; fertile frondlets above, contracted and
several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. — Low moist thickets and open
woods, s. N. H. to Fla., Tenn., and Ky. ; local. Sept.

OSMUNDACEAE (Flowering Fern Family)

Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Sporangia naked,
globose, mostly pediceled, reticulated, with no ring or with mere traces of one near
the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at the
base.

1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L. Flowering Fern

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very
much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like
divisions short-pediceled and naked sporangia ; these globular, thin and reticu-
lated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing
near the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a trans-
verse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened
rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green.
{Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)

* Sterile fronds truly bipinnate.

1. 0. regalis L. (Flowering Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (0,3-1.6 m.
high) ; sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, finely
serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed
toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate
base, sessile or short-stalked (2-5 cm. long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at
the summit of the frond. (O. spectabilis Willd.) — Swamps and wet woods,
common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe.
May, June. (Eu.) Forma orbiculXta Clute has narrow fronds and few
(3-7) roundish crowded pinnules on each pinna. — Hartland, Vt. {Buggies).

* * Sterile fronds once pinnate ; pinnae deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire.

2. 0. Claytoniana L. Clothed with loose wool when young, soon smooth ;
fertile fronds taller than the sterile (6-12 dm. high) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate,
with oblong obtuse divisions ; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinnae fertile, these
entirely pinnate ; sporangia greenish, turning brown. — Low grounds, common.
May. — Fruiting as it unfolds. (Himalayas.) Var. DtiBiA Grout is a peculiar

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY) 4?

form with the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated, the outer ones
enlarged and pinnatifid, in s. Vt. (Grout).

3. 0. cinnambmea L. (Cinnamon Fekn.) Clothed with rusty wool when.
young; sterile fronds tallest (at length 0.8-1.6 m. high), smooth when full
grown, the lanceolate pinnae pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ;
fertile fronds separate, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon
withering (2-9 dm. high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinna-
mon-colored sporangia. — Swamps and low copses, common. (Eurasia.) Var.
frond6sa Gray is an occasional state in which some of the fronds are sterile
below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or rarely in the middle. Var.
iNcisA J. W. Huntington is a form with the inner pinnules of some of the
pinnae more or less cut or pinnatifid.

Var. glandulbsa Waters. Rhachis and lower surface of the sterile frond
permanently glandular-pubescent. — R. I., N. J., and Md.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's Tongue Family)

Leafy and often somewhat fleshy plants; the leaves (fronds) simple or
branched, of ten fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed from under-
ground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or by the side of it, and
bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large subcoriaceous bivalvular spo-
rangia formed from the main tissue of the fruiting branches. Prothallus under-
ground, not green, monoecious. — A small family, separated from Ferns on
account of the different nature of the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc.

1. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.

2. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.

1. 0PHI0GL6SSUM [Tourn.1 L. Adder's Tongue

Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots
which are sometimes proliferous ; bud placed by the side of the base of the
naked stalk ; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Botrychium,
but the coriaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges
of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins
reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from ^i0ts, a serpent, and
y\Qa-<xa, tongue.)

1. 0. vulgatum L. Fronds from a slender rootstock, 5-42 cm. high,
mostly solitary ; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or
elliptic-oblong (5-9 cm. long), rounded or obtuse at the apex; midvein indis-
tinct or none ; principal veins forming a loose network, the meshes nearly free
from secondary veins. — Meadows and pastures, rarely on dry slopes; not
common. June- Aug. (Eurasia.)

Var. minus Moore. Smaller; fronds often in pairs, the sterile segment
slightly fleshy, yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the
plant. (0. Grayi Beck, ace. to Moore ; O. pohjphyllum A. Br. ; 0. arenarium
E. G. Britton.) —Sandy ground, N. H. to w. N. Y. and N. J. (Eu., n. Afr.)

2. 0. Engelmanni Prantl, Habit of the preceding species ; sterile segment
thicker, cuspidate; secondary veins numerous, forming a fine but readily dis-
cernible network within the meshes of the principal ones. — "Va."; Mo.
{Bush), Tex., and Cal.

2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Moonwort

Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots ; the base of the
sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond ; frond with an
anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment ; the former mostly 1-3-pinnate,
the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked snorangia ; these

48

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY^

distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open.
ing transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately oj
pinnately divided or compound ; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color.
(Name a diminutive of ^^rpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the
/ructification.)

§ 1. EUBOTRYCHIUM Milde. Base of the stalk (containing the bnd) completely
closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy ; the cells of the epidermis straight.

* SterUe segment sessile or on a short petiole (less than 1 cm. long).

1. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Very fleshy (8-18 cm. high) ; sterile segment sub-

sessilCf borne near the middle of the plant, oblong., simp7y pinnate xoith 5-15

lunate or fan-shaped very obtuse crenate, incised, or nearly entire,

J fleshy divisions, more or less excised at the base on the lower or

^ on both sides, the vei^is radiating from the base and repeatedly

forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-3-pinnate. — Open places,

e. Que. to Vt., n. O., L. Superior, and north w. ; rare. (Widely

distr.) Fig. 1. Also on wooded cliffs near Syracuse. N. Y., where

tending to a more slender form with decidedly stipitate sterile

segmt-nt and subremote more narrowly cuneate

pinnae (B. onondagense Underw.).

2. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. Fronds small
(5-10 or rarely 25 cm. high) ; sterile segment
short-petioled from near base, middle, or sum-
mit of the stalk, thickish, simple, and roundish,
or pinnately 3-7-lobed ; the lobes roundish-
obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad
and flat indeterminate rhachis, the terminal
one usually emarginate ; the veins all forking
from the base; fertile segment simple or 1-2-
pinnate. (B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton.) — N. S.
to Md., Ont., Minn., and Rocky Mts. ; rare.
(Eu.) Fig. 2. Var. compositum Lasch. Sterile 2. B. simplex,
segment binate or ternate ; the divisions pin-
natifid. — Occurring with and cjearly passing into the typical form

3. B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angus-
tisegmentum Pease & Moore. Fronds small (1-2.5 «
dm. high) ; the sterile segment closely sessile at the ^^

'** top of the long and slender stalk, scarcely fleshy,

triangular, ternately ticice pinnatifid; the acute lobes lanceolate,
incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein;
fertile part 2-3-pmnate. — N. S. to N. J., O., and L. Superior.
July, Aug. Fig. 3. The typical European
form has the segments of the sterile frond
broader and more approximate.

4. B. rambsum (Roth) Ascliers. Fronds
a^^<£p J ^^ small (1-2.5 dm. high); the sterile segment
%. ^L'T, efn M M^ nearly sessile at the top of the long and
slender common stalky moderately fleshy,
ovate or triangular, varying from pinnate to
bipinnatifid ; the lobes oblong-ovate and
obtuse ; midvein dissipated into forking
veinlets ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. (B. ma-
tricariaefolium A. Br.; B. neglectnm Wood.)
— Rich soil, e. Que. to Md., and west\,.
June, July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 4.

• * The sterile segment on a long petiole (2-16 cm. in length).

5. B. obliquum Muhl. Subcoriaceous (1-4 dm. high), sparsely
hairy or glabrous ; sterile segment long-petioled, springing from
near the base of the plant, broadly triangular or somewhat pen-

MARSILEACEAE

49

5. B. obliquum and vars. x %.

saiTonal, ternate and variously decompound with stalked divisions, these ovate-
oblong, acntish, usually two or tliree times as long as broad, crenate-serrulate,
obliquely cordate or subcordate ; fertile seg-
ment erect, 2-4-pinnate. (i^. ternatum, var.
obliquum Milde.) — Pastures and open woods,
N, B. to Ont, Minn., and south w. Fig. 5, a.
Tolymorphous. The chief forms are : Var.
ONEiDENSE (Gilbert) Waters. Fig. 5, b. Ulti-
mate divisions broadly oblong, rounded at the
apex, crenulate-serrulate. — Vt. (3Iiss Gilmaii)
to centr. N. Y. {Gilbert, Haberer), etc. Var.
tenuif6lium (Underw.) Gilbert. Divisions
few, usually 9, thin ; otherwise much like the
typical form. ■ — N. Y. (ace. to Gilbert); Mo.
(Bush), and south w. to the Gulf. Var. elon-
GATUM Gilbert & llaberer. Fig. 5, c. Divisiona
lanceolate, elongated, acute. — ]\lass. to centr.
N. Y. and D. C. Var. dissectum (Spreng.)
Clute. Fig. 5, d. Divisions ircisely many-
toothed. — Often with the typical form in N. E. ,
N.Y., andO.

6. B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. Stout,
decidedly fleshy, loosely pubescent to subglabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high; habit and

fertile segment as in the preceding ; sterile segment becoming
large (sometimes 2 dm. broad), its ultimate divisions numer-
ous, ovate or obovate, commonly subcuneate or semicordate
at the base, crenulate and more or less lobed, usually obtuse
or rounded at the apex. (Including var. australe D. C.
Eaton, as to Am. plant.) — Sandy soil, pastures and open
woods, common, N. E., N. Y., and (?) n. Mich. Fig. 6.
Passing insensibly into var. EUTAErdLiUM (A. Br.) D. C.
Eaton. More slender, rarely over 1.7 dm. high, sterile
segment commonly about 5 cm. broad, its divisions few,
broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. {B. Matricariae Spreng. ;
B. rutaceum Sw.) — Nfd. to s. N. H., and n. Mich. (Eurasia.)

§ 2. OSMUNDOPTEEIS Milde. Base of the stalk {contain-
ing the bud) open along one side; sterile segment mem-
branaceous; the cells of the epidermis flexuous.

7. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. (Rattlesnake Fern.) Fronds 3-6 dm. tall,
ample ; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular,
thin and membranaceous, ternate; the short-stalked j^rimar?/ d/v/s/ons once or
twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed
toward the apex ; veins forking from a midvein ; fertile part 2-3-piunate. —
Rich woods, common. June, July (Widely distr.)

6. B.tern.,v. interto

MARSILEACEAE

Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and either
filiform or '^-parted long-petioled leaves ; the somewhat crustaceous several-celled
sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks^
or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrospores
and microspores.

1. MARSILEA L.

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sporocarps with 2
teeth near the base, 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, splittinp
irto 2 valves at maturity, and emitting an elastic cord or band of tissue, which

CRAY'S MANUAL— 4

60 SALVINIACEAE

carries the sporangia on a series of short branches or lobes. (Named for Aloysius
Marsili, an early Italian naturalist.)

1. M. quadrifblia L. Leatiets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; sporo-
carps usually 2 or S on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pediceled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth smail, obtuse, or the
upper one acute. — In water, the leatiets commonly floating on the surface ,
frequently cultivated and now somewhat extensively introduced from material
taken chiefly from Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Ct., where perhaps casually intro-
duced from Eu.

2. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire
(5-15 mm. long and broad) ; petioles 2-11 cm. long ; peduncles free from the
petiole, very short ; sporocarps solitary, hairy when young (about 4 mm. long),
with upper basal tooth longest, acute, straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the
sinus between them rounded. — In swamps which become dry in summer j la.
and southwestw.

SALVINlACEAE

Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and sometimes
branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves ; sporocarps (sori) very soft
and thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, one-celled and having a
central, often branched receptacle which bears either macrosporangia containing
solitary macrospores, or microsporangia with numerous microspores. — A small
and interesting family of plants without close affinity to other groups.

1. AZ6lLA Lam.

Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute
2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Sporocarps
in pairs beneath the stem ; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at the
base a single macrospore with a few attached bodies of doubtful function above
it; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears many
pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores. (Name not
satisfactorily explained.)

1. A. caroliniana Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (6-25 mm.
broad), much branched; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the
upper one green with a reddish border ; macrospore with three attendant
corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate ; masses of microspores glochidiate. —
Floating on quiet waters, from L. Ontario westw. and south w. — Appearing like
a reddish hepatic moss.

2. SALVINIA [Mich.] Adans.

Leaves 'apparently 2-rankef', horizontally floating or subaerial, a third series
of foliar structures developed ventrally on the stem taking the form of fascicles of
root-like fibers. Sporangia subsessile, clustered, depressed-globose, longitu-
dinally sulcate, formed from the tips of short basal divisions of the filiform ven-
tral leaves. Sori basal within the fruit, the macrosporangia subsessile, the
microsporangia (in separate fruits) borne on filiform pedicels. (Named for
Frof Antonio Maria Salvini of Florence, 1633-1729.)

L S. natans (L.) Ad. Foliage-leaves suborbicular-oblong, thickish, mostly
iO-15 mm. long, hairy or papillose on both sides, the lower surface commonly
brownish or purplish. — Marshes and ponds, Minn, and Mo. — Long ago re-
ported by Pursh as "floating, like Lemna, on the surface of stagnant waters:
in several of the small lakes in the western parts of New York," but not
detected in this region by recent botanists. (Eurasia.)

EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 61

EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)

(Revised by A. A. Eaton.)

Bush-like^ often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems from
running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints^ and, when fertile, terminated
by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-shaped stalked
scales bearing the spore-cases beneath. — A single genus.

1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. Horsetail

Rootstocks perennial, jointed, branched, wide-creeping, dull and blackish,
felted or naked, often tuber-bearing, the nodes provided with toothed, often
felted sheaths ; roots in verticils from the nodes, annual, felted. Stems usually-
erect, simple or branched, cylindrical, jointed, the surface regularly striated,
overlaid with teeth, dots, bands, rosettes, or a smooth coat of silex; the stomata
in the grooves in regular rows or broad bands ; the internodes (except in E. scir-
poides) bearing a large central air-cavity (centrum), a medium sized one (vallecu-
lar) under each groove, with which the stomata connect, and a smaller one
(carinal) under each ridge. The nodes are closed and solid, each bearing a
whorl of reduced leaves joined by their edges into cylindrical sheaths, their tips
thinner and prolonged into persistent or deciduous teeth. Branches, when
present, mostly in whorls from the nodes. Fruit in a terminal cone formed of
regular verticils of stalked sporophylls, the 6 or 7 sporangia opening dowa the
inner side and discharging many loose green spores, each provided with four
elastic hygroscopic clavate bands. Prothallus in damp places, dioecious, green,
variously lobed. (The ancient name from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.)

§ 1, stems annual ; spikes rounded ; stomata scattered in the grooves. —
EuEQUiSETTjM Sadcbeck a.
a. Fruiting stem succulent, appearing before the sterile.

Fertile stems branchless, soon perishing; silex of sterile stems in

dots 1. K arvense.

Fertile stems becoming branched.
Branches simple ; silex in 3 rowS of broad spinules on the ridges . 2. E. prateTtae.
Branches compound ; silex in 2 rows of hooked spinules . . 3. E. syhaticum,

a. Fertile and sterile stems alike, branched or simple.

Centrum one sixth of the total diameter of stem ; teeth grooved,

black, with broad white margins A. E. palustre.

Centrum half the total diameter or more.
Centrum not more than two thirds the diameter ; vallecular holes

present ; sheaths loose ; fruit abortive 5. E. litorale.

Centrum four fifths the diameter ; vallecular holes mostly absent ;

sheaths tight 6. E. flv/viaiile.

§ 2. Stems evergreen (except in E. la^vigatum and E. variegatum, v.
Nelsoni), mostly simple ; spikes apiculate ; stomata in single regular
series. — Hippochabte Milde b.

b. Silex in cross-bands on ridges and grooves c.

c. Vallecular bast cutting the green parenchyma, carinal not doing so ;
sheaths ampliated, green.
Teeth deciduous, leaving black triangular bases ; centrum wide . 7. E. laevigatwm.
Teeth persistent, broadly white-bordered ; centrum

small (9) E. variegaium, v. Nelsoni.

c. Vallecular bast not cutting the parenchj^ma, the carinal larger ;

sheaths usually with black and white bands.
Sheaths much longer than broad, ampliated; plants

similar to E. laevigatum in appearance . . (8) E. hyemale, v. intermedium.
Sheaths Httle longer than broad, tight . . . . (8) E.hyemale^y.Tobustvum.
b. Eidges biangulate (except in E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni) ; silex of the
grooves in rosulae d.

d. Teeth deciduous ; ridges slightly biangulate 8. -E". hyemale.

d. Teeth persistent, white-bordered e.

6. Centrum one third of the diameter of the stem.

Ridges distinctly biangulate ; bristle-tips of teeth deciduous . 9. E. variegatum.

Ridges slightly biangulate ; tips of teeth persistent (9) E. variegatum, v. Jestipi.

Eidges rounded (9) ^. variegaPam, v. Nelaoni.

». Centrum absent ; stems 6-angled 10. .fi". «cirpoide8.

52

EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY)

>^ 1. EUEQUISETUM Sadebeck. Stems annual, mostly with regular Mrticil^
of branches; spikes not apiculate ; stomata in one or two broad bands in
each groove, their surfaces overlaid with a silex plate that bears a vertical
slit in the center.

1. E. arvense L.

7. E. arvense. Cross-
section of stem X 12.

in threes ; centrum ^
eter. — Alluvial soil,
to Alaska, south w. to
and la., chiefly in

(Common H.) Fertile stems 0.5-2.5 dm. high, with
loose 8-12-toothed sheaths, not rarely developing a few
branches in wet places ; sterile stems prostrate or erect,
0.5-5 dm. high, 10-14-furrowed, variously branched ;
silex in punctiform dots; branches 3-4-angled, mostly
simple, solid, winged, the teeth of their sheaths triangu-
lar-lanceolate, with sharp erect acuminate points ; root-
stocks tuberiferous, felted ; centrum |-f the total diameter
of the stem. — Common. (Widely distr.) Fig. 7.

2. E. pratense Ehrh. Sterile and finally fertile
stems developing simple horizontal triangular branches
whose first internodes do not exceed the stem-sheaths;
teeth of branch-sheaths deltoid, acute; stems 2-3 dm.
high, 8-20-ridged, beset with fiat spines of silex, arranged
the total diara-
N. S. and Que.
w. Mass., N. J.,
calcareous re-

gions. April, May. (Eurasia.) Figs.
8,9.

3. E. sylvaticum L. Stems 0.7-4.5
dm. high ; both kinds developing com-
pound branches ; centrum half the
diameter ; ridges 8-14, flat, with a row
of recurved spinules on each side;
sheaths green, with the papery brown
teeth coherent ; primary branches
4-5-angled, the secondary 3-angled. -

10. E. sylvaticum.
dermis x 12,

E. sylvaticum. Cross
section of stem X 12.

angled. —Wet places, Nfd. to Alaska
etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Figs.
12, 13.

5. E.litoraleKuhlewein. Stems
diffuse to erect, simple to densely
branched, 2-9 dm. high, 6-18-
grooved ; centrum ^— | the total
diameter ; vallecular holes present ;
sheaths slightly spreading; teeth
dark brown, acute, coherent in
groups; branches 2.5-15 cm. long,
3-5-angled, winged, often solid,
similar to those of E. arvense;
spikes usually abortive. — Wet,

S. E. iiratense
Cross-section
of stem X 12.

Damp, shady places, Nfd. to Alaska,
southw. to Va., O., and la.; com-
mon northw. May, June. (Eura-
sia.) Figs. 10, 11.

4. E. palustre L. Rootstocks
shining, black, solid at center;
stems 2.5-9 dm. high, deeply 5-10-
grooved ; ridges narrow, sharply
elevated ; sheaths widened up-
ward ; leaves centrally grooved ;
teeth lance-subulate, black, with
broad white margins; silex in
cross-bands ; centrum I the total
diameter ; branches hollow, 4-7-

southw. to Ct. {Graves), 111. (Brcndel),

12. E. palustre. Cro^s
section of stem x 12.

13. E. palustre. Epi-
dermis X 12.

EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 53

.^antly shores, N. B. to Pa., Minn., and westw. May, June. (Eu) Possibly

a liybrid. Figs. 14, 15. ^

14. E. litorale. Cross-
section of stem X 12.

15. E. litorale.
Cross- section
of stem near
apex X 12.

16. E. fluviatile. Cross-
section of stem X 12.

6. E. fluviatile L. (Pipes.) Stems erect, 3-15 dm. high, with 10-30 shal-
low grooves, simple, or branched in the middle ; centrum | the total diameter;
vailecular holes absent except at bases of largest stems; branches 2.5-16 cm.
long, 4-6-angled, hollow, not winged, horizontal, with erect tips ; sheaths ap-
presse d ; teeth dark brown, narrow, acute, rigid, distinct. {E. limosum L.)
— Shallow water and mud-banks, common. June, July. (Eu.) Figs. 16, 17.

§ 2. HIPPOCITAETE Milde. Stems mostly evergreen, simple or becoming
sparingly branched, mostly rough; spikes apiculate ; stomata (in onrs)
in a single regular row on each side of the groove, overlaid by the
siliceous coat of the stem, having access to the air through an irregular
hole.

18. E. laevigatum. Cross-
section of stem X 12.

7. E. laevigatum A. Br. Stems mostly annual, diffuse and rough or erect
and nearly smooth, 1-12 dm. long, simple or with few to many rough branches ;
centrum | the diameter of stem ; sheaths widened up-
ward, green with narrow black limb ; teeth of the stem-
sheaths mostly deciduous, leaving black triangular bases,
those of the branches persistent ; leaves flat above, ridged
below ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels,
separated by the vailecular bast. — Alluvial soils, 0. to
•B. C. and Tex. June-Aug. Fig. 18.

8. E. hyemale L. (Scouring Rush.) Stems erect,
mostly simple, 3 to 9 dm. high, the ridges slightly grooved
on the back with a row of tubercles on each side ;
sheaths longer than broad, tight, with two black rings
separated by an ashy one ; teeth mostly deciduous ;
centrum usually | the total diameter ; green paren-
chyma continuous over the vailecular hoh s, separated by the bast under the
ridges. — Eu.

Var. intermedium A. A. Eaton. Stems evergreen, simple, erect, 3-12 dm.
high, smoothish or rough with cross-bands of silex ; sheaths widened upward,
the lower with basal and terminal black rings separated by an ashy band, all
Bimilarly marked the second year; green parenchyma continuous over the
vailecular holes, separated by the carinal bast. — Moist sandy soils. Ct.,
X. Y., and Mich, to Tex. and - Cal. May-Aug. —Often confused with E.
laevigatum. Fig. 10.

Var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Differs from the type only in having the
nd^es rounded instead of biangulate. — Can. to Mex. ; common in N. E., less
common than Xho, next further west.

Var. robustum (A. Br.) A. A, Eaton. Mostly stout, 12-30 dm. high, 6-18
mm. thick; ridges rounded; sheaths nearly as iDroad as long; leaves with d,
central and two lateral ridges ; teeth mostly persistent. (E. robustum A. Br.) —

54

LYCOPODIACEAE (JDLUB MOSS FAMILY/

Md. to Mich., south westw. and westw. ; rare east of the Miss. R. (Mex., Asia.^
Figs. 20, 21.

9. E. variegatum Schleich. Stems tufted, ascending, 1.5 to 3 dm. high,
slender, 5-10-grooved j ridges with broad central grooves ; centrum I the

19. E. hyemale, v. intermedium.
Cross-section of stem x 12.

20. E. hyemale, v. robus-
tum. Epidermis x 12.

21, E. hyemale, v. robustum.
Cross-section of stem x 12.

total diameter ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, interrupted in the
grooves ; sheaths loose, green below, black-girdled above ; leaves 4-carinate ;
teeth black, with broad hyaline white borders, persistent, with long filiform
deciduous tips. — Lab. to Alaska, south w. to Me. , N. Y., and Wyo. ; rare.
(Eurasia.)

Var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton. Stems ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. high, 10-12-
furrowed ; ridges with slight central grooves ; centrum i-| the total diameter ;
carinal bast cutting the parenchyma, the vallecular small ; sheaths green, with
black limbs, becoming ashy with black bases ; teeth brown-centered, white-bor-
dered, withflexuous persistent awn-points, often becoming papery and withering.
— Que. and Ont,, south w. to Ct. and 111.

Var. Nelsbni A. A. Eaton. Stems annual, tufted, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high;
angles rounded; sheaths ampliated, green, with narrow black limb, becoming
dusky; teeth centrally grooved, with dark centers and broad
white borders, bearing deciduous awn-points; centrum i the
total diameter of stem ; bast similar to the type. — N. Y. to Mich,
and 111.

10. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems many in a tuft, filiform, 0,75
'cross^-section^of *^ ^'^ ^^' ^^S^' Ae^uous and curving, solid at the center, 6-ridged
stem X 12 ^ through the deep grooving of the 3 angles ; sheaths with 3 per-
sistent hyaline-bordered filiform-tipped teeth, — Moist evergreen
woods and low fields ; Lab. to Pa., 111., and northwestw. (Eurasia.) Fig. 22.

LYCOPODIACEAE (Club Moss Family)

Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much
branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong or
rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1-3-celled, solitary in the axils
of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening into two or three
valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which are all of one kind. —
The Family, as here defined, consists mainly of the large genus

1. LYCOP6dIUM L. Club Moss

Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved,
mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores, in
the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with
evergreen one-nerved leaves imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name
compounded of XiJkos, a wolf, and ttous, foot, from a fancied resemblance.)

LYCOPODIACEAE (^CLUB MOSS FAMILY) 55

a. Spore cases /n the axils of ordinary dark -^een shining leaves, not form-
ing A Wll marked terminal spike ; gemmae commonly present.

Leaves uniform 1. Z. Selago.

ieaves in zones, alternately shorter and longer 2. Z. lucidulum.

a. Spore cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a
spike b.
b. iiracteal leaves scarcely or not at all modified in form or texture.

Bracteal leaves lance-linear or linear, scarcely broader at the base . 3. Z. alopecuroiden.
Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate

base 4. Z. inundatum.

b. Bracteal leaves scale-like, yellowish, very different from those of the
sterile parts of the stem c.
0. Sterile branches convex and uniformly leafy on all sides.

Free part of leaves 4-S mm. long ; fertile branches mostly 1.5-
2.5 dm. high.
Fertile branches leafy up to the spikes.
Creeping stem deep in the ground, the upright branches

repeatedly forked, tree-like . . . (7) Z. ohscurum, v. dendroideum.
Creeping stem on or near the surface of the ground, its
numerous erect branches mostly subsimple or sparingly

forked 5. Z. annoiinum.

Fertile branches modified beneath the spikes into scaly pe-
duncles 6. Z. clavatwm.

Free parts of the leaves 1-3 mm. long ; fertile branches usually

5-13 cm. high 8. Z. sitchense.

c. Sterile branches flattened or concave beneath, the leaves usually
reduced or modified on the lower surface d.
d. Fertile branches leafy essentially to the spikes . . . . 7. Z. obscv/rum,
d. Spikes borne on scaly peduncles e.

e. Peduncles terminating upright leafy branches.

Fertile branches usually 5-10, rarely 15 cm. high ; free part
of lateral leaves linear-subulate, spreading, nearly or quite

as long as the adnate part 9. Z. sabinaefoliv/m

Fertile branches usually 1.5-3 dm. high ; free part of lateral
leaves deltoid-subulate, scarcely more than one third to
one half the length of the adnate part.
Eunning stems deep in the ground; branches narrowly
linear, 1.3-l.S mm. broad, their divisions very numer-
ous and crowded 12. Z. tristachyv/m.

Eunning stems at or near the surface of the ground ;
branches 2-4 mm. broad, more loosely and openly

forked 11. Z. complanatum.

6. Peduncles springing directly frcm a short horizontal rootstock 10. Z. carol inianum.

1. L. Selago L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, from a short slender
rootstock, forming a level-topped tuft (0.5-2.5 dm. high) ; leaves uniform,
lance-attenuate, crowded, ascending, glossy, pale green or yellowish, sharp-
pointed, entire or denticulate ; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves. —
Crevices of exposed or cold rock, chiefly alpine ; Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E.,
L. Superior, Mont., and Wash., and on the higher Alleghenies to Va. (Widely
distr.) — Commonly gemmiparous in the upper axils. Var. appressum Desv.
Leaves closely crowded, appresscd. — Usually more abundant, extending s. to
N. C.

Var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Leaves linear-attenuate and wide-spreading,
dark green. — Cool calcareous cliffs, Que. and n. Vt.

2. L. lucidulum Michx. Stems assurgent, the old elongate bases very per- ^
sistent ; Zeaues pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, distinctly^
broader above the middle, arranged in alternate zones of shorter and longer ^
leaves, the shorter leaves more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils ; . ..
proliferous gemmae usually abundant but caducous. — Cold, damp woods ; Nfd. -^
to Ont., Minn., la., Ind., and south w. in the Alleghenies to S. C.

Var. por6philum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate,
narrowed from base to apex, nearly or quite entire. (L. porophilum Lloyd &
Underw.) — Mts. and cold ravines, local; Nfd. and e. Que. to Wise, s. to S. C.
and Ala.

3. L. alopecuroides L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout ; the
sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same
thickness, 13-.33 cm. high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed,
spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindri-
cal spike with long setaceous tips. (^L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw., in

56 LYCOrODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY)

part.) — Pine-barrens and sandy swamps, Nantucket (3Irs. Owen, Dame,
Flot/d), L. L, and southw. Am'Z-, Sept. —Stems, including tlie dense leav.-s, lo
mm. inthiclvuess ; the comose splice, wiLh its longer spreading leaves, 18-22 mm.
thick. (S. A.)

4. L. inundatum L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid, 3-10
(rarely 15) cm. high, bearing a short thick spike ; sporophylls usually tootlied
near the ovate base, their attenuate tips herbaceous, loosely spreading ; leaves
lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those
of the prostrate stems curving upward. — Sandy shores and in sphagnum, Nfd.
to N. J., and north westw. to Alaska. (Eurasia.) Var. Bigelovii Tuckerni.
Taller (the fertile branches 1-3 dm. high) ; sporophylls more incurved or
appressed, commonly somewhat stramineous, mostly entire. (L. adpressum
Lioyd & Underw. in part.) — Sandy shores, e. Mass. to Md.

5. L. ann6tinum L. Much branched ; stems prostrate and creeping (3-12
dm. long); the ascending branches similar (1-2.5 dm. high), sparingly forkv-d
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading,
in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green);
spike solitary, thickish-cylindrical. — Open woods, Nfd. to Ct., Minn., Col.,
Alaska, and Greenl. (Eurasia.) In exposed and alpine situations replaced by
var. puNGENS Desv., a form with short thick more rigid leaves which are
3-4 mm. long and erectish. — Nfd. to n. N. Y., and northwestw. (Eurasia.)

6. L. clavatum L. (Common C.) Stems creeping extensively, with similar
ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile terminated by a slender
peduncle (1-1.5 dm. long), bearing about 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes ; leaves
linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts,
with a fine bristle. — Dry woods ; common especially north w. July. (Cosmop. )
Var. monostXchyox Grev. & Hook. Spike solitary on each peduncle com-
monly of larger size (sometimes 8 cm. long). — E. Que. to Ct. and northwestw.
Var. brevispic\tdm Peck. Spikes solitary or in pairs, very short (1.3-2 4
cm. long), thickish, blunt; peduncles 3-5 cm. long. — Wallface Mt., N. Y.
(Peck). A sterile form with greatly elongated peduncles is sometimes found :
Taconic Mts., w. Mass. (Harrison), and Green Mts., Vt. (Kent).

7. L. obscurum L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered
erect tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous
spreading branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, 6-ranked,
those of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, the lateral ones
incurved-spreading ; spikes 1-3, erect, essentially sessile ; bracts scarious-niar-
gined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate. — Rich woods, N. E. to Va. — Passing
imperceptibly into

Var. dendroidsum (Michx.) D. C. P'.aton. Leaves equal, erect or incurved;
branches scarci^ly or not at all dorsiventral, usnnlly erect and crowded; spikes
1-15. (L. dendroideum Michx. ) — The more common form, in woods or on open
hillsides, Nfd. to N. C. and L. Superior.

8. L. sitchense Kapr. Glaucous ; rootstock long, nearly superficial ; steins
short, numerous, er 'ct, divided from near the base into numerous erect sub-
.simple crowded branches (3-7 cu. high), equally leafy all round ; leaves equal,
few-ranked, ascendmg, about 2 mm. long, slender, very acute ; spikes on siiort
but usually distinct scaly peduncl -s ; sporophylls green v.-ith scarious erose
margin, the tip spreading. — Coniferous woods, e. Que. and n. Me.; Mt. Katah-
din; Mt. Washington, N. H. (Eggleston) ; Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (Feck);
n. shore of L. Superior ; Alaska.

9. L. sabinaefblium Willd. In habit similar to the preceding ; branches
5-10 cm. long, flexuous, dorsiventral ; the leaves on the lower surface smaller;
peduncles 2-3 cm. long. — Dry woods, e. Que. to Vt. ; Staten Isl., N. Y. (Buch-
heister) ; and L. Superior {G. S. Miller).

10. L. carolinianum L. Sterile stems and their few short branches entirely
creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with broadly
lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral leaves videly spreading
in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; also
sending up a slender simple peduncle (7-21 cm. long, clothed merely with

SELAGINELLACEAE 57

small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves) hearing a single cylindrical
spike. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to V'a., and southw.

11. L. complanatum L. Bootatock nearly si^perjicial ; stems erect, irregu-
larly branched or forked, the branches very flat, more or less glaucous, few-
forked, the divisions (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. v^^ide) erect or but slightly
spreading, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4
ranks with decurrent adnate bases, the lateral with tooth-like tips ; pediuicles
(about 3 cm. long) bearing 1-3 erect spikes. — Dry coniferous woods, Nfd. to
Me., Ida., and Alaska. (Eurasia.)

Var. flabellif6rme Fernald. (Ground Pine.) Brighter green ; the branches
several-forked and spreading in a fan-like manner, the terminal divisions
0.5-4 cm. long and 1.5-3 mm. broad ; peduncles (averaging 7 cm. long) mostly
4-spiked. — Dry woods, N. S. to W. Va., Ky., la., and Minn.; common. Var.
WiBBEi Haberer is a form with peduncles only 1-spiked. — N. Vt. and centr.
N. Y.

12. L. tristachyum Pursh. Very glaucous ; rootstock depp (5-12 cm.
below the surface) ; stems erect, the branches numerous, crowded, erect, 1-2
mm. broad ; peduncles (8-12 cm. long) with a few scattered attenuate bracts
and bearing 1-5 (mostly 4) spikes. (L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br. ; L. compla-
natum, var. Chamaecyparissus Milde.) — Dry sandy soil, n. Me. to Del., and
L. Superior j south w. in the mts. to N. C. (Eu.)

SELAGINELLACEAE

Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large; stems branch-
ing; leaves small and 4-6-rowed ; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or
borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins,
some containing large spores (macrospores) and others small spores {micro-
spores). The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid with a
hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles. In ger-
mination they develop a mintite prothalltis which bears archegonia to be fer-
tilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores.

1. SELAGINELLA Beauv.

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore-
cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; and oi"
mostly 2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-0) much larger
globose-angular, macrospores ; the former usually in the upper and the latter in
tlie lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds
on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an
ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which
the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.)

* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike similar.

1. S. selaginoides (L.) Link. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and
slender ; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (3-8 cm. high) ; leaves lanceolate,
acute, spreading, sparsely spimdose-ciliate. (S. spinosa Beauv.) — Wet places
Nfd. to N. H. (Piirsh). Mich., L. Superior. Col., and uorthw. ; rare. — Habit of
Lyropodium inundatum. Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green.
(Ku.)

2. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Mnch branched in close tufts (2-6 cm. high) ;
leaves densely appressed-imhricdted, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved
keel, minuttdy ciliatc, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly quadrangular spike
rather broader. — Dry and exposed rocks, somewhat local but not rare, —
Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid moss. (Eurasia.)

58

ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY^

* * Leaves shorter above and beloic, stiimle-UTce ; the lateral larger^ 2-ranked.

3. S. apus (L.) Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much
branched, flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading hori-
zontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ;
those of the short spikes nearly similar ; larger spore-cases copious at the lower
part of the spike, — Low, shady places, s. Me., south w. and westw. — A delicate
little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia. (S. A.)

ISOETACEAE (Qdillwort Family)

(Revised by A. A. Eaton.)

Small aquatic or palustrine herbs of grass-like or rush-like aspect. Stem
short, thick, and corm-like, croicned unth numerous subulate leaves. Spores of
two kinds in distinct axillary solitary sporangia. — A single genus ; the species
similar in habit and to be distinguished with certainty only by the aid of the
compound microscope.

1. IS6eTES L. Quillwort

Stem fleshy, more or less depressed, the roots arising from the 2-5-lobed
base, the flattened top bearing the leaves from a central bud or crown. Leaves
dilated and imbricated at base, rounded or somewhat
angular above, orbicular in section, traversed by four
air-tubes that are separated by cross-partitions, bearing
a bast-bundle in the center and often 4 or more in the
periphery. Stomata none or in narrow
bands over the air-cavities. Sporangia
in excavations of the dilated bases of
the leaves (more or less covered by the
velum, formed from the thin edges of
the excavation), attached by their backs,
orbicular to ovoid, plano-convex, trav-
ersed internally by transverse threads,
their thin integuments often bearing
small dark sclerenchymatous cells.
Spores dimorphous, the female or gyno-
spores large (250-1000 /i or more in diameter), spherical, with
an elevated ridge (equator) around the middle and three others
(commissures) arising from this and meeting at the summit of
the upper hemisphere, the surface variously beset with siliceous
elevations, rarely smooth ; the male or androspores in separate
sporangia, mostly in alternate cycles with the female, very
minute (20-45 /i long), obliquely oblong, triangular in section.
The trunks of all our species but I. Tuckermani and /. sac- 24. I. riparia, show
charata, var. Amesii are habitually bilobed. (Name used by ingr generic habil
Fliny, presumably for a house-leek.) Figs. 23, 24. x 1/3.

§ 1. Submersed ; leaves cylindrical, fleshy, without bast-bundles or stomata.
— Aquaticae a. Br. a.
a. Leaves stout, rigid, erect.

Gynospores honeycomb-reticulated below 1. 7. macrospora.

Gynospores with distinct or anastomosing crests (1) /. macrospora, V. heterospora

a. Leaves mostly slender and spiralh- spreading or recurved h.
b. Gynospores with thin jagged honeycomb-reticulated crests.
Leaves 1 mm. or less in diameter.
Leaves reddish or olive, often with a few stomata ; spores 600 (i

or less in diameter . . 2. /. Thickermani,

Leaves green, recurved at end, not spii'al; spores averaging

650 /a in diameter (2) /. Tuckermani, v. borealis.

Leaves 2.5-3 mm. in diameter .... (2) I. Tuckermani, v. Tfarmyi.

h. Gynospores with thick vermiform free or anastomosing ridges . . 3. I. hieroglyph ica-
% 2. Plants" of inundated shores or tidal flats, fruiting as the water recedes ;
with stomfta but no bast-bundles. — Amphibiak A. Br. c.

23. Isoetes (diagrammatic),
Inner surface of leaf-base,

ISOfiTACEAE (SQUILL WORT FAMILY) 59

c. T,*aves reddish or olive-green.

Gynospores averaging 440 /u. in dianoeter, with small pits . . 4. I.foveolata

Gynospores averaging 510 (x in diameter, with thin irregular

^'^^^^ ; (4) I.foveolata, v. plenospora,

0. Leaves green d. > ^ ^ ".

d. Gynospores with jagged crests.

Gynospores averaging 600 /u, in diameter; crests tall, mostly

^simple 5, L riparia.

Gynospores averaging less than 550 /it in diameter ; crests low,
simple or reticulated.
Leaves 1-2.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-lobed . . . 6. 7. saecharata

Leaves 1-1.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-5-lobed (6) /. saecharata, v. Amesii

d. Gynospores with slender or jagged spines.

Leaves short, stout, spreading 7. /. echinospora. v. Braunii

» « T,, Lejives long, fine, spiral (7) /. echinospora, v. muricata.

% 8. Plants of the extreme edges of ponds or streams, emersed most of the

summer, with stomata and bast-bundles. — Palustres A. A.

Eaton e.

e. Bast-bundles 4, one at each front angle and one at each end of the

dorsi-ventral partition ./".

/. Polygamous ; androsporangia rare ; gynospores appearing abortive.

Bast-bundles often absent; gynospores with labyrinthiform

T, /l^^®^, •, 8- I.Eatoni.

Bast-bundles always present ; gvnospoi-es with truncate col-

. ^, "^'ns " 9. 7. Gravesii.

J. Monoecious.

Gynospores with coarse irregular crests.

Crests loose ; sporangia slightly spotted 10. 7. Dodgei.

Crests crowded ; sporangia densely spotted . . (10) 7. Dodgei, v. Ho'bbinsii
Gynospores reticulated.
Plants of medium size; androspores smooth . . . .11. I. Engelmanni
Plants large ; androspores spinulose .... (11) 7. Engelmanni, v. valida.
6. Bast-bundles 4, with accessory ones in the periphery.

Monoecious ; gynospores crested, somewhat reticulated (11) 7. Engelmanni, Y.fontana
Polygamous ; gynospores small, smooth or with low tubercles or

c^ T>i ^ wrinkles • 12. I. melanopoda.

§ 4. Plants of dry situations ; leaves setaceous ; bast-bundles 4 ; stomata

many ; velum none. — Terrestres A. Br 13. 7. Butleri.

1. I. macr6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 2 mm. in diameter, erect, round, dark
green, rather blunt; velum covering \ of the unspotted sporangium ; gynospores
600-800 yti in diameter, the upper faces traversed by thin parallel
walls, the lower hemisphere reticulated ; androspores 36-47 /x
(average 42 /i) long, smooth. — Gaspe Co., Que., and Me. to
Ont. and Minn. Fig. 25.

^ Var. heter6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves 50-150, 2 mm. in
diameter, 6-8 cm. long, rigid, erect, tapering to a sharp point;
sporangia spotted \-\ indusiate ; gynospores 540-675 /i (some
abnormally 1100-1134 fx) in diameter, densely covered with
thick jagged convoluted crests, often reticulated below ; andro- 2^- ^- macrosport.
spores 30-40 ^ (average 35 /x) long, dark brown, papillose, ^y^ospore x 15.
(/. heterospora A. A. Eaton.) —Jordan Pond, Mt. Desert, Me.

2. I. Tuckermani A. Br. Trunk often 3-lobed, small; leaves 10-40, 1 mm.
or less in diameter, 4-15 cm. long, reddish or olive green, sometimes with a
few stomata but no bast-bundles ; sporangia small, rarely spotted, i or more
covered by the velum; gynospores 450-750 /x (average 600 ^i) in diameter,
parallel-walled or reticulated above, more or less reticulated below; andro-
spores 25-38 ^l (average 30 fx) long, slightly rouoh. — Sandy ponds, Me. to Ct.

Var. borealis A. A. Eaton. Trunk bilobed ; leaves 10-100, 3-25 cm. long,
1-1.5 mm. thick, green or reddish, straight or recurved ; stomata none ;
gynospores 600-785 /* in diameter, more coarsely reticulated ; androspores 42 /i
long, finely spinulose. — N. Y. to N. H. and Lab.

Var. Harvdyi (A. A. Eaton) Clute. Trunk 2-lobed, 1.6-3 cm. in diameter;
leaves 50-140, purple- bronze, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, 5-6 cm. long, strongly re-
curved ; stomata none ; sporangia unspotted, ^^ covered by the velum ; gyno-
spores 526-648 ^l (average 560 /i) in diameter ; androspores 30-39.6 /t (average
34 ix) long. (/. Harveyi A. A. Eaton.) —N. Y. and Mass. to Nfd.

3. I. hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 6-7.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. in
diameter, blunt, recurved ; sporangia not spotted, ^ cove.red by the velum ,•

30 ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY)

^nospores 486-720 /x (average 600 fx) in diameter, sparingly covered with tliick
/ermiform subcontinent or reticulated ridges except just beneath the equator ;
androspores 31-44 yu, (average 36 /x) long, verrucose. — Foud&
and lakes, N. S., Que., and Me. Fig. 26.

4. I. foveolata A. A. Eaton. Polygamous ; leaves 50-150,
5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, round, pinkish or olive-
green ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted, ^-\ covered by the
I. hieroglyphic, y^^^^^^ . gynospores 380-560 /jl (average 440 fx) in diameter,
Gynospore x 15. ^^^^ \ovfer surface covered with little holes, the upper a
little more open ; androspores 22-35 fx long, reticulated or
papillose. — Ponds and river borders ; N. H. and Ct. Fig.
27.

Var. plen6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves 30-110, 1.5 mm.

27 I foveolata Gyno- in diameter, 20-40 cm. long ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted,

' " spore X 15 k'h Covered by the velum ; gynospores white or ashy, 450-

600 fx (average 510 /x) in diameter, covered with tall thin

mostly honeycomb-reticulated walls ; androspores 27-33 fi long, finely granular

or tuberculale. — Gravelly shores of ponds in a thin layer of silt, s. e. Mass.

5. I. riparia Engelm. Often polygamous; leaves 10-30, 1-3 mm. in diam-
eter, 10-25 cm. long, erect, dark green ; sporangia densely spotted, i-| covered
by the velum ; gynospores 450-756 fi (averaging 570 fx) in diameter, covered with
high isolated, united, or reticulated jagged crests ; androspores 28-32 fx (average
29 ix) long, sparingly tubercled.— Tidal shores of Del. R., in gravel. — A species
misinterpreted in the past, and seemingly of restricted range.

6. I. saccharata Engelm. Leaves 10-30, 1-2.5 mm. in diameter, 3-25 cm.
long, spreading or recurved ; velum very narrow to half covering the thickly
spotted sporangium ; gynospores 420-510 fx (average 480 /x) in diameter, covered
with low granules, reticulated walls or tall rough crests ; androspores 22-30 /x
(average 28 /x) long, sparingly papillose. — Fresh- water tidal flats, n. arm of
Chesapeake Bay and Del. R. — Very variable and closely approaching the last in
some of its forms.

Var. Amdsii A. A. Eaton. Trunks 2-5-lobed ; leaves 8-30 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm.
in diameter, slender, finely pointed, quadrangular ; sporangia with few spots,
i-f covered by the velum ; gynospores 420-600 fx (average 510 /x) in diameter,
marked with fine granules and thin short often reticulated walls; androspores
28-32 IX long, — Gravelly shores overlaid by fine silt, chiefly in shallow water,
s. Mass. to N. Y.

7. I. echin6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad,
dark green, finely pointed ; velum about one half covering the sporangium ;
gynospores 350-560 fx (average 500 fx) in diameter, covered with simple or
forked spinules ; androspores 26-30 fx long, smooth. — Eu. —A species repre-
sented in America by the following varieties.

Var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. Differs from the type in having stomata on
the leaves, a broader velum, spotted sporangium, and not rarely broad jagged
crests on the gynospores. (Var. rohiista Engcxm.; 7. Boottii
A. Br.) — Muddy or sandy river and pond borders. Gasp6
Co., Que. to B. C, s. to Cal. and Pa. ; variable. Fig. 28.

Var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm. Submersed leaves 1 0-30,
flaccid, spiral, 15-40 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter; emersed ^g i echinospora, v.
ones 5-8 cm. long, slender, recurved ; sporangia pale-spotted, braunii. Gynospore
i-| indusiate ; gynospores 400-620 /x (average 510 fx) in ^ ^5
diameter, covered with slender round spines and flat, blunt,
or retuse lamellae; androspores 25-31 /i long, smooth or slightly granular. —
Firm soil in shallow waters, mostly submersed ; N. S. to n. Me. and N. J.
— Grades into the last.

8. L Eat5ni Dodge. Polygamous; leaves 30-200. 40-70 cm. long, 8-4 mm.
in diampter, flat above; stomata abundant; bast-bundles usually present;
velum very narrow ; sporangia densely light-brown spotted, not filled by spores ;
gynospores round below, upper half depressed, 300-450 ix (average 390 fx') in
di? meter, with labyrinth if orm-convolute ridges ; androsporangia very rare,

ISOETACEAE (QUILLWOET FAMILY)

61

Dodgei. Gj'iio.
spore X 15.

ig, 1-1.5 mm. wide,

usually scattered among the gynosporangia, the spores 25-30 /i (^average 28 fj.)
long, minutely tuberculate. — Borders of ponds and streams, s. N. H. to N. J.
— Our largest species.

9. I. Gravesii A. A. Eaton. Polygamous; leaves 20-150, 12-30 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, erect, reddish or dark green ; sporangia with an
abundance of light brown cells, ^-^ covered by the velum ; gynospores 351-
405 /x in diameter, the upper hemisphere depressed, covered with sliort truncate
single columns ; androspores 22-30 /a (average 26 /a) long, high-cristate or tuber-
culate.— Mass. to Ct.

10. I. D6dgei A. A. Eaton, Leaves 10-75, the submersed 20-45 cm. long,
1.5-2 mm. wide, erect or spiral; emersed 10-15 cm. long, interlaced; stomata
many ; bast-bundles usually present ; sporangia sprinkled
with light cells, ^-^ covered by the velum ; gynospores
500-675 fjL (average 500 fi) in diameter, sparsely beset with
irregular often anastomosing walls ; androspores 22-44 fi
(average 32 /a) long, wrinkled. (/. riparia, var. canadensis
Engelm. ; /, canadensis A. A. Eaton.) — Firm soil, borders
of ponds and streams. Me. to B. C, southw. to Pa. Fig. 29.

Var. Robbinsii A. A. Eaton. Leaves 15-30, 10-38 cm. lonj
dark green, rigidly erect, fine-pointed ; sporangia ^-\ indusiate, covered with
brown cells; gynospores 460-600 ju (average 500 ^a) in diameter, thickly beset
with anastomosing jagged walls ; androspores 28.7-32.8 fi long, rough or slightly
papillose. (/. canadensis, var. Bobhinsii A. A. Eaton.) — Borders of ponds
and streams, s. Mass. to N. Y.

11. I. Engelmanni A. Br. Leaves 10-40, 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 mm. in diame-
ter, light green ; sporangia unspotted, \ or less indusiate ; gynospores 350-570 /*

(average 450 ^l) in diameter, honeycomb-reticulated with
thin walls ; androspores 24-29 /* long, smooth. — Ponds,
streams, and ditches, mostly in clay, N. H. and Vt. to Pa.
and Mo; mostly near the coast. Fig. 30. Var. gracilis
Engelm. is an attenuate form in shade or deep water.

Var. valida Engelm. Plants larger ; leaves 50-100, 3-6 dm.
tall, 2-3 mm. wide, often with 6 bast-bundles ; sporangia
gynospores 320-570 ix (average 480 tx) in diameter , androspores
24-30 fx (average 28 ix) long, blunt-spinulose. — N. J. to Va.

Var. fontana A. A. Eaton. Trunk 1-2 cm. in diameter; leaves 30-50,
15-20 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, with many stomata and six large and sev-
eral small bast-bundles , velum narrow ; sporangia sparingly spotted with light-
brown cells ; gynospores 4U0-750 fx (average 500 ix) in diameter, covered with
coarser more or less broken alveolations ; androspores as in the type. — Pa. and
Va. ; local.

12. I. melan6poda J. Gay. Polygamous; leaves 15-60, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad,
12-45 cm. tall, cliestnut or black at base, with numerous peripheral bast-
bundles; sporangia less than \ indusiate, thickly spotted;
gynospores 250-400 fx (average 330 /a) in diameter, nearly
smooth or with low often confluent tubercles ; androspores
23-30 /i (average 25 /x.) long, spinulose, — Inundated fields and
shallow ponds," 111. and la. to Okl, and Cal. Fig. 31. Variety
PALLIDA Engelm. of the Southwest, occasionally found mixed
^7ith the type in our range, differs only in having pale leaf-bases.

13. L Butleri Engelm. Dioecious; leaves 8-60, ".5-22 cm.
in diameter, rigid, triangular-setaceous, with wide dissepiments, narrow air-
canals, and four stout bast-bundles ; sheaths granular on the
backs ; velum none or very narrow ; sporangia mostly spotted ;
gynospores 400-630 p. (average 570 fx) in diameter, roughened
with very small warts or fragmentary crests ; androspores 28-34 a*
long, coarsely tubercled. — Moist hillsides and shallow depres-
sions, 111. and Kan. to Tenn. and Okl. Fig. 32. Var. immactlXta

Engelm, is a form without spots on the sporangia, growing wita the typical
form of the species.

30. I. Engelmanni.
Gynospore x 15.

I. melannpoda.
Gynospore x 15.

long, 0.5 mm.

82. I. Butleri.

Gynospore X 15.

62 TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY)

Divisiox II. SPEEMATOPHYTA

(Seed-Plants, Phanerogamia, or Flowering Plants)

Male generative cells (with rare extra-limital exceptions) passive,
developing an elongated tube. Plowers with stamens, or pistils,
or both. Normal reproduction by seeds containing an embryo or
minute plant.

TAXACEAE (Yew Family)

Trees or shrubs, ours with evergreen linear leaves, and dioecious (or more
rarely monoecious) jfZowers (borne on short scaly peduncles), the sterile globular,
formed of a few naked stamens with anther-cells under a shield-like somewhat
lobed connective, the fertile consisting of an erect ovule, which becomes a bony-
coated seed more or less surrounded by a large fleshy disk (or scale). Now gen-
erally treated as a family distinct from the Pinaceae.

1. TAXUS [Tourn.] L. Yew

Annular disk of the fertile flowers cup-shaped, globular, at length pulpy,
red, and berry-like. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-
ranked. (The classical name, probably from t6^ov, a bow, the wood anciently
used for bows.)

L T. canadensis Marsh. (American Y., Ground Hemlock.) A low strag-
gling bush ; stems diffuse (or rarely arborescent and 2 m. high) ; leaves linear,
green on both sides. — Evergreen woods, Nfd. to Va., la., and Man.

PINACEAE (Pine Family)

Trees and shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped
entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers borne in or having the
form of scaly catkins, of which the fertile become cones or berry-like. Ovules 2
or more at the base of each scale. Mostly evergreen. In the following treatment
the term catkin (or ament) is retained as the most convenient designation for
the catkin-like aggregates of scales bearing or inclosing either stamens or ovules.
The morphology of the coniferous inflorescence is still doubtful. It seems proba-
ble that the staminate catkin is a single flower, but paleophytological evidence
suggests that the ovule-bearing cones are inflorescences.

Tribe I. ABIETEAE. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels
in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a persistent bract ; in fruit forming a cone.
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3-16.
Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales.
Buds scaly. Leaves linear to needle-shaped.

* Leaves in bundles of two or more,

1. Pinus. Leaves 2-5 in each bundle, evergreen.

2. Larix. Leaves many in each cluster, deciduous.

* * Leaves solitary,
-t- Leaves keeled on both surfaces (tetragonal) ; scales of the cone persistent upon the axis.

3. Picea. Leaves not 2-ranked.

+- ->- Leaves flattish, whitened along two lines beneath.

4. Abies. Cone large (5-10 cm. long), the scales falling away before the axis.

5. Tsuga. Cone small (12-35 mm. long), the scales persisting on the axis

PIN ACE AE (pine FAMILY) 63

Tribe II. TAXODiEAE. Fertile flowers of several spirally arranged imbricated scales witbout
bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect.
Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not scalv.

6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSEAE. Scales of the fertile flower few, decussately opposite or ternate, becom-
ing a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2
(rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier
free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly.

* Monoecious ; fruit a small cone ; leaves opposite and more or less 2-ranked.

7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.

8. Thuja. Cone pendulous, ellipsoid, of 8-12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.

* * Dioecious ; fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.

9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

1. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Pine

Filaments short ; connective scale-like ; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise.
Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fruit a cone formed of
the imbricated woody scales, which are persistent, spreading when ripe and dry ;
the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale. Cotyle-
dons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from
their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves,
in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheathing
the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming chan-
neled ; when more than 2 triangular ; their edges in our species serrulate.
Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones maturing in the second autumn.
(The classical Latin name.)

Leaves 5 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thin 1. P. Strohus.

Leaves 2-3 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thickened at the end.
Cone-scales unarmed.

Leaves 9-16 cm. long; sheath 8-21 mm. long 10. P. resinosa.

Leaves 4.5-6 cm. long; sheath 2-5 mm. long; resin-ducts In each leaf

numerous, peripheral or nearly so 9. P. sylvestris.

Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long ; resin-ducts mostly 2, deeply embedded in the leaf-
tissue 7. P. Banksiana.

Cone-scales armed with a sharp dorsal spine or prickle.

Cone very large, 15-25 cm. long 11. P. palustris.

Cone 3-12 cm. long.

Spine of cone-scales stout, 5-6 mm. long 5. P.pungens.

Spine of cone-scales smaller, 1-3 mm. long.
Leaves somewhat rigid, 1.8-3 mm. broad.

Leaves in 2's, 1.5-4 cm. long 7. P. Banksiana.

Leaves in 3's, 5-12 cm. long 8. P. rU/kla.

Leaves in 3's, 15-25 cm. long , . 4. P. serotina.

Leaves flaccid, 0.7-1.5 mm. broad.
Old cones when open subcylindric-ovoid, about 10 cm. long, usually

shining 2. P. Taeda.

Old cones when open broadly ovoid, 4-7 cm. long, dull.
Spine of cone-scale 2-8 mm. long ; leaves in 2's, 4-8 cm. long . 6. P. virginiana.
Spine of cone-scale minute, about 1 mm. long ; leaves in 2's or

3's, 7-13 cm. long 8. P. echinata.

1. P. Strbbus L. (White P.) Tree 20-50 m. high; leaves in 5's, very
slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (8-10 mm. long), with 6-8 involucral
scales at base ; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindri-
cal, nodding, often curved (1-1.5 dm. long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. —
Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Ga., west to Man. and e. la.

2. P. Tadda L. (Loblolly or Old-Field P.) Leaves long (14-23 cm.), in
3's or sometimes 2's, with elongated sheaths, light green ; cone-scales tipped
with a stout incurved spine. — Wet clay, or dry sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla., near
the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark. — A tree 15-45 m high , staminate flowers
slender, 5 cm. long, usually w>th 10-13 involucral scales ; seeds with 2 «troQj;
rough ridges on the under side.

64 PINACEAE (PIlilE FAMILY)

3. P. rlgida Mill. (Pitch P.) Leaves (5-12 cm. Ion?) dark green, /rowi
short sheaths; corns ovoid-conical or ovoid (8-9 cm. loii";), often in clusters;
scaies with a short stent qenerally recurved prickle. — Snudy or barren soil,
K. B. to L. Ontario, e. Tenn., and n. Ga. — A tree 10-25 m. high, with very
rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 6-8.

4. P. serotina Michx. (Pond or Marsh P.) Similar to the last but readily-
distinguished by its much longer leaves (15-25 cm. in length) and sheaths, as
well as the short more deciduous prickles of the cone. — Coastal swamps, Va.
(Harper) to Fla.

5. P. pungens Lamb. (Table Mountain P.) Leaves stout, short, in 2's
or 3's (3-6 cm. long), crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old
foliage); the scales armed with a strong hooked spine.— AWeghewy Mts., N. J.
and Pa., to Ga. and Tenn.— A rather small tree (6-18 m. high) ; cones long-
persistent.

- 6. P. virginiana Mill. (Jersey or Scrub P.) Leaves short (4-8 cm.

- long), in 2's; cones sometimes curved, the scales tipped loith a straight or re-

^ curved awl-shaped prickle. (P. inops Ait.)— Barrens and sterile hills, L. I. to

r- S.C., Ala., and s. Ind. — A straggling tree (5-12 m. high), with spreading or

"^ drooping branchlets ; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous

bloom.

^ 7. P. Banksiana Lamb. (Gray or Northern Scrub P.) Leaves in 2's,
K very short and thick (usually 2-3 cm. long), oblique, divergent; cones conical,

S oblong, usually curved (4-5 cm. long), smooth, the scales pointless, or with a

^ minute obsolescent prickle. (P. divaricata auth.) — Barren, sandy, or rocky soil,

< N. S. to n. N. Y., w. to n. Ill, Minn., and northw. — A low tree, usually 5-10

** (rarely 20) m. high.

8. P. echinata Mill. (Yellow P.) Leaves in 2's or 3's, slender, mostly
about 1 dm. long, with long sheaths; cone-scales with a minute iceak prickle.
(P. mitis Michx.)— Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten I. to Kan., and south w. —
A straight tree (15-30 m. high), with dark green leaves more soft and slender
than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tubercu-
late and spiny cones.

9. P. sylvestris L. (Scotch P., Scotch Fir.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ;
cones 4-6 cm. long, the thickened rhombic scales with central tubercle but not
spinous. — Much cultivated, and thoroughly naturalized at some points on the
N. E. coast. — A valuable long-lived tree attaining considerable height, but the
trunk rarely straight, the bark gray. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. P. resinbsa Ait. (Red P.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ; cones ovoid-

conical, smooth (about 5 cm. long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless ;

sterile flowers oblong-linear (12-18 mm. long), subtended by about G involucral

J? scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.— Pry woods,

, Mass. to n. Pa., Mich., and Minn., and northw.— A tall tree, with reddish rather

f^ smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.

^ -^ 11. P. paliistris Mill. (Long-leaved, Yellow% or Georgia P.) Leaves in

^ 3's from long sheaths, very long, crowded at the summit of very scaly branches ;

sterile flowers 6-8 cm. long, rose-purple ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-

cylindiic, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis Michx.)

Kc —Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. —A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and

« exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. Larch

Oatk'ns lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or
more, short or alobular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ;
the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-
grains simple, globular. Cone-scales persistent. — Leaves needle-shaped, soft,
deciduous, very many in a fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly
and globular buds. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. ^'The ancient
name.)

PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 65

1. L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. ^ (American or Black L., Tamarack,
Hackmatack.) Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.2-2 cm. long, of few
rounded scales. {L. americana Michx.) —Chiefly in cold swamps, Lab, and Nfd.
to n. Pa., n. 111., centr. Minn., and far northw. — A slender tree (8-30 m. high),
with hard and very resinous wood.

2. L. DECiDUA Mill. {L. eiiropaea DC), with longer leaves and larger cones,
is often cultivated, and occasionally established, as in Ct. {Bissell). (Introd.
from Eu.)

3. PICEA Link. Spruce

Sterile flowers on branchlets of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a
rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Cones maturing
the first year, becoming pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-
tipped, persistent. — Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below
(4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pmt^s. (The classical
Latin name of a pine.)

^ 1. P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (White or Cat S.) Branchlets glabrous;
leaves slender, pale or glaucous ; cones cylindrical, about 5 cm. long, deciduous,
the thin scales with an entire edge. (P. a?6a Link.)-^N. S. and N. B. to N. Y.,
L. Superior and northw. — A handsome tree (15-45 m. high), in aspect resem-
bling the Balsam Fir.

"^ 2. P. rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. (Red S.) Branchlets imhescent; leaves
mostly slender, 12-15 mm. long, usually acute or acutish, dark green or yellowish
green ; cones elongated-ovoid, mostly 3-4 cm. long, clear brown or reddish brown,
the scales rounded, entire or slightly erose. (P. rubens Sarg. ; P. australis
Small.) — Rocky upland woods, Nfd. to Pa.,s. in the Alleghenies to Ga., w, to
Minn., and northw. — A valued timber tree, 20-35 m. high.

3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (Black or Bog S.) Branchlets pubescent;
leaves short and thickish, mostly 6-10 (rarely 13) mm. long, pale bluish green,
with strong whitish bloom ; cones short-ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long, dull
grayish brown, persisting for several years ; the scales more decidedly erose,
rounded or often somewhat narrowed toward the apex. (P. nigra Link ; P.
brevifolia Peck.) — Cold bogs and mountain slopes, Nfd. to N. J., along the Great
Lakes and northw. — Chiefly a low tree (8-12 m.) rarely attaining 30 m. in
height.

4. P. Abies (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link), the Norway S., often cultivated
as a shade tree, and now established (ace. to Bissell) at several places in Ct.,
has subglabrous branchlets,. slender sharp-pointed dark green glossy leaves, and
large cones (1-1.5 dm. long). (Introd. from Eu.)

4. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill. Fm

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a
knob, their cells bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Cones erect on the
upper side of spreading branches, maturing the first year ; their thin scales
and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles.
— Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened
lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin
name.)
•-• 1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. (Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead F.) Leaves
narrowly linear, obtusely pointed or retuse (1-3.2 cm. long) ; cones cylindrical \
(6-10 cm. long ; 2-3 cm. thick) , at first violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate,
tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. — Damp woods and
mt. swamps, Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Va., w. to centr. la., and northw. —
A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

2. A. Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Leaves narrowly linear, commonly retuse ; bracts
of the cones dentate or erose-lacerate on the margin, often einargiuate and
bearing a slender cusp at the apex, longer than the scales. — M.X&. of Va.,
and N. C.

gray's manual — ^6

9

CQ PINACEAB (PINE FAMILY)

5. TStrGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's
leaves, the long stipe surrounded hy numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with
a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains
simple. Cones on the end of last year's branchlets, maturing the first year,
pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. — Leaves scattered, flat, whitened
beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)

1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse, 8-13 rnw.
long; cones ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the scales siiborbicular. (Abies Michx.) —
Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. B. and N. S. to Del., and along the mts. to Ala.,
w. to Minn. — A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage,
bright green above, silvery beneath.

2. T. caroliniana Engelm. Leaves petioled, linear, 15-18 mm. long ; cones
ovoid, 2-3.5 cm. long ; scales oblong, in age loosely imbricated, widely and
irregularly spreading. — Mts. of Va. to Ga.

6. TAX6dIUM Eichard. Bald Cypress

Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers
spiked-panicled, of few stamens ; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing
2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of
ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base.
Cotyledons 6-9. — Trees, with light green deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender
leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded
of Tct^os, the yew, and elSos, resemblance, the leaves being yew-like.)

1. T. distichum (L.) Richard. Leaves linear and spreading; also some
awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. — Swamps, s. Del. to s. III.,
Mo. and Tex. March, April.

7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. White Cedar. Cypress

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de-
cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone
globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or
bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to
their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen
trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-
imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From
xafxai, on the groimd, and Kvirdpiaaos, cypress.^

1. C. thyoides (L.) BSP. (White Cedar.) Leaves minute, pale, often
with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows ; cones small
(6-9 mm. in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (C
sphaeroidea Spach.) — Swamps, s. N. H. to Fla. and INIiss. — A tree 10-25 m.
high, resembling Arbor Vitae. Doubtfully indigenous in N. S., and said to have
been originally collected in Canada by Kalrn.

8. THtrjA L. Arbor Vitae

Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal
ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing
4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales (fixed by the base) each
bearing 2 erect ovules; dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small
evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated small
appressed persistent leaves ; these of two sorts, on different or successive
branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to
the branch. (Qvla or Qva, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) 67

•^1. T. occidentalis L. (Arbor Vitae, White Cedar.) Leaves appressed-
imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones iJointless ;
seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks, e. Que. to
Pa., along the mts. to N. C, west to Minn, and Man. — A tree 10-20 m. high,
with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

9. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. Juniper

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins.
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming
a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white
bloom. Seeds 1-3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or
shrubs. (The classical name.)

§ 1. OXYCEDRUS Spach. Catkins axillary ; leaves in whorls of S, free and
jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channeled and white-
glaucous above.

1. J. communis L. (Common J.) Arborescent, 2-4 m. high ; leaves thin,
straight, long and relatively narrow (12-21 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. broad at
the base), widely spreading, grayish beneath, needle-pointed ; berry subglobose,
6-8 mm. in diameter. — Dry soil, e. Mass. (where rare) to Pa., Man., and
south w. in the mts. to N. C. and N. Mex. (Eu.)

Var. depressa Pursh. Decumbent, forming large mats, 3-10 dm. high and
often several m. in diameter ; leaves 8-13 mm. long, straight or nearly so, sharp-
pointed and with a white stripe beneath ; berry 6-10 mm. in diameter. {J. com-
munis, var. canadensis Loud.; var. alpina Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Common in
poor, rocky soil, pastures, etc., Nfd. to Ct., along the Great Lakes and
northwestw.

Var. montana Ait. Very depressed and trailing ; leaves short and relatively
broad, curved, subappressed, 6-9 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, short-pointed,
with a conspicuous white stripe beneath. (Var. alpina Gaud.; J. nana Willd.)
— Exposed rocky places, coast of n. Mass. (where doubtful) to Nfd. ; also in the
Rocky Mts. and Alaska. (Eurasia.)

§ 2. SABINA Spach. Catkins terininal ; leaves mostly opposite, sometimes
awl-shaped and loose, sometimes scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and
crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.

2. J. horizontalis Moench. A procumbent, prostrate, or sometimes creeping
shrub ; scale-like leaves acutely cuspidate ; berry on short recurved peduncles^
6-10 mm. in diameter. \J. Sabina, var. procumbens Pursh.) — Rocky or sandy-
banks, borders of swamps, etc., Nfd. to N. E., N. Y., n. Minn., and northw. —
J. Sabina L., the Savin of Europe, has its scale-like leaves obtuse and more
closely appressed.

3. J. virginiana L. (Red Cedar or Savin.) From a shrub to a tree
15-25 m. high, pyramidal in form ; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire;
berries on straight peduncles, about 6 mm. in diameter. — Dry hills or deep
swamps, s. Me., westw. and southw. — Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and
aromatic.

TYPHACEAE (Cat-tail Family)

Marsh 6r aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious
flowers on a spadix, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary 1-ceiled, with
persistent style and elongated 1-sided stigma ; cell 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like.
Seed suspended, anatropous ; embryo straight in copious albumen. Root
perennial.

QS SPARGANIACEAE (bUR-REED FAMILY^

1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Cat-tail Flag

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem;
the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and
intermixed with long hairs ; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1-celled ova-
ries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of
the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous
bracts, or none. Rootstocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of
the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. fJTu(pr), the
old Greek name.)

1. T. latifMia L. (Common Cat-tail.) Stout and tall (1-2 m. high), the
flat sheathing leaves 6-28 mm. broad, exceeding the stem ; the staminate and
dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 8-15 cm. long or more) usually
contiguous, the latter at length 2.5 cm. in diameter; pistillate flowers without
bractlets; stigma rhombic-la, iceoldte ; pollen-grains in fours. — In marshes,
throughout temperate N. A. (Cosmop.)

2. T. angustifblia L. Leaves narrower (6-12 mm. broad), somewhat con-
vex on the back ; pistillate and staminate parts of spike usualltj separated hy a
short interval, the fertile portion becoming 10-12 mm. in diameter; pollen-
grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hair-like hractlet
slightly dilated at the summit. —S. Me. to N. C. and westw., less frequent than
the preceding, and mainly near the coast. (Eurasia, etc.)

SPARGANlACEAE (Bur-reed Family)

Marsh or aquatic plants with alternate sessile linear 2-ranked leaves ana
monoecious flowers in globular sessile or pedunculate heads. Upper heads bear-
ing sessile 3-androus naked flowers and minute scales irregularly interposed.
The lower heads consisting of numerous sessile or shortly pediceled pistillate
flowers with a calyx-like perianth of 3-6 linear or spatulate scales. Ovary
1-2-celled. Fruit obovoid or spindle-shaped, 1-2-seeded.

1. SPARGANIUM [Toux-n.] L. Bdr-reed

Heads scattered along the upper part of the simple or sparingly branched
leafy stem, the bracts caducous or the lower persisting and leaf-like. -^ Perennials
with fibrous roots and creeping horizontal rootstocks. Flowering through the
summer. The fertile heads becoming bur-like from the divergent beaks, bat
the pistils at maturity falling away separately. (Name ancient, probably from
airdpyavov, a band, in allusion to the ribbon-like leaves.)

Fertile flowers closely sessile ; fruit broadly obovoid 1. S. eurycarpum.

Fertile flowers shortly pedicellate ; fruit fusiform.
Beak of fruit long- and slender ; stigma linear.
Pistillate heads strictly axiflary.
Mature fruits dull ; stigma 1-2 mm. long . . . . • . 2. S. americanum.
Mature fruits lustrous; stigma 2.5-4 mm. long ..... 3. S. lueidum.
One or more of the pistillate heads supra-axillary.
Erect plants of muddy shores ; leaf-blades translucent and reticulated 4. S. diversifolium.
Distinctly aquatic ; leaves with long floating opaque blades.
Achenes rather abruptly slender-beaked ; leaf-blades 1.5-4 mm.

broad; stigma rarely over 1.2 mm. long 5. S. an gusU folium

Achenes gradually acuminate; leaf-blades 4-9 mm. broad; stigma

1.5-2 mm. long ^. S. simplex.

Beak of fruit stouter and falcate or short and conical or none \ stigma ovoid or oblong.
Fruiting heads 2 cm. in diam. ; beak gladiate-falcate ^. . . . T. S. fiuctuans.
Fruiting heads 1 cm. in diam.

Beak short, conical , . . ' 8. „S. minimum.

Beak none, stigma sessile 9. -S. hyperhoreum.

1. S. eurycarpum Kngelm. Stems stout, erect (8-13 dm. high) ; leaves mostly
flat and merely keeled ; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or 2 elongated
stigmas ; fruit heads 2-6 or more, 2-3 cm. in diameter : fruit angled, often

NAJABACEAE QPONDWEED FAMILY) 69

2-seeded, 7-8 mm. long when mature, with a broad and depressed or refuse sum-
mit abrtiptly tipped in the center. — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. S. and
Me., southw., and westw. to the Pacific, chiefly at low altitude.

2. S. americanum Nutt. Stoutish, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves thin and snft^
6-12 mm. broad; bracts divaricate or arcuate-ascending; inflorescence strictly
simple; pistillate heads all axillary., sessile or nearly so, in fruit 1.8-2.6 cm. in
diameter; fruit dull, the beak 2.5-4 mm. long. {S. simplex., var. Nuttallii
Engehn.) — Bogs and muddy shores, N. B. to la. and Va. (E. Asia.)

Var. andr6ciadum (^Engelm.) Fernald & Eames. Inflorescence bearing
from its lower axils 1-2 weak branches. (^S. simplex., var. Engelm.) — Similar
places, Nfd. to Minn., Mo., and Fla.

3. S. lucidum Fernald & Eames. Similar, but taller (7.5-9 dm. high) ;
leaves firmer, strongly carinate, much overtopping the simple or forking inflo-
rescence ; pistillate heads in maturity 3 cm. or more in diameter ; fruit lustrous^
the beak 5-7 mm. long. — Muddy shores, Mass. to Pa. ; also 111. and ]\Io. .

4. S. diversif51ium Graebner. Erect, stoutish, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves delicate,
cellular-reticulated., 4-9 mm. wide, with a broad scarious margin toward the
base ; heads chiefly sessde at least the lower supra-axillary., in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in
diameter. {S. simplex Man. ed. 6, in great part.) — E. Que. to Ct. and S Dak,

Var. acaiile (Beeby) Fernald & Eames. Dwarf, 1-3 dm. high ; pistillate
heads smaller, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, mostly crowded. (Var. nanum Graebner.)

— Nfd. tola, and W. Va.

5 S angustif51ium Michx. Slender aquatic; stems 3-12 dm. long; leaves
e'.K,zeeaingly long and narrow., opaque; inflorescence simple; heads somewhat
supra-axillary, the lower ones often peduncled, in fruit 1.3-2 cm. in diameter.
— Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to N. E., westw. and north w. to Ore. and
Alaska.

6. S. simplex Huds. Coarser and in America distinctly aquatic; stems 3-10
dm. long; leaves 4-9 mm. broad; inflorescence simple, elongated ; heads mo-.^tly
supra-axillary, the lowermost long-peduncled, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. —
Nfd. and n. N. E. to Cal., and north w. (Eu.)

7. S. fluctuans (Morong) Robinson. Of medium size for the genus, 0.5-1 m.
high ; leaves 7-12 mm. broad ; inflorescence branched ; each of 2 or 3 branches
bearing 3-5 heads, usually but 1-3 of the lowermost fertile ; these at maturity
2 cm. in diameter ; nutlets with outer coat of firm texture, beaked by a persistent
gladiate-falcate style, tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. (S. androcla-
dum, vox. fluctuans Morong, at least in part ; S. simplex., var. fluitans Engelm.)

— Margins of cool lakes, usually at a depth of about 1 m., n. N. B. and adjacent
Que. to Pa. and Minn.

8. S. minimum Fries. Slender, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves grass-like, flat, thin,
usually floating, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence simple ; heads mostly sessile, the
fertile at length 1 cm. in diameter; the nutlets smooth, conically narrowed to a
short but slender straightish beak tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. —
Cold shallow water, N. B. to Pa., Mich., Col., Wash., and north w. (Eurasia.)

9. S. hyperb5reum Laestad. Slender, flexuous, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 1-4 mm.
broad, the cauline somewhat saccate at the base ; inflorescence simple ; the
lower heads usually peduncled, in fruit 8-10 mm. m diameter; nutlets obovoid,
rounded at the summit and tipped vnth a sessile short-oblong stigma. — Cape
Breton (ace. to Macoun) and northw. to Greeul. (N. Eurasia.)

NAJAdAcEAE (Pondweed Family)

Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and T-eafy., leaves
sheathing at base or stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spatha-
ceous, ivith perianth of 4 or 6 herbaceous distinct valvate segments., or mem-
branous and tubular or cup-shaped, or none. Stamens 1, 2, 4, or 6, with
extrorse anthers. Ovaries 1-6, distinct, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in irui/
indehiscent.

70 NAJADACEAE (PONBWEED FAMILY)

* Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered ; anthers 4 or 2, sessile ; leaves alternate.

1. Potamogeton. Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers 4. Ovaries 4, sessile.

2. Ruppia. Flowers on an inclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth. Anthei^

cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming stipitate.
* * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous ; leaves opposite (alternate

in n. 4).

3. Zannichellia. Monoecious. Pistils (2-5) from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.

4. Zostera. Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-like in-

closed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping.

5. Najas. Dioecious. Pistil solitary, naked. Stamen inclosed in a membranous spathe.

Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves.

1. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Pondweed.

Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), with an ascending campylotro-
pous ovule ; stigma sessile or on a short style. Fruit drupe-like when fresh,
more or less compressed ; endocarp {seed) crustacpous. Embryo hooked,
annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing downward. — Herbs of ponds
and streams, with jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are
usually alternate or imperfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the
floating ones often dilated and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or
less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly
raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed
of iroTa/jios, a river, and yeircov, a neighbor, from the place of growth.) — By
fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; by seed, that with
the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All measurements are from dried
specimens. The month mentioned indicates the time of ripening of the fruit,

a. Leaves of two sorts ; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a
dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner sub-
mersed ones b.
b. Submersed leaves filiform or very narrowly linear, at most 2 mm.
wide c.
c. Spikes all alike, cylindrical d.

d. Blades of floating leaves 2.5 cm. or more long, mostly shorter
than the elongate petioles ; spikes 1.5 cm. or more long.

Seed with a depression on each side 1. P. nata/ns.

Seed with plane sides, not at all impressed . . . . 2. P. Oakesianus.
d. Blades of floating leaves less than 1.5 cm. long, equaling or longer
than the petioles ; spikes less than 1 cm. long.
Fruit compressed, distinctly keeled, tipped by the curved

style 27. P. Vaseyi.

Fruit plump, slightly grooved on the sides, but not keeled ;

stigma nearly sessile 26. P. lateralis.

C. Spikes of two kinds ; one emersed, cylindrical, and many-flowered,
the other submersed, globular, and few-flowered.
Peduncles of the submersed spikes equaling or exceeding the

spikes 32. P. hybridus.

Peduncles shorter than the submersed spikes . . . . 33. P. dimorphus.
b. Submersed leaves lanceolate to ovate, if linear more than 2 mm. wide e.
e. Submersed leaves linear and ribbon-like, with a broad coarsely

cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib . . . 4. P. epihydrus.

e. Submersed leaves broader /.
/. Principal floating leaves heart-shaded at base.

Fruit 3-4 mm. long, compressed, and distinctly 3-keeled . . 7. P. puleher.
Fruit 1.5-2 mm. long, plump, and obscurely 3-keeled . . 3. P. polygonifoliu&
f. Floating leaves rounded or tapering at base, not heart-shaped g.

g. Floating leaves 30-50-nerved 8. P. amplifoUus.

g. Floating leaves with fewer nerves h.
h. Mature fruit 2.5 mm. or more long i.

i. Mature spikes 4-5.5 cm. long (if rarely shorter, with floating
leaves lS-24-nerved).

dubmersed leaves raucronate 11. P. angustifolius.

Submersed leaves merely acuminate.
Submersed leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-ellipti-
cal ; fruit tipped by the prominent style . . 9. P. illinoenfds.
Submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate ; fruit tipped by

the nearly sessile stigma . . . . *. 6. P. amet'ieanuis.

NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

14.

15.

16.

a. Leaves all submersed and similar j.

^.Leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader k.
k. Le^aves sessile or short-petioled, not clasping- I
i. Leaves finely and sharply serrulate '

m. Mature spike 3.8-5.5 cm. long
P>uit distinctly 3-keeled .

Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled side's ',',''
m. Mature spike shorter n. '^'='> • . . .

«. Spike more than 1 cm. long.

Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4 car-
pels of each flower usually ripening
n. 8pS;"t^7 mm. t^'\^^''-'^^ 5 ^ (-rely 2) ckrpei; np;ning

*. Leaves clasping or half-cTasping o

o. Leaves half-clasping, elongate, with rounded cucullate tins-

stipules conspicuous and persistent ; fruit sharply keeled '

o. Leaves cordate-clasping, if elongate with taperin- plaSe tins •

stipules inconspicuous or soon reduced^ to shfeds- fruit

rounded on the back or obtusely keeled n '

p. I^^^^3-4°,d^l^te or crisped, with 3-7 pron/iuent. nerves; fruit

^"^aUeni^L""^' ^^''''^' Persisting as shreds; leaves lance-

'"'^^obfong-ltnceSar^P^'"^'^^' '''''''' ^^"^ -^orbicula;
p. Leavesflat, scarcely crisped, with 1 'prominent nerve; 'fruit

S^nfpirous^^^^ '. ''''.'''''' -^«- ^-^^«p«^' «^-tri

^. Leaves linear to setaceous q.

»-. Leaves free from the stipules, or, if slightly adnata to them
bearmg globose subsessile or short-sfalk^d spfkes in S

Peduncles equaling or exceeding the spikes .

I eduncles shorter than the spikes • • .

''■ bVncTes^k'^'^'' '''"""^"^ ^' '^"™"'^^ *^« upper'most

t. Principal leaves more than 1 mm. broad u.
u. l^eaves with very many fine nerves.

bpikes many-flowered, in fruit 1.5-3 cm. long
Spikes 4-8-flowered, in fruit 5-8 mm. lono- "
u. Leaves with 3-T nerves v. "

V. Mature fruit 8.5-4.5 mm. long.

Stipules 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves acute; spikes canitifp

Stipules 1.2-2 cm. long; leaves obtus? mucSte •

., ^T . ^PJ^e^ subcylindric-ovoid . . ' "'^^"^^^^ ' ^^

'V. Mature fruit 2-3 mm. long w. ... ....

w. Bases of the leaves bearing translucent glands; fruit
plump, obscurely or bluntly keeled '

Leaves 5-7-nerved ; stipules 1-2 cm. long oq

Leaves 3-nerved ; stipules less than 1 cm Ion- ' ot

' keef orTrfst^''"'^'" ' '™^' ^^"^^^^' ^^""^ t^-'

^. Principal leaves less than'l mm. br'oad x ' ^^^^ ^-foliosuB

X. FJant bearing winter-buds formed by the hardened ends of

stTpu'esV'"'"^^ '""^""'"^ ^^ imbricated Sves and

^' ^^Scili. ^°™^ Vr^m^vWy on very short axillary

Leaves of the winter-buds widely divaricate
y W\nfIrVl *K^ winter-buds loosefy ascending .
y. Wuiter-buds borne at the tips of elongate branches

Lear, S"^'^'-''"'"!' ''''^ ""'^y fi"e slender Ups,
Leaves flat or revolute. acute or short-acuminate
Leaves rigid, revolute ; winter-buds l--z cm lonjr 24
Leaves soft ; winter-buds about 1 cm. Ion- * 25*

18.

71

p. alpimiH.

P. heterophylluH.

P- poly(jonifolim.

P. crispuH.

13.

P. angustifoliua.
P. lucens.

P. alpi7ius.

P. hetero/>hi/llu8.

P. mysiicii.s.

P. praelong^cs.

21.

P. Richardsonii.
P. perfoliatus.

P. hripleuroidea.

P. epihydrus.

P. hybridus.
P. dimorphus.

P. zosterifoliuf,.
P. acutifolius.

P. milii.

P. obtusifolius^

P. Friesii.
P. pusillus.

, V. magarensis.

P. lateralis.
P. Vaseyi.

P. gemmiparus.

P. strictifoHus,
P. pusillm.

72 KAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

05, Plant without -winter-bnds.
Leaves bl-giandular at base.

Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persistent 29. P. rntilus.

Stipules less than 1 cm. long, scarcely persistent . 25. P. pusillus.
Leaves glandless at base.
Spikes short-peduncled, axillary; leaves broader than

the diameter of the stems 30. P.foHosus.

Spikes loiig-peduncled, terminal ; leaves narrower than

the diameter of the stems 31. P. coHfervoide&

r. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf; spikes inter-
rupted z.
e. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, entire.
Stigma broad and depressed, sessile.
Stigma nearly central, the ventral face of the fruit curved ;

leaves filiform, taper-pointed 34. P.filiformis.

Stigma nearly in line with the straightish ventral face of
the fruit ; leaves narrowly linear, with blunt or rounded

tips 35. P. interior.

Stigma capitate, tipping the definite style.

Fruit not keeled 36. P. peetinaDuit.

Fruit prominently keeled SI. P. inter-ruptus.

z. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate-serrulate 88. P. liobbinsii.

1. P. nsLtans L. Stem simple or sparingly hranchpd ; floating Uaves 2.5-10
cm. long, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a blunt
point, 21-29-nerved, flexible at base, as if jointed to the petiole ; upper sub-
mersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very
slender (7-18 cm. long, barely 2 mm. wide) ; upper stipules very long ., acute;
peduncle about the thickness of the stem ; spikes 3-6 cm. long; fruit obliquely
obovoid ; sides of the turgid seed with a small deep impression in the middle;
embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Ponds and quiet streams,
common. July-Sept. (Widely distr. in temp, and subtrop. regions. )

2. P. Oakesianus Robbins, Stem more slender, much branched; floating
leaves smaller (2-5 cm. long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer (17-23)-
nerved ; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (barely 1 mm. wide), continu-
ing through the flowering season ; spikes shorter (1.5-3 cm. long), on pedtuicles
much thicker than stem; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the seed not at
all impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a
point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and quiet streams, local,
Anticostito n. N. Y. and N J. July-Sept.

3. P. polygonifblius Pourret. Stem slender, freely creeping, and sending up
short leafy branches ; floating leaves elliptic-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, rather
thin, 2.5-9 cm. long, l-i cm. broad, 11-33-nerved, not apparently jointed to the
petioles ; submersed leaves (when present) lanceolate, short, mostly exceeding
the petioles ; stipules blunt, 2-4 cm. long ; spikes 2-4 cm. long, very slender ;
fruit plump, 3-keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Shallow pools, Sable I., N. S. and JSfd.
Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia, Afr., Austr.)

4. P. epihydrus Raf. Stems compressed^ often simple from the creeping
root.stocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (.3-7.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad),
W-^l -nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrow-
ing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approxi-
mate, conspicuously 2-ranked (5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide), b-1-nerved, the
lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves
coarsely celhdar-reticulated ; stipules very obtuse; spikes numerous, about the
length of the thickened peduncle ; fruit round-obovoid. flattish, 3-keeled when
dry, 2.5-3.5 mm. long ; seed distiticily impressed on the sides ; curvature of the
embryo transversely oval. (P. pensylvanicus Willd. ; P. Nuttallii C. & S.)
— Still or flowing water. July-Sept.

Var. cayugensis (Wiegand) Benn. ^towtev ; floating leaves 5-8 cm. long,
2-3.5 cm. wide, 2'^-A\-nerved ; submersed ones less distichous, 1.2-2.2 dm.
long, 0.5-1 cyn. wide, 9-13-werve(?; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — N. B. and Que. to
Wash., s. to centr N. Y., Mich., and la. (Japan.)

5. P. alpinus Balbis. Stems mostly simple ; floating leaves (often wanting)
3.5-8 cm. lonor, rather thin, wedqe-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole,
11-21-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong,

NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 73

smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones
acuminate; spike 1.5-3.5 cm. long, often somewhat compound; fruit obovoid,
lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed with the
rather long style ; embryo incompletely annular. (P. rufescens Schrad.) — In
streams or ponds, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Mass., N. J., Mich., Minn., Utah, and Cal.
July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.)

X P. Fax6ni Morong from Ferrisburg, Vt., and x P. rectif6lius Benn.
from Chicago, 111., are infertile hybrids of nos. 6 and 6.

6. P. americanus C. & S. Stem often branching below ; floating leaves thin-
nish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petioled, 4-11 cm. long, 1-3
cm. wide, 17-23-nerved ; submersed leaves very long (0.8-3 dm. long, 0.4-2.5
cm. wide), lanceolate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ;
peduncles somewhat thickened upward ; fruit obliquely obovoid, obscurely
3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when dry, the middle keel winged above
and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face
surmounted by the short style ; seed with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper
part of the embryo circularly incurved. (P. fluitans Man. ed. 6, not Roth ;
P. lonchites Tuckerm.) — In streams or rarely in ponds, N. B. to B. C. and
southw. Aug., Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr., W. I.)

Var. novaeborac§nsis (Morong) Benn. Floating leaves large and thick,
broadly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex and base, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide. — Ct.
to Wise. (Eu.)

7. P. pulcher Tuckerm. Stem simple (very rarely branched), black-spotted ;
leaves of three kinds; floating ones becoming very large (4.5-11) cm. long,
2-7 cm. wide), roundish-ovate and cordate or ovate-oblong, 25-37-nerved, all
alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually lanceolate, acute at base and
very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the midrib,
undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the base of the stem) thicker, plane,
oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles ;
peduncles thicker than the stem ; spikes 2-4 cm. long ; fruit with a rounded
back and angular face, pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when
dry ; seed with two deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front ;
sides flat; embryo circularly much incurved above. — Ponds, local, s. Me. to
Fla. ; and near St. Louis, Mo. June, July.

8. P. amplifblius Tuckerm. Stems simple, of very variable length ; float-
ing leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong, lance-ovate or broadly elliptic,
abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long petioles; submersed leaves often
very large (0.8-2 dm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad), lanceolate or oval, acute at each
end, usually much recurved^ undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules very
long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened upward,
in deep water much elongated ; spikes 3.5-8 cm. long; fruit very large (4-5.5
mm. long), rather obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak ; seed
slightly impressed on the sides ; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring. —
Ponds and rivers, N. S. to B. C, s. to N. J., Ky., Kan., and Cal. July-Sept.

9. P. illinoensis Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the summit;
floating leaves opposite, oval or elliptic (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 4-9 cm. broad),
19-27-nerved, rounded or narrowed at base, with a short blunt point, on short
petioles ; submersed leaves oblong-elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample
(1-2 dm. long) ; stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate (5-7 cm. long) ;
peduncles often clustered at the summit, thickening upward ; spikes 4-5 cm.
long ; fruit roundish-obovate (3.5-4.5 mm. long), 3-keeled on the back, middle
keel prominent ; seed flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or
pointed at base ; apex of embryo directed transversely inward. — Streams and
ditches. 111., la., and Minn. July, Aug.

10. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating
leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-17-nerved, 1.5-7 cm.
long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; submersed ones lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, somewhat stiffish,
2.5-8 cm. long, 0.2-1.3 cm. wide, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nervrd on
the branches ; upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; stipules obtuse, loose ; pt dun-

74 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FA:mILYJ)

cles somewhat thickened upward, mostly less than 1 dm. long ; fruit small (2.5-3
mm. long), roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; embryo annular above. 7—
Still or flowing water, common. July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.) — Varies ex-
ceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, etc. Forma graminifolids
(Fries) Morong. Stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid
linear-lanceolate submersed leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikes 1.5-3
cm. long. Forma longipeduncdlXtus (Merat) Morong. Subsimple, the inter-
nodes very elongate (the uppermost 1-3 dm. long) ; submerged leaves lanceo-
late ; peduncles 1-2.5 dm. long. — Nfd. to Ct., JNIich., and westw. Forma
MYRiopHYLLUs (Robbius) Moroug. Sending up from running rootstocks many
short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slen-
der; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles;
submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep
green) liuear-oblanceolate, very small (1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), acute;
spike slender, loosely flowered, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. — N. E. Forma mAximus
Morong. Floating leaves 0.6-1.6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, very acute ; sub-
mersed leaves 0.5-1.6 dm. long, 0.6-1.6 cm. wide, 5-9-nerved. Forma terres-
TRis Schlecht. Freely creeping in exsiccated places, producing numerous very
short branches which bear tufts of oblong or oval coriaceous leaves but no
fruit. — Que. and N. E.

11. P. angustif51ius Berchtold & Presl. Resembling P. Iuce7is, but smaller,
slender, much branched at base ; upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, long-
petioled and sometimes emersed, 0.4-1 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, 13-21-nerved;
the others subsessile, all usually numerous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucro-
nate, undulate and crisped, shining, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, 7-17-
nerved ; stipules obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long ; peduncle elongated ; fruit distinctly
S-keeled, 3-4 mm. long. (P. Zizii Mertens & Koch.) —Lakes, rarely streams,
local, Mass. to Mich., westw. and southw. June-Sept. ( W. I., Eurasia, Afr.)
Var. coNNECTicuTENSis (Robbins) Benn. Larger throughout ; leaves all sub-
mersed; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long. (P. lucens, var. Robbins.) — Lakes, Vt. , Ct.,
and e. N. Y.

X P. spATHAEFORMis Tuckcrm. (P. spathulaeformis Morong) in Mystic
Pond, Medford, Mass., is an infertile hybrid of nos. 11 and 10.

12. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large ; leaves all
submersed and similar, more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate,
often crisped, frequently shining, 6-20 cm. long, about 13-nerved ; peduncles
often elongated ; fruit roundish and compressed, with obtuse margins, scarcely
keeled; embryo circularly incurved above. — Ponds, local, N. S. to Fla., w. to
the Pacific. Aug.-Oct. (Mex., W. I., Eurasia, n. Afr.)

13. P. prael6ngus Wulf. Stem white, very long, branching, flexuous ;
leaves bright green, lance-oblong or lanceolate (0.5-3 dm. long), half-clasping,
obtuse with a boat-shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure ;
stipules white, scarious, very obtuse, 1.5-8 cm. long ; peduncles very long (some-
times reaching 5 dm.); spikes rather loose-flowered ; /rwif obliquely obovoid,
compressed, sharply keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long; style terminating the
nearly straight face ; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal. — Ponds and
lakes, N. S. to B. C, s. to Ct., N. J., the Great Lakes, la., Mont., and Cal. —
Fruiting in June and July, withdrawing the stems to deep water to mature the
fruit. (Eurasia.)

14. P. Richardsbnii (Benn.) Rydb. Stem branching ; leaves long-lanceolate
from a cordate-clasping base, acuminate, wavy, pale bright green, 3-11 cm.
long, 13-23-nerved ; stipules conspicuous, at least as shreds ; peduncles thick-
ened upward, of somewhat spongy texture, elongating sometimes to 1 dm.
or more ; spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long; fruit irregularly obovoid, distinctly beaked,
obscurely 3-keeled, 4 mm. long, the green epicarp puckered in drying. (P.
perfoliatus, var. lanceolatus Robbins.) — Quiet water, Que. to Mackenzie and
B. C, s. to N. E., N. y., the Great Lake region, Neb., etc. July-Sept.

15. P. perfoliatus L. Similar ; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceolate from a
cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and crisped, 2-6 cm. long, 15-21 -nerved ;
stipules rarely developed, less than 1 cm. long; peduncles spongy and thickishy

NAJADACEAE QPOKDWEED FAMILY) 76

8-4 cm. long; spikes 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit similar. — Ponds and slow streams,

local, N. E. to the Great Lakes. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

16. P. bupleuroides Eernald. Very slender, branching ; leaves orbicular to
lanceolate., obtuse, flat., not crisped, drying blackisli green or bronze, l-;^.5 cm.
long, 1-\1 -nerved; stipules rarely developed, appressed and inconspicuous ;
peduncles slender., scarcely spongy., 2-6 cm. long; spikes 0.7-2 cm. long; fruit
narrowly obovoid, 2.5-3.2 mm. long, the sides flat and deeply pitted, the back
rounded, slightly 3-keeled ; style slender and prominent ; the olive or brownish
epicarp closely investing the seed. (P. perfoliatus Man. ed. 6, in part, not
L.) — Brackish, occasionally fresh, ponds and quiet streams, Nfd. and e. Que.
to Fla., rarely inland to w. N. Y. and Mich. July-Sept.

X P. NiTENS Weber and plants closely simulating it in America are infertile
and appear to be hybrids of no. 10 with no. 14, 15, or 16.

17. P. mysticus Morong. Stem very slender and irregularly branching,
nearly filiform ; leaves oblong-linear (1.5-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide), 5-7-
nerved, finely undidate and entire, obtuse or bluntly pointed, abruptly, nar-
rowing at base, sessile or partly clasping ; spikes few, capitate (4-6-flowered),
on erect peduncles; fruit (immature) obovoid, small (less than 2 mm. long),
obscurely S-keeled on the back, a little beaked by the slender recurved style. —
Locally in brackish ponds, Mass. and Md. — Infertile, and probably a hybrid of
DOS. 16 and 25.

18. P. CRispus L. Stem compressed ; leaves linear-oblong, sessile or half-
clasping, obtuse, serrulate, crisped-ioavy, 'S-d-nerved ; fruit long-beaked ; upper
portion of the embryo incurved in a large circle. — Fresh or brackish waters,
Mass. to Ont. and Va. June, July. — Propagating chiefly by bur-like winter-
buds formed by hardened abbreviated branches and indurated bases of leaves.
(Nat. from Eu.)

19. P. zosterifblius Schumacher. Stem branching, wing-fl.attened ; leaves
linear and grass-like (0.5-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), abruptly pointed, with many
fine and 3 larger nerves ; stipules oblong, very obtuse ; spikes cylindrical, 12-15-
flowered, not half so long as the peduncle ; fruit obliquely obovoid, 3.5-4.5 mm.
long, somewhat keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not im-
pressed, the face arching and terminated by the short style ; summit of the
large embryo lying transverse to the fruit. — Still and slow-flowing waters, N. B.
to B. C. , s. to N. J. , the Great Lake region, la., etc. June-Aug. — Freely propa-
gating by large winter-buds. (Eurasia.)

20. P. acutifblius Link. Similar ; leaves many-nerved, sharp-acuminate ;
spikes globose, "i-S-flowered ; fruit conspicuously crested, the sides flat. — Col-
lected at Lancaster, Pa., by 3Iuhlenberg nearly a century ago ; not since found
in Am. July, Aug. (Eurasia, Austr.)

21. P. Hillii Morong. Stem slender, widely branching, flattish ; leaves
linear, acute (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-2.2 mm. wide), S-nerved, the lateral nerves
delicate and near the margin ; stipules whitish, striate, obtuse ; spikes capitate
(3-6-f ruited) , on short spreading or recurved peduncles ; fruit as in the last, but
the sides rounded. — Lakes and ponds, Ct. to Pa., Mich., and Ont. July, Aug.

22. P. obtusifblius Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching; leaves
linear, tapering toward the base, obtuse and mucronate, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad,
^{rarely 5 or 1)-nerved, bearing 2 lai'ge translucent glands at base ; spike con-
tinuous, 5-8-flowered (8-24-f ruited, most of the carpels maturing), abo^it the
length of the peduncle ; fruit ovoid, apiculate with the style, not keeled when
fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to the fruit. —
Clear streams and ponds, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to e. N. Y., Pa., Mich.,
Wise. , Minn. , and Wyo. July-Sept. — Freely propagating by large winter-buds.
(Eurasia.)

23. P. Fridsii Rupr. Resembling no. 25 ; stem more flattened and less
branching ; leaves broader (l-Smm.wide), b-1-nerved; winter-buds abundant,-
stipules conspicuous, white-hyaline ; glands small and dull ; spikes interrupted,
in fruit 0.8-1.6 cm. long. (P. mucronatus Man. ed. 6, not Schrad.?) — Local,
P. E. I. to B.C., s. to Ct.. N. Y.. Mich.. Wise. Minn., and N. Dak. July, Aug,
(Eu.)

f6 NAJADACEAE (POND WEED FAMILY^

24. P. strictifblius Benn. Stems slender, wiry, simple below, freely and
stifflij branched above, the ascending branches mostly tipped by large winter-
buds; leaves spreading-ascending, very rigid, 2-8.5 cm. long, 0.4-1 mm. wide,
revolutc, o-nerved, the central nerve prominent ; stipules as long as the upper
internodes, appressed and veiny; peduncles rigid; spikes slightly interrupted,
6-10 mm. long, 8-8-fruited ; fruit obliquely ellipsoidal, 2 mm. long, plump and
rounded on the back, the style nearly in line with the straightish ventral face.
(P. pusillns, var. pseudo-rutilus Benn.) — Que. to e. Mass., and Mich. July-
Sept. — Perhaps a variety of no. 25.

25. P. pusillus L. Stem slender, flatfish or nearly cylindrical, often very
branching; leaves narrow-linear, acute or subacute, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm.
wide, '^-nerved, furnished with translucent glands on each side at the base; win-
ter-buds occasional ; stipules at first obtuse, soon deciduous ; spikes interrupted
or capitate, 2-10-flowered, on rather long (0.5-8 cm.) peduncles ; fruit obliquely
ellipsoid, scarce/i/ keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long; apex of embryo incurved and directed
obliquely downward. — Pools, ditches, and ponds, generally distr. July-Sept.
(Eurasia, Trop. Am.) Passing freely to the following varieties.

Var. tenuissimus Mertens & Koch. Leaves setaceous, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide, \-
3-nerved. — Range of species.

Var. polyphyllus Morong. A dwarf bushy-branched sterile plant, bearing
very abundant winter-buds. — Ponds, Me. and Mass.

Var. capitatus Benn. Internodes very long, mostly much exceeding the
leaves; peduncles elongate, mostly 3-6 cm. long. — P. E. I. and N. S. to Sask.,
B. C, and Ore.

Var. Sturr6ckii Benn. Leaves obtuse, pellucid ana bright green, 0.8-2 mm.
broad ; fruit smaller than in the species. — Gasp6 Co., Que., to Ct.

26. P. lateralis Morong. Plants of two sorts, only the fruiting producing
floating leaves; stem filiform, branching ; floating leaves elliptical (0.8-1.2 cm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide), with 5-7 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering into a
somewhat dilated petiole ; submersed leaves linear, acute (2.5-7 cm. long, 0.2-
0.9 mm. wide), 1-3-nerved, the midnerve with fine veins or cellular reticula-
tions on each side, bi-glandular at base ; stipules short, deciduous ; peduncles
widely spreading at maturity, sometimes even recurved, often thicker than the
stem ; spikes often interrupted (2-4-flowered) ; fruit obliquely obovoid (hardly
2 mm. long), the back much curved, with two fine grooves upon it ; embryo
oval in its curve, the apex nearly touching the base. — Mass. and Ct. to
Mich. ; rare. July, Aug. — Undeveloped specimens resemble no. 25. Propagated
by winter-buds on short lateral branches.

27. P. Vaseyi Robbins. Similar; very delicate; stem almost capillary;
floating leaves obovate (0.7-1.4 cm. long, 3-6.5 mm. wide), the length of their
filiform petioles, with 5-9 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ;
submersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (2.5-5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm.
wide) and acute; stipules scarious, long, acute; spikes all emersed, few, in-
terrupted-cylindric, 3-5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle ; fruit oblique, round-
obovoid, compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved
style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo cir-
cularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Me. to Out., s. to Ct., N. Y.,
O., HI., and Minn., local. June-Aug. — The fruiting form, with floating leaves,
rare ; the submerged form, bearing winter-buds, apparently much more abun-
dant.

28. P. gemmiparus Robbins. Stem filiform, branching, terete, varying
greatly in height; leaves hair-like, sometimes not as broad as the stem, often
with no apparent midrib, tapering to the finest point (1.5-8 cm. long), bi-glan-
dularatbase; stipules 1.2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, early deciduous ; spikes few (8-
6-flowered), interrupted, on long filiform peduncles; winter-buds very numer-
ous; fruit like that of P. pusillus, hnt flattened and impressed on the sides, very
rare. — Slow-moving streams and still water, centr. Me. to R. I., local. Aug.,
Sept,

29. P. rutilus Wolfgang. Stems very slender, simple or slightly branchins
at base ; winter-buds usually wanting ; leaves erect, narrowly linear, attenuate

NAJADACEAE (POND WEED FAMILY) 77

sharp-acuminate^ soon re volute, 3-5-nerved, the prominent midrib often com-
pound, bi-giaudular at base ; stipules 1-2 cm. long, acuminate, scarious and
strongly nerved, persistent; peduncles l.;^-3.5 cm. long; spikes elongate, 6-«-
flowered ; fruit narrowly oblique-obovoid, about 2 mm. long, the erect style
nearly in line with the straightish ventral face. — Gasp^ Co., Que., to Hudson
Bay, s. to Me., Vt., Mich., and Minn., local. (Eu.)

30. P. folibsus Raf. Stem Jiliform, flattish and very branching ; leaves
narrowly linear (2-6 cm. long, 0.3-1 mm. wide), acute, obscurely li-nerved ;
stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, \-^{usually 2)-flowered, on shoit club-shaped
peduncles ; fruit roundish-lenticular, the back more or less crested; upper por-
tion of the embryo incurved in a circle. (P. pauciflorus Pursh.) — Still waters,
>|.B. to B.C., and south w, July-Sept.

Var. niagar§nsis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Stem often longer; leaves larger
(4-9 cm. long, 1-2. -i mm. wide), 3-5-nerved at base, very acute and mucronate,
narrowed to the subpetiolate base. — Running water, Me. to Ont., and south w.;
also in Cal.

31. P. confervoides Reichenb. Very slender and delicate from a creeping
rootstock, of a fine light green; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly
dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves flaccid, thin and flat, but setaceoui
and tapering nearly to the fineness of a hair (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm.
wide), obscurely 1-3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations; stipules rather
persistent below, 5 mm. long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long (0.5-2 dm.),
rather thickened upward ; spike 4t-8-flowered, in fruit continuous, cylindrical;
fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely 3-keeled ; seed slightly impressed on the sides ;
epicarp thick and hard ; embryo nearly annular. (P. Tuckermani Robbins.) —
Cold ponds, local, Me. to N. Y., N. J., and Pa. June-Aug.

32. P. hybridus Michx. Floating leaves (when present) oval to lance-oblong
(tlie largest 2.6 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide), often acute, longer than the filiform
petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves
very numerous, almost setaceous (2-7 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide) ; stipules
obtuse, adnate to the base of the lower leaves ; emersed spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long ;
submersed spikes l-4-fl()wered, their peduncles frequently recurved ; fruit fihout
1 mm. long, about 8-toothed on the margin, the lateral keels smooth ; embryo
coiled 1^ turns. (F. diversifolius Raf.) — Shallow quiet waters, Me. to Fla. ;
also Mich, to Mont, and Tex. July-Sept. (Mex., W. 1.) Var. wulti-denticu-
LATus (Morong) Asch. & Graebn. Fruit 12-toothed on the margin, the lateral
keels 6-8-toothed. — Ct. to Fla. and La.

33. P. dim6rphus Raf. Coarser ; blades of the floating leaves with rather
dilated petioles, with 5-many nerves beneath deeply impressed ; upper submersed
leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or broad-linear proper blade ; the
numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering toward the obtuse apex (2-4 cm.
long, about 1 mm. wide); stipules early lacerate ; submersed flowers 1-4, on very
short erect peduncles; fruit with the back either winged and with 4-5 distinct
teeth or ivingless and entire ; embryo coiled If turns. (P. Spirillus Tuckerm.)
— N. B. to Ont., s. to Va., W. Va., and Mo. June-Sept.

34. P. filif6rmis Pers. Stems from elongate tuberiferous rootstocks, filiform,
branching at base, low and very leafy ; leaves pale, filiform, less than 0.-', mm.
icide ; peduncles nuich elongated and overtopping the leaves (in one form
shorrer); spikes of 2-5 whorls, the lowest whorls 0.6-1.5 cm. apart; fruit
2.-5-3 7nm. long, globose-obovoid, not keeled upon the rounded back, tippe'd with
the broad sessile stigma; embryo annular. (P. marinus auth., not L. ?) —
Shallow water in calcareous regions, e. Que. to Alb., s. to n. Me., n. Vt., w.
N. Y., Mich., and the Rocky Mts. July-Sept. (Eurasia, Afr., Austr.)

35. P. interior Rydb. Coarser; the comparatively stout stems flattened,
freely branching above, elongate ; leaves dark green, narrowly linear, 0.5-2 mm.
wide ; peduncles of various lengths ; spikes of 4-9 whorls, the upper whorls
crowded, the lowest 4-9 mm. apart ; fruit compressed, narrowly oblique-obovoid.
the ventral face straightish. (P. filiformis, vars. Macounii and occidentalii
Morong.) — Mostly in brackish water, P. E. I.; Huds. B. to Assina. and
Athabasca, s. to Neb., Col., and Nev. July-Sept.

78 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

36. P. pectinatus L. Stem filiform., repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves very
narrowly linear or setaceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-iierved with a few trans-
verse veins ; peduncles filiform ; spikes of 2-6 remote whorls ; fruit obliquely
broad-obovoid, compressed, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, rounded on the back, obscurely
ridged on the sides ; embryo spirally incurved. — Chiefly in brakish water, e.
Que. toB. C, s. along the coast to Fla., and in the interior to Pa., the Great
Lake region, Kan., Col., etc. July-Sept. (Cosmop.)

37. P. interruptus Kitaibel, Similar; leaves usually broader (0.5-2 mm.
wide) ; edges of the stipules less scarious ; fruit more compressed, sharply keeled.
— Coast o1 e. N. B. ; Mich. ; probably of wide distrib. July-Sept. (Eu.)

38. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very
branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules; leaves crowded in two
ranks, recurved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate,
dliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved; stipules obtuse when
young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, loosely few-
flowered, on short peduncles ; fruit oblong-obovoid, keeled with a broadish wing,
acutely beaked ; embryo stout, ovally annular. —In quiet water, N. B. to B. C,
s. to Del., Pa., Ind., Wyo., Ida., and Ore. ; rarely fruiting. July-Sept.

2. RUPPIA L. Ditch Grass

Flowers 2 or more (approximate on a slender spadix, which is at first inclosed
in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each
with 2 large and separate anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, with solitary
campylotropous suspended ovules ; stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit small ob-
liquely ovoid pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after
flowering ; the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form
peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end,
by the side of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with
long and thread-like forking stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves
sheathing at tbe base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion.
(Dedicated to H. B. Buppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.)

1. R. maritima L. Leaves linear-capillary ; fruit obliquely erect ; fruiting
peduncles capillary (1-3 dm. long) ; stipes 0.5-4 cm. long. — Shallow bays and
streams, along the entire coast ; also occasionally in saline places in the interior.
(Cosmop.)

3. ZANNICHELLIA [Mich.] L. Horned Pondweed

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil %
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4-
celled anther ; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-shaped
involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short style,
which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Seed
orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled. — Slender
branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and linear
thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. (Named in
honor of G. G. Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.)

1. Z. palustris L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flattish,
somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back (not
wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile ; or, in var. peduncdlXta J. Gay,
both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow
streams, chiefly brackish, throughout N. A. July. (Cosmop.)

4. ZOSTERA L. Grass Wrack. Eel Grass

Flowers monoecious; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately ar-
ranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which
is hidden in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers
consisting of single ovate or oval l-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries.

JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW GRASS FAMILY) 79

9,nd containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen ; the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule ; stigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, inclosing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cctyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear obtuse entire grass-like ribbon-shaped leaves
(whence the name, from ^uarrip, a belt).

1. Z. marina L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Shoal water of bays along
the coast, Nfd. to Fla. ; Pacitic coast. (Eurasia.)

5. NAJAS L. Naiad

Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary, and sessile ; the sterile
consisting of a single stamen inclosed in a little membranous spathe ; anther at
first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting
of a single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped ; ovule
erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, inclosed in a loose and sepa-
rable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward. —
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves,
somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base.
Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the
axils ; in summer. (Nalds, a water-nymph.)

1. N. marina L. Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles ;
leaves broadly linear (2 mm. broad), coarsely and sharply toothed, the dilated
base entire ; fruit 4-5 mm. long ; seed very finely lineate, oblong, slightly com-
pressed. — Marshes and salt springs of w. N.Y., Mich., and Minn.; Fla.; Utah to
Mex. — Teeth of one or more brownish cells upon a many-celled base. (W. I.,
Eurasia, Austr.)

Var. gracilis Morong. Infcernodes long (5-8 cm.) and nearly naked, with
only a few teeth above ; leaves very narrow (0.5 mm. wide) with 8-12 teeth
on each margin, the dilated base also toothed ; fruit smaller. — Canoga marshes,
w. N. ¥.; Fla.

Var. recurvata Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously branched,
recurved-spreading ; leaves usually recurved, the teeth prominent, 2-7 on each
margin, the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side. — N. Y. ; Utah and Ariz.

2. N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems usually very slender ; leaves
very narrowly linear (less than 1 mm. wide), very minutely serrulate, tapering
gradually to the serrulate base; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, narrowly oblong; seeds
lance-oval, smooth and shinrig. — Ponds and slow streams. Lab. to B. C, s. to
S. C. and Mo. — Teeth on the margins of the leaves 1-celled. (Eu.) Var.
ROBusTA Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, sparsely branching, elongated ; leaves
fiat, strongly ascending, linear-tapering. — Mass. to Mich, and Tex.

3. N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Similar; leaves with 20-45 very
minute teeth on each margin ; fruit 2 mm. long ; seeds dull, conspicuously
reticulate. (iV. microdon A. Br.) — Pa. to Neb., and southw. (Trop. Am.)

4. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. Branches alternate; leaves very nar-
rowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate, the rounded lobes of the sheath-
ing base spinulose-ciliate ; fruit linear, impressed-dotted between the numerous
ribs. (iV. indica, var. A. Br.) — Local, e. Mass. toe. N. Y., N. J., and Pa. ; Mo.
— Teeth of 3 cells each.

JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrow Grass Family)

Marsh plants, with terete bladeless leaves. Flowers perfect, spicate or
racemose, with herbaceous 6(rarely S)-lobed perianth. Carpels 3 or 6, more
or less united, separating at maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight.
Fruit follicular or capsular.

80 ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLA^'TAIN FAMILY^

1. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate, in a loose

raceme upon a leafy stem.

2. Triglochin. Ovaries 3-6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless, in a

spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape.

1. SCHEUCHZERIA L.

3epals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit forming
3 diverging and inflated 1-2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. — A low bog-
herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem,
which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like conduplicate
leaves, and termimated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing
bracts ; leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for Johann and Johann Jacob
Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.)

1. S. paliistris L. — Peat-bogs, and wet shores, e. Que. to N. J., westw.
across the continent. June. (Eurasia.)

2. TRIGL6CHIN L, Arrow Grass

Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta-
mens 3-6 ; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3-6-
celled compound ovary ; stigmas sessile ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting
when ripe into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. —
Perennials, with rush-like fleshy leaves below sheathing the base of the wand-
like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless.
(Name composed of r/je??, three^ and yXuxiv, point, from the three points of the
ripe fruit in no. 3 when dehiscent.)

Fruit thicker than long 1. T. sttnata.

Fruit longer than thick.

Fruit (with 3-6 carpels) ovoid-prismatic, about twice as long as thick . . 2. T. maritima.

Fruit (3-carpelled) clavate- or linear-prismatic, 3-5 times as long as thick . . 3. 7'. paluatris.

1. T. striata R. & P. Scape (8-34 cm. high) and leaves slender ; flowers
very small ; sepals and stamens 3 ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry
3-lobed. (T. triandra Michx.) — Salt marshes, near seashore, Md. to Fla. and
La. (S. A.)

2. T. maritima L. Scape (1.5-7.5 dm. high) and leaves thickish; fruit
ovoid or short-prismatic, acutish ; carpels 3- (more often) 6, rounded at base
and slightly grooved on the back, the edges acutish. — Salt marshes near the
coast, Lab. to N. J., and in saline, boggy, or wet places across the continent.
(Eurasia., n. Afr.)

3. T. paliistris L. Scape (5-50 cm. high) and leaves slender ; stamens 6 ;
fruit linear-club-shaped; carpels when ripe separating from below upward,
leaving a triangular axis, awl-pointed at base. — Marshes (usually brackish)
and bogs, Greenl, to the coast of s. Me. ; also inland along the St. John and
St. Lawrence R., Great Lakes and north westw. (Eurasia.)

ALISMAcEAE (Water-plantain Family)

Marsh herbs, loith scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect, monoecious^
or dioecious flowers ; perianth of S herbaceous persistent sepals and as many
(often conspicuous) white deciduous petals, ichirh are imbricate or involute in
bud; stamens 0 or more, included; ovaries numerous, distinct, \-celled and
mostly ]-ovuled. becoming achenes in fruit (in our genera) ; seeds erect, cam-
pylotropous. — Roots fibrous ; leaves radical, petiolate and strongly nerved with
v^-ansverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without blade ; flowers long-pedicellate,

ALISMACEAE ("WATEK-PLANTAIN FAMILY)

81

mostly verticillate, in a loose raceme or panicle, with lanceolate scarious tracts
slightly connate at base.

1. Sagittaria. Monoecious (or dioecious), lower (first developed) flowers pistillate, the upper

(later) ones stamiiiate. Stamens indefinite, mostly numerous. Carpels strongly flattened,
in a dense head. •

2. Lophotocarpus. Polygamous ; lower flowers perfect, the upper staminate. Stamens 9-15.

Carpels strongly flattened, in a dense head.

3. Echinodorus. Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6-21, mostly definite. Carpels somewhat

turgid, in a dense head.

4. Alisma. Flowers all perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels strongly flattened, in a single ring.

1. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head

1. S. lo7}girostra,

3. S. Engelmanniana.

Sepals loosely spreading or reflexed in fruit. Petals imbricated in the bud.
Ovaries crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a
globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenes. — •
Marsh or aquatic, mostly perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice;
the scapes sheathed at base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which
the primary ones, and sometimes all, are destitute of any proper blade {i.e. are
phyllodia) ; when present the blade is arrow-shaped or lanceolate. Flowers
produced all summer, whorled in threes, with membranous bracts. (Name
from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.)

a. Beak of the achene erect or nearly so b.
b. Beak long, usually half to three-fourths the length of the body.

Leaves habitually sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as
long as the terminal portion of the blade.

Stout ; leaf-blades broadly ovate-oblong

Slender ; leaf-blades Hnear

Leaves lanceolate to elliptical, the basal lobes when present
much shorter than the terminal portion ....
b. Beak very short, not one-fourth the length of the body.
Leaves all or most of them sagittate, ovate.
Lowest bracts 0.5-1.5 cm, long ; leaf-blades 2-18 cm. long'
Lowest bracts 2-4 cm. long ; leaf-blades 2.5-5 dm. long .
Leaves never sagittate.

Fruiting pedicels thickish, recurved

Fruiting pedicels slender, ascending or spreading
a. Beak of the achene strongly incurved, almost or quite horizontal e.
c. Leaves habituallj^ sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as long

as the terminal portion „ . .

c. Leaves linear to elliptic-ovate, entire or rarely sagittate at the base,
the basal lobes when present much shorter than the terminal
portion of the blade.
Fertile pedicels thickened, recurved ; western
P'ertile pedicels slender, ascending or spreading.
Filaments thickened at the base, short
Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, pubescent
Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, glabrous

S. heUrophylla.

4. S. arifolia.

5. /S'. breviroUra.

11. S. subulata.

10. S. teres.

2. S. latifolia.

. 12. 8. plntypJiylla.

9. 8. graminea.

6. S. lancifolia.

7. 8. ambigua.

* Filaments numprous, narroio, as long as or longer than the linear-ohlong
anthers ; bracts 3, distinct; fruiting heads large.

1. S. longir6stra (M. Micheli) J. G. Sm. Robust, 3-6 dm. high, monoecious ;
leaves broadly ovate-oblong, obtusish, sagittate with broad basal lobes; fertile
whorls 2-4 ; fertile pedicels about 1 cm. long ; body of the mature achene obovnte,
winged all round, 3 mm. long, the beak nearly erect from the

inner angle, 1.5-2 mm. long. — About springs, etc., Ct. (^Harger),
N. J., and Pa. to Kv., Del., and Ala. Fig. 33.

2. S. latifblia Willd. Glabrous; scape 1-9 dm. hi£:h, angled,
with one or more of the lower wliorls fertile ; leaves ovate, acute,
almost always sairittate, the basal lobes triangular, acute; pedi-
cels of the fertile flowers at least half the length ot the sterile
ones ; petals wholly white ; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the
length of the anthers ; achenes obovate (about 2 mm. long),

gray's MAJ^tTAi. 6

33. S. longirostra.
A.ctiene x 3,

82

ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY)

B4. S. latifolia.
Achene x 3.

35. S. Engel-
maDDiana.
Achene x 3.

win<^ed on both margins, with a curved usually horizontal beak. (S. variabilis
En'^'ehn ) — In water or wet places, very connnou ; exceedingly variable as to
leaf-contour. Fig. 34. The following forms, although ill defined,
are in most instances recognizable: Forma OBxtJSA (Muhl.)
Kobinson. (^S". obtusa Muhl.) Leaves very broad, sagittate, ob-
tuse. Forma hastAta (Fursh) Kobinson. {S. hastata Pursh.)
Leaf-blades and their basal lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute. Forma
gkAcilis (Pursh) Kobinson. (S. gracilis I'nrah.) Leaf -blades and
their basal lobes narrowly linear. Forma diversifolia (Engelm.)
Robinson. (S. variabilis, var. Engelm.) Leaf-blades partly sagit-
tate and partly lanceolate or elliptic without basal lobes.
Var. pub^scens (Muhl.) J. G. Sm. Robust, pubescent, broad-
leaved; bracts shorter than in the other forms, 6-9 mm. long,
broadly ovate, obtusish, and very pubescent. —'^. J. and Pa. to
N. C.

3. S. Engelmanniana J. G. Sm. Slender; lobes of the
sagittate leaves very narrowly linear (1-3 mm. wide) ; achene
narrowly cuneate-obovate (4 mm. long), the beak elongated, erect
or recurved, the sides usually strongly 1-3-crested. {S. variabilis,
var. gracilis Engelm.)— About ponds, etc., "N. H." and Mass.
to Del. Fig. 35.

4. S. arifblia Nutt. Monoecious, glabrous; scape 2-4 dm.
high, simple or rarely branched ; fertile whorls I-(rarely)3 ; fertile pedicels
8-11 mm. long ; leaf-blades sagittate-hastate, ovate, acute ; achenes winged all

round, bearing at the upper inner angle a minute erect beak. —
Que. to centr. Me., Vt., Ct., Mich., Kan., Dak., and westw. —
When in deep water producing lance-linear phyllodia at the base
and developing elongated petioles of the blade-bearing leaves
(^S. cuneata Sheldon). Fig. 36,

5. S. brevir6stra Mackenzie & Bush. Very stout ; scape 6-12
dm. high ; leaf-blades all sagittate, basal lobes ovate-lanceolate,
acute, about as long as the terminal portion ; inflorescence simple
^T slightly branched, 2-5 dm. long ; bracts lanceolate, attenuate ; fruiting pedi-
cels 1-2 cm. long ; fruiting heads 2-3 cm. in diameter; achenes cuneate-obovate,
with dorsal wing prominent ; beak suberect, but little surpassing the wing at
the summit. — Sloughs and bottoms, Ind. to Kan.

6. S. lancifblia L. Scape 8-15 dm. high, with several of the lower whorls
fertile ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all loith a tapering base,
thick or coriaceous (1.5-4.5 dm. long on a long and stout petiole, never sagittate),
the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib ; bracts ovate, acute or acu-
minate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the
sterile ones ; filaments pubescent ; achenes falcate, winged on the
back, pointed with an incurved beak. — Swamps, Md. to Ky., Mo.,
andsouthw. (W.I.) Fig. 37.

7. S. ambigua J. G. Sm. Scape 4-6 dm. high; leaves as in
the preceding ; raceme simple ; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long ; bracts
lanceolate, small (8 mm. long) ; filaments glabrous ; achenes
with a short incurved beak, scarcely winged. — Borders of ponds, etc
and souhtw.

* * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base; anthers ovate or
short-oblong ; fruiting heads small ; bracts more or less connate; leaves very
rarely sagittate.

8. S. heterophylla Pursh. Scape weak (1.5-8 dm. high),
at length procumbent ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire,
or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages ; bracts
roundish, obtuse ; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and almost
sessile ; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glandular-
88. S. heterophylla. pubescent ; achenes narrowly obovate with a long erect beak. —
Achene x 3.' N. E. to Fla. , w. to Minn, and Mo. — Varies as to foliage, the

S6. S. arifolia.
Achene x 3.

. S. lancifolia.
Achene X 3.

Kan.

ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 83

leaves being broad (var. ELLfpxicA Engelm.), or rigid, narrowly lanceolate and
acute, uuappendaged at the base, and with stout petioles (var. rIgida (Pursh)
Engelm.), or nearly linear (var. angustif6lia Engelm.). Fig. 38.

9. S. graminea Michx. Scape 0.8-5 dm. high ; phyllodia flat, mostly
broad-linear, acuminate; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long slender
petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely ; bracts rather

obtuse ; whorls of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower t^

fertile ; pedicels slender, spreading, nearly equal ; flowers white \P

or roseate; filaments 10-13 "-20," glandular-pubescent; achene
small (1 mm. long), narrowly obovate, almost beakless, loinged ^^- S- graminea.
on the back, flat and scarcely costate on the sides. (S. Eaioni ^^^^^"^ '^ ^•
J. G. Sm.) — Nfd. to Ont., s. to the Gulf ; very variable. Fig. 39. S. cristXta
Engelm. is apparently a form, of this species with achenes somewhat wing-
crested.

10. S. tdres Wats. Phyllodia terete, very acutely attenuate upward, 9-34 cm.
long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade ; scape 1-5 dm. high ; bracts connate

at base ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, all very slender and spreading, 1 or
2 fruiting, 1-3 cm. long ; filaments 12, dilated, pubescent ; achene
obovate, 2-2,4 mm. long, with an erect beak, the margins and sides
crenately several-crested. (S. isoetiformis J. G. Sm.) — In shallov^
A(^ vi f water, Cape Cod, Mass., and L. I. to Fla. — Phyllodia usually very

AchLxl* strongly nodose. Fig. 40.

11. S. subulata (L.) Buchenau. Usually dwarf; leaves linear^
strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish, 3-20 cm. long, equaling or shorter than the scape,
very rarely with a narrow blade ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, only 1 or 2 fruiting,
stouter and recurved; bracts connate or spathe-like; filaments 6-8, glabrous;
achene obovate, short-beaked, 2 mm. long, the margins and sides crenately
crested. (S. natans, yslt. lorata Chapm. ; S. pu sill a l^utt.) — In mud or shaL
low water, near the coast ; Ct. to Fla. — In the South often becoming more
robust.

Var, (?) gracillima (Wats.) J. G. Sm. Scape and the almost or wholly
bladeless leaves very slender and greatly elongated (6-12 dm. long, 2 mm. wide) ;
pedicels all elongated, in usually distant w^horls, the lower pistillate, slender and
spreading ; fruit unknown. (S. natans, var. Wats.) — In deep water of streams
in e. Mass. (Hitchings, Boott, C. E. Faxon, etc.), R. I. {J. F. Collins), and Ct.
(Bissell). — Wholly submerged, only 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a time, floating
on the surface. The fruit has not yet been collected.

12. S. platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Scape 2-5 dm. high ; ^

leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, rarely biauriculate ^m^

at the base, 9-11-nerved ; fertile whorls usually 2 ; fertile pedi- [^

eels about 2 cm. long, soon recurved ; stamens about 20, the broad ^

base of the filament pubescent. (S. graminea, var. Engelm.) — 41, S. platyphylla.
River sloughs, s. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Fig. 41. Achene x8.

2. LOPHOTOCArPUS Th. Durand

Sepals strongly concave, erect and appressed to the fruit. — Perennials with
habit and carpels much as in Sagittaria. (Name from X60os, a crest, and Kapir6s,
fruit, not very applicable.) Lophiocarpds (Kunth) Miquel, not Turcz.

* Chiefly maritime ; leaves mostly thick spongy phyllodia, the blades when
present small, lance-oblong, entire, or ovate and sagittate, the auricles
relatively small, linear-oblong, divergent.

1. L. spongibsus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Low (1-3 dm. high) ; leaf-blades
0.5-2.5 cm. broad; the thick spongy petioles septate-nodulose ; scapes 4-15 cm.
high, recurved, bearing mostly 2 whorls of flowers ; head of carpels 7-10 mm.
in diameter, (L. spatulatus J. G. Sm.; Sagittaria calycina, var. Engelm.)
— On tidal mud of brackish estuaries, etc., N. B, {Fowler) to Del.; rarely
inland, Mo. {L. depauperatus J. G. Sm., at least in part).

84 ALISMACEAE (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY)

» * SpBties of the interior ; leaf-hlades relatively large, sagittate with broad
triangular auricles.

2 L. calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Taller (L5-4 dm. high) ; leaf-blades
(t«eply sagittate, thin, 10-15-nerved, 4-8 cm. broad, the auricles triangular,
acute, nearly m- quite as long as the terminal portion of the blade ; stipes re-
curving or procumbent, l-4"dm. long, usually bearing 3-4 whorls of flowers ;
head of carpels about 1 cm. in diameter. ySagittaria Engelm.) — Muddy banks,
Mich, to Dak. and southw.

Var. maximus (Engelm.) Robinson. Leaf-blades very large {^6 dm. wide),
18-21-nerved, considerably broader than long, the auricles almost divaricate ;
Inflorescence stout, sometimes branched. {Sagittaria caiycina, var. Engelm. >
— O. {Moseley) and southw.

3. ECHIN6dORUS Richard.

Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-21 or more. — Mostly annuals, with
the habit of S(i(iiitnria, the naked stems sparingly branched or simple, and the
tlowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 8-6 or more.
Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from extvdodrjs, prickly,
or from ix'ivos, and 8op6s, a leathern bottle, applied to the
ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent
styie, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit. )

1. E. tenellus (Martins) Buchenau. Scapes l.o-lO cm.

high; shoots often creeping and proliferous; submersed

leaves lance-linear phyllodia, emersed leaves petiolate with

^ a lanceolate blade, acute (1-3 cm. long) ; umbel single,

" , 2-8-fiowered ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; flower 0 mm.

42. E. tenellus. broad ; stamens 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovary ;

"' ^^' ^l\ q *^ acnenes beakless, 8-ribbed, reddish brown, without glands.

c. Achene 6. (^AUsma Alartius ; Helianthium Britton ; E. parvulus

Engelm.)— Submersed or on mud, e. Mass., Mich., Minn., and

southw. (S. A.) Fig. 42.

2. E. cordifblius (L.) Griseb. Scape erect, 1-6 dm high,
longer than the leaves ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate
at base, obtuse (the blade 2-11 cm. long) ; umbel proliferous, 43 e. cordSfolius.
in a branched panicle; flower 8-10 mm. broad; stamens 12; AchenexS.
styles longer than the ovary ; achenes with a conspicuous erect
beak. {E. rostratus Engelm.) — Borders of ponds and ditches. 111. to Kan.,
s. Cal., and Fla. Fig. 43. Var. lanceolatus (Engelm.)
^^ Mackenzie & Bush is a low form which has the leaves

"'*^^^*^- lanceolate with an acute base. — 111,, Mo.

3. E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Stems or scape prostrate,

creeping (6-12 dm. long), proliferous, bearing many whorls

of flowers ; leaves somewhat trimcately heart-shaped, obtuse

(5-20 cm. broad), long-petioled ; flowers 12-21) mm. broad;

" ^ stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenes

44. E. radicans. with a short incurved beak, the keeled back denticulate.

a. Fr. X 1. — About ponds, etc., 111. to N. C. and Fla., w. to Kan. and

b. Achene x 8. Tex. Fig. 44.

4. ALISMA L. Water Plantain

Petals involute in the bud. Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened
receptacle, forming flattened coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2-3-
keeled on the back. — Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers small,
white or pale rose-color. (The Greek name ; of uncertain derivation.)

1. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm ; leaves
long-petioled, ovate or oblong, actite, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at base.
3-9-nerved ; scapes 1 or 2; pa wicZe loose, pyramidal, 3-6 dm. long, 7nuch overtop-

HYDROCHARITACEAE (FROG'S BIT FAMILY) 85

ping the leaves, with verticils of 2 or 3 orders ; rays and slender pedicels ascending
at an angle of about 45°; sepals 10-strlate, the hyaline margins wliitish ; petals
2-4 mm. long, white, with yellowish claw ; stamens twice as long
as the carpels ,- these furrowed along the back, not meeting at
the center of the disk. — Shallow water and ditches, across the
continent. (Eurasia.) Fig. 45.

2. A. Geyeri Torr. Scapes 2-4, the shorter overtopped by 45. a. Plant. -aq.
the long-petioled linear-lanceolate to elliptic leaves ; panicles Fruit x 1.
usually less diffuse, the verticils in 1 or 2 orders; the thickish
peticels strongly divergent in fruit; sepals 10-14-striate, the margins rose-color;
petals 1-2 mm. long, rose-color, with yellow basal spot ; stamens about equaling
the carpels ; these ridged on the hack, meeting at the center of the disk. — Locally
from N. Y. to N. Dak. and the Pacific. (Eurasia.)

HYDROCHARITACEAE (Frog's Bit Family)

Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on
scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, ichich
in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1-S-ceUed
ovary. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3
or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded.

1. Elodea. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.

2. Vallisneria. Stemless. Leaves narrow, elongated. Spathes pedunculate.

8. Limnobium. Stem very short. Leaves crowded ; Wades broad and spongy. Spathes
pedunculate.

1. ELODEA Michx. Water-weed

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft
axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at
base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals ; filaments short and united at
base, or none ; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently per-
fect ; limb of the perianth 6-parted ; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Ovary
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the
capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed
or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender
herbs, with pellucid veinless 1-nerved sessile whorled or opposite leaves.
The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off and float on the sur-
face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile
flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube. (Name from eXtuST/s,
piarshy. )

1. E. canadensis Michx. Leaves varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely
serrulate ; stamens *,) in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the
fertile. {Anacharis Planch. ; Philotria Britton.) — Slow streams and ponds,
common, July. (Nat. in Eu.)

2. VALLISNERIA [Mich.] L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile crowded in a head, inclosed in an ovate at
length 3-valved spathe borne on a short scape ; stamens mostly 3. Fertile
flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe on an exceedingly lengthened
scape. Calyx 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube
coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes
obovate). Petals 3, linear, small. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed.
Ovules very nun)<?rous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. P'ruit elongated,
cylindrical, berry-like. — Long linear leaves wholly submerged or their ends
floarins. The staminate flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels
,ina float on the surface, were they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers,

86 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time ; afterwards
the thread-form scapes (6-12 dm. long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit
under water to ripen. (Named for ^«^on^■o Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)
1. V. spiralis L. Leaves thin, ribbon-like (0.3-2 m. long), obscurely serru-
late, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in slow waters,
N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex. (Eurasia, Austr.)

3. LIMN6BIUM Richard. American Frog's Bit

Flowers dioecious (or monoecious ?), from sessile or somewhat peduncled
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pediceled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pediceled flower. Calyx 8-parted or
^cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments in the sterile
flowers entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at
unequal heights ; stamens in the fertile flowers l^-Q awl-shaped rudiments.
Ovary 6-9-celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-
seeded berry in fruit ; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped. —
Floating in stagnant water and proliferous by runners. Leaves round-heart-
shaped, spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath. (Name from XLfxvdlSLos,
living in pools.}

1. L. Sp6ngia (Bosc) Richard. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, faintly 5-nerved ;
peduncle of the sterile flower about 7.5 cm. long and filiform, of the fertile only
2.5 cm. long and stout. — Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla. ; also L. Ont. to III,
Mo., and Tex.

GRAMINEAE (Grass Family)

(Revised by A. S. Hitchcock)

Herbs (shrubs or trees in Bambuseae) with usually hollow stems (culms)
closed at the nodes, and 2-ranJced parallel-veined leaves these consisting of two
parts, the sheath and the blade, the sheath enveloping the culm with the mar-
gins overlapping or rarely grown together; at the junction of the sheath and
blade, on the inside, is a membranaceous hyaline or hairy appendage (the
ligule) rarely obsolete. Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), very small,
without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a shorts
ened axis (rhachilla) and 2-many distichous bracts, the lowest two of which
(the glumes) are empty (rarely 1 or both obsolete) ; in the axil of each succeed-
ing bract (the lemma) is borne a single flower, subtended and usually enveloped
by a (normally) 2-nerved bract or prophyllum (the palea), with its back to the
rhachilla ; at the base of the flower, between it and the lemma, are usually 2 very
small hyaline scales (the lodicules), rarely a third lodicule between the flower
and the palea; stamens 3 (rarely 1,2, or 6), with very delicate filaments and
2-celled versatile anthers ; pistil, one, with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely
1 or 3) styles, and mostly plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis with starchy endo-
sperm and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite the hilum. Grain
usually inclosed at maturity in the lemma and palea, free or adnate to the palea.
The lemma with its palea and flower constitute the floret. The lemma may be
variously modified ; and may be sterile or neuter, that is, containing a palea or
rudiment of one, without a flower, or empty ; or may itself be rudimentary (as
in some of the Chlorideae) ; in such cases the spikelet contains at least one per-
fect floret ; the sterile or modified lemmas, one or more, above or below it. The
palea is rarely obsolete. Spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles, the
branches of which are bractless.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 87

Subfamily I. PANICOtDEAE

Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the terminal flower perfect,
the lower staminate or neuter ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, the more
or less dorsally compressed spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, singly, in
groups, or together with joints of an articulate rhachis.

This first grand division of the Gramineae is based upon two characters in
combination, the articulation of the pedicels just beloio the spikelets or cluster
of spikelets and the single perfect flower, which may or may not have a staminate
or imperfect flower below it. The lemma of the imperfect flower is similar to
the glumes in texture in Paniceae and like the fertile lemma in the other tribes.
In a few genera the first glume is obsolete, but in these cases the articulation
beloiv the dorsally compressed spikelets indicates their relation.

Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different inflorescences or in different
parts of the same inflorescence ; awnless ; glumes indurated.

1. Tripsacum. Staminate spikelets above the pistillate, in pairs at each joint of a spike-like

raceme ; pistillate single, imbedded in the jointed rhachis.

Tribe II. ANDR0P0G6NEAE. Spikelets in pairs or threes on the usually articulate rhachis of a
spike-like raceme, one sessile and fertile, the other pediceled and perfect, staminate, neuter or
rudimentary ; glumes more or less indurated ; lemmas smaller and hyaline, that of the fertile
flower usually awned.

2. Rottboellia. Ehachis naked ; pediceled spikelets neuter, often rudimentary; fertile spikelets

awnless.

3. Erianthus. Ehachis hairy; spikelets aU perfect and fertile, awned.

4. Andropogon. Ehachis hairy ; pediceled spikelets sterile, often rudimentary ; fertile spikelets

awned.

5. Sorghastrum. Eacemes reduced to one or two joints, on slender peduncles, arranged in

open panicles ; second splkelet reduced to a pedicel.

Tribe III. PANfCEAE. Spikelets all perfect (in our genera) in racemes or panicles ; glumes mem-
branaceous, unequal, the first usually small, sometimes obsolete ; a lemma of like texture,
empty or with a hyaline palea, rarely inclosing a staminate flower, subtends the perfect floret
and simulates a third glume ; fertile lemma and palea indurated, firmly clasped together,
inclosing th^ free grain, awnless (pointed in Echinochlod).

* Spikelets without an involucre of bristles.
*- Lemma leathery-indurated viith hyaline margins not inrolled; spikelets lanceolate; first
glume sometimes wanting.

6. Digitaria. Spikelets in slender spike-like racemes, aggregated toward the summit of the

culm.
T. Leptoloma. Spikelets long-pediceled in a diff'use panicle.

■J- -H Lemma chartaceous-indurated ; margins not hyaline, inrolled except in Amphicarpon.
++ Glumes and lemmas awnless.

8. Amphicarpon. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in terminal panicle, not fruitful ; the other sub-

terranean, perfecting fruit ; margins of lemma not inrolled.

9. Paspalum. Spikelets all alike, plano-convex, sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs in 2

rows on one side of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; spikelets
placed with back Of fertile lemma toward the rhachis.

10. Axonopus. Spikelets all alike, compressed, biconvex, sessUe, solitary in 2 rows on one side

of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete ; spikelets placed with the back of the fer-
tUe lemma from the rhachis.

11. Panicum. Spikelets all alike, biconvex, in panicles (rarely racemes) ; first glume present ;

second glume and steriie lemma similar.

12. Sacciolepis. Spikelets all alike, in spike-like panicles ; second glume saccate at base,

11-nerved ; sterile lemma flat, 3-5-nerved.

88 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

++ ++ Sterile lemma awned or pointed ; fruit acuminate ; palea not included at the summit.

13. Echinochloa. Spikelets crowded in one-sided racemes, these arranged in a panicle.

* * Spikelets with an involucre of bristles.

14. Setaria. Spikelets in a dense cyHndrical spike-like panicle ; bristles persistent.

15. Cenchrus. Spikelets (1-5 together) inclosed in a globular spiny bur-like involucre; this

lulling with spikelets inclosed.

Subfamily 11. POACOfDEAE

Spikelets 1-raany-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary floret, if any, usu-
ally uppermost, rhachilla iisually articulated above the glumes ichic/i are persist-
ent on the pedicel or rhachis after the fall of the florets; when 2-many-tiowe.red
a manifest internode of the rliachilla separates the florets, and is articulated below
them ; spikelets more or less laterally compressed (except in Milium). The
spikeJets are articuhited below the glumes in Oryzeae, Alopecurus, Cinna, Poly-
pocfon, Holcus, Sphenopholis^ Spartina^ and Beckmannia; these are distin-
guished from Subfamily I by the laterally compressed spikelets.

Tribe IV. ORYZEAE. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles ; rhachilla articulated h'^-
low the glumes ; glumes often wanting ; stamens often 6.

16. Zizania. Spikelets unisexual, unlike in appearance ; panicle pistillate above, staminate

below.

17. Zizaniopsis. Spikelets unisexual, much alike in appearance, intermixed in the same panicle.
IS. Leersia. Flowers perfect, spikelets much flattened laterally ; lemma carinate, awnless ; pa-

ka 1-keeled.

Tribe V PHALARIDEAE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1 (rarely 8) -flowered ; two sterile
lemmas below the fertile floret, and falling attached to it, usually empty and unlike the fertile
lemma, sometimes reduced to bristles, or sometimes with a staminate flower in Ilierochloe ;
fertile lemma with a 1-2-nerved or nerveless palea and a perfect flower.

19. Phalaris. Sterile lemmas very narrow, much shorter than the indurated fertile lemma,

which is much exceeded by the equal glumes.

20. Anthoxanthum. Sterile lemmas dorsally awned, lai-ger than the slightly indurated fertile

lemma ; glumes very unequal.

21. Hierochlo'e. Sterile lemmas larger than the fertile lemma, indurated, inclosing a 2-nerved

puiea and usually a staminate flower ; glumes subequal, scarcely exceeding the florets.

Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEAE. Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla sometimes prolonged behind tlie
palea into a naked or plumose bristle ; glumes subequal, usually equaling or exceeding the
lemma ; palea 2-nerved, rarely nerveless or wanting (1-nerved in one species of Citina).
* Lemma indurated.
+- Spikelets awnless ; callus none ; margins of lemma inrolled.

22. Milium Spikelets dorsally compressed.

•*- -J- Spikelets with a terminal awn ; margins of lemma not inrolled ; a callus at base. — StipInax.
2:i. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, deciduous ; callus short, obtuse.

24. Stipa. Awn simple, persistent ; callus usually acute.

25. Aristida. Awn 3-fid, the branches divaricate; callus acute.

* * Lemma membranaceous,
•f- Lomma awned from the tip or mucronate, closely infolding the grain ; callus acute.

26. Muhlenbergia. Rhachilla not prolonged behind the paloa ; lemma pointed or awned.

27. Brachyelytrum. iniachilla prolonged into a bristle behind the palea , lemma long-awned.

+- -f- Lemma awnless or dorsally awned, loosely embracing the grain.
*+ Glumes conspicuou.'ily compressed-carinate ; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. — Pni.Eh'AE.

23. Heleochloe. Lemma membranaceous like the glumes, awnless ; glumes not arislate ; pani-

Ch' |) irtly included, ovoid.

GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY) 89

29. Phleum. Lemma hyaline, awnless, glumes abruptly aristate ; panicle exserted, cylindiical.

30. Alopecurus. Lemma hyaline, awned below the middle; palea none; glumes not aristate;

panicle exserted, cylindrical.

♦+ ++ Glumes not conspicuously compressed ; spikelets in open or narrow panicles. — Agi;o>'i1mae.
= Lemma 1 (rarely 3) -nerved, awnless ; pericarj) readily separating from the grain.

31. Sporobolus. Lemma as long as or longer than the glumes ; culms wiry or rigid.

= = Lemma 3-5-nerved, awued or awnless ; pericarp adherent to the grain.
a. Floret not stipitate ; jjalea 2-nerved ; stamens 3.
b. Khachilla not prolonged behind the palea.

82. Agrostis. Glumes longer than the floret, awnless ; panicle usually open.

33. Polypogon. Glumes longer than the floret, awned ; panicle spike-like.

34. Galamovilfa. Glumes shorter than the floret, awnless.

h b. Khachilla prolonged behind the palea, bristle-like.

85. Calamagrostis. Perennial; panicle loose or contracted ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with

long hairs ; lemma short-awned below the middle.
30. Ammophila. Perennial ; panicle dense and spike-like ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with

short hairs ; lemma awnless.

37. Apera. Annual ; panicle loose ; the prolonged rhachilla naked ; lemma loiig-awned below the

bifid apex.

a a. Floret stipitate ; palea 1-2-nerved ; stamen 1.

38. Cinna. Spikelets in a loose panicle.

Tribe VIL AV^NEAE. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, panicled ; rhachilla prolonged behind the
palea of uppermost floret except in Aira; glumes usually longer than the first floret ; 1 or
more of the florets awned on the back or from the teeth of the bifid apex (or usually awnless in
Sphenopholis and Koeleria) ; the callus and usually the rhachilla-joints hairy.

* Rhachilla not prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret; spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect.

39. Aira. Florets approximate; glumes broad, boat-shaped.

* * Ehachilla prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret ; spikelets 2-several-flowered.

-H Articulation below the glumes ; spikelets falling entire or the glumes and lowest floret together,

++ Glumes much exceeding the two florets.

40. Holcus. Lower floret stipitate, awnless, upper with a hook-like awn.

++ -M- Glumes exceeded by uppei floret.
4L Sphenopholis. Glumes dissimilar, the second obovate; florets usually awnless.
+- -f- Articulation above the glumes.
■H- Awns wanting or but a mucronate tip.

42. Koeleria. Glumes unequal, exceeded by the upper floret.

■H- ■»+ Awns present.
= Awns dorsal, not flattened.
a. Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; florets all perfect or the uppermost imperfe
b. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long ; grain free.

43. Trisetum. Lemma keeled, bidentate, awn arising from above the middle.

44. Deschampsia. Lemma convex, awn from the middle or below.

b b. Spikelets more than 1 cm. long ; grain adherent to the palea.

45. Avena. Florets approximate, exceeded by the striate glumes.

a a. Spikelets 2-flowered ; lower floret staminate, upper perfect.
4(i. Arrhenatherum. Lower floret long-awne«i, upper usually awnless.

=-= = Awns from between the teeth of the bidentate apex of the lemma, flattened, twisted,
47. Danthonia. Florets several, not closely approximate, glumes eoualing or exceeding the
uppermost.

90 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

Tribe

VIII. CHLORfDEAE. Spikelets l-several-flowered, in 1-sided spikes which are digitate oi
paniculate, sometimes solitary. ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^_

+■ Spikelets strictly 1-flowered, no sterile lemma.
++ Ehachilla articulated below the glumes.

4S. Spartina. Glumes narrow, unequal.

49. Beckmannia. Glumes broad, boat-shaped, Inflated, equal.

++ -H- Ehachilla articulated above the glumes.

50. Cynodon. Spikes digitate ; plants extensively creeping.

51. Schedonnardus. Spikes paniculate ; plants caespitose.

+- -I- Spikelets with more than 1 floret.
-H- Perfect floret 1, additional florets staminate, neuter or rudimentary.
= Lowest floret perfect.
52 Gymnopogon. Spikelets remote, appressed.

53! Chloris. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless ; spikes more or less
whorled or digitate.

54. Bouteloua. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 3-awned ; spikes racemose.

= = Lowest florets neuter, third perfect.

55. Ctenium. Spike solitary ; second glume bearing a stout divergent dorsal awn.

++ ++ Perfect florets 2 or more.
= Spikes few, stout, digitate.

56. Dactyloctenium. Ehachis of spike prolonged beyond the spikelets ; second glume and at

least lowest lemma cuspidate.
5T. Eleusine. Ehachis of spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets, neither glumes nor lemmas
cuspidate.

= = Spikes numerous, very slender, racemose.

58. LeptocMoa. Spikelets not crowded, often slightly pediceled.

* * Spikelets unisexual, dissimilar ; plants dioecious or monoecious.

59. Buchloe. Staminate spikes exserted, racemose ; pistillate spikelets nearly capitate, partially

included in broad sheaths.
Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, usually perfect, pedicellate in racemes or in
loose or dense panicles; glumes shorter than the lowest floret; lemmas 1-several-nerved, awn-
less or with 1-several straight awns, terminal or borne just below the apex.

* EhachUla clothed with long silky hairs, exceeding the florets.

60. Phragmites. Lowest floret staminate, the others perfect.

* * Ehachilla naked or with hairs much shorter than the florets.
+- Callus and nerves of lemma densely bearded (not cobwebby).

61. Tridens. The three nerves or only the middle one excurrent between the acute lobes of fhe

lemma ; palea not ciliate-fringed.

62. Triplasis. Midnerve excurrent between the truncate lobes of the lemma ; palea conspicu-

ously ciliate-fringed ; florets remote.

+- +- Callus and nerves glabrous or cobwebby, or callus sparsely bearded.
++ Lemma coriaceous, smooth and shining, without a scarious margin.
■= Spikelets dioecious.
68. DiStichlis. Spikelets large, compressed, in a small crowded panicle.

= = Spikelets perfect.
67. Uniola. Lower 1-4 lemmas empty.
66. Diarrhena. Upper 2-4 lemmas empty.

++ ++ Lemmas membranaceous, or if subcoriaceous having a scarious margin.
« Lemmas 3-ner\ed. {Koeleria might be looked for here, but the upper glume about equals

the lower floret.)
63. Eragrostis. SpikeleJ^s 3-many-flowered.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 91

64. Oatabrosa. Spikelets 2-flowered.

= = Lemmas 5-maDy-nerved (nerves often obscure in Briza).

a. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the end of the few panicle-branches.

TO. Dactylis. Spikelets flattened ; glumes and lemmas keeled, the keels hispid-ciliate.

a a. Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters.

h, Spikelets as broad as long, somewhat heart-shaped.

69. Briza. Florets crowded in the spikelets, almost horizontal ; lemmas boat-shaped or ventricose.

6 b. Spikelets much longer than broad, not heart-shaped.

c. Lemmas keeled.

71. Poa. Base of florets often cobwebby.

c c. Lemmas convex or keeled only at the summit.

d. Uppermost lemmas shaped like the lower, fertile or sterile.

e. Nerves of lemma prominent, parallel.

73. Glyceria. Spikelets compressed-cylindrical or little flattened ; lemmas scarious at sumidit.

e e. Nerves of lemma not prominent.
/. Lemmas obtuse, awnless.

74. Puccinellia. Glumes much shorter than the lowest lemma ; callus not hairy ; nerves not

excurrent.

72. Scholochloa. Glumes nearly as long as lowest lemma ; callus hairy ; one or more nerves of

lemma excurrent.

//. Lemmas acute, often awned.

75. Festuca. Lenmias entire, often awned from the apex.

76. Bromus. Lemmas 2-toothed, usually awned just below the apex ; grain adherent to the

palea, pubescent at the summit.

65. Melica. Lemmas awned just below the apex, grain free, glabrous.

d d. Uppermost lemmas broad or cucullate, convolute, forming a club-shaped mass,
65. Melica. Lemmas subcoriaceous with a scarious margin, obtuse.

Tribe X. HORDEAE, Spikelets (1-several-flowered, -with uppermost floret imperfect) sessile on
opposite sides of a zigzag jointed channeled rhachis, forming a spike; glumes sometimes abor-
tive or wanting, often placed together in front of the spikelet ; leaf-blades bearing at base a
more or less well-marked pair of aurioulate appendages,

* Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rhachis.
•*- Spikelets 1-flowered, falling attached to joints of the disarticulating rhachis.

78. Lepturus. Spikelets awnless ; low branching annuals.

-i- -J- Spikelets 2-many-flowered.

77. Lolium. Spikelets placed with one edge to the rhachis.

79. Agropyron. Spikelets placed with the side to the rhachis.

* * Spikelets 2 or 3, rarely solitary, at each joint of the rhachis, placed with the florets dorso

ventral to the rhachis.

■J- Spikelets not all alike.

80. Hordeum. Spikelets l(rarely 2-3)-flowered, in 8's at each joint, the lateral pair pcdiceled,

usually abortive ; glumes awn-like.

-J- -J- Spikelets all alike, 2-6-flowered.

81. Elymus. Glumes usually equaling the florets ; spikes mostly dense.

82. Hystrix. Glumes reduced to short bristles, one or both often obsolete ; spikes very loose.

Tribe XL BAMBtrSEAE. Tall woody reeds ; the flat blades with a short petiole articulated with
the sheath ; spikelets few-many-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes.
S'J. Arundinaria. Lemmas rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or bristle-pointed ;
glumea very small.

Oii

GBAMIKEAK (^GRASS FAMILY^

1. TRIPSACUM L. Gama Grass. Sesame Grass

Spilielets unisexual,
tiiiuous rhachis above ;

^. T. dactyloides.

Part of spike xl^^-
9 Spikelet embedded x 1.
9 S pikelet fieed x 1.
cf Spikelet x 1.

axillary spikes solitary
Auff. Fig. 46.

the stain inate spikelets in pairs at the joints of the con-
the pistillate spikelets solitary, embedded in each oblong
joint of the cartilaginous thickened articulate rhachis
below in the same inflorescence, which terminates the
culm or its branches ; glumes of the staminate spikelet
subcoriaceous, the first dorsally flattened, the second
boat-shaped ; the first lemma often empty, membrana-
ceous with a hyaline palea, like the second which
incloses a staminate flower; first glume of pistillate
spikelet ovate, at length cartilaginous and closing the
recess in the rhachis, second boat-shaped, coriaceous ;
florets 2, the lemmas and paleas hyaline, the lower
sterile, the upper pistillate. — Tall stout perennials from
very thick creeping rootstocks, with broad flat leaves,
and terminal and axillary spikes separating spontane-
ously into joints at maturity. (Name from rptjSetj^, to
rub^ perhaps in allusion to the polished spike.)

1. T. dactyloides L. Culms 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves
3 dm. or more long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; spikes 2-3
together at the summit, when their contiguous sides
are more or less flattened, or solitary and terete ;

. — Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., s. to Fla. and Tex. July,

2. ROTTBOELLIA L. f.

Spikelets in pairs in the excavations at the nodes of a cylindrical articulated
axis ; one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, with its pedicel adnate
to the rhachis ; glumes of the perfect spikelet awnless, the
first coriaceous and covering the excavation in the rhachis,
the second thinner, boat-shaped ; sterile lemma empty or
with a rudimentary flower, and, like the lemma and palea,
hyaline ; glumes of sterile spikelet membranaceous. — Peren-
nials with flat narrow leaves, and single cartilaginous spikes
which disarticulate at maturity, terminating the stem and
branches ; chiefly subtropical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Bott-

boellj an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote

much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc. )

1. R. nig5sa Nutt. Culms tufted, com-
pressed, 6-12 dm. high ; sheaths flattened ;
leaves 5-10 mm. wide ; spikes 2-7 cm. long,
the lateral ones on short clustered branches in
the axils, often partly included in inflated
sheaths ; first glume of fertile spikelet trans-
versely rugose. {JSIanisuris Ktze. ) — Low pine
barrens, Del. and southw., near the coast.
Aug., Sept. Fig. 47.

2. R. cylindrica (Michx.) Torr. Culms
terete from a short rootstock ; leaves 2-3 mm.

K. cylindrica "^^'^^^ I Spikes slender, usually curved, 5-15 cm. long, terminating
x"2. the culm, on elongated axillary peduncles; sterile spikelet rudi-

mentary ; first glume of fertile spikelet obscurely pitted longi-
tudinally. {3Ianisur is \\tze.') — Prairies, Mo. and southw. June-Aug. Fig. 4».

47. E. rugosa.
Base of inflorescence

Part of same with fer-
tile and pediceled
sterile spikelet sep-
arated X 2.

Fertile spikelet x 2.

Its flower removed
x2.

Lemma x 2.

3. ERIANTHUS Michx. Woolly Beard Grass

Spike lets in pairs, one sessile, the other pediceled, along the articulate and
readil\ disjointing rhachis, both alike, perfect ; glumes subequal, firm-membra-
naceous, the first dorsally flattened, more or less bicarinate, the second keeled
above ; sterile lemma empty, hyaline, awnless ; fertile lemma with an awn 1-2 cm

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 93

long; palea minute, nerveless. — Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with elon-
gated riat leaves, racemes crowded in a panicle and clothed with lon^ silky hairs
especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet r whence the^name, from
epiovj wool, and avdos, flower).

* Awn terete, straight.

■^ Hairs at base ofspikelets copious, as long as the glumes or longer ; panicle-axia

and upper part of culm densely appressed-villous.

■M. Panicle loose and open; hairs longer than the glumes.

1. E. saccharoides Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, usually with a dense rint^- of
appressed hairs at the nodes ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, villous ; panicle tawny or
purple. — Moist ground, N. J. and south w., rare.
Sept., Oct. Fig. 49.

++++ Panicle dense and compact ; hairs about as long
as the glumes.

2. E. compactus Nash. Culm 1-3 m. high, villous
at the nodes ; blades 6-12 mm. wide, usually villous
only on the upper surface near the base ; panicle
tawny. — Moist ground, N. J. and south w. Aug.,
Sept.

■*- -t- Hairs at base of spikelets rather sparse or want-
ing, shorter than the glumes ; culm and axis of 49, g. saccharoides x ly,.
panicle glabrous or sparsely villous.

3. E. brevibarbis Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, sparingly villous at the nodes;
sheaths glabrous ; blades 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle purple, narrow, the
branches appressed, sparingly silky, appearing striate from the stiff straight
awns. — Moist ground, Del. and southw. Sept., Oct.

** Awn flattened and twisted.
H- Panicle pale, axis very villous; basal hairs copious, exceeding the glumes.

4. E. divaricatus (L.) Hitchc. Culm 1.5-3 m. high, nodes and upper portion
appressed-villous ; sheaths glabrous ; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. wide ; panicle loose, silky.
(E. alopecuroides Ell.) — Moist ground, N. J. to Ga., w. to Ky. and s. Mo. Sept.
^■^ Panicle dark, axis sparsely villous; basal hairs rather sparse, scarcely

as long as the glumes.

5. E. cont6rtus Baldw. Culm 1-2 m. high, nodes soon glabrous ; sheaths
glabrous ; leaves 5-15 mm, wide ; panicle narrow, less silky than in the preceding.
— Low meadows, Va. to Ky., and southw.

4. ANDR0P6G0N [Royen] L. Beard Grass

Spikelets in pairs (one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, often
rudimentary) at each joint of the articulate rhachis ; glumes of fertile spikelet
subequal, indurated, the first dorsally flattened, with a strong nerve near each
margin, the midnerve faint ; second glume keeled above ; first lemma empty,
hyaline ; fertile lemma membranaceous or hyaline, awned ; palea hyaline,
sometimes obsolete. — Tall tufted perennials; spikes lateral and terminal, the
rhachis and usually the pedicels long-villous with silky hairs (whence the name,
composed of dv-qp, man, and irtbyiav, beard.)

Racemes solitary ; joints of the rhachis clavate 1. A. scoparius.

Kacemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the rhachis not clavate.
Pedicellate spikelet reduced to the pedicel or the glumes only ; racemes
usually subtended by a foliaceous spathe (the upper sheath) ; rhachis-
joints very slender.
Eacemes not?ano-er than the spathe, which incloses the common peduncle.

Branches of inflorescence in a dense terminal corymbiform cluster . 2. A. glomeratus
Branches of inflorescence scattered along the culms .... 3. A. virginicus.

Racemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond the spathes.

Upper sheaths inflated ; racemes delicate, flexu(tus \. A. Elliotiii.

Upper sheaths not inflated ; racemes stouter, strict h. A. ternnriun

Pedicellate spikelet staminate, with glumes and lemmas , . . . 6. J., furcaius.

94

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

§ 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM (Nees) Trin. Bacemes solitary; joints of the rhachis

clavate.

1. A. scoparius Michx. Culms tufted, 4-12 dm. high ;
branches single or in pairs from the upper sheaths ; sheaths
glabrous or hairy ; blades often hairy above near the base ;
racemes slender, 2-6 cm. long, joints and sterile pedicels
hairy on the margins ; sterile spikelet a single awn-pointed
glume, 2-4 mm. long ; fertile spikelet about 7 mm. long ;
awn bent and twisted. — Dry ground, N. B. to Sask., and
south w. July-Sept. Fig. 50.

Var, littoralis (Nash) Hitchc. Culms in large tufts ; the
innovations and lower sheaths strongly compressed, glaucous.
50. A. scoparius. (A. littovalis Nash.) — Sand dunes along the coast, N.Y. and
Two spikelets x ly^. SOUthw.

§ 2. CAMPYLOMf SCHUS Fourn. Bacemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the

rhachis not clavate.

* Pedicellate spikelet sterile^ consisting of\-2 glumes or reduced to a pedicel.

•^ Sp allies equaling or exceeding the racemes; sheaths keeled.

2. A. glomeratus (Walt.) BSP. Culms stout, 0.5-1.5 m. high, leafy; sheaths
usually sparsely hirsute ; inflorescence bushy-branched at the summit of the culm;
spathes very scabrous; racemes 2; the slender joints of the
rhachis and the sterile pedicel clothed with long silky hairs.
(A. macrourus Michx.; A. corymbosus Nash.) — Sandy
ground near the coast, Mass. and southw. Sept., Oct.

3. A. virginicus L. Culms rather slender^ 5-12 dm. high,
sparingly branched above ; sheaths smooth or somewhat hir-
sute on the margin ; blades usually hirsute above near the
base ; spathes smooth ; racemes 2 or 3, slender ; hairs long
and silky. — Open ground, Mass. to 111., Fla., and Tex.
Fig. 51.

t~ +~ Bacemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond
the spathes.

4. A. Elli6ttii Chapm. Culms in tufts, flattened at base,
5-10 dm. high ; lower sheaths and leaves appressed-hirsute
or becoming nearly glabrous, upper sheaths aggregated and
much enlarged; racemes usually 2, very slender, flexuous,
softly and loosely silky; spikelets 4 mm. long. — Dry sandy
or gravelly soil, Del. to Mo., and southw. Sept., Oct.

5. A. ternarius Michx. Culms some-
what stouter and taller than in the pre-
ceding ; sheaths usually smooth, the upper ^^ ^ virginicus
sheaths not crowded nor enlarged (or the Three spikelets x22/.
upper one only somewhat enlarged) ; ra-
cemes 2 or 3, stouter, more strict, densely silky; spikelets
6 mm. long, {A. argyraeus Schultes.) — Dry sandy soil,
Del. to Tenn., and southw. Aug. -Oct.

* * Pedicellate spikelet staminate ; racemes 2-6 on a long
exserted peduncle; rhachis-joinis stout.

6. A. furcatus Muhl. Culms robust, in large tufts,
1-1.5 m. high, branching from the upper nodes; sheaths
glabrous ; blades elongated, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the

margins and often hirsute on the upper surface near the base ; racemes 5-12 cm.
long, stout, usually purplish ; rhachis-joints and pedicels hairy on the sides and
at the summit ; sessile spikelets 8-9 mm. long ; staminate spikelet slightly longer.
— Dry open ground, Me. to Sask.. and southw. Fig. 52.

A. furcatus x 1^^.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 95

6. SORGHASTRUM Nash

Spikelets sessile at each joint of the slender rhachis of the peduncled racemes,
which are reduced to 2 or 3 joints, the sterile spikelets reduced (in our species)
to hairy pedicels ; glumes indurated as in Andropogon ; sterile lemma thinly
hyaline, the fertile lemma reduced to hyaline appendages to the strong awn ;
palea obsolete. — Perennial grasses with tall stout culms, the racemes arranged in
open panicles. (Named from its resemblance to Sorghum.)

1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. (Indian Grass, Wood Grass.) Culm simple,
1-2 m. high ; leaves 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous, glaucous ; sheaths
smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, at first open, contracted after
flowering, 1-3 dm. long ; the spikelets lanceolate, at length
drooping, yellowish or reddish brown and shining, clothed,
especially toward the base, with fawn-colored hairs ; the
twisted awn longer than the spikelet. {Andropogon L. ; Chryso-
pogon Benth.) — Dry soil, Me. to Man., and southw. Fig. 53.

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson Grass, a more
robust plant, is found as an escape or a weed, chiefly along
the southern border of our range. It differs from Sorghastrum
in having two pediceled spikelets (of the group of three) stami- 53 s_„mn„y >^.,.
rate or empty ; and in having a more spreading panicle and a
firmer lemma. This is thought by some to be the original of the cultivated
sorghums. (Introd. from Eu. )

6. DIGITArIA Scop. Finger Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, lanceolate-elliptic, sessile or short-pediceled, solitary
or in 2's or 3's, in two rows on one side of a continuous narrow or winged
rhachis, forming simple slender racemes which are aggregated toward the summit
of the culm ; glumes 1-3-nerved, the first sometimes obsolete ; sterile lemma
5-nerved ; fertile lemma leathery-indurated, papillose-striate, with a hyaline mar-
gin not inroUed, inclosing a palea of like texture. — Annual, mostly weedy
grasses, with branching culms, thin leaves, and subdigitate inflorescence.
(Name from digitus, a finger.) Syntherisma Walt.

* Hhachis of racemes with angles loingless ; first glume obsolete ; culms erect.

1. D. filif6rmis (L.) Koeler. Usually tufted, branching and leafy at the base ;
culms slender or almost filiform, 2-7 dm. high; lower sheaths hirsute; blades
0.5-2 dm. long, 4 mm. or less wide (rarely wider), hirsute or glabrous on the
lower, scabrous on the upper surface ; racemes 1-5, unequal, 3-10 cm. (rarely
15 cm.) long, very slender; spikelets 1.7 mm. long, mostly in 3's, appressed,
the second and third on slender flexuous pedicels ; glume and sterile lemma
densely or sparsely villous between the nerves with white gland-tipped hairs;
the glume shorter and narrow, exposing the dark brown acute fertile lemma.
{Panicum L.) — Sterile or sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., I. T., and southw.
July-Sept,

2. D. villbsa (Walt.) Ell. Similar to the preceding, usually taller, less slen-
der and more densely and constantly hirsute on the sheaths arid on both surfaces
of the blades; racemes 2-8, more distant (sometimes 3 cm. apart), 5-20 cm.
long, much interrupted toward the base ; spikelet-clusters usually rather dis-
tant; spikelets 2.25 mm. long; the glume and sterile lemma densely matted-
villous between the nerves with gland-tipped hairs. — Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and
*^outhw. July-Oct.

* * Bhachis of racemes with lateral angles winged; culms spreading.

-t- Pedicels terete ; first glume obsolete.

3. D. HUMirtjsA Pers. Glabrous ; culms 1.5-4 dm. high, much branched
below, ascending or nearly prostrate ; leaves 2-10 cm. long (rarely longer), 3-6
mm, wide: racemes 2-6, aggregated, divergent, often curved, 3-10 cm, long:

9b GRAMINEAE ([GRASS FAMILY^

spikelets solitary or in 2's, 2.2 mm. long ; the ghime and sterile lemma equals

densely short-villons between the nerves, as long as the dark brown fertile lemma.

{Panicum lineare Krock ; P. glabrum Gaud.) — Cultivated auc-

A waste ground, N. S. to S. Dak., and southw. Aug.-Oct. (Kac.

AJI from Eu.) Fig. 54.

m 4. D. ser6tina Michx. Extensively creeping, forming dense

\ mats ; the crowded sheaths pilose; blades 2-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm.

wide, pilose on both surfaces; racemes 3-8, at the apex ot

^s ^k ^T'^'d'''' ascending branches (1-3 dm. high), 3-10 cm. long; spikelets

.pi-eetx . mostly in 2's, 1.6 mm. long., sparsely pubescent between the

nerves; the glume scarcely | as long as the pale fertile lemma. (Panicum

Trin.) — Low sandy ground near the coast, s. Pa., Del., and southw. June-Aug.

-*- -»- Pedicels sharply angled; first glume present, minute,

5. D. sanguinXlis (L.) Scop. (Crab Grass.) Culms erect or ascending
from a decumbent often creeping base, 3-12 dm. long ;
nodes and sheaths more or less papillose-hirsute ; blades
lax, 5-12 cm. long, 4-10 ram. wide, scabrous, often more
or less pilose ; racemes 3-12, subfasciculate, 5-18 cm.
long ; spikelets in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long., usually appressed-
pubescent between the smooth or scabrous nerves ; second
glume about | as long as the pale or grayish fertile lemma.
(PanicnmLi.] Syntherismafimbriata^&sh.) — Cultivated 55. D. sanguinalis.
and waste grounds, throughout our range, and southw. Part of intlorescence x%.
Aug.-Oct Very variable. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 65. Spikelets x 3.

7. LEPT0l6mA Chase

Spikelets l-flowered, fusiform, solitary on long capillary 8-angled pedicels ;
first glume obsolete or very minute, the second 3-nerved, nearly as long as the
5-7-nerved sterile lemma ; fertile lemma cartilaginous-indurated, papillose, with
a delicate hyaline margin not inrolled, inclosing a palea of like texture ; grain
free within the lemma and palea. — Tufted perennials, with flat leaves and very
diffuse terminal panicles, which break away at maturity and become tumble-
weeds. (Name from XewTos, delicate, and Xw/^a, border, in reference to the
hyaline margins of the lemma.)

1. L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. (Fali. Witch Grass.) Pale gi'een, much
branched at the base, erect or geniculate below, very brittle, 3-7 dm. high ;
lower sheaths pilose, the upper usually glabrous ; ligule membranaceons, 1 mm.
long ; blades 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, usually glabrous, scabrous
on the margins ; panicle \-\ the entire height of the plant, short-exserted, very
diffuse, as broad as long or broader ; the capillary scabrous subflexuous
branches at first ascending, soon widely spreading, naked below, pilose in the
axils; spikelets on scabrous pedicels, 1-4 cm. long, acuminate, 2.7-3 mm. long;
glume and sterile lemma with a stripe of appressed silky pubescence between the
nerves and on the margins, or the hairs becoming loose and spreading especially
on the margins, very variable in the same panicle ; fruit acuminate, chestnut,
the margins of the lemma white. {Panicum Schultes; P. antnmnale Bosc.)
— Dry soil and sand hills, N. H. to Pla. ; 111. to Minn., southw. and south westw.

8. AMPHICARPON Kunth

Spikelets l-fiowered, of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, p<3rfect but nol
fruitful, the other subterranean, cleistogamous, on slender leafless stems at the
bas ■ of the culm ; the fust glume of the aerial spikelets variable in size or obso-
lete ; the second and tlie sterile lemma subequal ; lemma and palea indnratfcl.
marmr.s of lemma reitlier hyaline nor inrolled ; clei-stogamous spikelets mv.er

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

9";

larger, glumes many-nerved ; sterile lemma subrigid ;
fertile lemma and palea much indurated, acuunnate,
margins of lemma neither hyaline nor inrolled. — Erect
annuals or perennials with flat leaves. (Name from
dfKplKapTTos, doubly fruit-bearing.)

1. A. Purshii Kunlh. Annual ; culms erect, branch-
ing, 3-G dm. high; sheaths and blades coarsely hispid;
terminal panicle contracted ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ;
fertile spikelets solitary, about 6 mm. long, at the ends
of the slender subterranean branches. (Milium Amphi-
carpon Pursh ; A. Amphicarpon Nash.) — Moist sandy
pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept. Fig. 66.

9. PASPALUM L.

56. A. Purshii.
Sterile spikelet closed x 2.
Same wide open x 2.
Basal fertile spikelet,
partly open x 2.

P. mucronaium
P. dissectum.

I

puheficens.
P. 3fuhlenhergii.
P. atrainineum.

9. P. Bufihii.

Spikelets 1-flowered, plano-convex, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, in 2
rows on one side of a continuous narrow or dilated rhachis, forming simple spike-
like racemes ; spikelets placed with the back of the fertile lemma toward the
rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; lemma and palea chartaceous-
indurated, margins of the lemma inrolled. — Perennials, with 1-several racemes
digitate or racemose at the summit of the culm and branches. {HaairdXos, a
Greek name for millet.)

a. Eacemes 1-several, 1 terminal and often 1 or more lateral &.
b. Khachis membranaceous, 2 mm. or more broad.

Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, elliptical, pubescent .... 1.

Spikelets 2 mm. long, oval, glabrous 2.

&. Ehachis narrow, not membranaceous, less than 1 mm. broad
(except in P. Boscianum) e.
c. Axillary peduncles 1 or more from uppermost sheath ; leaves
ciliate on the margin d.
d. Spikelets 2 mm. long e.

e. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces 5. P. ciliatifolium.

e. Leaves pubescent on one or both surfaces /.
/. Spikelets glabrous.

Leaves densely long-pubescent.

Culm hirsute below raceme 6. P.

Culm glabrous 1-

Leaves puberulent and sometimes sparsely villous . 8.
/. Spikelets pubescent ; leaves short-pubescent.

Culms erect

Culms prostrate 10. P. psammophilum.

d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.

Spikelets-glabrous 3. P. longipedunculatum,

Spikelets pubescent 4, /*, setaceum.

c. Axillary peduncles none g.
g. Spikelets glabrous h.
h. Spikelets singly di.«posed so as to appear in 1-2 rows.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long.

Plants glabrous or sparingly pilose.
Leaf-blades of culm 1-2 dm. long , racemes 3-5
cm. long ........

Leaf-blades of culm 2-4 dm. long ; racemes 8-10

cm. long 12.

Plants with pubescent sheaths and blades . . . 13.
Spikelets 3 mm. long; sheaths papillose-hirsute . . 14.
Spikelets 4 mm. long.

Leaf-blades less than 1.5 dm. long
Leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long ....
h. Spikelets in pairs so as to appear in four rows.
Spikelets stramineous at maturity . . .
Spikelets dark brown at maturity .

g. Spikelets ciliate

a. Racemes a pair at the sumimt of the culm .

* Eacemes with a broad, thin-membranaceous, or foliaceous and keeled, rhacMsy
2 mm. wide or more, the incurved margins partly inclosing the s^nall 2-rowed
spikelets. (Aquatic or nearly so, decumbent or floating .)
1. P. mucronatum Muhl. Sheaths papillose-hirsute or nearly smooth, in-
flated ; blades lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, 6-14 mm. loide, scabrous; racemes
\0-50. finally spreading ; rhachis extending beyond the spikelets., which are ellip-

■iKAY'S MANUAL — 7

11. P. la eve.

P. (HI g u v fi/oli um.
P. p/eNijiilu»u
P. circulare.

16. P. difforme.
15. P. florid anum.

P. la eriglume,
P. Boxcianum.
P. dihitdlum.
P. di.stichum.

98 GBAMTNEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

i,ical, about 1-5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent with minutely glandular hairs,
(P. fluitans Ell.) —In water or mud, Va. to Okla., and southw.

2. P. diss^ctum L. Sheaths glabrous ; blades 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide;
racemes 3-7 ; spikelets oval, glabrous, 2-2.3 mm. long. (P. membranaceum
Walt. ; P. Walterianum Schultes.) —Wet places, N. J. to s. 111., and southw.

* * Bacemes with a narrow wingless rhachis ; sheaths compressed.

-t- One raceme terminal^ often 1-several lateral.

^ One or more naked raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath;
culms tufted, often reclining; racemes slender, often curved; spikelets in
pairs, 1.5-2 mm. long, broadly oval or obovate; leaves ciliate on the margin.
= Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.

3. P. longipedunculatum Le Conte. Cuhns reclining, 3-5 dm. long ; leaves
mostly near the base, 3-9 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, midnerve and margins ciliate;
eheaths pilose at the throat ; racemes 1 or 2, 3-6 cm. long, usually curved, on
long slender peduncles ; spikelets glabrous. — Sandy soil, Ky. and southw.

4. P. setaceum Michx. Culms slender, erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high,
Bmooth ; sheaths hirsute, especially the lower ones ; blades about 1-2 dm. long,
2-6 mm. wide (upper reduced), densely pubescent; racemes slender, usually
single, long-peduncled, 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets ovate, finely pubescent and
glandular-spotted. — Dry sandy fields and pine barrens, N. H. to Neb., Fla., and
Tex. Aug.-Oct.

= = Spikelets 2 mm. long.

a. Spikelets glabrous.

5. P. ciliatifblium Michx. Erect, 4-8 dm. high; leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long,
6-15 mm. wide, glabrous; racemes usually single, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets
about 2 mm. long, glabrous, green. — Sandy soil, Md. to Fla., and Miss.

6. P. pubescens Muhl. Culms slender, erect, 4-8 dm. high, hirsute below
the racemes; sheaths usually glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. icide,
long-pubescent on both surfaces; racemes usually single; spikelets 2 inm. long,
glabrous. —Fields and dry woods, N. Y. to Del., Miss., and Tex. Aug., Sept.

7. P. Muhlenbergii Nash. Culms more robust than in the preceding,
spreading or reclining, glabrous; sheaths pubescent or nearly glabrous ; blades
hardly 2 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, long-pubescent on both surfaces; racemes
usually single ; spikelets 2 mm. long, glabrous. — Fields and sandy soil, N.H. to
Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct.

8. P. stramlneum Nash. Culms spreading or prostrate, 2-8 dm. long;
sheaths ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous or the lowest pubescent ; blades
about 1 dm. long, crinkly on the ciliate margin, finely pubescent, often with a
few scattered long hairs; racemes 1-3 (mo.stly 2), 4-10 cm. long ; spikelets
straw-colored, 2 mm. long, orbicular, smooth. — Sandy soil. Neb. to Mo. and
southw. July-Sept.

a a. Spikelets pubescent.

9. P. Bushii Nash. Culms erect. 8-10 dm. high ; lower sheaths pubescent, the
upper pilose on the margin only ; blades 5-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, softly
and densely pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 2 or 3, 10-12 cm. long;
spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long, oval, densely pubescent. — Dry soil, Neb. to Mo., and
Tex. Aug.

10. P. psamm6philum Nash. Culms prostrate ; similar to P. stramineum
but sheaths, both surfaces of the blades, and the oval spikelets softly and densely
pubescent ; leaves averaging a little longer. (P. prost^atum Nash., not Scribn.
& Merr.) —Sandy soil, s. N. Y. to Del. Aug., Sept.

++ ++ iVo lateral peduncle ; culms stout and often tall.

= Spikelets obtuse, glabrous.

a. Spikelets singly disposed.

11. P. la^ve Michx. Culms spreading or prostrate. 3-6 dm. long; plant

GRAMINEAE ^GRASS FAMILY) 99

glabrous, or the upper surface of the leaf-blades (1-2 dm. long) with a few hairs ;
racemes 2-3, 3-5 cm. long ; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. — Sandy sjil, Md. to
Fla. and Tex. Fig. 57. Var. australe Nash. Leaves hairy
on the upper surface., sheaths hirsute on the margin. — Va. to
Fla. and Miss.

12. P. angustif51ium Le Conte. Culms erect or spreading,
glabrous, averaging taller than the preceding ; sheaths glabrous
or somewhat pilose, especially on the margin ; blades elongated
(2-4 dm.), often sparingly pilose on upper surface; racemes 3-5,
longer than in the preceding, 6-10 cm. long, spreading. — Sandy
soil, Md. to Fla., Kan., and Tex,

13. P. plenipilum Nash. Resembles P. \aeve ; but usually
taller (5-10 dm.), erect or spreading; and pilose on sheaths
and blades ; racemes 2-4, 4-8 cm. long. (P. praelongum 57. p. laeve x Va-
Nash.) — Fields and open ground, N. J. to Fla., Ala., and Mo. Spikelets x2%

14. P. circulare Nash. Culms 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths

sparsely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs; blades 2-3 dm, long, 5-8 mm.
wide, sparsely hirsute on the upper surface, usually glabrous on the lower ;
racemes 2-4, erect or ascending, 6-10 cm. long ; spikelets orbicular, about 3 mm.
long. — Open moist ground, N. Y. and Mo., southw.

15. P. floridanum Michx. Culms robust, 1-2 m. high, from a stout scaly
rootstock, glabrous ; sheaths hirsute ; blades 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide,
hirsute on both surfaces; racemes usually 2-4, stout, erect or ascending, 7-12
cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long. — Low ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Var. glabrA-tum Engelm. Glabrous and often glaucous ; racemes often 4-7.
(P. arundinaceum Poir.) — Del. to s. Kan., and southw.

16. P. diff6rme Le Conte. Similar to the preceding, less robust, glaucous ;
culms 5-10 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths often papillose-hirsute near the
summit; blades\2-lb cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide (the uppermost much reduced),
glabrous or sparsely hirsute ; racemes 2-3 (rarely 4), ascending, 3.5-8 cm. long;
spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long. — Low sandy ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

a a. Spikelets in pairs, appearing ^-seriate ; sterile lemma ^-nerved ; culms
usually geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes.

17. P. laeviglume Scribn. Culms stout, 5-15 dm. high, nodes pubescent;
sheaths usually pilose on the scarious margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 1-3
im. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous or with a few hairs at base ; racemes 4-8,
3-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, obovate, stramineous. — Moist fields and
wood-borders, Md. and Ky. to N. C. and Tex. Sept., Oct.

18. P. Boscianum Fliigge. Culms stout, 5-12 dm. high ; sheaths lax, gla-
brous, or the lower pubescent; blades 1.5--4.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, gla-
brous or hirsute near base ; racemes numerous, 2-6 cm. long, with a winged
rhachis 2 mm. wide ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glume and sterile lemma brownish;
fruit dark brown. — Low woodlands, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Aug., Sept.

= = Spikelets acute, ciliate.

19. P. dilatatum Poir. Culms stout, 5-17 dm. high, growing in clumps ;
glabrous throughout except the densely crowded spikelets ; leaves elongated,
4-10 mm. wide; racemes 2-10, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat spreading; spikelets
3 mm. long, ovate ; glume and sterile lemma long-cilia.te. — In meadows, waste
ground, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

•^•^- Racemes a pair at the summit of the culm.

20. P. distichiim L. Creeping and rooting at the nodes, with ascending culms,
1-6 dm. high ; leaves short, usually crowded, sometimes sparsely hairy on the
margins; racemes 3-5 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, 2.5-3 mm. long,
ovate, acute, sparsely pubescent ; first glume occasionally present. (Digitaria
paspalodes Michx.) — Ditches and muddy or sandy shores, Va. to Fla., and
westw. June-Oct.

100

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

10. AXONOPUS Beauv.

Spikeiets 1-flowered, compressed bi-convex, sessile, solitaiy in two rows on oue
?ide of a flattened rhachis (which is naked in ours), placed with the back of the
fertile lemma turned from the rhachis, forming simple spikes ; first glume obso-
lete • lemma and palea indurated but less so than usual in Paspalum, margm?
of the lemma inroUed. —Perennials with 2-several slender spikes digitate Or
sub-digitate at the summit of the culm. (Name from d^ojv, axis; and ttoiJs,
foot.) Anastrophus Schlecht. . „ .^ •, , . ^. .., ,

1. A. furcatus (Flugge) Hitchc. Tufted, soft, 3-10 dm. high, with long
creeping leafy stolons ; leaves obtuse ; racemes a pair at the summit of the culm.,
7-10 cm. long ; spikeiets acute, nearly glabrous, about 4 mm. long. {Paspalus
Fluo-ge ; P. EllioUii Wats.) — Low moist ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

11. pAnICUM L. Pakic Grass

Spikeiets 1-flowered or rarely with a staminate flower below the terminal
perfect one, in panicles, rarely in racemes ; glumes very unequal, the first often
minute, the second subequal to the sterile lemma which often incloses a hyaline
palea and rarely a staminate flower ; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous-in-
durated, nerves obsolete, the margins of the lemma inrolled ; grain free within
the rigid firmly closed lemma and palea. — Annuals or perennials of various
habit. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian millet, Setaria italica, of uncer-
tain origin and meaning.)

a. Annuals 5. „ ^

b. Spikeiets tuberculate ........ .2. P. verrucosum.

h, Spikeiets smooth c. t^ , ^

c. Plants glabrous 8. P. dtchotomzflorum

C. Plants more or less hispid d. — Capillaeia.
d. Panicle erect, spikeiets not over 3.5 mm. long e
6. Panicle more than half the length of the entire plant.

Panicle ditfuse ; spikeiets 2-2.5 mm. long . . . . 8. P. capillare.
Panicle narrow ; spikeiets 3-3.5 mm. long . . . .5. P. flexile.
e. Panicle not over one third the length of the entire plant.

Culms stout ; blades about 1 cm. wide 4. P. Gatiingeri.

Culms delicate; blades not over 6 ram. wide. ... 6. P.philade.lphicurn

d. Panicle drooping ; spikeiets 5 mm. long 1. P. miliaceum.

a. Perennials /.

/. Spikeiets short-pediceled along one side of a rhachis forming spike-
like racemes 1. P» hemitomum,

f. Spikeiets in panicles g.
g. Basal leaves similar to culm-leaves, not forming a winter ro-
sette ; culms simple or sometimes producing panicles from the
upper nodes h.
1v, Spikeiets long-pediceled. — VikgIta.

Branches of panicle spreading . . . « . . . 11. P. mrgatum.
Branches of panicle ascending.
Spikeiets 4.5 mm. long ; leaves crowded at base of culm . 9. P. amarum,
Spikeiets 6 mm. long ; leaves not crowded at base of culm 10. P. amaroidec.
h. Spikeiets short-pediceled along the main branches of the pan-
icle i. — Agrostoidia.

i. Rootstocks present 16. P. anceps.

i. Kootstocks absent ; plants compressed at the leafy base.

Fruit stipitate ; spikeiets conspicuously secund . . .14, P. stipitatum.
Fruit not stipitate ; spikeiets not conspicuously secund.
Spikeiets 2 mm. long, crowded ; a few long hairs on the

pedicels 13. P. agrostoidek.

Spikeiets 2.5-3 mm. long ; no hairs on the pedicels.

Panicles few-flowered, branches spreading . . . 12. P. longifolium.
Panicles densely flowered, branches erect . . .15. P. condensum.

g Basal leaves usually distinctlv different from the culm-leaves,
forming a winter rosette ; cuims simple in spring but usually
much branched later in the season ; secondary panicles smaller,
less exserted than the primary _;. — Dichotoma.
,). Spikeiets 8 mm. or more long k.
h. Leaves Hnear-elongated, not over 5 mm. wide ; secondary pan-
icles at the base only,

Spikeiets pointed 17. P. depauperatum

Spikeiets blunt 18. P. perlongum-

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

101

, Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovale-ianceolate, more than 5 mm

Nodes bearded ; plants often pubescent,
liiades lanceolate, thick, glabrous above, densely Danillose-

pubescent beneath . . * g5

Blades ovate-lanceolate, thin ; pubescence when present

soit ••.... 72

Nodes not bearded ; plants glabrous or'neariy so' ' '
Panicle spreading ; blades 2.5 cm. or more wide 73

7 T31 A ^^^l^^^ narrow ; blades rarely over 1.8 cm. wide . * 66*.
I. Blades not over 1.5 cm. wide - uo . ,

67.
64.

P. Wilcoxianum.
F. Leibergii.

59. P. mutaUle. '
70. P. aculeatum.

65. P. Ravenelii.

63. P. Scrihnerianum.
62. P. oligosanthes.

P. clandestinum.

P. Ravenelii.
P. Boscii.

P. latifoliv/m.
P. n'anihojjhyaum,
... Panicle narrow ; blades erect.

pSl^^L'Sre-LX'"™ 66, /...a.a<,p.,,««.

Spikelets not over 3 mm. long

Spikelets4 mm. long . . *

n. Panicle spreading, about as wide as long o. '
o. bpikelets 3 mm. long; blades 1.2-2 dm long
Blades ciliate, glaucous, smooth ,

Blades not ciliate, green, scabrous

O. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long ; blades not over 1dm. ionjr'
Nodes bearded ; ligule3-4 mm. long .
Nodes not bearded ; ligule 1-2 mm long ' * * *
Spike^lets obovoid-turgid, blunt; pubescence spread-

Spikelets narrowly obovoid,' subacute ; pubescence
appressed ....

j. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long p.

p. Spikelets glabrous q.

q. Spikelets not over 1,5 mm. long.
Plants pubescent . . . ' .

Plants glabrous, except bearded node's

g. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long r. • . . .

r. Spikelets 2 mm. long.

Spikelets obovoid-turgid; culms crlsp-puberulent
Spikelets elhptical; culms glabrous

Autumnal state erect, branched like a little tree; second

glume shorter than the fruit and sterile lemma
Autumnal state topheavy -reclining; fruit covered by

second glume and sterile lemma
Autumnal state widely trailing ; second glu'me and '
sterile lemma shorter than the fruit . .
r. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long.

Culms 2^ dm. high; second glume and sterile lemma

equaling fruit ....
Culms 5-12 dm. high; second glume 'and' sterile lemma
forming a point beyond the fruit
p. Spikelets pubescent s.

USSE^lfiS™."^- • • ■ 2»- ^- ^erneH.

Spikelets turgid, blunt; panicle-branches ascendin---

culms few m a tuft " '

Spikelets subacute; panicle-branches' spreading-: culms
numerous in a tuft . , *- & »

s. Blades usually not conspicuously* elongate'd ; 'secondary
panicles not at the base t. ' y^^uuaiy

t. Spikelets obovate-turgid, blunt, attenuate at base
bpikelets 2 mm. long ....

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long.

Spikelets not papillose ; culms glabrous

Spikelets rugose-papillose ; culms pubescent, at least below'

P. strigofium.
P. microcarpon.

60. P. lancearium.

27.

28.

P. dichotomum.
P. barbulatum.

. 30. P. lucidum.

26. P. BicknelUi.
29. P. yadkinense.

IS. P. perlo?7(ju)77.
19. P. linear i/oli urn.

25. P. aciculare.
6. P. BicknelUi.

-Nodes bearded ; panicle-branches ascending
JO., ,^<^'^<^s not bearded; panicle-branches spreading '.
t. Spikelets not attenuate at base u. t s •

u. Sheaths conspicuously retrorse-pilose ; culms simple, form-
ing soft tufts ....

u. Sheaths not retrorselv pilose v.

V. Sheaths, or all but the lowest, glabrous w
10. Ligule 2-5 mm. long.

Spikelets 2.2 mm. h.ng ....
^ pikelets 1.5 mm. long.
Panicle not more than half as wide as Ion? •

spikelets elliptic \

Panicle about as wide as long ; spikelets obovoid*

24. P. conxanguinen m
. P. angustifolium .

21. P. xalapense.

47. P. scoparioides.

35.
36.

P. spretum.
P. Lindheimeri.

102

GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY)

w. Ligule less than 1 mm. long (r.
X. Blades velvety on both surfaces ; nodes bearded
X. Blades not velvety ; nodes not bearded y.

y. Culms crisp-puberulent

y. Culms glabrous *.

z. Spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long. ,

Culm-blades not over 2 cm. long ; spikelets elliptical
Culm-blades 6-20 cm. long; spikelets spheroidal.
Panicle not more than half as wide as long ; blades

stronglv nerved ....... 56. P. polyanthes.

Panicle nearly as wide as long ; blades not

strongly nerved 55. P. sphaerocarpon.

s. Spikelets 2.2-2.8 mm. long.

Blades cordate, 1.2-2 cm. wide ....
Blades not cordate, 0.6-1.2 era. wide.
Blades erect ; fruit covered ....

Blades spreading ; fruit exposed at summit
V. Sheaths pubescent a.
a. Sheaths puberulent, not pilose.

Spikelets elliptical, 2.6 mm. long

Spikelets obovoid -turgid, 2 mm. long.
Plants erect or spreading ; blades glabrous above .
Plants prostrate or creeping ; blades puberulent on both

surfaces 61. P. patulum.

a. Sheaths spreading- or appressed-pilose or velvety h.
b. Plants grayish-velvety throughout.

Spikelets 2.6 mm. long

Spikelets 1.8 mm. long

Spikeletsl.3-l.4mm. long, very turgid ....
b. Plants not velvety c.
c. Spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long.

Blades papillose-hirsute on both surfaces
Blades glabrous or sparsely silky above ....
c. Spikelets less than 2.5 mm. long d.
d. Spikelets ovate, pointed; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long; pani-

34. P. annulv/m.
58. P. Ashei.

54. P. ensifolium^

57. P. commutatum.

P. horeale.

P. maUainuiikeetensi

58. P. Ashei.

60. P. lancearium.

P. Hcoparium.
P. lanugino/ium.
P. auburn e.

Wilcoxianum.
ovale.

cle 1.2-2.5 dm. long

d. Spikelets obovate or elliptical, blunt ; blades and panicle

P. scabriusculum.

shorter e.
e. Pubescence spreading /.
/. Spikelets 2.2-2.4 mm. long.

Plants very villous ; autumnal state prostrate
Plants papillose-hispid on sheaths and sparsely
hispid on blades; autumnal state erect
/. Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm. long g.

g. Blades stiff, glabrous above or with a few hairs
g. Blades pubescent above, or if glabrous lax h.
h. Upper surface of blades with erect hairs 3-5 mm. long.
Culms branching very early ; spikelets 1.8-

1.9 mm. long

Culms branching after maturity of primary
panicle ; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long.
Axis of panicle long-pilose ....
Axis of panicle nearly glabrous
h. Upper surface of blades with short or some-
what appressed pubescence.
Blades stiff; spikelets obovate

48. P. villosUfsimum.
47. P. scoparioides.
43. P. tennesseense.

46. P. praecocius.

40,

P. implicatum.
P. meridionale.

P. huachucae.

Blades lax ; spikelets elliptical
e. Pubescence not spreading

(38) P. huachucae, v. sil'vicola.

ligule

i. Culms crisp-puberulent or crisp-pubescent
nearly obsolete.
Spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; blades 5-6 cm. long ;

plants blue-green

Spikelets 1.7 mm. long; blades 3-5 cm. long;

plants gray-green 53. P,

i. Culms with short or long appressed pubescence .^

52. P. Uugetorum.

columhianum.

Ligule obsolete or nearly so.

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long . . . . 50. P. Commonsianum,

Spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long 51. P. Addisonii.

Ligule 2-3 ram. long.

Pubescence on lower sheaths spreading
Pubescence on lower sheaths appressed.
Blades glabrous on upper surface ; spikelets

1.2 ram. long
Blades pubescent on upper surface ; spikelets
1.5-1.9 mm. long.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long ; panicles not over

3 cm. long 41. P. oricola.

Spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; panicles 3-5 Cm.

long . , , , . . , . 42. P. mbtillosvm.

40. P. meridionale.

. 37. P. leucothrix.

GRAMINEAE QGRASS FAMILY) IV'd

§ 1. PASPALOfDEA Nash. Spikelets acute, glabrous, subsessile in one-sided
racemes, these racemose on an elongated axis.

1. P. hemitomum Schultes. Culms thick, 9-12 dm. long, rooting and
branching at the lower nodes ; sheaths loose, glabrous or hairy on the
margins ; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, very-
narrow, the remote racemes appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets
2.8 mm. long, lanceolate ; fruit less indurated and rigid than in true Panicum ;
palea not inclosed at the apex. (P. Curtisii Chapm.; P. digitarioides Car-
penter.) — Ponds, Del. to Fla. and Tex.

f 2. EUPAnICUM Gren. & Godr. Spikelets disposed in more or less spread-
ing panicles ; palea included at the summit.

* Verruo6sa. — Spikelets tuberculate ; branching annuals, rooting at the lower

nodes.

2. P. verrucbsum Muhl. Glabrous ; culms slender, spreading or ascending,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, shining; panicle diffuse,
few-flowered, 0.7-2.5 dm. long (reduced panicles often pro-
duced from the base), branches capillary, spreading, spikelet- AJf>^
bearing toward the ends; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, subacute; M;i
first glume about one fourth as long as the faintly nerved ^m
warty second glume and sterile lemma ; fruit apiculate. — v
Moist sandy soil, Mass. to Fla.; also in Ind. at the s. end 58. p. verrucosum.
of L. Michigan. Fig. 58. Spikelet x'9.

* * CapillXria. — Branching annuals, hispid as a whole ; panicles diffuse ; spike-

lets glabrous, strongly nerved ; first glume about one half the length of the
second, broad, clasping the base of the spikelet, acute ; second glume and
sterile lemma slightly or greatly exceeding the elliptical smooth and shining
fruit.

3. P. capillare L. (Old-witch Grass.) Culms stout, sparingly branched,
ascending ; sheaths and usually the leaves (5-15 mm. wide) copiously papillose-
hispid ; panicle very large and diffuse, often half the length oj
the entire plant, included at base until maturitj^ ; spikelets
2-2.5 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate,
exceeding the fruit. — Sandy soil, and as a weed in fields, N. S.
to B. C, and southw. Aug. -Oct. — At maturity lower panicle-

^„ „ .„ branches diverge and the panicles break away and act like tumble
59. P. capil are. j -rn c?\

SDikelets X 4 ^^^^^- ^^^- ^^•

* 4. P. Gattingdri Nash. Culms widely spreading or decum-
bent, sometimes as much as 1 m. long, branching at all the nodes, the branches
again branching ; the numerous exserted panicles oval, smaller and less diffuse
than in the preceding ; spikelets more turgid; leaves less hirsute. (P. capillare,
var. campestre Gattinger.) — Moist open ground. Me. to N. C, 111., and Mo. —
Depauperate plants forming very small prostrate mats occur in N. E. and N. Y.

5. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, with a few
erect branches at base ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rarely wider, some-
times nearly glabrous, erect ; panicles usually one half the length of the entire
plant, narrowly oblong with ascending branches; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long,
solitary at the ends of the branchlets ; the long acuminate second glume and sterile
lemma one third longer than the fruit. — Moist sandy soil, Pa. and Mich., southw.

6. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Slender, erect or ascending, usually decum-
bent at base, freely branching, zigzag, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves less than 1 dm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicle about one third the entire height of the plant,
rather few-flowered, spikelets in 2's or sometimes solitary, at the ends of the
divergent flexuous branchlets, 1.7-1.8 mm. long; second glume and sterile
lemma acute, barely exceeding the fruit. (P. minus Nash, according to descrip-
tion ; P. minimum Scribn. & Merr.) — Dry woods, clearings, and sandy shoree,
Me. to I. T., and southw.

i04 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

7. P. MiLiXcEUM L. (European Milt.et.) Culms 2-5 dm. high, erect oi

decumbent ; sheaths papillose-hispid ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2.5 cm. or less
wide ; panicle dense, drooping at maturity ; spikdets ovoid, 5 mm. long, turgid.
— Waste places, Me. to Fa., vvestw. to Neb. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * * DicHOTOMirLORA. — Branching annual, glabrous throughout.

8. P. dichotomifl5rum Micbx. Culms compressed, thick, suc-
culent, spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, 3-18 dm.
long ; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, scabrous above ; pan-
icles 1.2-4 dm. long, diffuse ; spikelets short-pediceled, mostly
secund toward the ends of the branchlets, 3 mm. long, acute ;
first glume obtuse, second and sterile lemma pointed beyond
the fruit. (P. proliferum Am. auth. not Lam.) — Low waste
^^* ^flo^rum *°°^** grounds and cultivated fields. Me. to Neb., and southw. July-
Spikderx 8, Oct. — Slender, depauperate, erect or prostrate specimens occur
in sterile ground. Fig. 60.

» « « « VirgXta. — Stout simple mostly glabrous perennials, with long-pediceled
spikelets and stout creeping rootstocks.

9. P. amarum Ell. Glaucous, caespitose in large bunches, 5-15 dm. high;
leaves crowded at the base, involute, the uppermost exceeding the contracted
panicle, which is 4-8 dm. long, the long slender branches erect; spikelets 4.5
mm. long; first glume ^-| as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterilt
lemma pointed beyond the grayish fruit. — Sandy seashores, Va., and southw.
Aug., Sept. — Foliage bitter.

10. P. amaroides Scribn. & Merr. Glaucous; culms 5-8 dm. high, scattered
from a stout creeping rootstock ; leaves l-o dm. long, flat or somewhat involute;
panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, very narrow, the short branches appressed ; spikelets 6
mm. long; first glume | as long as the spikelet or more. (P. amarum, var.
minor Vasey & Scribn.) — Sandy seashores, Ct., and southw. Aug., Sept.

11. P. virgatum L. (Switch Grass.) Tufted, from strong creeping root-
stocks, 0.9-2 m. high, sometimes glaucous; leaves elongated, flat; panicles 1.5-
5 dm. long, nearly as wide, the branches ascending or spreading,
naked at the base; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long; the second ghime
and sterile lemma spreading and pointed, exceeding the fruit. —
Low open ground or salt marshes along the coast, also on prairies
in the interior, Me. to Man., and southw. — Very variable ; leaves
sometimes pilose above near the base ; marsh plants often very
luxuriant, with panicles 6 dm. or more long. Fig. 61.

Var. obtusum Wood. More slender, 1 m. high or less; leaves ^^' J^^J^Jf^^^^'
not over 8 mm. wide; panicle 1.5 dm. long or less, rather nar- pi'ee s
row; spikelets 3 mm. long; the second glume and sterile lemma blunt and
scarcely exceeding the fruit. (P. virgatum, var. breviramosum Nash.) — Sand
barrens, N. Y., N. J., and southw,

***** AoRosTofDiA. — Ej-ect perennials; spikelets lanceolate, pointed, short-
pediceled along the elongated main branches of the panicle ; fruit narroioly
elUpticul, exceeded by the second glume and sterile lemma,

-*■- Rootstocks absent; plants tufted from a short caudex, compressed at the leafy

base, glabrous.

12. P. longifblium Torr. Culms slender, 5-10 dm. high ; leaves flat or invo-
lute toward the ends, the uppermost often equaling the panicle, 3-5 mm. wide ;
panicle purplish, 1-2.5 dm. long, rather fevj flowered; branches solitary or in
2's, remote, very slender, finally spreading, naked at the base ; spikelets 2.8-3
mm. long ; first glume | as long as the second which exceeds the sterile lemma.
— Moist sandy ground, Ct. to 1). C, and southw., mostly coastal. July-Sept.

13. P. agrostoides Spreng. Culms 4-10 dm. high, rather stout; sheaths
loose ; blades 2-3.5 cm. long, flat. 0.6-1 cm. loidc ; panicle often purplish, oblon^r-
ovate, 1.5-3 dm. long, the stiff branches ascending, naked at the base, with

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 106

divergent densely flowered hranchlets mostly from the lower side ; spikelets2 mm.
lu)ig, crowded; a few long hairs on the short pediad ; second glume and sterile
leni'nia subequal. — Wet meadows and shores, Me. to Minn.,
and southw. Aug., Sept. Fig. 02.

14. P. stipitatum Nash. Similar to the preceding ; leaves
and panicles commonly dark purple, the latler narrower and
closer ; lateral panicles short-peduncled from the upper nodes ;
spikelets narrower, more pointed, distinctly secund upon the
hranchlets ; second glume longer than the sterile lemma; fruit 62. r. agrostoides.
stipitate ; no hairs at base of spikelets. — Moist soil, N. J. to Spikeietx5.
Ky., and southw.

15. P. condensum Nash. Culms stout, 0.8-1.3 m. high, sometimes geniculate
below; leaves 2.5-5 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, flat or folded ; panicle 1-3 dm.
long, narrowly oblong, the densely flowered branches erect or narrowly ascending.,
the lower ones naked at the base ; smaller long-peduncled panicles often
produced from the upper nodes; spikelets 2.5 mm. long., rathn' turgid ; second
glume and sterile lemma subequal, the points usually spreading at maturity. —
Borders of streams and wet places, Pa. {Porter) ; Alexandria Co., Va. ; S. C.
and southw.

•*-•*- Plants from stout scaly rootstocks, not conspicuously compressed at base.

16. P. anceps Michx. Erect or ascending, G-1 2 dm. high ; sheaths subcom-
pressed, glabrous or sparsely pilose ; blades 1.5-5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, fiat ;
panicles 2-5 dm. long, very loose and open, the slender remote branches spread-
ing ; small long-peduncled panicles produced from the upper nodes ; spikelets
more or less secund, 3.5 mm. long ; the acuminate second glume and sterile
lemma curved at the apex, about | longer than the fruit which bears a minute
tuft of hairs at the apex. (P. rostratum Muhl.) — Moist sandy soil, R. I. to
Kan., and southw. July-Sept.

****** DicHOTOMA. — Perennials producing simple culms in the spring which
later branch more or less profusely, this autumnal state often strikingly
different in habit from the spring state ; winter rosettes of basal leaves per-
sistent in spring and usually different in shape from culm-leaves ; primary
panicles produced in spring or early summer seldom perfecting seed, the
secondary panicles smaller, often much reduced, the latest included in the
sheaths, usually cleistogamous and fruitful ; the secondary leaves usually
much reduced, often crowded by the dwarfing of the lateral internodes.

1- 1. Depauperata. — Culms tufted, slender, sparingly branching at the base,
simple above; leaves long-linear, scabrous above, the basal ones shorter hut
not forming a distinct flat rosette in the autumn; the reduced secondary
panicles, produced from short branches from the lovjest nodes, more or less
concealed in the leaves at the base; ligule a ring of hairs about 0.5 mm.
long.

17. P. depauperatum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high ; nodes
ascending-pubescent ; sheaths except the lowest shorter than the internodes,
giaorous or pilose ; blades 6-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, often involute in dry-
ing ; panicles not much exceeding the leaves, 4-8 cm. long, few-flowered, the
rather strict remote branches ascending ; spikelets 3.2-3.8 mm. long, glabrous
or sparsely pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume l-\ the length of the spike-
let, subacute ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate, extending in a point
beyond the fruit which is 2.3 mm. long. — Sterile woods, Me. to Minn., and
southw.

18. P. perl6ngum Nash. Similar to the preceding, more strict in habit,
usually papillose-pilose ; blades averaging longer and narrower (sometimes 2.5
dm. long), pubescent on the lower surface; panicles smaller, narrow, the branches
nearly erect; spikelets 2.1 -S mm. long, oval, blunt, sparingly pilose, strongly
nerved ; first glume i-i the length of the spikelet ; second glume and sterile
lemma equaling the fruit at maturity, obtuse ; fruit 2.4 mm. long; secondary
panicles usually more numerous than in the last, sometimes produced from the
second node. — Prairies and dry soil, Mich, and S. Dak. to Tex.

X06 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

19 P linearifblium Scribn. Densely tufted, 2-4.5 dm. high ; culms ver^
slender, erect, spreading or almost drooping at the summit; sheaths usually
equaling or exceeding the internodes, sparsely to densely papillose-pilose ; blades
1-3.5 d%i. loncK 2-4 nnn. wide, usually exceeding the panicle until maturity,
often pubescent below ; panicles finally long-exserted, 5-10 cni. ong rather few-
flowered, the remote flexuous branches spreading ; spikelets 2.4-2.7 mm. long,
subacute, sparsely pilose ; first glume i-i the length of the spikedet, triangular-
ovate ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit at maturity; fruit 2
mm. long. — Woods, Me. to Md., w. to Mich, and Kan.

20. P. Werneri Scribn. Similar to the preceding ; in small tufts, glabrous
except for a few long hairs at the nodes and base of blades; culms strict; leaves
firmer, 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long, nearly
or quite glabrous; secondary panicles usually wanting.— Sterile woods and
knolls, Me. to Ont., Pa., 0., and Mo. — In the field resembles P. depauperatum.

4- 2> Laxiflora. — Plants in soft tufts, light green ; culms slender, simple of
rarely branching from the lower nodes; basal leaves short, in a dense soft
tuft, but not distinctly different from culm-leaves in shape; spikelets obovate,
turgid.

21. P. xalapdnse HBK, Ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. high ; culms lax,
glabrous; nodes bearded; sheaths papillose-pilose with reflexed hairs; blades
mostly 8-12 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide, sparingly pilose or nearly glabrous except
the ciliate margins; panicle finally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, lax, the capillary
flexuous branches spreading or drooping, few-flowered ; spikelets 2 mm. long ;
first glume glabrous ; second glume and sterile lemma villous, the glume shorter
than the fruit which is 1.5 mm. long and minutely umbonate. (P. laxiflorum
Am. auth., not Lam.) —Low woods, Md. to Mo., and south w.

22. P. strig5sum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4.5 dm. high ; culms pilose;
sheaths and blades long-pilose, clustered at the base, 4-8 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide,
upper blades reduced; panicle finally long-exserted, 4-10 cm. long, the axis
pilose, the capillary branches ascending, with numerous long-pediceled glabroui
spikelets (1.3-1.5 mm. long) ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as
the fruit. — Sandy woods, se. Va. to Tenn., and southw.

^- 3. Angustifblia. — Mostly grayish-green, caespitose; primary culms with
elongated leaves (tapering to each end) and long-exserted few-flowered
primary panicles ; blades conspicuously striate-nerved ; ligulea ring of stiff
hairs less than 1 7n7n. long; autumnal state repeatedly bushy-branched
above, often geniculate-decumbent ; spikelets obovoid, turgid, attenuate at
the base, pubescent (rarely glabrous); first glume 1-nerved; second glume
and sterile lemma equal, 1-Q-nerved ; fruit broadly ellipsoidal.

23. P. angustifblium Ell. Culms slender, erect or spreading at the top, 3-8
dm. high, appressed-pubescent ; nodes not bearded; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, papillose-pilose, lower commonly purplish ; blades ciliate toward the
base, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, somewhat spreading, the lower shorter and
often broader ; panicle 4-9 cm. long, the slender flexuous branches loidely spread-
ing, sometimes drooping, bearing a few long-pediceled spikelets about 2.5
mm. long ; first glume obtuse, glabrous, \ the length of the spikelet or less :
second glume and sterile lemma obtuse, short-villous, equaling the fruit, which
is minutely pubescent at the obscurely umbonate apex. Branching state lean-
ing, not prostrate ; leaves reduced, very narrow, flat, or involute on the margins
only. —Low sandy woods, Del., Va., and southw. — Variable in the amount of
pubescence.

24. P. consanguineum Kunth. In the simple state similar to the preceding,
but spreading or ascending, more softly and densely villous; nodes bearded;
the leaves often conspicuously longitudinally wrinkled ; panicles smaller, the
branches nai-rowly ascending; spikelets more turgid, more densely villous.
Branching state decumbent ; the numerous leaves soft and flat, rarely over 5 cm,
long. ( P. villosnm Ell.) — Low sandy woods, se. Va., and southw.

25. P. aciculare Desv. Ascending-pilose ; culms at first ascending or spreaii-

GRAMrNEAE (^GKASS FAMILY) lOT

ing, 3-5 dm. high, very slender ; sheaths usually less than half as long as the
Internodes ; blades mostly spreading, flat or involute above, 4-8 cm. long, 4 mm.
wide or less, the lower wider ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, the flexuous branches
spreading ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; first glume ^ the length of the spikelet,
rounded ; second glume and sterile lemma densely pubescent, equaling the fruit
which is minutely pubescent at the apex. In the branching state forming dense
prosti-ate matSy with very numeroics crowded short involute-setaceous often
falcate leaves. (P. Jilirameum Ashe; P. neuranlMim of Britton's Man., not
Griseb.) — Sandy soil, mostly near the coast, se. Va., and south w.

26. P. Bicknellii Nash. Culms usually stiff, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm.
high (rarely higher) ; nodes and lower part of the sheaths and margins sparsely
hairy ; blades 7-14 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide (rarely wider), ciliate at the base,
rather rigid, spreading, flat, the uppermost usually the longest ; panicles 5-8
cm. long, the stiff slender branches bearing a/ew? long-pediceled spikelets ; these
2.5 mm long ; first glume loose, i the length of the spikelet ; second glume and
sterile lemma sparsely pilose or rarely glabrous, equaling the fruit or very slightly
exceeding it. Autumnal state ascending or erect, rather sparingly branching
from the upper nodes with numerous long rather stiff leaves overtopping the
reduced panicles of long-pediceled spikelets. (P. nemopanthum Ashe ; P.
Bushil Nash.) — Sterile open woods and hillsides, Ct. to N. C, and Mo.

*- 4. Eudichdtoma. — Culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, at first simple,
with lanceolate leaves and open terminal panicles; later profusely branch-
ing, often leaning or decumbent ; basal leaves short, forming flat rosettes
in the autumn; ligule a ring of hairs less than 0.5 mm. long; spikelets
elliptical-oblong y not turgid; second glume and sterile lemma 1 -nerved.

■M- Spikelets glabrous.

27. P. dich6tomum L. Glahrous, often purplish ; culms 3-5 dm. high, erect
from short knotted rootstocks ; sheaths less than half the length of the inter-
nodes, rarely ciliate on the margins ;. blades spreading, 5-11

cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ; panicle 4-9 cm. long, the flexuous y^

branches spreading, spikelet-bearing toward the ends ; spike- tM

lets 2 mm. long, rather faintly nerved ; the second glume yml

shorter than the fruit, exposing its summit at maturity. ^v

Branching state erect, bushy-branched at the top, like a little ^

tree ; the leaves croioded and spreading, more or less involute. 63. P. dichotomum.
— Woods, Me. to Mich., Fla., and Tex. — Spikelets or lower Spikelet x 5.
sheaths rarely minutely pubescent. Fig. 63.

28. P. barbulatum Michx. In the simple state resembling large speci-
mens of the preceding, in larger tufts ; culms sometimes 8 dm. high ; lower nodes
often sparsely bearded ; sheaths usually with a puberulent ring at the summit ;
blades 6-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm, wide ; panicles 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider,
the lower branches drooping at maturity, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets
2 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit at maturity.
Autumnal state diffusely branched, forming very large top-heavy reclining
bunches, the slender branches recurved. — Rocky woods and hillsides, Ct. to
Mich., Mo., and southw.

29. P. yadkinlnse Ashe. Similar to P. dichotomum; culms taller (some-
times 1 m. high) and stronger; sheaths usually bearing pale glandular sjmts;
blades 9-13 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide ; the basal and rameal leaves correspond-
ingly larger than those of P. dichotomum ; panicle about 10-12 cm. long, the
slender branches rather strict ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, acute ; second glume and
sterile lemma equal, exceeding the fruit, forming a slight beak beyond it. Au-
tumnal state leaning, not profusely branched. — Moist woods and thickets, Pa.
and D. C. to Ga. ; and 111.

30. P. lucidum Ashe. At first resembling P. dichotomum, but bright green,
shining, and with erect leaves; the weak culms soon becoming decumbent,
sometimes rooting at the nodes ; sheaths usually ciliate on the margin ; blades
4-7 cm. long, spreading in the decumbent state ; panicle fewer-flowered ; spikelets
2 mm. long; nerves more prominent than in P. di<:hotomum; second alume and

108 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY;^

Hterile lemma both shorter than the fruit. In late summer the delicate culms are
almost creeping and vine-like, repeatedly branching, the branches elongated and
diverging at a wide angle, not fascicled; the waxy flat leaves 2-4 cm. long.~
Wet woods and sphagnum swamps, N. J., D. C, and southw.

31. P. mlcrociirpon Muhl. Cuhns at first erect, in large clumps; nodes
swollen, densely bearded with reflexed hairs ; sheaths less than half as long as the
internodes, ciliate on the margin, the lower sometimes pilose ; blades 10-12 cm.
long, 10-12 mm. wide, thin, spreading or deflexed, ciliate at base, otherwise
glabrous ; basal lea,ves shorter and broader ; panicles long-exserted, i0-12 cm.
long, branches ascending, with numerous spikelets 1.6 mm. long ; second glume
slightly longer than the fruit. Becoming diffusely branched, reclining or pros-
trate, with densely crowded small flat leaves and numerous very small panicles.
(Muhl. in Ell., not Muhl. Gram., which is P. pohjanthes Schnlles ; P. barhulatum
Am. auth., not Michx.) — Wet woods and swampy places, Mass. to 111., s. to
Fla. and Tex. — Spikelets rarely sparsely pubescent.

++ ++ Spikelets pubescent.

32. P. boreale Nash. Culms 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, or in weak forms
geniculate at base ; nodes sometimes with a few hairs ; sheaths often overlapping,
ciliate on the margm, glabrous, or the lower sparsely pubescent ; blades 6-12
cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, erect, sparingly ciliate toward the rounded base, other-
wise glabrous (rarely puberulent beneath) ; panicle 5-10 cm. long, hardly as
wide, loosely flowered, the slender branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets
2.2 mm. long, obtuse ; first glume A as long as the subequal second glume and
sterile lemma, which are as long as the fruit. Sparingly branched from all the
nodes in late summer; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. — Moist open
ground or woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to JM. E., N. Y., n. Ind., and Minn.

33. P. mattamuskeetense Ashe. Often purplish ; culms 0.4-1 m. high, erect
or geniculate at base, glabrous ; nodes puberulent ; sheaths loose, short, upper
glabrous except on the margin and sometimes the summit, lower usually softly
pilose ; blades 6-9 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide (upper and lower smaller), spread-
ing, often reflexed, glabrous ; panicle 6-10 cm. long, the flexuous branches
spreading, spikelet-bearing almost to the base; spikelets 2.3 mm. long ; second
glume and sterile lemma subequal, both shorter than the subacute fruit.
Remaining erect, branching from the middle nodes in late summer, the branches
rather appressed ; rameal leaves stiffly ascending. (P. Glutei Nash.) — Sandy
borders of cranberry bogs and swamps, Mass., N. J., and southw.

34. P. dnnulum Ashe. Purplish ; cuhns erect, 5-7 dm. high, in small clumps ;
nodes densely bearded ; sheaths glabrous or the lower softly pubescent ; blades
6-12 cm. long, 7-13 mm. wide, spreading, velvety-pubescent on both surfaces,
margins ciliate toward the base ; panicles 5-9 dm. long, open ; spikelets 2 mm.
long ; second glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Erect and sparingly branched
from the upper nodes in late summer, soon dying to the ground. — Dry woods,
N. J., Fa., and D. C. to Ga. ; apparently rare.

•♦-5. Spreta. — Plants mostly glabrous or at least not spreading-pilose ; blades
firm; ligule dense, 2-5 mm. long; spikelets densely pubescent, 1.6 mm.
long or less.

35. P. sprdtum Schultes. Culms erect or slightly decumbent at base, glabrous ;
nodes swollen, usually naked ; sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, usually

ciliate on the margin above, otherwise glabrous, or the lower

sparsely pubescent; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades 7-10 cm. long,

4-8 mm. wide, ascending, often reflexed, sparingly long-ciliate

at base, otherwise glabrous ; panicle 8-12 cm. long, less than

half as wide, rather dense, the fascicled branches ascending or

64. P. spretum, appressed, short spikelet-bearing branches at the base of the

Spikelets x 5. fascicles; spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. long, elliptic, obscurely pointed;

second glume and sterile lemma equal, slightly exceeding the fruit.

Somewhat reclining \\\ the autumnal state, the tufted branches shorter than the

elonaated vriT.\a^'y internodes ; the reduced crowded leaves often conduplicate,

GRAMINEAB (GRASS FAMILY) 109

sometimes minutely pubescent on the lower surface. (P. nitidum of recent
auth., not Lam. P. Eatoni Nash ; P. paucipilum Nash. ) — Moist, usually sandv
soil, Me., and southw. near the coast ; and in Ind. near L. Michicjan Fig G4
3G. P. Lindheimeri Nash. Culms stiffly ascending or spreadTnj?, 6-10 dm*
long, glabrous or pubescent below; nodes swollen; sheaths less than half as
long as the elongated internodes, ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous or
the lowermost pubescent ; Ugule 4-5 mm. long; blades 5-8 cm. lon^^ 6-8 mm
wide, ascending, often reflexed when old, with a few hairs on the martrins at
base, glabrous on both surfaces, or minutely puberulent below ; panicle 4-7 cm.
long, nearly as wide, bra?iches ascending or spreading, loosely floioered ' spike-
lets 1.5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse; second glume shorter than the fruit. ' Culms
elongated and radiating-prostrate in the autumn^ earlier branches long, the later
ones in short tufts, all appressed j leaves much reduced, involute-pointed • the
hairs at base often conspicuous. —Sandy woods and open ground, Ct to Fla
w. to 111. and Cal. ''

37. P. Ieuc6thrix Nash. Light olive green, or often purplish ; culms 2.5-4 5
dm. high, erect, appressed-papillose, the hairs on the sheatiis more spreading-
Ugule 3 mm. long; blades ascending, 2 5-4.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, papillose-
cihate at the rounded base, velvety beneath; panicle 3-5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide
rather densely Jloioered, axis appressed-pubescent, with tufts of long hairs in
the axils of the ascending branches; spikelets 1.2 mm. long, obovate-elliptic,
densely papillose-pubescent ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, barely cov-
ering the obscurely pointed fruit, Branching state erect or nearly so, branches
mostly from the lower nodes, not in fascicles ; leaves and panicles not greatly
reduced. —Low sandy ground, mostly pine land, s. N. J., and southw.

••- 6. Lanugindsa. — Plants pilose at least on culms and sheaths; Ugule 2-5
mm. long (^rarely less) ; spikelets pubescent. (P. pubescens Am. authors,
not Lam.)

38. P. huachiicae Ashe. Plants typically stiff, with copoius spreading papil-
lose pubescence, harsh to the touch, commonly olivaceous, often purplish ; culms
2-6 dm. high, erect or nearly so ; nodes bearded with spreading hairs ; blades
firm, erect or ascending, 4-8 cm. lo?ig, 6-8 mm. wide, veins inconspicuous, upper
surface copiously short-pilose especially toward the base, lower surface densely
pubescent ; ligule 3-4 mm , long ; panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather
densely flowered, the axis and often the branches pilose ; the flexuous fascicled
branches ascending or spreading, short spikelet-bearing branchlets at the base
of the fascicles; spikelets 1.6-1,7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, turgid; first glume
^ as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma papillose-pilose
subequal, slightly shorter than the obscurely apiculate fruit. Stiffly ascending
or spreading in the autumnal state; culms and sheaths sometimes papillose
only, the branches fascicled, the reduced crowded leaves ascending. (P. un-
ciphyllum of recent Am. auth., not Trin.) — Prairies and open ground. Me. to
Minn., and southwestw. — A variable species, apparently intergrading with the
following and with P. implicatum.

Var. silvicola Hitchc. & Chase. Taller and more slender, brighter green, less
densely pubescent ; blades thin, lax, and spreading, 5-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm
wide, upper surface less densely pilose, lower surface appressed-pubescent, with
a satiny luster; panicle 5-8 (rarely 10) cm. long, the branches more spreadin^^
spikelets the same length but elliptical and less turgid, with shorter pubescence.
More or less decumbent in the autumnal state, the numerous fascicled branches
shorter than the primary internodes, at least late in the season, the reduced
spreading leaves sometimes nearly glabrous above except for a few long hairs
near the base. (P. lanuginosum as described by Scribner & Merrill, not
Ell.) — Woods and clearings, range of the typical form, but more common
southw.

39. P. implicatum Scribn. Erect, 2-5.5 dm. high ; slender culms and
sheaths papillose-pilose ; ligule 4-5 mm. long ; blades 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide,
rather firm, erect or ascending ; upper surface pilose with erect hairs 3-4 mm.
long ; lower surface appressed-pubescent ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, nearly as wide,

110 GRAMINEAE ^GRASS FAMILY ;

the aods long-pilose^ the very Jiexuous branches often tangled^ the lower usually
drooping; spikelets 1.5 min. long, obovate, obtuse, j^apiUose-pilose ; second
glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as the fruit. In late summer ascending
or spreading with fascicled branches from the lower nodes, the crowded reduced
leaves pilose as in the simple state. — Wet meadows, bogs, and wooded swamps,
N. B. to Minn., s. to D. C.

40. P. meridionale Ashe. Differs from the preceding as follows : more
slender, not over 4 dm. high ; tipper interuodes and sheaths minutely appressed-
pubescent only ; panicles not over 4 cm. long, axis nearly glabrous ; branches
ascending or spreading ; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. The slender culms becom-
ing geniculate-decumbent, with slender fascicled branches at all the nodes ; leaves
not greatly reduced. (P. filiculme Ashe, not Hack.) — Sandy or sterile woods
or clearings, Ct. to Ind., N. C, and Ga.

41. P. oricola Hitchc. & Chase. Grayish or purplish, densely tufted, spreading^
early branching and prostrate, forming dense mats; culms 1-3 dm. long, appressed-
or ascending-pilose, the hairs on the nodes spreading ; sheaths rather loose,
appressed-pilose ; ligule 1-1.5 mm. long ; blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
firm, erect or ascending ; upper surface covered vjith hairs 3-5 mm. long, becom-
ing sparse on the later leaves; lower surface appressed-pubescent, a few long
hairs intermixed ; ^awicZes short-exserted, 1.8-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; spike-
lets 1.5 mm. long, rounded-obovoid, very turgid, pubescent with short spreading
hairs ; first glume abruptly pointed, ^-^ as long as the equal second glume and
sterile lemma, which are barely as long as the fruit. Leaves and panicles not
greatly reduced in the branching state. — Sands along the coast, Mass. to Va. —
Most readily distinguished by prostrate and early branching habit, and small
panicles of rounded spikelets, large in proportion to the panicle.

42. P. subvill5sum Ashe. Slender, 1-3.5 dm. high, leafy at the base, widely
spreading ; culms and sheaths sparsely ascending-pilose ; nodes short-bearded, a
glabrous ring below; ligule 1 mm. long, vnth a ring of hairs 3-4 mm. long above
it; blades firm, ascending, 4-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; both surfaces pilose,
the hairs on the upper 3-5 mm. long ; ])anicle long-exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather
narrow, the lower branches ascending or appressed, rather densely flowered, axis
pubescent or pilose ; spikelets 1.9 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about
^ as long as the spikelet, acuminate ; second glume and sterile lemma sub-
equal, the glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Widely spreading and branched
from the lower nodes in autumn ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced ; leaves
less pilose than the earlier ones. (P. unciphyllum, forma pilosum Scribn. &
Merr., not P. pilosum Sw.) — Dry woods and sandy ground. Me. to Minn. ; and
in n. Ind.

43. P. tennesseense Ashe. Bright green, often purplish ; culms 2.5-6 dm. high,
slender, stifily spreading ; internodes and sheaths papillose-pilose with spreading
hairs, or the upper sometimes nearly glabrous ; blades firm, ascending orsuberect,
6-9 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide (upper much smaller), with a thin white carti-
laginous margin, often sparsely ciliate at base ; veins conspicuous ; upper surface
glabrous or with a few long hairs at the base, appressed-pubescent or nearly
glabrous beneath; ligule dense, 4-5 mm. long ; panicle purplish, 4-7 cm. long,
nearly as wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending ; spikelets
1.6-1.7 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet,
glabrous ; second glume shorter than the fruit at maturity. Autumnal state widely
spreading or decumbent and with numerous fascicled branches as long as or longer
than the primary internodes ; leaves much reduced, usually ciliate at base. —
Open rather moist ground and wood-borders, Me. to Mich., s. to N. C. and Tex.
44. P. lanuginbsum Ell. Grayish olive-green, velvety-villous all over ; culms
4-6 dm. high, slender, spreading ; leaves 5-10 cm. long (uppermost much smaller),
thickish but not stiff, margins sometimes papillose-ciliate, long soft hairs inter-
mixed with the velvety pubescence on the upper surface ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ;
panicle 5-11 cm. long, about as wide, loosely flowered, the filiform branches
finally wide -spreading ; spikelets 1.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, villous
with soft spreading hairs ; first glume \ as long as the spikelet ; second glume and
sterile lemma equal, slightly shorter than the subacute fruit. Decumbent and

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 111

repeatedly branching in the autumn, branches much exceeding the internodes,
leaves much reduced, usually ciliate. — Moist sandy woods, mostly near the
coast, N. J. to Fla. and La. — Resembling P. scoparium in color and pubescence,
but smaller and much more slender.

45. P. aubiirne Ashe. Similar to the preceding but smaller in all its parts,
eai'ly becoming diffusely branched and decumbent ; upper surface of the blades
with copious long silky hairs intermixed loith the velvety pubescence ; primary
panicle short-exserted, 3-4 cm. long, about as wide, axis velvety icith long silky
hairs intermixed, branches spreading; spikelets L 3-1.4 mm. long, obovate, very
turgid, densely papillose-pubescent ; first glume \-\ as long as the S];ikelet,
second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit. — Sandy pine and oak
woods on the coastal plain, N. J. to Fla.

46. P. praecbcius Hitchc. & Chase. Culms very slender, wiry, early branch-
ing, 1.5-4 dm. high, soon becoming geniculate and somewhat spreading, copi-
ously pilose with weak spreading hairs 3-4 m7n. long, as are the sheaths, which
are much shorter than the long internodes ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; blades rather
firm, 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches as large as the primary
blades, often involute toward the end, long-pilose on both sides; the hairs on the
upper surface erect, 4-5 mm. long ; primary panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide,
loosely flowered, axis pilose, branches spreading or ascending ; secondary pani-
cles numerous, appearing before the maturity of the primary one ; spikeleti
1.8-L9 mm. long., obovate, turgid, long-pilose with weak spreading hairs ; first
glume ^\ as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, the
glume slightly shorter than the fruit. — Dry prairies and clearings, Mich, and
111. to Okla. and Tex. — Scarcely has a simple state, branches appearing often
before the primary panicle is expanded.

47. P. scoparioides Ashe. Culms erect, papillose-hispid, a glabrous or
papillose ring below the bearded nodes ; lower sheaths distant, the upper some-
times overlapping on the shortened internodes, papillose-hispid (rarely nearly
glabrous) ; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades firm, ascending or spreading, 7-10 cm.
long, 6-7 mm, wide, papillose-pubescent beneath, sparsely hispid above; panicle
pale, rather densely flowered, sometimes included at the base, 4-7 cm. long,
about I as wide ; branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long,
obovate, obtuse, papillose-pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume about \ as
long as the spikelet, .second barely as long as the fruit. Autumnal state with
short branches at the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute-pointed,
much exceeding the panicles. — Dry gravelly or serpentine soil, Ct. to Del. ;
apparently rare.

48. P. villosissimum Nash. Olive-green ; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high, erect or
ascending, slender, villous with spreading hairs 3 mm. long, as are the sheaths ;
ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades rather firm, especially those of the branches, as-
cending, 6-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. ivide, often subinvolute toward the end, pilose
on both surfaces, hairs of the upper surface appressed, long and less copious;
primary panicles often equaled by the uppermost leaf, 4-8 cm. long, about as
wide, loosely flowered ; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, ohtiise, papil-
lose-pubescent; first glume i-i as long as the subequal second glume and sterile
lemma which are scarcely as long as the subacute fruit. Culms in autumnal
state widely spreading, often with geniculate nodes and arched internodes ;
late in the sea,son pi'ostrate, leaves of the fascicled branches appressed, the clump
having a fiat combed-out appearance, a character conspicuous in the field but
less so in the herbarium ; blades not much reduced. (P. atlanticum Nash ;
P. haemacarpon Ashe ; P xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr.) — Sandy or sterile
soil, open woods and hillsides, Mass. to Minn., s. to Fla. ; common.

49. P. ovale Ell. Light olive-green; c?;/7/i.s- 2-4 dm. high, erect or ascending,
rather stout, villous toith ascending or appressed long silky hairs; nodes densely
bearded icith spreading hairs; sheaths nearly as long as the internodes, the
upper sometimes overlappiing, villous like the culm, or upper rarely nearly gla-
brous ; ligule 2 mm. long ; blades 6-10 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, fir^n, ascending,
rounded at base, more or less appressed-pilose toward the margins and base
ubove., appressed-pubescent below ; panicle usually short-exserted, 5-8 cm. lon^

112 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

3-6 cm. wide, rather loosely flowered, branches somewhat contracted aftei
flowering ; spikelets 2.7-2.9 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, villous with silky
hairs ; first glume 3-nerved, {-^ as long as the equal second glume and sterile
emma which barely cover the obtuse fruit. In late summer the stiff ascending
or erect C7ilms bear numerons short crowded branches with firm sometimes nearly
glabrous blades, but little reduced. (P. ovale Ell. as to specimen so labeled in
Elliott herbarium and of description in part. The author confused a puberulent
narrow-leaved P. commutatum with this species, and his description is made to
cover both. Not P. ovale of Small's Fl.) — Dry sand, N. J. to Fla. ; and about
L. Mich, in Mich, and Ind.

•1-7. Columbiana.— Culms rather stiff, appress^d-imbescent at least lelow ;
blades firm, thick, ascending, cartilaginous-margined, apioressed-puberulent
on lower surface, usually glabrous on upper surface; sheaths appressed-
pubescent ; ligule less than 1 mm., usually aboiit 0.5 mm. long; spikelets
obovate, turgid, pubescent; the first glume ^-^ as long as spikelet. Habitat,
sandy soil.

50. P. Commonsianum Ashe. In large tufts ; culms ascending or spreading,
densely appressed-pilose, as are the sheaths ; blades flat, 6-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm.
wide (the upper and lower smaller), at least the lower appressed-pilose beneath ;
panicle 4-8 cm. long, about as broad, the branches spreading, usually with
few spikelets (2.5-2.7 mm. long) ; the first glume rather remote, J as long as the
spikelet, narrow, acute; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit.
Branching state often purple, widely and stiffly spreading, flat on the sand, with
short-fascicled branches mostly from the upper nodes, and crowded stiff subin-
volute leaves. — Dunes and sandy woods, mostly near the coast, Ct. ; s. N. J.
and southw.

51. P. Addisbnii Nash. Often purplish; culms stout, rigid, 2-4 dm. high,
erect or ascending, densely long-appressed-pubescent, the pubescence on the
sheaths shorter ; blades 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous above (or a
few hairs near the margin) ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, rather
densely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long; first glume
about half as long as the sp)ikelet; second glume and sterile lemma barely
equaling the fruit. In late summer ascending or spreading, with short apjjressed
branches from the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute toward the
summit. — Sand barrens, Ct. to N. C.

52 P. tsugetbrum Nash. Bluish green, sometimes purplish ; culms slender,
2.5-5 cm. high, ascending or spreading, often geniculate below, crisp-appressed-
pubescent, as are the sheaths ; blades 5-6 cm. long (rarely longer), 4-7 mm. wide,
glabrous above or with a few long hairs near the base and margins; panicle
3-5 cm. long, about as wide, rather loosely flowered, branches ascending or
spreading; spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; first glume about ^ as long as the spikelet;
second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit. More or less spreading in
autumnal state, freely branching from middle nodes, branches ascending ;
leaves not greatly reduced, scarcely involute. — Sandy woods, N. Y. and N. J.;
also about the Great Lakes. — Some forms hardly distinguishalDle from the next.

53. P. columbianum Scribn. Culms rather slender, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm.
high, ascending-crisp-pubescent, as are the sheaths ; blades 5 cm. long or less,
4-5 mm. wide, mostly glabrous above ; panicles finally long-exserted, 3-5 cm.
long, somewhat narrower, branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 1.7 mm.
long ; first glume ^-l as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma
equaling the fruit. Widely spreading but not decumbent in the autumnal state,
repeatedly branching from the middle nodes, the branches erect; the reduced
leaves involute-pointed, glabrous above. (^P. psammophilum Nash.) — Dry sandy
soil, N. E. to Ala., mostly near the coast.

Var. thinium Hitchc. & Chase. Like small specimens of the species in the
simple state, but branching earlier and more profusely, decumbent, forming dense
mats; the small leaves (1-2 cm. long) with scattered long hairs on the zippev
surface; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. — With the si^ecies. dry sands, N. X
and Dt'L

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 113

*- 8. EnsifoUa. — Delicate, densely tufted, mostly glabrous; spikelets not ovei
l.b mm.long ; ligule obsolete.

54. P. ensifblium Baldw. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, glabrous, ascending o?
spreading, from dense tufts of ascending basal leaves ; these 3-7 cm. long, 4-5 mm.
wide, remaining green throughout the summer ; sheaths glabrous, much shorter
than the long internodes ; culm-blades 0.7-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, spreading,
usually puberulent beneath; panicle 1.5-3 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather few-
flowered ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, turgid at maturity, densely
puberulent ; second glume slightly shorter than the obtuse fruit. Branching
from the upper nodes in the autumnal state, culms usually decumbent, branches
short, not very numerous. (P. Brittoni Nash.) — Borders of cranberry bogs,
s. N. J., and low pine lands south w.

P. TExuE Muhl. (P. unciphyllum Trin. ; P. albo-marginatum Kash) has been
collected in the Great Dismal Swamp, Va. (Chase). This is characterized by
the larger and firmer leaves clustered at the base of the culms and having.
especially when dry, conspicuous cartilaginous white margins.

1- 9. Sphaerocdrpa. — Bather stout, glabrous; blades firm, cordate at base,
scabrous on upper surface, margins cartilaginous; ligide nearly obsolete;
spikelets obovoid-spherical, ptiberulent ; second glume and sterile lemma
7-nerved, equaling fruit at maturity. Sparingly branched or nearly simple
in autumn.

55. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Dull green ; culms 2-5.5 dm. high, usually widely
spreading, nodes apiwessed-pubescent ; sheaths nearly as long as the mternodes
or overlapping, loose toward the summit, ciliate on the margin ;

blades 6-10 cm. long, 7-14 mm. ivide (uppermost smaller^, thick,

ascending, stiff-ciliate toward the base, nerves inconspicuous;

panicle long-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather

loosely flowered, ivith viscid spots on the axis and ascending

branches ; spikelets usually purple, 1.6-1.8 mm. long; fruit china- 65. P. sphaero-

.white. Sparingly branching from the lower nodes late in the carpon. Spike.

ueason ; leaves and panicles not much reduced. — Sandy ground, let x t,

Mass. to Kan., and southw. Fig. 65.

56. P. polyanthes Schultes. Light green, erect; culms 3-9 dm. high, nodes
glabrous; sheaths very long, usually overlapping, margin finely ciliate ; blades
12-23 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (uppermost not smaller), strongly nerved^
ciliate toward the base ; panicle 8-25 cm. long, not more than half as wide,
densely flowered, loioer branches 7iearly erect, often distant; spikelets green,
1.5-1.6 mm. long ; fruit stramineous. Culms simple or very sparingly
branched from the lower or middle nodes late in the season. (P. micro-
carpon Muhl. Gram., not Ell.) — Damp ground, woods and openings, N. Y.
to I. T., and southw.

+- 10. Commutata. — Stout, erect, glabrous or puherident only; leaves cordate,
over 1 cm. wide (sometimes less in P. Ashei) ; ligide nearly obsolete ; panicles
open, loosely flowered ; spikelets oblong or elliptic, not turgid, pubescent,
2.6-3 jnm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma strongly 1-nerved.

57. P. commutatum Schultes. In large or small clumps ; culms 4-1. 5 dm. high,
usually stiff, erect and glabrous, nodes puberulent ; sheaths glabrous or puberu-
lent toward the summit, a pubescent ring at the junction with the blade, margio
ciliate; blades rather firm, spreading or ascending, 5-12 cm. long, 1.2-2 cm.
V'ide (rarely longer or wider), glabrous on both surfaces (rarely puberulent),
margins ciliate toward the base ; panicle 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider ; spike-
lets 2.6-2.8 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse ; second glume and sterile lemma
equal, barely covering the minutely umbonate fruit. In autumnal state cidnis
ascending or spreading, with somewhat divaricate simple branches from the
middle nodes; the leaves crowded but hai'dly reduced. (P. subsimplex Ashe ;
— Woods and copses, Del. to Fla., w. to 111. and Tex.

i^. P. Ashei Pearson. Usually purplish, in loose clumps from a knotted
f'.rown ; ciUms 2.5-5 dai. hwh. erect, stiff, wiry, densely crisp-pvherulent : sheaths

114 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

less densely puberulent, short-ciliate on the margin ; blades often approximate
toward the summit, 5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, rigid, spreading or ascending,
ciliate at the subcordate base, otherwise glabrous ; panicle 5-10 cm. long, hardly
as wide ; spikelets 2.6 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse ; second glume and sterile
lemma subequal, obtuse or withering to a point, slightly exposing the minutely
umbonate fruit. In autumnal state the culms bearing widely divergent branches
from all or sometimes from only the upper nodes ; the crowded leaves rigid, widely
spreading; plants often top-heavy and reclining from repeated branching;
leaves little reduced except those of late autumn. — Dry, especially rocky,
woods, Mass. to Ga., w. to Mich, and Mo.

59. P. mutabile Scribn. & Smith. Blue green, almost glaucoiis, erect, rather
slender, 5-8 dm. high, solitary or few in a tuft; culms glabrous or crisp-
puberulent below; sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous; blades 8-12 cm. long,
1-1.6 cm. icide, horizontally spreading, conspicuously ciliate, especially the
wider basal ones, otherwise glabrous ; panicles 8-10 cm. long, about as wide ;
spikelets purple, 3 mm. long, elliptical ; first glume i-i as long as the spikelet,
the second barely as long as the fruit. Internodes much elongated in the
autumnal state, culms somewhat spreading, early branches elongated, later
ones short and somewhat crowded. — Sandy soil, mostly in shade, se. Va.
to N. C. and Miss.

••- 11. Lancearia.— Densely tufted; olive-green; culms slender, wiry, puberu-
■ lent; blades short, flat, firm, the thin cartilaginous margins papillose-ciliate
tovjard the base; ligule obsolete or nearly so; spikelets pyriform, turgid,
stronglg nerved.

60. P. lancearium Trin. Culms erect or geniculate at base, often reddish,
1.5-4 dm. high, crisp-puberulent as are the short sheaths ; blades ascending or
spreading, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually ciliate for i-i their length,
puberulent beneath, glabrous above ; panicles short-exserted, loosely flowered,
3-5 cm. long, |-| as wide, the few very flexuous branches spreading or droop-
ing, spikelet-bearing from the base ; sjnkelets 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide ; first glume
about i as long as the glabrous or puberulent subeqifal second glume and sterile
lemma, the glume scarcely covering the fruit, which is obscurely pubescent at
the apex. Autumnal state decumbent, ascending at the ends, with short fasci-
cled branches from the upper nodes ; the densely crowded leaves reduced, involute-
pointed. (P. Nashianum Scribn.) — Low pine lands near the coast, se. Va. to
Miss.

61. P. patulum (Scribn. & INIerr.) Hitchc. Culms lax, prostrate, 2-6 dm. long ;
sheaths and both surfaces of the blades softly pubescent ; the blades thin, spread-
ing, 4.5-8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, often ciliate nearly to the apex ; panicles
4.5-7 cm. long, hardly as wide, the slender branches spreading, spikelet-bearing
from near the base ; spikelets 2 mm. long, 1.3 mm. loide ; first glume about i as
long as the densely papillose-pubescent second glume and sterile lemma, the
glume scarcely covering the fruit, which is obscurely pubescent at the apex.
Autumnal state icidely spreading, almost vine-like, the numerous branches slen-
der and elongated ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. (P. Nashianum,
var. Scribn. & Merr.) — Moist sandy soil, se. Va. to Fla., near the coast.

•»- 12. Oligosanthia. — Culms stout, erect ; blades firm, rarely over 1.5 cm. wide,
usually narroiver; ligule from nearly obsolete to 3 mm. long; spikelets ob"
ovate, turgid, usually papillose-hispid, 3-4 mm. long.

62. P. oligosanthes Schultes. In small tufts ; culms 3-8 dm. high, often pur-
plish, appressed-pubescent below ; sheaths rather loose, ascending-papillose-pubes-
cent; ligule 1-2 mm. long, icith long hairs intermixed; blades stiffly spreading or
ascending, 0-10 cm. long, 5-8 (rarely 10) mm. wide, sharply acuminate, glabrous
on the upper, harshly puberulent on the lower surface ; panicles 6-10 cm. long,
nearly as wide, loosely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 3.5-4 mm.
long, narrowly obovate, subacute, sparsely pubescent; first glume less than \
the length of the second glume, which is shorter than the fruit. In the autum-
nal state somewhat spreading, branching sparingly from the lower nodes, and

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 115

profusely from the upper, the short branches ar^gregated at the summit; the
crouxled leaves widely spreading. (P. paucijlorum Ell., not R. lir.) — Sandy
soil, Del. to U. C, and southw. ; and in n. Ind., near L. Michif^an.

63. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually in larger
clumps; culms not so tall, usually less pubescent; sheaths papillose-hispid or
sometimes nearly glabrous ; ligule about 1 mm. long ; blades
ascending or erect, averaging wider (6-10 mm., rarely wider),
usually ciliate toward the subcordate base ; panicle short-exserted,
4-7 rarely 9 cm. long, about as wide ; spikelets 3.2-3.3 mm. long,
very turgid, obtuse, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous ; second
glume slightly shorter than the minutely apiculate fruit. Branch-
ing late, mostly from the lower nodes, forming short tufts.
(P. scoparium Wats. & Coult., not Lam.) — Sandy soil or dry
prairies, Me. to Ont., and westw. to the Pacific, s. to Va. and ^^- !'■ ^<^ribneri.

Tex. Fig. 66. anum Spike-

64. P. Leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Cuhns 3-8 dm. high, ^^^^^'^h-.
scabrous, at least below the nodes ; sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, loith spread-
ing hairs ; ligule very minute ; blades ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide,
papillose-hispid on both surfaces, often sparsely so above ; panicle 8-15 cm. long,
less than | as wide, the branches narrowly ascending ; spikelets 4 mm. long, less
turgid than in the last, papillose-hispid with long spreading hairs ; first glume
over \ as long as the spikelet, acuminate, second equaling the fruit. Sparingly
branched from the lower nodes in late summer, the branches mostly simple,
erect; blades not much reduced. — Prairies, O. and Mich, to S. Dak. and Mo.

65. P. Ravenelii Scribn. & Merr. Erect or ascending ; culms 3-6 dm. high,
densely papillose-pubescent with ascending hairs; nodes short-bearded; sheaths
distant below, the upper overlapping, pubescent like the culm ; ligule 3-4 mm.
long; blades thick, ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, rarely wider,
ciliate nearly to the apex, densely pubescent beneath, glabrous above ; panicle
short-exserted or included at base, 7-10 cm. long, about as wide, branches finally
spreading ; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly obovate, very turgid, sparsely pubes-
cent ; first glume about ^ as long as the spikelet, second glume slightly shorter
than the fruit. Autumnal state more or less spreading, bushy-branched above ;
the crowded leaves ascending. — Sandy or gravelly soil, Md. and D. C, southw.

66. P. xanthophysum Gray. Yellowish green ; culms ascending, in small tufts,
2-6 dm. high, scabrous; sheaths loose, at least the lower overlapping, sparsely
papillose-pilose, bearded at the summit ; ligule minute ; blades erect or nearly so,
rather thin, strongly nerved, 1-1.5 dm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, narrowed to the
TOvmAedi ciliate base, otherwise glabrous; panicle finally long-exserted, 0.5-1.2
dm. long, very narrow, few-flowered, the branches erect; spikelets 4 mm. long,
broadly obovate, very turgid, pubescent, rarely glabrous ; first glume nearly \ as
long as the spikelet, pointed, second scarcely covering the fruit. Branching in
midsummer from the second and third nodes, branches erect, mostly sini]ile ;
the large erect leaves making the plant appear very leafy in the middle. — Dry
soil. Me. to Man., and Pa.

67. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Culms erect, 1-2 dm. high, copiously papillose-
pilose as are the usually overlapping sheaths (rarely nearly glabrous) ; ligule
about 1 mm. long; blades erect, 5-6.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely long-
pilose on both surfaces; panicle finally exserted, 2-4 cm. long, about half as
vnde, rather densely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long,
oWong-obovate, pubescent ; first glume about i as long as the spikelet, second
hardly covering the fruit. Autumnal state branching from all the nodes, form-
ing bushy tufts with rigid erect leaves much overtopping the reduced panicles. —
Prairies, la. to S. Dak. and Kan.

- 13. Scoparia. — Culms tall and stout, finally wide-spreading; blades flat,
elongated, not over 1.5 cm. wide; ligule short; spikelets abruptly pointed,
strongly 1-9-nerved.

68. P. scoparium Lam. Grayish olive-green, velvety-pubescent all over except
as noted; culms 8-13 dm. high, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base,

il6 GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY)

nodes bearded with rejlexed hairs, a glabrous viscid ring below ; sheaths about
A as long as the internodes, the velvety pubescence wanting on the back toward
the summit, the naked surface viscid when fresh ; ligule 1 mm. long ; blades
rather thick, spreading, often retlexed in age, 1.2-2 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide,
uppermost reduced ; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, nearly as wide, many-flowered ;
axis, branches and pedicels with viscid blotches; branches spreading or ascend-
in'', spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets 2.G mm. long, obovate, turgid, papil-
lose-pubescent ; second glume shorter than the apiculate fruit. Culms leaning or
spreading in the autumnal state, repeatedly branching from the middle nodes,
the fascicles of branches usually fan-shaped and shorter than the very long
internodes, or elongated and scorpioid ; sheaths swollen above, constricted
at the throat. — Wet ground, N. J. to I. T., and southw.

69. P. scabriiisculum Ell. Culms 1-2 m. high, roughened at least below the
node's, often puberulent ; sheaths loose, constricted and bearded at the throat,
densely papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous, often spotted ; ligule minute, mem-
branaceous, usually a ring of hairs above it ; blades stiffly ascending or spreading,
often reflexed, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 9-12 (rarely 15) mm. wide, usually harsh-
pubescent beneath and glabrous above; panicle 1.2-2.5 dm. long, about | as
wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending, axis, branches and
pedicels prominently viscid-spotted, branches spikelet-bearing to the base ; spike-
lets 2.4 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, minutely puberulent; first glume ^-^ as
long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit. Autum-
nal "state leaning or widely spreading, repeatedly branching from the middle
nodes ; branches erect, later ones short ; the crowded reduced blades often
harsh-pubescent on both surfaces. — Swamps, W. Va., Va., and southw.

70. P. aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase. Resembles the preceding; cwZms slender,
jn very large clumps, scabrous, harsh-pubescent below ; sheaths not so loose as
in the last, papillose-hispid with stiff sharp-pointed hairs, uppermost usually
glabrous ; ligule minute, membranaceous, ciliate ; blades stiffly ascending or
spreading, 1.2-2 dm. long, 9-15 mm. wide, very scabrous on the upper surface
and toward the apex beneath ; panicle 8-12 cm. long, about as wide, few-flowered,
axis and branches not viscid or with a few spots only, lower branches spreading ,
spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptical, minutely pubescent ; first glume |-i as long as the
spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma slightly exceeding the fruit. Autum-
nal state somewhat spreading, branched from the middle nodes, the branches
divaricate, not much crowded. — Swampy woods, D. C. and N. C; appar-
ently rare.

+- 14. Latifdlia. Culms erect, stout ; blades 2 cm. or more wide, cordate-clasp-
ing at base, strongly nerved, acuminate ; ligule minute ; panicle open; spike-
lets 3-4 mm. long, pubescent, strongly nerved.

71. P. clandestinum L. Usually in very large clumps, 5-12 dm. high ; culms,
nodes and sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, or the upper nearly glabrous ; blades

ascending, 1-2 dm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm, wide, scabrous toward
the ends; panicle exerted, 1-1.5 dm. long, about as wide,
rather densely flowered, the fascicled branches ascending ;
spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptic, second glume shorter than the
subacute fruit. Autumnal state with appressed branches with
shortened internodes, the overlapping sheaths usually more
strongly papillose-hispid than the earlier ones, the later branch-
lets very short, the leaves crowded at the summit, the panicles
'cioseT"anr open ^^t-irely inclosed in the sheaths. (P. decoloratum Nash.) —
spikelet x3 Moist ground, Me. to Minn., and southw. Fig. 67.

72. P. B6scii Poir. Culms 3-7 dm. high, minutely pubes-
cent or glabrous, at least the lower nodes bearded ivith reflexed hairs ; slieaths
puberulent, a dense ring of pubescence at the summit ; blades 8-12 cm. long,
2.5-3 mm. wide, rarely wider, pubescent beneath, sparsely so (rarely glabrous)
above, short-ciliate on the margins toward the base ; panicle 6-10 cm. Ions;,
usually nearly as wide, the lower branches spreading or ascending ; spikelets
4-4.5 mm. long, oh9va±a : first glume ^-^ as long as the spikelet, second glume

67. P. clandestinum.

GRAMINEAB (GRASS FAMILY) 117

and sterile lemma scarcely equaling the frait which is minutely pubescent at
the apiculate tip. More or less spreading in the autumnal state, branchin- from
the middle nodes, the upper leaves of the branches crowded and spreading
(P. Jatifolium Am. auth., not L.) — Woods, Me. to Minn., and soutliw

Var. m611e (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Usually not so tall, downy-pubescent
throughout. (P. latifolium, var. Vasey; P. puhifolium Nash.) — Commoner
south w.

73. P. latifblium L. Like P. Boscii, but usually taller; culms and sheaths
(except the ciliate margin and pubescent ring at the summit of the sheaths)
glabrous or rarely pubescent below, .nodes glabrous; blades commonly 1 5 dm
long, 3 cm. wide, sometimes wider, ciliate toward the very broad base otherwise
glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent ; panicle 8-15 cm. long, the long few-floicered
branches ascending ; spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, the apiculate
tip of the fruit usually glabrous. Autumnal state as in P. Boscii. (P macro-
carpon Le Conte.) — Rocky woods and sand dunes, Me. to Wise, and southw.

Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash, a lax perennial with narrow flat leaves and
terminal i^anicles with spreading branches naked at base, and crowded spikelets,
the palea of the sterile lemma subindurated, enlarged and forcing the spikelet
open, has been collected in se. Mo. (Bush) ; common in the South.

12. SACCI6lEPIS Nash.

Second glume gibbous at the base, 11-nerved, equal to the 3-5-nerved sterile
lemma (which incloses a large palea and often a staminate flower), about twice
as long as the slightly stipitate fruit ; lemma thinner at the apex, the palea free
at the tip ; spikelets otherwise as in Panicum. Semi-aquatic perennials with nar-
row spike-like panicles. (Name from o-d/c/cos, bag, and Xctt/s, scale, alluding
to the saccate second glume.)

L S. striata (L.) Nash. Perennial, stoloniferous ; culms erect from a creep-
ing base, 3-9 dm. high, branching ; sheaths hirsute, at least on the margins ;
blades 0.8-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide, flat, glabrous ; panicle 10-15 cm. long,
contracted, spike-like ; spikelets 3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. {Panicum gib-
bum Ell.) —Low wet ground, Va. to 1. T., and southw.

13. ECHIN6CHL0A Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes a staminate flower below the perfect termi-
nal one, nearly sessile in 1-sided racemes ; glumes unequal, spiny-hispid, mucro-
nate ; sterile^ lemma similar and awned from the apex (sometimes mucronate
only), inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous, acumi-
nate ; margins of the glume inrolled except at the summit, w^here the palea is
not included. — Coarse animals with compressed sheaths, long leaves and termi-
nal panicles of stout racemes. (Name from extvos, a hedgehog, and x^^o-^ grass,
in allusion to the bristling awns.)

1. E. CRusGALLi (L.) Beauv. (Barnyard Grass.) Culms stout, rather
succulent, branching from the base, ascending or erect, 3-18 dm. high ; sheaths
and blades glabrous; panicle dense, 1-3 dm. long, of numerous
erecf. or spreading racemes, very variable, deep purple to pale
green, er(T.t or drooping ; spikelets long-awned or nearly awnless,
densely and irregularly crowded in 3 or 4 rows, about 3 mm.
long. {Panicum Ij.) — Moist, chiefly manured soil and waste
ground, river banks, etc., common throughout, except in the
extreme North. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 68.

E. FRUMEXTACKA (Roxb.) Lliik (Panicum Roxb.), Japanese
Barnyard Millet, or Billion-Dollau Grass, is an occasional ^- ^- crusg.illi.
escape from cultivation. It is distinguished from short-awued -pikelet x 8.
forms of the preceding chiefly by the more compact panicles with short often
incurved branches.

2. E. Walter! (Piirsh) Nash. Resembling the preceding, urually taller, at
least the lower sheaths coarsely papillose-hispid; panicle usually long, more

118 <5R AMINE AE (^GRASS FAMILY^

drooping ; spikelets long-awned, the axon sometimes as much as 5 cm. long. —*
(Panicum Pursh ; P. hispidum Muhl. ) — Marshes and ditches chiefly near the
coast, N. H. to Fla. ; and in w. Ont. and n. 111. Aug. -Oct.

3. E. colbna (L.) Link. (Jungle Rice.) Tufted, erect or ascending, spar-
ingly branched, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades smooth ; panicle of 5-10
dense racemes (1-6 cm. long;) rather distant and racemose along the axis; spike-
lets about 3 mm. long ; glumes and sterile lemma pubescent, mucronate-pointM
hut not awned. (Panicum L. ) — Ditches and low ground, Va. and Kan., south w.
(Warm regions generally.)

14. SETARIA Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Grass

Spikelets as in Panicum but surrounded by few or many persistent awn-
like branches which spring from the rhachis below the articulation of the
spikelets. — Annual introduced weeds in cultivated or manured grounds, or
native perennials, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves and cylindrical spike-
like panicles. (Name from seta, a bristle.) Chaetochloa Scribn.

Perennial by creeping rootstocks '^- S. imberUs.

No rootstoclis.

Bris'lesSormore 2. S. glauca.

Bristles 1-3. ,- •„ .

Downwardly barbed .... ... . . 3. & tertictllaUi.

Upwardly barbed.
Lemmas rupros^e ; panicle not exceeding 1.5 dm. in length.

spikelets 2 mm. long 4. 5. viridis.

Spikelets 3 mm. long h. S. iialica.

Lemmas smooth and shining; panicle 2-6 dm. long . . . . 6. S. magna.

1. S. imb§rbis R. & S. Culms more or less caespitose, 3-7 dm. high, slendir,
compressed, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base ; sheaths overlapping,
compressed, glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, attenuate toward
the apex ; panicle 2-5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick, exclusive of bristles ; bristles
8-12, 5-10 mm. long, pale yellowish, sometimes purplish, upwardly scabrous ;
spikelets 2 mm., long ; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, second |-| as
long, acute, 5-7-nerved, the midnerve excurrent ; sterile lemma equaling the
elliptical-ovate acute striate transversely rugose fertile lemma.
— Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., and south w. (Trop. Am.)

Var. per6nnis (Hall) Hitchc. Culms scarcely tiifted, very
slender, wiry, 6-12 dm. high ; blades long and narrow ; pani-
cles 2-7 cm. long, more slender ; spikelets and bristles usually
purplish. {Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell.) — Brackish
marshes along the coast, Ct. to Fla. ; and in saline soil, Kan.
and I. T. June-Sept. — Intergrades with the species.

2. S. GLAUCA (L.) Beauv. (Foxtail, Pigeon Grass.)
Annual ; culms branching at the base, compressed, erect oi
^' ^I'^^y^'*^' , ascending, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, glau-
tend^ng'^bristres ^^^^ 5 panicle 2-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick ; bristles 3-8 mm.
Same open, show* l^ng, upwardly scabrous ; spikelets 3 mm. long; first glume |,
ing fertile and second | as long as the striate undulate-rugose fertile lemma.
neutral flower X 3. — Cultivated ground and waste places, common throughout.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 69.

3. S. verticillXta (L.) Beauv. Annual, tufted ; culms 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous ; panicles green, 5-10 cm. long,
somewhat compound, interrupted at base, tapering above ; bristles
stout, downwardly barbed, 3-6 mm. long ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm, long ;
first glume \ as long as the second which equals the sterile lemma
and slightly exceeds the abruptly apiculate obscurely transverse-
rugose fertile lemma. — Near dwellings, widely distributed in
eastern U. S. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 70.

4. S. vfRiDis (L.) Beauv. (Green F., Bottle Grass.) 70. s. verticil
Annual, tufted ; culms 2-9 cm. high ; leaves 0.5-2.5 dm. long, lata. Spike
4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins ; panicles rather thick, let x 4.

I

GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^ 119

rhachis villous; bristles slender, upwardly barbed, usually 7-12 mm, long'
spikelets 2 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering tliJobti^*
striate faintly wrinkled fertile lemma. — Cultivated grounds and
waste places, throughout. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 71. Var. um;-

visETA (Doll) Hitchc. Bristles scarcely longer than the spikelets.

Sterile soil, n. Me. and adjacent Que.

5. S. itAlica (L.) Beauv. Annual; panicle compound, inter-
rupted at base, thick, nodding, 8-20 cm. long, but in escaped speci-
mens smaller, yellowish or purplish ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster,
longer than the spikelets. — Cultivated under the name of Millet,'
German Millet, or Hungarian Grass, and rarely spontaneous, as
is also Var. germanica (Mill.) Richter, Golden- Wonder Millet,
which is more slender and has bristles shorter than the spikelets!
(In trod, from Eu.)

6. S. magna Griseb. Probably perennial; c?<?m stout, erect, 1-3 m. hirjh ;
sheaths loose, spreading, compressed, margins densely ciliatf near the summit ;
blades 3-6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, attenuate, scabrous; panicles usually inter-
rupted below, 2-5 cm. thick, tapering to both ends; rhachis densely pilose;
bristles 8-11 mm. long, upwardly scabrous; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume
broad, about \ as long as the second, which equals the sterile lemma and with
it covers the acute apiculate smooth and shining {not striate nor rugose) fertile
lemma. — Low grounds and marshes, Del., Va., and south w. (Trop. Ain.)

15. CENCHRUS L. Sandbur. Bur Grass

Spikelets l-fiowered, acuminate, 2-6 together, subtended by a short-pediceled
ovoid or globular involucre of rigid connate spines which is deciduous with them
at maturity ; glumes shorter than the lemmas ; sterile lemma with a hyaline
palea, fertile lemma and palea less indurated than in Panicum, falcate-acuminate,
the lemma not inrolled at the margins. — Our species annual, with simple racemes
of spiny burs terminating the culm and branches. (An ancient Greek name of
Setaria italica.)

1. C. carolinianus Walt. Culms flattened, much branched, ascending or
spreading, 3-8 dm. long; leaves flat ; racemes of 8-20 involucres, about 8 mm.
thick, the 6-8 pubescent divisions spine-pointed,
spines spreading or refiexed ; spikelets 2-3. (C.
tribuloides Am. auth., not L.) — Sandy soil, on river
banks, etc., s. Me. to Fla., and westw. across the
continent. Aug. (Trop. regions.) Fig. 72.

2. C. tribuloides L. Culms more robust, often

72. c. carolinianus X ly, extensively branching or trailing, 3-9 dm. long;

Closed involucre, at left Longi- sheaths loose, usually hirsute along the margins,

tudinal section of same, at right. I'gule conspicuously ciliate ; blades more or less

Open spikelet, in middle. involute ; racemes usually included at the base ;

involucres 12-14 mm. thick, densely long-pubescent ;

the stout spines spreading or ascending. (C macrocephalus Scribn.) — Sands

along the coast, N. J. and southw.

16. ZIZANIA [Gronov.] L. Water or Indian Rice

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, the pistillate linear, awned, articulated and
tardily deciduous on club-shaped pedicels on the appressed upper branches,
the staminate lanceolate, early deciduous, on the expanded lower branches of
the same panicle ; glumes none in the pistillate spikelet ; lemma closely clasp-
ing the palea by a pair of strong lateral nerves, a long hispid awn from the sum-
mit ; first glume of staminate spikelet 5-, the second 3-nerved ; stamens 6 ; grain
cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm. long, closely enveloped in the membranaceous lemma and
3-neived palea. — A tall aquatic grass with long leaves and large terminal pani-
cles. (Adapted from ^t^dptov, the ancient name of some wild grain.)

120

GRAMINEAE (gRASS FAMILY)

1 Z paliistris L. (Ixdian Rice, Water Oats.) Annual ; culms 2-3 m.
high • leaves flat, 5-10 dm. lonij, 1.6-4c m. wide. (Z. aqnatica of aulh. uot L.) -
' Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water; common,

especially northwestw. July, Auir. (Asia.) Fig. 73.

'> Z aqudtica L. Culms about 1 m. high ; leaves nar-
rower (less than 1 cm. wide) ; pistillate portion of panicle
more appressed. — Me. to Minn., and northw.

17. ZIZANI6pSIS Doll & Asch.

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the staminate below

w^i^ on each branch of the panicle, much alike in appearance,

\J^ j# laterally compressed; glumes subequal, membranaceous, the

11 ^^^ hrst glume of the pistillate spikelet with a short terminal awn,

the lemma acute, palea none ; glumes and lemma of staminate

spikelet acute, nerveless, palea none ; stamens G ; grain ovoid,

with a chartaceous easily separable pericarp, loosely inclosed

in the glumes. — A tall aquatic grass with long^ leaves and

long narrow terminal panicles. (Name from Zizania and

6^1/ S, appearance, from likeness to the preceding genus.)

1 Z. miliacea (xMichx.) Doll & Asch. Perennial by a creeping_rootstock j

culms 1-4 m. high, geniculate at the lower nodes; leaves flat, 3-10 dm. long,

1-3 cm. wide. {^Zizania Michx.) — Swamps, Va., O., and south w. May.

73. Z. aquatica x 1
J' spikelet.
9 spikelet.
Pistil with scales.

18. LEERSIA Sw. Cut-grass. White Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, perfect, but those in the open panicles
usually sterile, those inclosed in the sheaths cleistogamous and fruitful ; glumes
none, lemma boat-shaped, somewhat indurated, awnless,
clasping the palea by a pair of strong marginal nerves ; palea
of like texture, much narrower, 1-nerved ; stamens 1-6.—
Perennials of moist ground, with rough leaves and short
racemes of imbricated spikelets arranged in open panicles.
(Named after Joliann Daniel Leers, a German botanist of
the 18th century.) Homalocenchrus Mieg.

* Spikelets narrowly ohlong, rather loosely crowded.

1. L. virglnica Willd. (White Grass.) Culms weak,
branched, ascending, with clustered scaly rootstocks ; panicle
simple, the slender branches stiffly spread-
ing; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, closely ap-
pressed ; lemma hispid on tlie keel ; stamens
2. — Wet woods, Me. to Ont., and southw.
Aug. Pig. 74.

2. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Rice Cut-grass.) Culms rather
stout, branched, ascending from a decumbent base with slender
creepinq rootstocks; leaves very rough; panicle diffusely
branched, lax ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; lemma hispid, strongly
bristly ciliate on the keel. — Swamps or stream borders, ditches,
etc., Nfd. to Ont., and southw. Aug., Sept. (S. A., Eurasia.)
Fig. 75.

* * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other.

74. L. virginica.
A bit of inflorescence

x3.
Spikelet x 5.

75. L. oryzoides.
Inflorescence x ^/^.
A bit of same x %,
Open spikelet x 2.

ciliate.

3. L. lenticularis Michx. (Catch-fly Grass.) Culms
nearly simple, erect or decumbent at base, with scaly root-
stocks ; sheaths and blades sometimes nearly smooth ; panicle
nearly simple ; spikelets very flat, 5 mm. long, strongly bristiy-
Low grounds, Va. to Minn,, and southw.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

121

19. PHALARIS L. Canary Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally flattened ; glumes equal, boat-shaped, much
exceeding the florets ; sterile lemmas small and narrow, appearing like hairv
scales attached to the fertile floret ; fertile lemma indurated and shining in fruit
inclosing a faintly 2-nerved palea.— Annuals or perennials, with flat leaves and
dense spike-like panicles. (The ancient Greek name, 0a\apts, alluding' presuma^.
bly to the crest-like inflorescence.) °

§ 1. EUPHAlARIS Godron. Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes
wing-keeled.

1. P. cANARiENSis L. (Canary Grass.) ^Annual, 3-8 dm. high; panicL?
oval, 2-8 cm. long ; spikelets broadly obovate, 5-0 mm. long, imbricated'- glumef"

white with green veins, the keel entire ; fertile lemma brown. '

Waste places and roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. MINOR Retz. has been collected at St. John, N. B. (Foioler)
and on ballast at Camden, N. J. (Pollard). The spikes are
oblong and the glumes are narrowed at the pointed apex, the
exposed portion of the keel being somewhat toothed.
§ 2. J)iGR APHIS (Trin.) Endl. Panicle branched, the clusters
open in anthesis ; glumes not winged on the back.

2. P. arundinacea L. (Reed C.) Perennial, 6-15 dm.
high ; leaves flat, 0-10 mm. wide ; panicle 6-15 dm. long ;
spikelets lanceolate, 5 mm. long, pale ; sterile lemmas reduced
to minute hairy scales. — Wet grounds; common, especially
north w. June, July. Fig. 76. Var. picta L., the leaves
striped with white, is the familiar Ribbon Grass of the garden.
■[Eurasia.)

P. arundinacai

Spikelet ; saro*
with glumes sep
arated.

20. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sweet Vernal Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; sterile lemmas 2-lobed, hairy,
iorsally awned, longer than the fertile floret and falling with it ; fertile lemma
truncate, awnless, inclosing a faintly 1-nerved palea and per-
fect flower ; stamens 2. — Aromatic plants with flat leaves
and narrow spike-like panicles. (Name compounded of
dvdo^, flower, and ^av66s, yellow.)

1. A. odoratum L. Perennial; culms slender, erect,
2-6 dm. high; leaves rough above; panicles 3-8 cm. long;
spikelets brownish green, 8-10 mm. long, spreading at flower-
ing time; glumes sparsely pilose ; first sterile lemma short-
awned below the apex, second bearing a strong bent scarcely
exserted awn near its base. — Meadows, pastures, and waste
places, throughout, especially eastw. May-July. — Sweet-
scented. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig, 77.

2. A. PuELii Lecoq & Lamotte. Smaller, annual ; pani-
cles 1-4 cm, long; spikelets whitish green, b-1 mm. long;
the glabrous glumes narrower than in no. 1 ; the long-exserted
awn blackish at base, — Dry fields and waste places, N. B.
to Ont. and Pa. ; sometimes cultivated westw. and southw.
(Nat. from Eu.)

11. A. odoratum.
Inflorescence x i^.
Spikelet ; same with

glumes separated

21. HIER6CHL0E [Gmel.] R. Br. Holy Grass

Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate or
empty ; glumes subequal, about the length of the spikelet, boat-shaped, shining;
sterile lemmas nearly as long as the glumes, boat-shaped, indurated and hairy,
each inclosing a 2-nerved hyaline palea and a flower of 3 stamens ; fertile lenuna
similar but smaller, inclosing a 1-nerved palea and perfect flower with 2 stamens-

122

GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY)

— Fragrant perennials, with flat leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from iep6s,
sacred, and x^<^'7i grass ; these sweet-scented grasses being strewn before church-
doors on saints' days in the North of Europe.) Savastana Schrank.

1. H. odorata (L.) Wahlenb. (Vanilla or Seneca Grass.) Culms 3-6 dm.
high, from a creeping rootstock ; leaves short, lanceolate, scab-
rous or smootlnsh ; those of the sterile shoots long and scabrous ;
panicle pyramidal, 4-12 cm. long, usually compact but some-
times loose, the slender branches drooping ; spikelets 5 mm.
long, brownish ; staminate lemmas hispid- ciliate on the margins
and below the apex on the keel, awnless ; fertile lemma hairy
at the apex. {H. horealis R. & S.) — Moist meadows, chiefly
north w., near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. May-July.
(Eurasia.) Fig. 78. — The loose-panicled form, Savastana
Nashii Bicknell, is not specifically distinct.

2. H. alpina (Sw.) R. & S. Culms 1-4 dm. high, tufted;
upper sheaths inflated ; blades very small, the loioest and those
of the sterile shoots long and linear, smooth ; panicle con-
tracted, 2-5 cm. long ; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, olivaceous ;
staminate lemmas ciliate on the margins, the first short-awned
below the apex, the second with a longer (5-8 mm.) bent awn
from below the middle; fertile lemma mucronate. — Alpine regions, N. E., N. Y.,
and northw. July, Aug. (Eu.)

78. H. odorata.
Closed spikelet ;
same opened and
with glumes sep-
arated X 2.

22. MILIUM [Tourn.] L. Millet Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, rhachilla articulated below the floret ;
glumes equal ; lemma slightly shorter, shining, indurated, the
margins inrolled over a similar palea; grain inclosed within the
lemma and palea, free. — Our species perennial with flat leaves
and open panicles. (The ancient Latin name of the millet —
which, however, belongs to a different genus — of uncertain
meaning.)

1. M. effusum L. Smooth ; culms rather slender, simple,
1-1.5 m. high ; leaves 1-3 dm, long, 8-15 mm. wide ; panicle
1-2 dm. long, the slender branches in remote pairs or fascicles,
widely spreading or drooping, spikelet-bearing from about the
middle; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long ; glumes minutely scabrous.
— Cold damp woods and mountain meadows, N. S. to 111.,
and northw. — The fruit (mature floret) resembles that of
Panicum. June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 79.

79. M. eflfusum.
Part of panicle X y^.
Closed and open
spikelets

x3.

23. 0RYZ6pSIS Michx. Mountain Rice

Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow few-flowered panicles ; glumes rather broad,
obtuse or abruptly acute ; floret with a short obtuse callus ; lemma (not over
1 cm. long) convolute, somewhat indurated, including the rather large palea and
perfect flower, terminating in a deciduous simple slender awn ; grain oblong-
ellipsoid, tightly included in the indurated lemma. — Tufted perennials. (Name
composed of opv^a, rice, and 6\pLs, ajipearance, from a fancied resemblance to
that grain.)

* Spikelets, excluding awn, 3-4 mm. long.

1. 0. pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Culms densely tufted, 2-5 dm. high, erect,
slender, simple ; sheaths usually crowded at the base, smooth or slightly scabrous ;
blades involute-filiform, the basal ones sometimes as long as tlie culm, usually
half its length, tliose of the culm short ; panicle 3-6 cm. long, branches erect or
ascending ; glumes suhfiqual, obscurely 5-nerved ; lemma usually as long as
the glumes, appressed-pubescent ; awn 1-2 (rarely 5) mm. long, sometimes
wanting ; palea as long as the lemma. (O. canadensis Man. ed. 6 j O. juncea
BSP.) — Dry rocky or sandy soil, Lab. to N. Y., and westw.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

123

* * Spikelets, excluding awn, 6-9 mm. long.

2. 0. asperifblia Michx. Culms tufted, 2-7 dm. high, erect or geniculate at
the lowest node ; sheaths usually crowded at the base ; blades erect, scabrous
especially on the glaucous lower surface, those of the base
often exceeding the culm, 5-8 mm. wide, flat or involute on
the margins, attenuate; culm-leaves usually less than 1 cm.
long ; panicle contracted, 5-12 cm. long, the branches simple,
erect; spikelets, excluding awn, 6-8 mm. long; glumes subequal^
short-ciliate at the apiculate summit ; lemma nearly or quite as
long as the second glume, sparingly pubescent ; aicn 5-10 mm.
long; lodicules | the length of the pale a. —
Wooded hillsides, along waterways, etc., Nfd
to B. C, s. to Pa., Minn., and N. Mex. June.
Fig. 80.

3. 0. racembsa (Sm.) Ricker. Culms tufted,
erect, 3-12 dm. high, leafy to the summit; leaves
1-3.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, flat, narrowed „ ., , ,^ ,
toward the base, taper-pointed, scabrous below, Spike et (below).
pubescent above ; panicle 7-25 cm. long, branches ^"^^ ^aoove).
nearly simple, usually ascending ; spikelet, excluding awn, 7-9 mm.
long ; glumes equal, acute ; lemma somewhat shorter, pubescent,
becoming black in fruit; awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long; lodicules minute.
(Milium Sm. ; O. melanocarpa Muhl.) — Rocky woods, Me. to
Ont., southw. to Del. and la. June-Oct. Fig. 81.

80. O. asperifolia
xli/a.

81. O. racemosa
Spikelet X 1.

24. STIPA L. Feather Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, in terminal panicles ; glumes narrow, acute or bristle-
tipped ; floret with a bearded usually sharp-pointed callus ; lemma convolute,
indurated, including the small palea and perfect flower, terminating in a simple
strong persistent geniculate twisted awn ; grain cylindrical, tightly included
in the indurated fruiting lemma. — Rather large tufted perennials with involute
leaves. (Name from cmjirr), toio, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the
feathery awns of the original species.)

* Glumes 4-12 mm. long.
•«- Callus blunt; awn 1 cm. or less long.

1. S. canadensis Poir. Culms tufted, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-12 cm. long,
narrow, involute, scabrous ; panicle loose, 5-12 cm. long, the opposite few-
flowered branches ascending ; glumes subequal, oblong, subacute, 4 mm. long,
slightly exceeding the pubescent oblong lemma ; awn 6-10 mm. long. (§.
Richardsoni Man. ed. 6, not Link ; S. Macounii Scribn.) — Woods and thickets,
N. B., Me., N. H., N. Y., n. shore of L. Superior, Sask., and north w.

•1- +- Callus acute; awn more than 1.5 cm long.

2. S. viridula Trin. Culms clustered, 5-10 dm. high,
sparingly branched ; basal sheaths overlapping, the long
usually scabrous involute or sub-involute blades elongated,
upper blades shorter, mostly setaceous ; panicle narrow,
erect, 1-2 dm. long, the branches mostly in pairs, erect,
rather densely flowered from near the base ; glumes 7-9 mm.
long, acuminate-setaceous, exceeding the pale appressod-
pubescent lemma; awn 2-4 cm. long; callus usually rather
short. — Prairies and meadows, w. Minn., the Dakotas, and
south westw. July, Aug. — Variable.

3. S. avenacea L. (Black Oat Grass.) Culms tufted,
slender, erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. high, leafy at the base ;
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, 82. S. avenacea x i%.
tisually involute, the basal ones ^ the length of the culms. Flower and glumes.

X24 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

those of the culm 4-10 cm. long; panicle loose, 1-2 dm. long, the sleiidei
branches in pairs, lax, finally spreading ; glumes often purplisli, b-10 mm, long,
acute, about equaling the dark-brown lemma, which is smooth below, scabrovs
above and bears a fringe of short hairs at the summit; awn 4-7. o cm. long ;
callus acuminate, covered with dense brownish hairs. — Dry woods, Mass. to Fla.,
w, to Wis. and Tex. May, June. Fig. 82.

* * Glumes 2 cm. long or more.

4. S. comata Trin. & Uupr. Culms erect, simple, 2-12 dm, high ; sheaths
mostly crowded at the base, the upper often loose and inclosing the base of the
panicle; basal blades usually about \ the length of the culm, mostly involute-
filiform, those of the culm 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2—1 mm. wide,
flat or involute ; panicle loose, 1-4 dm. long, branches distant,
erect or somewhat spreading, naked below ; glumes 2-2.8 cm.
long, tapering into a slender fragile awn, much exceeding the
sparsely pubescent lemma ; avm 10-24 cm. long, pubescent to
the geniculation, scabrous and curved beyond; callus acute. —
Dry plains and hills, la., and westw. June, July.

5. S. spartea Trin. (Porcupine Grass.) Culm rather
stout, simple, 0.5-1.2 m. high; sheaths mostly overlapping,
blades usually involute, basal ones | the length of the culm,
those of the culm 1-3 dm. long ; panicle finally exserted, narrow,

5. spartt-a x %. |_3 ^^^ long, branches erect, naked below ; glumes 2.8-8.5 cm.
Floret and base of ig^ig^^ attenuate, exceeding the brownish lemma, which is ap-

awn. Glumes. pressed-pubescent below, and nearly or quite glabrous above ;
awn 11-20 cm. long, rigid, scabrous, minutely pubescent below ; callus acuminate,
very sharp-pointed, densely clothed with silky appressed hairs. — Plains and
prairies, Mich, to Mo., and westw. Fig. 83.

25. ARISTIDA L. Triple-awxed Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, in usually narrow panicles ; glumes unequal, narrow,
acute or acuminate ; a hard obconical hairy callus below the floret ; lemma
somewhat indurated, convolute, including the thin palea and perfect flower, ter-
minating in a trifid awn ; grain elongated, tightly included in the lemma.
— Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow leaves. (Name from arista, a
beard or awn.)

A nnuals.
Awns separate to the base.
Lateral awns much shorter than the middle one.
Middle awn coiled at base.

Glumes 7-8 mm long \. A. dichoioma.

Glumes 12-14 mm. long ..<,...... 2. ^. ba-sii^amea.

Glumes 15-2(1 mm. long ^. A. ramoni-ssima.

Middle awn not coiled at base, horizontal . . . . . . 4:. A. gracilis.

Lateral awns not much shorter than the middle one.

Glumes 7-9 mm. long ; awns 1.4-2.2 cm. long 5. A. intermedia.

Glumes 20-30 mm. long; awns 3.5-7 cm. long 6. A.oUgantkn.

Awns united below in along twisted neck 7. A. tuherculosa.

Perennials.

Awns 5-10 cm. long 8. A. ptvrpurea.

Awns not over 3 cm. long.

Sheaths glabrous 9. A.purrmrasicevs.

Sheaths woolly 10. ^. laiiosa.

1. A. dich6toma Michx. (Poverty Grass.) Culms tufted, wiry, much
branched at the base and usually forking at every node, but in depauperate
specimens sometimes nearly simple, 1-6 dm. high ; sheaths loose; blades mosily
involute ; panicles few-flowered, simple, narrow, the lateral ones often sessile
and partially inclosed in the sheaths ; glumes subequal, 7-8 mm. long, cuspidate ;
lemmas about 6 mm. long., excluding the awns ; lateral awns reduced to minuH

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

125

erect teeth, middle awn 3-6 mm. long, horizontal, coiled at the base in maturity

-Oct. Fig. 84.
panicles looser

84. A. dichotoiiia.
Spikelet x '^i/j-

^Sterile sandy or gravelly soil. Me. to Mo. and south w. Au^-

Var. Curtissii Gray. Differs in being less freely branched''-

glumes unequal, the second 10-12 mm. long, the first l~\ as

long; lemma 7-10 mm. long, excluding the awns. Va. to

Mo., and south w.

2. A. basiramea Engelm. Resembling A. dichotoma, freely
branching at the base; culms sparingly branched; leaves aver-
aging longer ; panicles looser, the terminal often partly included
in the upper sheaths, sinall panicles commonly borne in the
basal sheaths; glumes acuminate, unequal, second 12-14 mm.
long, the first about f as long ; lemma about 1 cm. long, exclud-
ing the awns ; lateral awns 2-7 mm. long, erect or spreading,
middle awn 1-2 cm. long. — Dry soil and prairies, 111. to
Minn, and Neb. Aug., Sept.

3. A. ramosissima Engelm. Culms tufted, wiry, repeatedly branching, the
branches divergent; leaves mostly setaceous ; panicle loose, few-flowered ; glumes
1.5-2.5 cm. long, awned from a bifid apex, unequal, the second equaling the

lemma (excluding the awns); lemma 2-2.3 cm. long;
lateral awns minute, erect, middle awn 2-3 cm. long,
reflexed by a loose spiral at base. — T>rY prairies, Ind.
and 111, to Tenn. and Mo. Aug., Sept.

4. A. gracilis Ell. Culms "slender, in small tufts or
solitary, branched at the base, simple or sparingly
branched above, 1.5-5 cm. high ; sheaths not loose; blades
2 mm. or less wide, usually involute in drying ; spikelets
mostly in a slender raceme (if a panicle, the branches
rarely bearing more than 2 spikelets), rather distant below,
often crowded above ; glumes unequal, the second equal-
itig the floret; lemma about 6 mm. long, usually mottled;
middle awn horizontal, 8-15 mm. long, lateral awns erect,
2-6 mm. long. —Sandy soil, N.H. to Mo., and south w.
Sept. Fig. 85.

5. A. intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Similar to the preceding but much larger •
culms 3-7 dm. high, more freely branching, often geniculate at base ; leaves
6-15 cm. long, rigid, involute ; panicle 2-4 dm.
long, slender, branches short, appressed ;
glumes attenuate-aristate, subequal or the
second longer, 7-9 mm. long, scabrous, slightly
shorter than the floret ; lemma scabrous above
the middle, sometimes mottled; aicns all
spreading, the middle one 18-22 mm. long,
lateral ones 14-17 mm. long, all variable. —
Dry soil, la. and Kan. to Miss, and Tex. Aug. , Sept.

6. A. oligantha Michx. Cidms tufted, wiry, branched
at base and at all the nodes, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths loose ;
blades long, usually involute ; panicle or raceme few-flowered,
the axis often flexuous and spikelets spreading; glumes unequal,
long-awned from a bifid apex, exceeding the floret, the second strongly
7-nerved ; lemma 17-20 mm. long, scabrous above ; awns nearly equal,
divergent, 3.5-7 cm. long. — Dry sterile soil, N. J. to Neb., and south w.
Fig. 86.

7. A. tuberculbsa Nutt. Culms branched below, 1.5-5 dm. high,
tumid nt the joints; leaves long and involute; panicles rigid, loose,
the branches in pairs, one short and about 2-flowered, the othei
elongated and several-flowered ; glumes 2.5 cm. long, including
their slender-awned tips; lemma 12-15 mm. long, the twisted 86. A. oligantha
base of the awns of equal length; awns divergent, subecjual, Spikeiet x %.
^.5-5 em. long. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Mass. to Miss. ; and about tb'
Great Lakes." Aug.-Oct. (Mex.) Fig. 87.

85. A. gracilis.
Spikeiet x 2.

126

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^

87 A. tuberculosa.
Spikelet x %.

Mass. to Minn.,

8. A. purpurea Nutt. Culms simple, 3 dm. high or less, densely l.ufted,

spreading ; leaves involute and filiform ; ligule pilose ; panicle loose, of rather

few slender-pediceled spikelets ; glumes 1-nerved, the first

about half the length of the second, which is 1.5-2 cm. long,

aiV7is 5-10 cm. long. — Y>vy prairies, Minn, south \v. and westw.

9. A. purpurascens Poir. In small tufts, glabrous, 3-6 dm.

high ; culms erect, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 1-2 dm.

long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually involute toward

the ends; panicle purplish, very slender^

\-\ the entire length of the plant, loosely

or rather densely flowered ; glumes 10-12

mm. long, 1-nerved, scabrous, the first slightly

the longer, attenuate-aristate, the second

aristate from a bidentate apex ; lemma

6-7 mm. long ; awns divergent, not twisted,

1.5-3 cm. long, the middle somewhat longer

than the lateral. — Sandy or gravelly soil,

and southw. ( W. I.) Fia. 88. — Variable ; a

very delicate, apparently annual, form occurs in wet sands

and drying sloughs in n. Ind.

10. A. lanbsa Muhl. Culms stout, erect, simple, 6-12 dm.
high; sheaths {at least the lower) woolly ; blades flat, '^-Q dm.
long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicles nearly half the length of the
entire plant, narrow, rather loosely flowered, nodding; glumes
subequal, 1-1.4 cm. long, the first slightly the longer, acumi-
nate, the second mucronate from a bidentate apex ; lemma
spotted, about 1 cm. long ; lateral awns 10 mm. long, the
divergent middle awn 1.5-2 cm. long. {A. lanata Poir., not Forsk.) — Dry pme
barrens, mostly near the coast, Del. to Tex. and I. T. Sept., Oct.

A. purpurascens.
Spikelet x 1.

26. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted (rarely open) panicles ; a short usually
barbate callus below the floret ; glumes thin, often aristate ; lemma narrow,
membranaceous, 3-nerved, awned or awnless, inclosing a thin subequal palea ;
grain closely enveloped by the lemma. — Our species perennial, often with scaly
rootstocks, flat or involute leaves and small spikelets. (Dedicated to the Bev.
Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist, 1753-1815.)

a. Panicle more or less contracted, not diffuse ; culms branched ; leaves flat b.
b. Glumes at least one-half as long as the floret e.

c. Glumes broadly ovate, more or less clasping^, one-half to two-thirds as
long as the" floret.

Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; lemmas awnless \. M. soholifera.

Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; lemmas awned 2. M. tenuijtora.

O. Glumes lanceolate, acute to aristate-pointed.
Glumes not longer than the lemmas.

Panicles linear or filiform, spikelets not crowded . . . . S. M. sylvatica.
Panicles oblong or cylindrical, long-exserted, spikelets crowded,

More or less glomerate 4. M. foUosa.

Panicles ovoid or subpyramidal, numerous, short-exserted or par-
tially included 5. 3/. mexicana.

Glumes much exceeding the awnless lemmas 6. J/, racemosa.

b. Glumes not more than one-fourth as long as the florets . . . . 7. M. Schreberi.
a. Panicle diffuse ; culms simple ; leaves involute S. M. eapillaris.

§ 1. EUMUHLENBERGIA Dalla Torre & Harms. Panicles contracted or glom-
erate, on branching culms usually from scaly creeping rootstocks; leaves flat.
* Glumes at least \ as long as the floret, scabrous on the keel; all the species with

clusters of scaly rootstocks.
•i- Glumes broadly ovate, ^-f as long as the floret, which is often conspicuousl'§

hairy at base.
1. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Culms erect or ascending, sparingly branched,
4-8 dm. high, scabrous below the glabrous nodes, leafy toward tke summit,

GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 127

lower leaves distant ; blades 8-12 cm. long, 4-G mra. wide, spreading, scabrous;
panicles very slender, usually loose-flowered, 1-1.5 dm. long (lateral panicles
if present much shorter); spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; the acute or abruptly cus-
pidate glumes f-f as long as the scabrous acute lemma. — Rocky woods, N. E.
to Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct.

2. M. tenuiflbra (Willd.) BSP. Similar to the preceding; cwZms often taller,
retrorselij puherulent, at least below, nodes imhescent ; panicle \.^-^\dm. long^
loosely flowered; spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; the glumes abruptly acumhiate, sca-
brous^ J-f as long as the floret, IhQ first very broad, clasping ; lemma tapering
into a slender awn 5-10 mm. long. (i¥. Willdenowii Trin.) — Rocky woods
and ravines, Mass. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept.

1- •«- Glumes lanceolate, acute or aristate-pointed.

++ Glumes not longer than the lemma; culms more or less compressed, retrorsely
strigose below the glabrous nodes ; leaves scabrous, ascending. (These three
species are exceedingly variable ; each has an awned and an awnless form.
The length of the glumes, which are acuminate to aristate, is an unstable
character, often varying to the extremes in the same panicle.)

8. M. sylvatica Torr. Culms erect or ascending, 6-9 dm. high, freely branch-
ing, leafy ; leaves 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicles usually short-exserted,
1-2 dm. long, linear or filiform; spikelets not crowded, on rather long erect
branches, usually green or stramiyieous, 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes acuminate,
sometimes aristate, shorter than the scabrous lemma, which is mucronate or
tipped with a slender awn as much as 6-12 mm. long. — Moist rocky woods and
wooded banks, N. B. to Ont., la., and southw. Aug.-Oct.

4. M. folibsa Trin. Similar to the preceding in size, habit and foliage ; pan-
icles long-exserted, 8-15 cm. long, oblong or cylindrical, glomerate ; spikelets
more or less densely crowded on the rather short ascending or appressed branches,
usually purple; glumes mucronate or aristate, nearly or quite as long as the
awned or awnless lemma. (M. ambigua Torr.) — Swampy

ground, Me. to Ont., S. Dak., and southw. Sept.

5. M. mexicana (L. ) Trin. Similar to M. foliosa, often branch-
ing at the base ; the culms decumbent and rooting at the lower
nodes ; panicles numerous, 5-10 C7n. long, ovoid or subpyramidal,
terminal on the culm and its many rather short branches, usually gpike^tTa"*'
partly inclosed within the upper sheath; glumes acuminate or

aristate, about as long as the acute, acuminate or awned lemma which is
sometimes smooth. (M. polystachya Mackenzie & Bush.) — Sandy and gravelly
stream-banks and waste ground, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., and southw. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 89.

tH- ++ Glumes aristate, much exceeding the aionless lemma.

6. M. racembsa (Michx.) BSP. Culms erect, 3-9 dm. high, simple or spar-
ingly branched ; blades 5-12 dm. long, scabrous ; panicles 5-10 cm. long, dense

and spike-like, or interrupted at base ; spikelets 4-6 mm. long ;
the aristate glumes subequal, much exceeding the acute lemma.
(M. glomerata Trin.)— Moist meadows and low ground, Nfd.
to N. J., and westw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 90.

* * Glumes not more than I the length of the floret; no clusters
of scaly rootstocks.

90. M. racemosa. . „ ^-. -rrr n

SpikeletxS. 7. M. Schreberi J. F. Gmel. (Drop-seed, Nimble Will.)

Culms 3-8 dm. long, erect or ascending from a decumbent base,
often rooting at the lower nodes, diffusely much branched ; blades 3-8 cm. long,
2-4 mm. wide; panicles 5-15 cm. long, numerous, slender, the erect branches
rather densely flowered ; spikelets (excluding the awn) 2 mm. long ; first glume
obsolete or nearly so, the second minute, truncate ; lemma tapering into a slender
awn 3-5 mm. long. (i¥. diffusa Schreb.) — Dry woods, hillsides and waste
places. Me. to Out., Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept.

128

GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

Var. paliistris Scribn. Similar to the species ; cidms reclining or ascending,
very slender or almost Jilifurm ; leaves 2-4 cm. lonu', 2—3 mm. wide ; panicles
5-10 cm. long, veiy slender, more loosely flowered ; spikdets (excluding the
awn) 2.0 mm. long, usually "purple; glumes acute, unequal,
the first about \, the second about \ the length of the hidentate
awned lemma; awn flexuous, 4-6 mm. long. (M. palustris
Scribn.) — Swampy ground, D. C. and 111. Sept., Oct.

§ 2. TRICHOCHLOA (Beauv.) Trin. Panicle very loose and
open, the long branches and pedicels capillary ; leaves narrow,
often convolute-bristle-form.

8. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (Hair Grass.) Caespitose,
erect, with simple rigid culms, 6-10 dm. high ; sheaths overlap-
ping; blades 1-3 dm. long, involute, rigid; panicle about \ the
entire height of the plant, its spreading capillary branches loosely
fl-owered; spikelets purple, 4 mm. long (excluding the awn) ;
glumes subequal, acute, or the second aristate-pointed, about i as
long as the lemma which bears a delicate awn 5-20 mm. long. —
91. M. capillaris. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Mass. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.
Spikelet x 3. Fig. 91.

27. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a few-flowered narrow panicle ; glumes minute,
unequal ; floret with a short callus, the rhachilla prolonged
behind the palea into a slender naked bristle ; lemma firm,
narrow, 5-nerved, terminating in a long straight awn ; palea
firm, nearly as long as the lemma ; grain oblong, inclosed in
the lemma and palea. — Perennials, with simple culms from
short knotty rootstocks. (Name composed of ^pax^s, short,
and eXvrpov, husk, from the minute glumes.)

1. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Culms erect, 5-10 dm.
high ; sheaths sparsely retrorse-hispid ; blades 8-15 cm. long,
1-1.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very scabrous, pilose on the
nerves beneath ; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long ; spikelets 1 cm.
long (excluding the awns), on capillary pedicels ; first glume
often obsolete, second sometimes aristate ; floret scabrous.
(B. aristatum Beauv.) — Rocky woods, Nfd. to Minn., and 92. B. erectum.
southw. July, Aug. Fig. 92. Spikelets x 114.

93. II. schoenoides.
Inflorescence x i^.
Spikelets x 3,

28. HELEOCHLOA Host

Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense oblong-ovoid spike-
like panicles ; glumes awnless, shorter than the 1-nerved lemma
which subtends a palea of nearly equal length. — Low caespi-
tose branching annuals, the numerous spike-like panicles
partly included in the inflated sheaths. (Name from e\o?,
a meadow, and x^oa, grass.)

1. H. SCHOENOIDES (L.) Host. Usuallv almost prostrate;
leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point ; spike 1.5-4 cm.
long. — Waste places, N. Y. to Del. and e. Pa. ; also Chicago,
111. {Behb), (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 93.

29. PHLEUM L.

Spikelets i-flcwered, flattened, in dense cylindrical spike-like panicles ;
^himes enual. cilia te on the keels, and abruptly awn-pointed, longer than the

I

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

129

broad truncate 5-nerved hyaline lemma ; palca nearly equal,
narrow. — Erect simple perennials., with flat leaves and terminal
spike-like panicles. (From (pX^ios, a Greek name for a kind
of reed.)

1. P. PRATENSE L. (Timothy, Herd's Grass.) Culms
4-10 dm. high, from a swollen base; panicle long-cylindrical ;
awn of glumes 1 min. long — Meadows, commonly cultivated
for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 94.

2. P. alpinum L. Cidms 2-S dm. high; panicle narrowly
ellipsoid or short-cyli7idrical ; awn of glumes 2 mm. long. —
Alpine regions of N.E. and north w. ; also Upper Mich. (Eurasia.)

04. r. pratense.

Floret raised from

the glumes x 2.

30. ALOPECtTRUS L. Foxtail Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, falling from the axis entire, in slender spike-
like panicles; glumes equal, awnless, usually connate at the base, ciliateon
the keel, the broad 5-nerved obtuse lemma nearly equal in length, with a
slender erect dorsal awn from below the middle ; margins connate near the
base ; palea none. — branching perennials with flat leaves and soft dense
spike-like panicles. (Name from oKibirrj^, fox, and oi)p6., tail, from the shape
of the spike.)

1. A. pratensis L. (Meadow F.) Erect, glabrous; culms 3-9 dm. high,
from short creeping rootstocks; sheaths loose, the upper usually inflated;

leaves scabrous; panicle 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm. long ;

the lemma equaling the acute long-ciliate glumes ; awn iisuaUy

cxserted about 5 mm. — Meadows and pastures, east w. May.

(Nat. from Eu.)

2. A. geniculatus L. (Floating F.) Glabrous or nearly
so ; culms slender, decumbent and branched at base, then erect
or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves slightly scabrous; pani-
cles slender, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long;
lemma shorter than the obtuse long-ciliate glumes ; avm bent.,
the exserted portion usually twice as long as the glumes. —
Moist meadows, banks of streams and ditches, Nfd. to B. C.,
and throughout U. S. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 95.

Var. aristulatus Torr. Spikelets slightly smaller, awn very
slender and scarcely exserted. — In water and wet places,
common. June-Aug. — In the Western States these two forms
seem inseparable and indigenous, but in the eastern portion of
our range the former appears to be introduced and is easily
distinguished by its longer awns and usually geniculate or
creeping base. The variety appears to be the same as A.fulvus
Sm. of Eurasia.

3. A. agrestis L. Glabrous ; culms erect or decumbent at
base, 3-6 dm. high; leaves scabrous; panicle rather slender, 3.5-10 cm. long,-
spikelets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes very short-ciliate on the keels, connate for I their
length, slightly shorter than the lemma; awn twice the length of the glumes or
more. — Waste places and ballast, Mass., N. J., Pa.; and on Paciflc coast.
(Adv. from Eu.)

95. A. geniculatus.
Inflorescence x 14.
Bit of same x 1.
Spikelet and lemma
X3.

31. SP0R6B0LUS R. Br. Drop-seed. Rush Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, in narrow and spike-like, or loose and spreading,
often partly included, panicles ; lemma as long as or longer than the usually
unequal glumes, 1-nerved ; palea equaling or exceeding the lemma, often splitting
between the strong nerves at maturity ; grain readily falling from the spikelet,
pericarp loosely inclosing the seed, often thin and evanescent. — Annuals or
perennials with involute or flat leaves. (Name from <nropd, seed, and pdWeiv, to
cast forth.}

grat's manual — ■^f

^30 GRAMINEAE QGRASS FAMILY)

Panicles contracted.
Rootstocks short or slender or none ; culms tufted or solitary.
Panicle not more than one-third the entire height of the plant.
Perennials.
Spikelets 5 mm. long or more ; panicle dense.
Floret appressed-pubescent below.
Lemma two-thirds as long as palea . . . . . 1. o. clandentin/us.

Lemma and palea subequal . 2. <S. canovirenB.

Floret glabrous ..... .... 3. ^. asper.

Spikelets not over 4 mm. long; panicle interrupted.

Culms smooth ; ligule 0.5 mm. long . . . . , A. S. brem/oliu8. ^

Culms minutely roughened by septae ; ligule 2 mm. long , 5. /S. Richard sonis.

Annuals.
Spikelets 4 mm. long ; lemma pubescent . . Q. S. vaginijlorua,

Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; lemma glabrous 7. S. neglectus.

Panicle one-third to one-half the entire height of the plant , . - 8. S.indicus.
Root.stocks stout, extensively creeping .... 9. <S'. virginicus.

Panicles open (often contracted in no. 10).
Glumes very unequal.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; glumes ovate or lanceolate.

Sheaths bearded at the throat ; blades flat .10. S. cryptandrua.

Sheaths not bearded ; blades involute 11. S.junceus.

Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; first glume awl-shaped 12. /S. heterolepU.

Glumes subequal.
Plants compressed at base; leaves conduplicate . ...» 13. S. compressus.
Plants not compressed ; leaves flat 14. xS'. vm.iJtorus.

1. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. Tufted culms 4-12 dm. high; lower
leaves long, subrigid, the margins and involute-filiform tips scabrous; panicle
6-15 cm. long, often partially inclosed in the upper sheath ; spikelets
6-8 mm. long ; glumes unequal., acute, the first | the length of the
acute lemma., the second \ that of the long-acuminate pointed palea ;
lemma and palea appressed-puhescent toward the base., the lemma |
the length of the palea. {S. asper Man. ed. 6.) — Sandy fields and
dry hills, Ct. to 111. , Mo. , and south w. Sept. Fig. 96.

2. S. can6virens Nash. Similar to the preceding hut smaller;
the shorter leaves hirsute near the base; panicle smaller; spikelets
about 6 mm. long ^ lemma and palea acute, subequal, — Sandy soil,
Tenn., Mo., and south w.

3. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. Culms stout, 3.5-10 dm. high;
96. S. eland, sheaths overlapping ; blades nearly as long as the culm, the upper
Spikeletx3. exceeding the panicle, pilose above at the flat base, the long involute-
filiform tip scabrous; terminal panicle 8-25 cm. long, partly in-
cluded in the inflated upper sheaths, lateral panicles small, usually hidden in
the sheaths, or none; spikelets 5-6 mm long; glumes unequal, obtuse or sub-
acute, the first about ^ as long as the floret ; lemma and palea glaliOUSf the
lemma slightly the longer. (S. longifolius Wood.) — Dry
sandy soil. Me. to S. Dak., and south w. Fio. 97.

4. S. brevifblius ('Nutt.) Scribn. Tufted culms 3-6 dm.
high, very slender ; leaves involute- filiform ; ligule 0.5 mm. long,
erose-truncate ; panicle very slender, loosely flowered, 5-10 cm.
long ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; glumes acuminate, subequal,
f as long as the short-cuspidate lemma, w^hich slightly exceeds
the palea. {S cuspidatus Wood.) — Dry open ground, Wis. ^^ s asper
to Mo. , and westw. Spikeiet x 3*

5. S. Richards5nis (Trin.) Merr. Similar to the preceding,

2-5 dm. high ; culms erect or ascending from a slender horizontal rootstock,
minutely roughened by septae ; ligule 2 mm. long, acute ; panicle 1-6 (rarely 10)
cm. long; spikelets somewhat crowded, 3 mm. long, glumes acute, less than
^ as long as the cuspidate lemma {the cusp about \ mm. long) which exceeds
the palea. (S cuspidatus, in part, and S. depauperatus Man. ed. 6; S. brevi-
folius Nash, as to description, not Scribn.) — Meadows and along rivers, N. B
and Me. ; Neb., and in the far West. Aug.

P. S. vaginiflbrus (Torr.) Wood. Tufted culms 2-6 dm. high, slender,
erect to widely spreading ; leaves about 2 mm. wide, involute toward the end ;
panicles numerous, partially included in the inflated sheaths, or the terminal

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

131

98. S. neglcotus.
Spikelets x 4.

panic e exserted, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets 4 mm. long; the acuminate glumes
usually subequal, nearly as long as the acuminate scabrous minutelv avw-essed
pubescent lemma, which is exceeded by the sharp-pointed palea. — Sterile fields
and waste places, s. Me. to S. Dak., and south w Sept.

7. S. neglectus Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually more slender- the
panicles smaller, more completely inclosed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. loiw - nhmes
lemma, and palea ad subequal, acute, thinner in texture, alabrous white
and shining. —Sterile or sandy soil, N. B. to S. Dak., s to Va '

and Tex. Fig. 98.

8. S. fNDicus (L.) R. Br. (Smut Grass.) Tufted culms
3-10 dm. high, erect, wiry ; leaves 10-30 cm. in length, lono--
attenuate; panicle i-| the entire height of the plant; spikelets
2 mm. long, shining, crowded on the slender erect branches •
glumes obtuse, unequal, the second i as long as the acuminate
lemma which is slightly longer than the obtuse palea. — Waste
ground and fields, Va. to Ark., and south w. Aug., Sept. —
Panicle frequently affected with a black fungus, hence the com-
mon name. (Nat. from trop. regions.)

9. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth. Glabrous; culms erect, 1.5-5 dm. high •
sheaths overlapping; blades firm, involute, conspicuously distichous on the nu-
merous sterile shoots ; panicles exserted, 3-6 cm. long ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; the

glumes unequal, the second exceeding the glabrous floret. —
Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. Aug., Sept. (Trop. regions.)

10. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Tufted, 4-7 dm. high;
culms rather stout, erect or somewhat spreading ; sheaths over-
lapping, ciliate on the margin and conspicuously bearded at the
throat; blades 6-12 dm. long, 3-5 mm. \\'idc,^ flat, scabrous;
panicle lead-colored, usually open, 12-20 cm. long, included at
base in the upper sheath, or sometimes contracted and wholly
included ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; first glume about i as long
as the second; lemma acute, longer than the palea. — Sandy
soil, especially on the coast and about the Great Lakes, N. E. to
Minn., s. to Pa. and Tex. Aug., Sept. (Mex.) Fig. 99.

11. S. junceus (Michx.) Kunth. Tufted, glabrous, 4-7 dm. high; culms
wiry, erect, leafy at the base, naked above ; the involute-setaceous basal leaves
12-24 cm. long, spreading ; panicle purplish or chestnut, the short verticillate
branches spreading ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; first glume about i the
length of the second, which is as long as the glabrous subacute
equal lemma and palea. (S. gracilis Merr. ; S. ejuncidus Nash.)
— Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., w. to Tex. Aug. Fig. 100.

12. S. heter61epis Gray. Tufted, 6-9 dm. high ; culms rather
stout, wiry, erect ; basal leaves about i as long as the culm,
involute-setaceous ; panicles long-exserted, 7-25 cm. long, branches
ascending; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; first glume about ^-| the length of the
doret, the second acuminate, often cuspidate (varying in length hi" the same

panicle), exceeding the glabrous obtuse or subacute equal
lemma and palea; grain venj large, pericarp shining, indu-
rated, splitting the palea. — Dry soil and prairies, w. Que. to
Man., s. to Ct., Pa., Mo. and Tex. Aug., Sept. — Strong-
scented. Fig. 101.

13. S. compressus (Torr.) Kunth. Perennial from short
scaly rootstocks, flattened at base ; culms 3-6 dm. high, leafy
to the top ; the sheaths overlapping ; leaves conduplicate ;
panicle \-\ the length of the entire plant, loosely flowered ;
spikelets 2 mm. long ; the acute glumes shorter than the striate scabrous lemma
which equals the palea. {S. Torreyanus Nash.) — Bogs in pine
barrens, L. I. and N. J. Sept. — Spikelets rarely 2-flowered. t

14. S. uniflbrus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. Rootstocks very ▼

slender ; culms delicate, tufted, erect, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 102. s. unifloms
1-2 mia. wide; jpanicle \-\ the length of the culm, loosely SpikeletxH.

99. S. cryptandrus.
Open splkelet with

glumes detached

X4.

100. S. junceus.
i^pikelel x 3.

101. S. heterolepis
Spikelet X 3.

i:^^

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

. 1. A. alba.
(1) A. alba, v. maritima,

. 2. A. Elliottiana.

. 3. A. hyemalis.

• . 4. A. perennans.

flowered, branches solitary, much divided ; spikelets 1.5 ram. long; the obtuse
or erose glumes about ^ as long as the equal glabrous obtuse lemma and palea.
(S. serotinus Gray.) —Bogs and wet sandy soil, Me. to N. J. and Mich. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 102.

32. AGR6sTIS L. Bent Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes subequal and acute, longer than the broad ob-
tuse lemma which is awnless or dorsally awned ; palea hyaline, shorter than the
lemma, or obsolete ; grain loosely inclosed in the lemma. —Annuals or peren-
nials with usually flat scabrous leaves, membranaceous ligules and open or con^
tracted panicles. (Name from ay p6s, afield, the place of growth.;

Palea at least one-half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved.

Culms erect or decumbent at base

Culms prostrate, rooting at the nodes

Palea minute and nerveless or wanting.

Awn long and very delicate

Awn short or none.
Panicle diffuse, branches long and capillary ....
Panicle spreading but not diffuse.

Lemma awnless

Lemma awned.

Spikelets 2 mm. long 5. A. camna.

Spikelets 3 mm. long Q. A. borealis.

1. A. dlba L. (Fiorin or White B., Red Top.) BootstocTcs creeping or sto-
loniferous ; culms 3-10 dm. high, often decumbent at base; leaves flat, stiff
and upright to lax and spreading, the ligule 4-5 mm. long; panicle 5-30 cm.

long, contracted after flowering, greenish, purplish, or brown-
ish, the branches slightly rough ; lemma nearly equaling the
glumes, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palea ^-f as long. —
Meadows and fields ; a valuable grass naturalized from Eu.
and native northw. and westw. Var. vulgXris (With.)
y>^^- Thurb. (Red Top, Herd's Grass of Pa., etc.) Culms lower,
'^^p?-^^ more slender, Avith narrow leaves ; panicle smaller and more

g^-«^Jp^.^^ divaricate, not contracted after flowering ; ligule short and
truncate. {A. vulgaris W\i\i.) — Dry knolls and hills. (Nat.
from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.) Fig. 103.
— One form {A. stolonifera auth., not L.) is cultivated as a
lawn grass under the name Creeping Bent. A teratological
form (due to the presence of nematodes in the abortive
ovaries) with floral parts elongated (^1. sylvatica L.), occurs
in N. E.

Var. aristata Gray. Culms slender and strict, with small
open panicle ; lemma awned from near the base. {A. stricta
Willd.) — Open ground, Me. to Va. — In habit resembling
A. canina, with which it is often confused.

Var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey. Culms densely
tufted, prostrate, rooting at the nodes; leaves mostly short and appressed ;
panicle contracted, dense, about 1 dm. long. {A. coarctata ^hxh.) — Brackish
meadows or wet sands along the coast, Me. to Del. (Eu.)

2. A. Elliottiana Schultes. Culms delicate, 1-4 dm. high; leaves very slen-
der; panicle open, weak, and drooping; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the
keel and margins, the lemma shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate apex;
awn 5 7nm. long ; palea minute. — In dry soil, Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. C.
May-July.

3. A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (Hair Grass.) Culms very slender, erect,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves short and narrow, the tufted basal ones soon involute, the
upper 2-7 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide ; panicle purplish, the ivhorled
scabrous branches spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long ; lemma
awnless or rarely short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal
very acute glumes; palea obsolete. {A. scabra AVilld.) — Dry or moist open
woodland, sandy low land, rocks, etc., common. June-Aug. — A form with

1

103. A. alba, v. vulg.
Panicle x^^.
Spikelet x 3.

GRAMINEAE QGRaSS FAMILY) 133

awned lemmas occurs from Me. to Tenn., and especially in the White Mountains •
at higher altitudes this and also the awnless form tend to be more tufted, with
numerous short radical leaves. {Trichodium montanum Torr. ; A. laxijlora
var. montana Tucl'^erm. ; A. scabra, var. montana Man. ed. 0.) '

4. A. per6nnans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (Thin Grass.) Cuims erect or some-
what decumbent, varying from weak and lax to stout and tall, 8-10 dm. hif,di-
leaves numerous, 1-2 dm. long, 1-0 mm. wide ; panicle ov()id-sul)cylin<lric, the
slender ascending branches dividing and spikelet-bearing from about the middle
the pedicels often divergent; spikelets 2-3 mm. long; lemma

shorter than the acuminate unequal glumes. {A. intermedia
Scribn.) — Low open ground or damp shaded places, Me. to
Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct. — Variable in habit; in deep
shade the culms weak and decumbent, the panicles more open
with fewer branches, conspicuously divaricate. Flowers later io4. A.perennans
than any other species of Agrostis in the eastern states. Fig. Spikeiet x.s.
104. Var. elXta (Pursh) Hitchc. Differs in having more
slender and elongated culms, but particularly in the crowding of the spikelets at
the ends of the branches, giving them a more drooping appearance. {A. e.lata
Trin. ; A. altissima Tuckerm. ; Cormicopiae altissima Walt, is doubtful, prob-
ably A. alba L.) Swamps near the coast, N. J. to Miss.

5. A. CANiNA L. (Brown Bent Grass.) Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect, slen-
der ; basal leaves involute-setaceous, those of the calm flat and broader ; panicle
at first loose, contracted in fruit; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glumes subequal, acute ;

awn inserted about the middle, longer than the glumes, bent. —
Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastw. ; cultivated as a lawn
grass under the name Rhode Island Bent. (Nat. from Eurasia.)
6. A. borealis Hartm. Culms tufted, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves
tufted at base, few on the culm ; panicle open, the lower branches
whorled a7id spreading ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; awn exserted
105 A borealis "^"'^ ™™' ^^^^nd the glumes, rarely short or obsohite. {A. rubra
Spikeiet x sV auth., not L. ; A. canina, var. alpina Oakes ; A. novae-angliae
" ^' Vasey.) — Lab. to Alaska and mts. of N. E. and N. Y. ; also
Roan Mt., N. C. (Eu.) — Dwarf forms of high altitudes and latitudes approach
dwarf forms of A. hy emails. Some of these have been referred to A. rupestris
All., which seems not to occur in N. A. Fig. 105.

33. P0LYP6G0N Desf. Beard Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a dense spike-like panicle ; glumes subequal, entire or
2-lobed, bearing a straight awn from the apex ; lennna much
shorter than the glumes, broad, emarginate or bifid at the
a,pex, awned ; palea smaller than the lemma ; stamens 1-3. —
Ainiuals, with flat leaves. (Name composed of iro\6s, much,
and ircjyJjv, bedrd.)

1. P. jionspeliensis (L.) Desf. Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect
from a decumbent base, usually tufted ; blades linear, scabrous ;
panicle 3-10 cm. long, dense, interrupted, pale, and soft silky, 106. P. monsp.
often partly included in the uppermost sheath ; spikelets 2.5-3 inflorescence x Vs-
mm. long. — Waste places, Me., and southw., mostly near the Spikeiet, floret.and
coast. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 106. glumes x 2.

34. CALAMOVILFA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless ; callus densely bearded ; glumes rather firm,
unequal, acute ; lemma 1 -nerved, acute ; palea as long as the lemma, broad,
deeply furrowed between the strong nerves. — Rather tall rigid perennials, with
horizontal rootstocks and loosely spreading panicles. (Name from /cctXa/xos, a
reed, and ViJfa. a name applied to a genus of grasses by Adanson.)

1. C brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. Oulms 6-12 dm. high, tufted, from a shori
horizontal rootstock; the basal sheaths indurated and keeled; blades long, linear,

134 GR AMINE AB (^GRASS FAMILYJ

nearly flat or involute ; panicle purplish, 1-2 cm. long, pyramidal, the slendef
branches ascending ; pedicels hairy at the summit ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; glumes
shorter than the Jloret, mucronate ; callus-hairs less than half
the length of the scabrous lemma and palea, which are bristly-
bearded along the keels. (Calamagrostis Beck.) — Sandy
swamps, pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C, rare.

2. C. longifblia (Hook.) Hack. Culms solitary, 6-18 dm.

high, from running rootstocks, stout ; sheaths usually pubescent,

at least on the margins ; leaves elongated, involute above and

tapering into a long thread-like point; panicle pale, 1.5-4.5

c \ T r ^^^' ^^'^5'' narrow, the slender smooth branches erect or ascend-

■ * ^'"^l^ i^' iiig ; spikelets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes acute, the second equal to

tache/ lumes x 2* ^^ exceeding the floret; callus-hairs more than half the lengtl

gume . qj i^^Q smooth lemma and palea. (Calamagrostis Hook.) —

Sandy shores, Ont. to Rocky Mts., southw. to Hi. and Kan., and southwestw.

July-Sept. Fig. 107.

35 CALAMAGR6STIS Adans. Reed Bent Grass

Spikelets l-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a hairy bristle
or pedicel ; glumes subequal, usually longer than the floret ; lemma awned on
the back, usually from below the middle, surrounded at base with copious long
hairs; palea shorter than the lemma, faintly 2-nerved. — Tall often reed-like
perennials, with running rootstocks, simple mostly erect culms and many-
flowered panicles. (Name compounded of /cdXa/xos, a reed, and &ypw<TTis, a
gj'ass.) A diiflcult genus in which the awns and callus-hairs, although furnish-
ing the most used diagnostic features, are exceedingly variable.

A.wn bent, exserted more or less.

Sheaths not bearded at the summit 1. (7. Pick&ringii.

Sheaths bearded at the summit.
Palea about as long as the lemma; callus -hairs one fourth to one third

as long . ." . . 2. C. Porteri.

Palea and callus-hairs three fourths as long as the lemma . . . 8. (7. perplexa.
Awn straight, included.
Panicle loose and open, even after flowering.

Spikelets 3-8.5 mm. long 4. (7. canadensis.

Spikelets 5-6 mm. long b. C. Langsdorf^^,

Panicle contracted, strict, the short branches erect or appressed after
flowering.
Kudiment hairy throughout.
Panicle dense, more or less spike-like ; leaves involute.

Leaves smooth, soft ; rootstock slender 6. C. neglecta.

Leaves roughish, rigid ; rootstocks stouter i. C. hyperborea.

Panicle looser, the branches spreading at flowering time . . . 8. ^. inexpansa.
Rudiment with copious long hairs at the tip 9. C.cinnoidea.

* Awn strongly bent, exserted more or less ; callus-hairs usually much shorter

than the lemma.

1. C. Pickeringii Gray. Culms solitary or few, 3-5 dm. high, somewhat
rigid, scabrous below the panicle ; sheaths smooth ; blades flat, 4-10 cm. long,
4-5 mm. wide, erect ; panicle purplish, 7-12 cm. long, the branches erect or
ascending ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; glumes acute, exceeding the obtuse scabrou.i
lemma, which bears a short stout bent (not twisted) awn from below th^
middle ; callus-hairs ^l the length of the lemma, wanting at the back. ( C.
breviseta Scribn.) — Mts. of N. Y. and N. E. to Nfd., and northw. ; locally ai
Andover, Mass. (J. Bobinson). Aug. -Sept.

Var. lacustris (Kearney) Hitchc. Culms taller (5-10 dm. high); rootstocks
stouter ; leaves more or less involute ; panicle usually longer ; callus-hairs ^f as
long as the lemma. — Mts. of N. E., and along the Great Lakes to Minn.

2. C. Portdri Gray. Culms slender, 6-12 dm. high; blades 1.5-3 dm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, flat, taper-pointed, very rough, bearded on the sides at the base;
ligule 4-5 mm. long ; panicle narrow, 8-16 cm. long, rather loosely flowered, th6

GRAMINEAE (;GRASS FAMILY) 135

thort branches erect ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; glumes acute, slightly exceeding
the floret; lemma obscurely dentate, aim twisted below; palea about as long
as the lemma, callus-hairs scanty, i-i as long. — Dry woods, N. Y. and Pa
Aug.

3. C. perpllxa Scribn. Similar to the preceding, slightly glaucous ; panicle
oblong-lanceolate, contracted, 1-1.5. dm. long, the slender fascicled branches
erect or ascending, densely Jioicered ; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; glunu's acumi-
nate; awn slightly twisted below ; palea and copious callus-hairs | the length
of the lemma. {C. nemoralis Kearney, not Philippi.) — Rocky woods. Me. and
w. N. Y., local.

* * Awn straight or nearly so, included; callus-hairs usually not much shorter

than the lemma.

•*- Panicle loose and open, even after flowering ; the mostly purple-tinged or
lead-colored strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit , copious callus-
hairs about equaling the lemma, not surpassed by those of the rudiment;
awn delicate.

4. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (Blue-joint Grass.) Culms 6-15 dm.
high, clustered ; leaves 1.5—4 dm. long, flat, involute in drying, glaucous ; panicle
1-3 dm. long, the slender fascicled branches ascending or

spreading; spikelets Z-?).b mm. long; glumes equal, acute,
scarcely exceeding the thin erose-truncate lemma ; awn incon-
spicuous ; callus-hairs copious, about as long as the floret. —
Wet places, e. Que. to N. J., and westw. June, July. Fig.
108. Var. acuminXta Vasey. Glumes 4-5 mm. long, attenu-
ate, exceeding the acute lemma ; awn less delicate and longer. — los. c. canadeusis.
Lab., Nfd. ; White Mts., N. H. ; Roan Mt., N. C. ; and in SpikeletxS.
Rocky Mts.

5. C. Langsd6rfii (Link) Trin. Similar to the preceding ; panicles usually
smaller ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes acuminate, somewhat exceeding th«
dentate lemma; awn as long as the floret, less delicate than in C. canadensis. —
Moist meadows, Lab., mts. of N. E., L. Superior, and north westw. Aug.
(Greenl., Eurasia.)

-- ••- Panicle contracted, strict, its short branches appressed or erect after
flowering; the scabrous glumes mostly closed; lemma less delicate, some-
times as firm in texture as the glumes; awn stouter.

6. C. negl6cta (Ehrh.) Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius. Mootstock slender;
culms slender, 4-6.5 dm. high ; leaves soft, 1-3 cm. long, smooth; panicle nar-
row, glomerate and lobed, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long; glumes
acute ; callus-hairs a little shorter than the floret, and as long as those of the
rudiment; awn from the middle of the thin lemma or lower, barely exceed-
ing it. (C stricta Man. ed. 6, not Trin.) — Wet shores and mountains, n.
N. E., L. Superior, northw. and westw. (Eurasia.)

7. C. hyperbbrea Lange. Culms and rootstocks stouter than in the preceding ;
culms tufted, 4-10 dm. high ; leaves involute, rigid, roughish ; panicles 7-15 cm.

long, dense ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long ; glumes acute, exceeding
the floret ; callus-hairs |-| as long as the lemma. (C lappo-
nica Man. ed. 6, not Hartm.) — Moist meadows and calcartous
cliffs, Greenl. to Alaska, s. to e. Que., n. Vt., "Pa.," Minn. ;
and in the Rocky Mts.

8. C. inexpdnsa Gray. Culms solitary or few, slender,
i09. C. inexpansa. 7-12 dm. high ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous
Spikelet with de- above, flat, often involute in dryini; ; panicles pale, 1-2 dm.
tached glumes X 2. lo^g, less densely flowered than others of this group ; spikelets
4 mm. long ; glumes rather rigid, sharp-pointed, about \ longer
than the toothed lemma • avvn scarcely exceeding the lemma ; callus-hairs
|-i shorter than the lemma (C. confinis Man. ed. 6, not Nutt.) — Swamps and
low prairies, N. Y. and N. J. ; Mian, to Mo. j^nd westw. July. Fig. 109.

136

GRAMINEAE (;GRASS FAMILY)

110. C. cinnoides.
Spikelet with de-
tached glumes X 3.

9. C. cinnoides (Mubl.) Barton. Glaucous; culms stout,
1-1.8 m. high, solitary or few, erect or kaning; leaves very
scabrous, sometimes sparingly hirsute, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 mm.
wide (those of the innovations shorter, narrow) ; panicles 8-17
cm. long, tapering to summit, usually much contracted ; sjjike-
lets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes keeled, very scabrous, acuminate-
aristate, the tips usually curved outward, exceeding the acuminate
lemma which is awned above the middle ; callus-hairs about
I the length of the floret, those of the rudiment copious, con-
fined to the tip, almost equaling the lemma. (C Nuttal^
liana Steud. )— Moist ground, Me. to O. and southw. Fig.
110.

36. AMM6pHILA Host

Spikelets 1-flowered, large, awnless, crowded in a long spike-like panicle ;
rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a hairy bristle ; glumes firm, subequal,
compressed-keeled, acute ; lemma of like texture, surrounded
at base with short hairs, 2-toothed at the apex and mucronate
between the teeth ; palea nearly as long, rather firm, the two
nerves close together. — A coarse perennial with creeping root-
stocks, rigid culms and involute leaves. (Name from d^i/xos,
sand, and (pCKeXv, to love.')

1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. (Sea Sand-reed, Psamma,
Marram, Beach Grass.) Culm stout, 0.5-1 m. high, branch-
ing at the base, from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long,
soon involute ; panicle 1-4 dm. long ; spikelets compressed ;
glumes and lemma scabrous. {A. arundinacea Host.) — Sandy
beaches, along the coast, N. B. to N. C. ; and on the Great Lakes.
Aug., Sept. (Eu.) — An important sand-binder. Fig. 111.

111. A. arenaria.
Inflorescence x Vio*
Spikelets x 1.

112. A. spica-venti.
Spikelet Ttith de-
tached glumes X 3.

37. APERA Adans.

Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea
into a minute naked bristle ; glumes thin in texture, subequal,
and slightly exceeding the lemma which bears a slender awn
from just below the apex ; palea nearly as long as the lemma,
2-toothed. — Annuals with flat leaves and diffuse panicles.
(Name from dirrjpos, unmaimed , application obscure.)

1. A. spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Culms slender, 3-7 dm.
high, tufted, erect or geniculate at the lower nodes ; blades
linear ; panicle 1-3.5 dm. long, the very slender branches
verticillate, spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 2 mm.
long, shining ; lemma scabrous, awn 5-7 mm. long. — Spar-
ingly naturalized eastw. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) FiG.
112.

38. CfNNA L. Wood Reed Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, forming a short
naked stipe below the floret, and prolonged behind the palea into a minute
bristle ; glumes narrow, hispidulous on the keel ; lemma 3-5-nerved, with a short
awn from between the minute teeth of the bifid apex ; palea 1-nerved, or 2-nerved,
the nerves close together ; stamen 1. — Tall perennials with flat leaves, conspicu-
ous hyaline ligules, and many-flowered nodding panicles. (From dppa, a name
used by Dioscorides for a kind of grass.)

1. C. arundinacea L Culms 0.5-1.5 m. high, erect, solitary or few together ;
blades 2-3 dm. long, 1 cm. or less wide (rarely wider), slightly scabrous ; panicle

GEAMINEAE (^GRASS FAMILY)

137

liy. C. aruiidina©ea.
Spikelets x 21/3.

1.5-3 dm. long, the slender branches ascending, somewhat contracted after

flowering ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; glumes scabrous, unequal, the second as long
as the scabrous lemma which bears a minute awn or is
sometimes awnless ; palea 1-nerved. — Moist woods and
shaded swamps ; N. S. to Ont. and south w. Aug., Sept.
Fig. 113.

2. C. Iatif51ia (Trev.) Griseb. Similar to the preced-
ing ; blades 1.5-2.6 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, rarely nar-
rower, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the flexuous
capillary branches spreading or drooping ; spikelets 4 mm.
long; glumes scabrous, subequal, and about equaling the
scabrous short-awned lemma ; palea 2-nerved, the nerves
cJose together. (C. pendula Trin.) — Damp woods, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. E.
W. Y., the Great Lake region, and westw.; also on mts. of N. C. (Eu.)

89. AiRA L. Hair Grass

Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect ; glumes thin, somewhat scarious,
subequal, acute, awnless, longer than the approximate florets ; lemmas bidentate,
awned on the back or the lower awnless ; palea a little shorter than the lemma ;
grain included in the slightly indurated lemma and palea, and usually adherent
to them. — Delicate annuals. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)

1. A. CARYOPHYLL^A L. Culms Solitary or few, slender, erect, 8-30 cm. high ;
blades short, setaceous ; panicle open, the silvery shining spikelets clustered
toward the ends of the spreading capillary branches, 3 mm.
long, nearly as broad ; lemma of both florets with a grnicidate
awn 3-4 mm. long from below the middle, the teeth of the apex
setaceous. — Waste places, Nantucket to O., and soutliw.
June. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 114.
114 A • • h 11 2. A. capillXris Host. Similar to the preceding ; panicle

'sniklw^v.q^ ^* more diffuse; spikelets scattered at the ends of the branches,
2.5 mm. long ; lemma of lower floret awnless or icith a minute
awn just below the apex, the teeth of which are short ; lemma
of uppet?floret bearing a geniculate awn 3 mm. long from below the middle, teeth
of apex Setaceous. — On the coast, Va., and south w. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. A. PRAi:cox L. Culms tufted, 0.5-20 cm. high, slender, erect or lower
nodes geniculate ; sheaths slightly inflated ; blades setaceous ; panicle narrow
and dense, the short branches erect, 1-3 cm. long ; spikelets yellowish, shinnig,
3.5-4 mm. long ; lemmas of both florets bidentate at apex, and bearing a genicu-
late awn 2-4 mm. long from below the middle, the awn of lower floret shorter
than that of the upper. — Sandy fields, N. J. and Del. to Va. May-July. ^Nat.
from Eu.)

40. h6lcus l.

Spikelets 2-flowered, articulated below the glumes ; the lower floret perfect,
raised on a curved stipe, awnless ; the upper floret staminate (rarely perfect),
its lemma bearing a dorsal awn from below the apex ; glumes
thin, subequal, compressed, boat-shaped, longer than the
florets ; lemmas somewhat indurated, boat-shaped ; paleas
thin, nearly as long as the lemmas. — Perennials with flat
leaves and densely flowered terminal panicles. (A name used
by Pliny for a kind of grass, from 6X/c6y, attractive.)

H. lanXtus L. (Velvet Grass.) Entire plant grayish,
velvety-pubescent; culms erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 15 cm.
long or less, rarely longer, 5-10 mm. wide ; panicle purplish,
5-10 cm. long, narrow ; spikelets 4 mm. long, nearly as broad ;
glumes villous, hirsute on the nerves, the second broader than
the first, 3-nerved ; lemmas ciliate at the apex ; at07i of second
floret hook! ike. — Moist meadows, N. S. to 111., and south w.
Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 115.

Spikelet x :
Flower X 414.

115. H. lanatus.
Spikelet x 2^,.
Same opened X 2%.

June, July.

138 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

41. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.

Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the pedicels jointed just below the glumes ; rhachilla
prolonged behind the upper palea in a slender pedicel, articulated between the
florets, the glumes and lower floret with joint of pedicel tardily falling together ;
glumes subequal, exceeded by the uppermost floret, the first narrow, the second
much broader, usually obovate, becoming subcoriaceous in fruit, 3-nerved ;
lemma chartaceous, nerves obscure, awnless or awned below the summit, awn
usually straight or divergent ; palea hyaline, narrowed toward the base ; grain
inclosed within the rigid lemma, free. — Slender perennials with usually flat
leaves and narrow terminal panicles. (Name from (rcpriv, a wedge, and 0oXts, a
scale, referring to the broadly obovate or wedge-shaped second glume. ) Eatonia
Eudlicher and later authors, not Raf.

Spikelets awnless or with the second floret short-awned ; glumes dissimilar, the
first linear, second obovate, becoming chartaceous.
Panicle narrow, densely flowered ; second glume as broad as long, subcucullate

in fruit 1. S. oMusata.

Panicle lax, branches more or less spreading, at least in flower.
Glumes subequal, second broadly obovate, obtuse ; florets obtuse, the second

very scabrous e 2. /S". nitida.

Glumes unequal, first shorter than the narrowly obovate second one ; florets

mostly acute, glabrous 3. S.pallens.

Spikelets awned ; glumes similar.

Lower floret usually awnless . 4. S. palustris.

Both florets awned ... {4) S. palustris, v.flexuosa.

1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Culms slender to rather stout, 3-10 dm.
high ; sheaths pubescent to nearly glabrous ; leaves 4-15 cm. long, glabrous ; panicle

6-18 cm. long, often glomerate; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long;

glumes subequal, the second subcucullate, the broad chartaceous

margins smooth and shining ; lemmas similar or the second a

little scabrous. — Dry soil, Ct. to Fla., westw. to Mo. and Tex.

June, July. Fig. 116. Var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn.

Sheaths and sometimes culms and leaves pubescent. — Ct. to
116 S obtusata ^^'^^^- ^"^ southw. Var. lobXta (Trin.) Scribn. Sheaths and
Spikelet x^3. ^ leaves scabrous, not pubescent; panicle cylindrical, sometimes

interrupted below ; spikelets densely crowded on the short ax>pressed
branches. — Dry soil, and prairies, Me. to Fla., westw. throughout the U. S. ;
the commoner form in the North.

2. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms slender, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths pubes-
cent; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 inm. icide, pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long,
loosely flowered, widely spreading in flower, finally erect ; spikelets 3 mm. long,
cuneiform ; glumes subequal, the broad second glume rounded or abruptly apic-
ulate ; lemmas oblong, obtuse, rarely short-awned just below the apex, second
lemma scabrous especially near the tip and keel. {Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey.) —
Woods, Vt. to Mich., and southw. May, June. Var. glabra (Nash) Scribn.
Sheaths and leaves glabrous. — Va., and southw.

3. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms 3-10 dm. high, usually slender;
sheaths usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 4.6 mm,
xcide, scabrous on the nerves, sometimes sparsely pilose above ;
panicles lax, nodding, 8-20 cm. long ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long,
oblong-lanceolate; glumes unequal, scabrous on the keels, the
first linear, ^| as long as the broadly oblanceolate usually acute
second glume; lemmas lanceolate, acute, glabrous except on the
keel near the apex, the second projecting beyond the second ^^^ g ^ugjjg
glume, sometimes awned below the apex. {Eatonia pennsylvanica gpikeietxS
Gray.) — Me. to N. C, w. to Wise, Kan., and Tex, — In the
Mississippi Valley this species occurs on prairies, and has a denser panicle ; in
the Atlantic States, especially southward, it occurs in meadows and along
ditches, and has a more lax panicle. Fig. 117. Var. m\jor (Torr.) Scribn.
Panicles narroivly lanceolate or oblong, rather densely flowered, the first glume
nearly equaling the rather narrow second one. {Eatonia intermedia Rydb.) —
Nfd, to Wash., s. to 111., Col., and Ariz.

GRAMINEAE QGRASS FAMILY)

r^

4. S. palustris (Michx.) Scribn. Culms 6-10 dm. high; sheaths and leaves
glabrous, or lower sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 8-12 cm. lono-, 8-6 mm.
wide, scabrous ; panicles 10-20 cm. long, narrow ; spikelets °'

6-7 mm. long ; glumes similar, lanceolate, acute, subequal ;
lemmas lanceolate, the first acute or acuminate-pointed, awn-
less, rarely short-awned ; the second bearing a slender divergent
awn below the acute or 2-toothed apex ; awn 4-5 mm. long.
(Trisetum pennsylvariicum Man. ed. 6, not Avena pennsylvanica
L. ; T. palustre Trin.) — Low grounds, Mass. to 111. and
south w. Var. rLExu6sA Scribn. Culms 4-6 dm. high; panicles
8-12 dm. long, open, the flexuous branches widely spreading at
least in flower; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the first floret usually lis. s. pal., v flex
awned. — Del. (^Commons), Ta.. {Heller). Fig. 118. Spikeietxs.

119. K. cristata x 2^4.
Spikelet. Lower part

of lemma spread

open.

42. KOELERIA Pers.

Spikelets 2-4-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged into a naked pedicel behind the
upper palea ; glumes unequal, slightly shorter than the florets, membranaceous,
acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved ; lemma char-
taceous-membranaceous, the margins scarious, faintly 3-5-
nerved, acute or mucronate ; palea hyaline ; gi-ain loosely
inclosed within the subrigid lemma, free. — Tufted perennials
with narrow leaves and densely flowered terminal spike-like
panicles. (Named for Prof. G. L. Koeler, an early writer
on grasses.)

1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Culms erect, 3-6 dm. high,
leafy at the base ; sheaths retrorsely pubescent, at least the
lower ; blades flat or becoming involute ; panicle cylindrical,
4-15 cm. long, often interrupted at base, pale and shining ;
spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; the glumes and lemmas scabrous. — Dry soil, Ont. and
O. to B. C, and southw. ; introduced in N. E. (Eurasia.) — Very variable.
Fig. 119.

43. TRISETUM Pers.

Spikelets 2 (rarely 3-5) -flowered, rhachilla prolonged behind the upper palea
as a hairy bristle or pedicel ; glumes unequal, the second
about as long as the florets, keeled ; lemma membranaceous,
keeled, 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a slender dorsal awn ;
palea narrow, 2-toothed ; grain smooth, inclosed in the lemma
and palea but free from them. — Tufted perennials with nar-
row or spike-like or loose terminal panicles. (Name from
tres, three, and seta, a bristle.)

1. T. spicatum (L.) Richter. Culms slender, erect, 1.5-6
dm. high ; sheaths and blades more or less puberulent, blades
2-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle shining, spike-like, 3-12
cm. long, often interrupted below ; spikelets 6-6 mm. long ;
the second glume broader than the first, 3-nerved ; lemma
minutely scabrous, the awn inserted about ^ below the acumi-
nate-toothed apex, 4-5 mm. long, divergent. ( T. subspicatum
Beauv. and var. molle Gray.) — Mts. and rocky banks, Lab.

to Alaska, s. to Ct.

121. T. mel., v. maj. x 2.
Spikelet and floret.

120. T. spicatum x;
N. Y., the Great Lakes; and along the Spikelet and floret.
mts. toN. C. (Eurasia.) Fig. 120.

2. T. melicoides (Michx.) Vasey. Culm 3-8 dm. high ;
sheaths and blades roughish ; panicle shining, lax, nodding,
10-12 cm. long ; spikelets 7 mm. long ; callus hairy ; lemma
minutely scabrous, bluntly 'I-toothed at the apex, awn 1-2
mm. long, straight, erect. {Graphephoram Desv.) — Gulf
of St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes, s. to N. B., ]\Ie.,
and Vt. Var. mXjus (Gray) Hitchc. Lower sheaths
pubescent ; upper surface of the leaves pilose ; lemmas

140

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

entire at the acute apex, awnless. {Dupontia Cooleyi Gray ; Graphephorum
melicoides, var. major Gray.) — Gravelly or rocky shores, Me,, Vt., Out., and
Mich Fig. 121.

44. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.

Spikelets 2 (rarely 3) -flowered ; rhachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper
palea as a hairy bristle ; glumes subequal, thin or scarious ; lemmas thin, 4-nerved
(the midnerve becoming an awn), truncate, 2-4-toothed, bear-
ing a slender dorsal awn from or below the middle. — Tufted
perennials (our species) with flat or involute leaves and shining
spikelets in loose or narrow panicles. (Named for Loiseleur-
Deslongchamps, a French botanist, 1774-1849.)

* Glumes somewhat shorter than the florets.

1. D. flexubsa (L.) Trin. (Common Hair Grass.) Culms
erect, 3-8 dm, high, slender, nearly naked above, the numerous
involute-setaceous basal leaves 6-20 cm. long ; sheaths scabrous ;
blades setaceous; panicle 5-12 cm. long, very loose, rather
few-flowered, the smooth capillary flexuous branches spikelet-
bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; glumes acute ;
florets approximate, lemmas scabrous, ^-toothed, awn inserted
near the base, 5-7 mm. long, twisted ; palea nearly as long as
the lemma, scabrous. — Dry places, Nfd., Ont., Wise, and
northw., s. to N. C. and Tenn, June, July. (Eu.) Fig. 122.

2. D. caespitbsa (L.) Beauv. Culms erect, 6-12 dm. high,
slender ; basal leaves flat or becoming involute, not setaceous,
5-15 cm. long; sheaths smooth; blades flat, scabrous on the
upper surface ; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the scabrous slender
branches spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4 mm. long ;

glumes acute or blunt; florets distant {rhachilla half the length of lower sessile
floret) ; lemmas smooth, erose-truncate ; awn from near the base, but little
longer than its lemma, straight, articulated at the base and
deciduous; palea nearly equaling the lemma. — Moist soil,
mostly along streams, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. J. and 111.
June, July. (Eu.) — Spikelets rarely 3-flowered. Fig. 123.

122. D. flexuosa.
Part of panicle x %.
Spikelet and floret

x2y2.

* * Glumes longer than the florets.

3. D. atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Culms erect,
1.5-5 dm. high, slender, leafy ; no tufts of basal leaves ; sheaths 123. D. caespitosa.
smooth ; blades flat, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, nearly Spikelet x 31/2.
glabrous ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, rather few-flowered ; the few
smooth capillary flexuous branches spreading, sometimes drooping, spikelet-
bearing at the ends ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes acuminate; florets rather
distant ; lemmas strigose near the summit, erose-truncate and short-ciliate at
apex ; awn inserted about the middle, bent, 3-4 mm. long ; palea nearly equaling
the lemma. — Alpine summits of N. E. and N. Y. to Lab. and northwestTw.
July, Aug. (Eurasia.)

45. AVENA [Toum.] L. Oat

Spikelets 2-6-flowered ; rhachilla bearded below the florets ; glumes subequal,
membranaceous, many-nerved, longer than the lemmas, usually exceeding the
uppermost floret ; lemmas indurated except toward the summit, 5-9-nerved,
bidentate at the apex, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn (the awn straight or
wanting in cultivated forms); grain pubescent at least at the summit, often ad-
hering to the lemma and palea. — Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles
of large spikelets. (The classical Latin name.)

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

141

* Spikelets more than 2 cm. long ; annuals.

1. A. fAtua L. Culms 4-12 dm. high, in small tufts, erect, stout • blades
long, 5-8 mm. wide; panicle loose and open, the slender branches ascendin^^ r
spikelets pendulous, 2.2-2.5 cm. long, excluding the awns ; ^
glumes smooth, striate, acuminate ; florets approximate ;
lemmas with a ring of hairs at base and more or less
appressed-pubescent with long stiff brownish hairs; awn
inserted about the middle, bent and twisied, 3 cm. long
or more. — Fields and waste places, Ont. and O. (rare) ;
Wise, 111., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 124.

2. A. STERiLis L. (Animated Oats.) Larger than
the preceding, the spikelets 3.5-4.5 cm. long, excluding
the awns ; lemmas usually more densely hairy ; awns
5-7 cm. long. — Occurs sparingly in N. J. and near Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. sativa L., the cultivated oat, commonly occurs in
waste places in cities, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

* * Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long ; perennials.

3. A. PUBESCENS Huds. Culms 6-9 cm. high, in small tufts, erect, slender ;
sheaths and blades, at least the lower, retrorsely pubescent ; panicle rather nar-
row, the slender flexuous branches erect; spikelets upright, 1.2-1.3 cm. lonq,
excluding the awns ; glumes ^-nerved, the nerves scabrous ; florets approximate,
rhachilla-joints clothed with long white hairs ; lemmas scabrous, a tuft of white
hairs at the base, a bent and twisted awn inserted about the middle, 2-2 5 mm
long. — Fields, Vt., N. J. (Adv. from Eu.)

46. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat Grass

Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets approximate, the lower staminate, its lemma
bearing a geniculate and twisted awn on the back near the base ; the upper per-
fect, its lemma short-awned from or near the apex, or awnless ; rhachilla hairy,
prolonged behind the upper palea into a bristle; glumes unequal, acute, thin
and scarious ; lemmas of firmer texture, 5-7-nerved ; palea
ciliate on the nerves. — Tall perennials with flat leaves and
long narrow panicles. (Name from &pp7]v, masculine, and
ad-qp., awn, in reference to the awned staminate floret.)

1. A. elAtius (L.) Beauv. (Tall 0.) Culms 1 m. or more
high, erect; leaves long, linear, 0.5-1 cm. wide, scabrous on
both surfaces ; panicle pale or purplish and shining, 15-30 cm.
long, narrow, the short branches verticillate, usually spike-
let-bearing from the base ; spikelets 7-8 mm. long ; glumes
minutely scabrous, the second about equaling the florets ;
lemmas scabrous, the awn of the staminate floret about twice
the length of its lemma; paleas as long as their lemmas. {A. avenaceum
Beauv.) — Meadows and waste places, Nfd. to Va., Ont., Minn., etc.; often
cultivated. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 125.

125. A. elatius.

3pikelet with g-lum

detached X 2.

\

47. DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat Grass

Spikelets several-flowered ; florets not closely approximate, uppermost imper-
fect or rudimentary ; glumes subequal, much longer than the lemmas, usually
exceeding the uppermost floret ; lemma convex, 2-toothed or bifid at the apex,
with a twisted awn between the teeth ; awn flat, formed by the extension of the
3 middle nerves of the lemma. — Tufted erect perennials with narrow leaves anc?
small terminal panicles or racemes. (Named for ^tienne Danthoine, a botanist
of Marseilles.)

142

GRAMINEAE (^GRASS FAMILY)

Teeth of the lemma trianorular, not aristate 1. D. spicata.

Teeth of the lemma aristate.

Florets not over 5 mm. long 2. 2). compressa.

Florets 7-8 mm. long.
Spikelets nearly sessile, in small crowded panicle, purple , , . . 8. 2). intermedicu
Spikelets in loose panicle, pale green.

Sheaths and blades villous ; lemma silky-hairy 4. Z>. sericea.

Sheaths and blades glabrous ; lemma pubescent on margins and base

only 5, B. epilis,

1. D. spicata (L.) Beaiiv. Culms 2-7 dm. high terete ; sheaths and involute
blades glabrous or sparsely pilose, the numerous basal leaves often curled, those
of the culm erect ; panicle fevsr-flowered, the few short branches
erect or ascending, often reduced to a raceme ; spikelets
10-12 mm. long, on short stiff pedicels ; glumes acuminate :
lemmas 4-5 mm. long, sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, teeth
' triangular^ the awn longer than the lemma. — Dry and sterile

or rocky soil. June-Aug. Fig. 126.

2. D. compressa Aust. Usually taller than the preceding ;
culms flattened, often decumbent at base ; leaves elongated,
2-3 mm. loide, flat or involute on the margins only; panicle
more open ; teeth of the lemma aristate, at least
2 mm. long. — Dry woods, Me. to N. Y., and
south w.

3. D. intermedia Vasey. Culms 1-4 dm. high,
with numerous mostly involute basal leaves ;
culm-leaves 5-15 cm, long, involute ; spikelets

W^WM' 15 mm. long, rather crowded in a raceme or

simple few-flowered panicle ; glumes hroad, acu-

minate, purplish, with pale scarious margins;

. . spica . if^Yii^yid 7_8 mm. long, glabrous except at the base

B -T 1 f^ 1 fl ^^^^ margins below the middle, the teeth aristate ;

Bpikeiet and floret ^^^^^ ._g ^^^_ long. — Ut. Albert, Gaspd Co.,

Lemma X 2 Que.; n. Mich. (Farwell)^ and westw. July,

Aug.

4. D. sericea Nutt. Culms 5-9 dm. high ; sheaths and blades
villous, at least the lower ones ; basal blades elongated, mostly
involute, those of culms flat or involute ; panicle 6-10 cm. long,
rarely longer, rather loose, the branches ascending or spreading ;
spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate, pale;
lemma densely clothed with long silky hairs, the aristate teeth more ^27 d sericea
than \ the entire length of the lemma, awn 12-15 mm. long. — Lemma x 4
Sandy soil, Mass. to Pa., and southw. Fig. 127.

5. D. epilis Scribn. Very similar to the preceding, not so tall ; sheaths and
blades glabrous ; panicle smaller ; lemma glabrous, except at the base and on the
margins below the middle. (Z>. glabra Nash, not Philippi.) — Sandy soil, N. J.,
and southw., rare. May. — Possibly only a variety of the preceding.

48. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord or Marsh Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, sessile and closelj imbricated in 2
rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming unilateral spikes which are
scattered along a common axis ; glumes unequal, keeled, acute or bristle-
pointed, the second usually exceeding the obtuse thinner 1-nerved lemma ;
palea equaling or exceeding the lemma. — Coarse perennials T^ith strong creeping
rootstocks, rigid simple culms, and long tough leaves. (WTience the name, from
(TirapTLVT], a cord, such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or broom.)

* Culms stout, usually over 1 m. high; leaves 1 cm. or more wide, flat of
nearly so when fresh.
1. S- Michauxi^na Hitchc. (Slough Grass.) Culms 1-2 m. high;
leaves &-12 dm. long, 15 mm. wide or less, tapering to a very slender point,

GRAMINEAE (;GRASS FAMILY)

143

128. 8. Alichanxiana.

Spikelet with glumes

detached x '2.

keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth except the margins ; spikes
5-20, scattered, spreading, 0.5-10 cm. long ; rhachis rough on the margins ;
glumes serrulate-hispid on the keel, the first acuminate and
equaling the fioret, the second tapering into an awn 7 mm.
long ; lemma 7-9 mm. long, glabrous except the serrulate-
scabrous midnerve which abruptly terminates below the
emarginate or 2-toothed apex. {8. cynosuroides Am. auth.,
not Roth.) — Banks of rivers and lakes, or on wet prairies,
N. S. to Assina., s. to N.J. and Okla. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 128.
2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth. (Salt Reed Grass.) Culms
stout, 1-3 m. high, often 2 cm. in diameter near the base ; leaves
1-2.5 cm. wide, flat or nearly so, roughish underneath as well
as on the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a
dense ohlong purplishraceme ; glumes barely
mucronate, the first \ the length of the
lemma, of which the rough hispid midrib
reaches the apex. (S. polystachya Willd.) — Salt and brackish
marshes, Ct., and south w. Aug.-Oct. — Specimens from
Dismal Swamp, Va., have only 10-15 spikes. Fig. 129.

3. S. glabra Muhl. (Salt Marsh Grass.) Culms 0.6-
2.4 m. high, leafy to the top; leaves 5-7 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm.
wide, usually flat, sometimes involute ; spikes appressed,
129. s. cynosuro es. g_-j- ^^^ long, the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the
Spikelet with glumes g^^j-^i^fg . gpikelets 10-U mm. long; glumes glabrous or
e ac e x . sparingly scabrous on the keel, the first scarcely f the length
of the second ; lemma 8-10 mm. long. (S. stricta, var.
Gray.) — Salt marshes, Va., and southw. — Odor strong
and rancid. Var. pil6sa. Merr. has glumes withscabrous
keels and lemmas sparingly pilose, thus approaching the
European S. stricta Roth. — Mass., and southw. Fig. 130.
Var. alternifldra (Loisel.) Merr. Spikes more slender,
7-12 cm. long, the spikelets somewhat remote, barely over-
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous
bract-like appendage ; lemma sparingly pilose ; otherwise
as in the preceding form, into which it passes. {S. stricta^
yar. Gray.) — Lower St. Lawrence, and southw. (Eu.)

* * Culms slender, rarely 1 m. high ; leaves not over
5 mm. wide, strongly involute when fresh.

4. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. Culms slender, wiry,
3-8 dm. high, from long slender rootstocks ; sheaths
overlapping; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, involute, spreading; panicle short-exserted
or included at base, of 2 to several ascending spikes (2-5 cm. long); rhachis
smooth; spikelets 10-12 mm. long; first glume linear, mucronate, scarcely
half as long as the lanceolate acuminate second glume,
which is scabrous on the nerves ; lemma 5-6 mm. long, thin,
mij fi obtuse, slightly emarginate ; palea slightly longer. — Salt

Wl|/i marshes and sandy coasts, Nfd. and e. Que. to Va. July,

Aug.

Var. juncea (Michx.) Hitchc. Differs from the species m

its greater size, culms 5-12 dm. high, longer erect or ascend-

, ^ „ ing leaves, and stouter rootstocks ; panicles exserted ; spikes

\o\. S. pat., V. junc. ^^^^,, ^^^^^ spikelets 7-10 mm. long. {S. juncea Willd.) —

Spikelet with glumes g^j^. jjjarshes and sandy beaches along the coast, N. H. :.o

detached X 2. pia. and Tex. June-Sept. Fig. 131.

Var. caespitbsa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc. Differs from the species in :ts tufted
habit, no creeping rootstocks, taller culms, and aioned second glume, blades
approximate near the middle of the stem, glaucous above, as much as 6 dm.
long, with long involute scabrous points. {S. caespitosa A. A. Eaton.) —Border
of brackish marshes, N. H. and Mass.

130. 9. glabra, v. pilosa.
Part of inflorescence x i^.
Spikelet x 1^4.
Same displayed x l*^.

144

GJRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^

49. BECKMANNIA Host

Spikelets 1-fl.owered in our species, broad, laterally compressed, closely imbn.

cated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming short unilateral

spikes ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes ; glumes subequal, inflated, boat-
shaped, chartaceous, margin scarious ; lemma lanceolate,
acuminate, palea nearly as long ; grain free within the
rigid lemma and palea, — A rather tall erect perennial,
with flat leaves and a terminal elongated narrow nearly
simple panicle. (Named for Johann Beckmann, 1730-
1811, professor of botany at Goettingen.)

1. B. erucaef6rmis (L.) Host. Light green; culms
5-10 dm. high ; sheaths loose, overlapping ; blades 1-2.5
dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2.5 dm.
long, the spikes appressed ; spikelets nearly circular,
132. B erucaeformis. 3 mm. long ; the glumes transversely wrinkled ; the acu-

Part of inf orescence X Vs- ^ninate apex of the lemma protruding beyond the glumes.

Part of same x Vj. — Wet ground, Minn., la., and westw. ; adv. in O. Fig.

Spikelets and floret x 2. 132.

60. CYNODON Richard. Bermuda or Scotch Grass

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows
along ouo aide of a slender continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla
prolonged behind the palea into a blunt pedicel ; glumes un-
equal, narrow, acute, keeled ; lemma broad, boat-shaped,
obtuse, ciliate on the keel ; palea as long as the lemma, the
prominent keels close together, ciliolate; grain free within the
lemma and palea. — Low diffusely branched and extensively
creeping perennials, with flat leaves and slender spikes digitate
at the apex of the upright branches. (Name composed of kijoov,
a dog^ and ddojjs, a tooth.) Capriola Adans.

1. C. DAcTYLON (L.) Pers. Glabrous; culms flattened,
wiry ; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs ; spikes 4-5,
2-5 cm. long ; spikelets imbricated, 2 mm. long ; lemma longer
than the glumes. (Capriola Ktze.) — Fields and waste places, 133. c. Dactylon.
Mass., and south w., where it is cultivated for pasturage. (Nat. inflorescence x Vt,
from Eu.) — Seldom perfects seed. Fig. 133. Spikeletx4.

51. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.

Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and appressed, alternate and distant along one
side of a slender triangular rhachis, forming very slender spikes ; glumes narrow,
unequal, with strong rigid keels, pointed, shorter than tlie
lanceolate acuminate scabrous lemma ; palea nearly as long
as the lemma; grain free within the subrigid lenmia and
palea. — A low diffusely branching annual with short narrow
leaves and slender paniculate spikes. (Name from a-x^Sdv,
near, and Nardns, from its resemblance to that genus.)

1. S. paniculatus (Nntt.) Trel. Culms 3-5 dm. highj erect
or decumbent at base, leafy below ; sheaths and blades smooth ;
panicle half or more than ha,lf the entire height of the plant,
its axis usually falcate, the spikes solitary and remote, mostly
along the convex side, rigid; spikelets 4 mm. long. [8. tex-
anus Steud.) — Open ground and salt licks, 111. to Mont., Col.,
and Tex. — At maturity the panicle becomes much elongated and tiecumbent
the axis extending in a large loose spiral. Fig. 134.

134. S. paniculatus.
Part of spike x 1%.
S pikelet X 3.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^ 144

52. GYMNOPOGON Beauv

Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, sometimes 1 or 2 neuter or staminate subses-
sile florets above tlie perfect one, remote along one side of a filiform continuou*
rhachis, forming slender unilateral spikes; rhachilla prolonged beyond tiie floret
as a slender often awned rudiment ; glumes narrow, subequal, Agid, scabrous on
the strong keel, equaling or exceeding the florets ; lemma thin, bearing a slender
straight awn from just below the apex ; palea about as long
as the lemma. — Perennials, with short rather broad rigid
leaves and numerous slender spikes, at first erect, at length
widely divaricate or reflexed. (Name composed of yu/xv6s^
naked, and irdr^wv, a begird, alluding to the reduction of the
abortive flower to a bare awn.)

1. G. ambiguus (Mlchx.) BSP. Culms tufted from a short
rootstock, rigid, erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. high ; sheaths
overlapping, blades often approximate, thick, rigid, spreading,
4-6 cm. long, 1 cm. or more wide ; spikes solitary or in 2's
along a striate axis, becoming widely divaricate when exserttd
from the sheath, spikelet-bearing to the base; awn of floret
longer than the glabrous lemma; rudiment long-awned. ^gg ^ ambieuas
(G. racemosus Beauv.) — Sterile sandy or gravelly ground, i^ft''^.,^i/'
N. J. to Mo., Fla., and Tex. Aug., Sept. Fig. 135. Spikelet x2i4

2. G. brevifblius Trin. Resembling the preceding ; culms

more slender, from a decumbent base; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-9 mm. wide,
involute in drying ; spikes usually less numerous, more distant, naked at the
base, spikelet-bearing from about the middle ; awn shorter than the hairy lemma;
one or two .sterile florets sometimes present, rudiment usually awnless. — Sandy
ground, N. J., and south w.

53. CHL6RIS Sw.

Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous
rhachis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea and bear-
ing 1 or more rudimentary awned sterile lemmas ; glumes unequal, narrow,
acute, keeled ; lemma often ciliate on the back or margins,
1-o-nerved, the mid-nerve nearly always prolonged into a
slender awn; palea about equaling the lemma; grain free
within the lemma and palea. — Usually perennial grasses with
flat leaves and digitate spikes. (Named for Chloris, the god-
dess of flowers.)

1. C. verticillata Nutt. Culms 1-4 dm. high, erect, or de-

-, cumbent and rooting at the nodes ; sheaths compressed ; leaves

"^ ^ -tTV^Q^^ obtuse, light green; spikes several in 1-3 whorls, slender,

spikeiet x2. g^jQ ^^ j^^g. spikelets 3 ram. long, with awns about 5 mm.

long; sterile lemma one. — Prairies, e. Kan. and southwestw. June. — At

maturity the inflorescence breaks away and forms a tumbleweed. Fig. 136.

54. BOUTELOtTA Lag. Mesquite Grass

Spikelets 1-2-flowered, crowded and sessile in 2 rows along one side of a con-
tinuous flattened rhachis, which usually projects beyond the spikelets ; rhachilla
prolonged beyond the perfect floret and bearing a sterile (rarely staminate)
floret, a ser!ond or third rudiment often present ; glumes unequal, keeled ; lemma
broader, 3-6-nerved, 3-5-toothed or cleft, 3 of the divisions usually awn-pointed ;
palea about the length of the lemma, bidentate, the 2 keels scabrous ; sterile
floret sometimes reduced to the awns, rarely obsolete. — Our species perennial,
with narrow flat or convolute leaves, and unilateral spikes nearly sessile along
a common axis. (Named for Claudio Boutelou, a Spanish writer upon flori-
culture and agriculture.)

<SKAX'S MANUAL 10

146

GE AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY)

137. B. oligostachya.

8pikelet with glumes

detached x 3.

prominent point

§ 1. CH0NDR6sIUM (Desv.) Gray. Spikes 1-4, usually curved, of 25 oi
more densely crowded pectinate spikelets.

1 B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Culms slender, erect, from a short root-
stock leafy at the base, 1.5-5 dm. high ; sheaths and blades glabrous, the latter
' about 2 mm. wide, flat or becoming convolute ; spikes 1-3,

2-5 cm. long ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes narrow, the
first about ^ as long as the second, which is sparsely papillose-
pilose on the keel; fertile lemma pilose, 3-cleft, the divisions
awned ; sterile lemma consisting of 2 truncate lobes and 3
divergent equal awns with a tuft of long hairs at base, second
rudiment obtuse, awnless. — Prairies, Wis. and N. Dak. to
Tex. ; casual easoW. (Mex.) July-Sept. Fig. 137.

2. B. hirsuta Lag. Culms tufted, erect, 2-5 dm. high,
leafy at the base ; sheaths smooth ; blades about 3 mm. wide,
flat, sparsely papillose-hairy, especially on
the margins; spikes 1-4, 1.5-5 cm. long;
the rhachis of the spike produced into a
beyond the uppermost spikelets; spikelets
about 5 mm", long ; first glume setaceous, the second equaling
the floret, conspicuously tuberculate-hirsute on the back; fer-
tile lemma pubescent, 3-cleft, the divisions awn-pointed;
sterile floret of 2 obtuse lobes and 3 equal awns margined
below, no tuft of hairs at the base. — Sandy plains, Wis. to
Mo., and southwestw. to Mex. July-Sept. Fig. 138.

§ 2. ATHER0p6G0N (Muhl.) Gray. Spikes \b or more, oj 12 or fewer ascend-
ing spikelets.

3. B. curtiplndula (Michx.) Torr. Culms erect from short running root-
Stocks, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent toward the summit ; blades 1-8 dm.
long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat or Involute and setaceous toward
the end, scabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath ; spikes
numerous, 8-16 mm. long, spreading or reflexed, in a long
mostly 1-sided raceme, the rhachis bifid at the extended apex;
spikelets 7-10 mm. long ; first glume less than \ the length
of the second which is very scabrous on the thickened keel,
exceeding the floret ; lemma scabrous, ending in 3 short
slender awns ; teeth of palea aristate ; sterile lemma vjith
2 aciite lobes and 3 straight awns, the lateral ones much
shorter than the middle awn. (B. racemosa Lag.) — Dry
hills and plains, Ct. to Minn., s. to Tex. and Mex. July-
Sept. — The sterile lemma variable, rarely reduced to a single awn. Fig. 139.

B. hirsuta.

Spikelet with glumes
detached x3.

189. B. cartipendula.
Part of inflorescence

65. CTENIUM Panzer. Toothache Grass

Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and 2-5 sterile lemmas,
crowded and sessile, pectinate in 1-sided spikes ; glumes very
unequal, first minute, second nearly as long as the spikelet,
bearing a stout horizontally divergent dorsal awn from about
the middle; first and second lemmas empty or sometimes
with a hyaline palea, awned below the apex, awn erect or
ascending ; third lemma similar, containing a perfect flower ;
fourth awnless, staminate or empty ; a fifth rudimentary
lemma often present. — Rather tall perennials with solitary
terminal more or less curved spikes. (Name from ktcvLov,
a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.)
Campulosus Desv.

1. C. aromaticum (Walt.) Hitchc. Culms 1-1.5 m. high,
erect, from scaly rootstocks, old sheaths persistent at the
blades long, flat or involute, stiff ; spike 0.5-1.5 dm.

140. C. aromaticum
Inflorescence x %.
Spikelet X 2.
Same with glumes
detached x 2.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

14'

long ; spikelets 5-7 mm. long ; first glume warty-tuberculate on the nerves ;
florets stiffly ciliate on the margins. (C. americanum Spreng.) — Wet pine
barrens, Va., and southw. — Taste very pungent. Fig. 140.

56. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Crowfoot Grass

Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile and crowded in
9, rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, which extends beyond the spike-
kts in a naked point ; glumes broad, keeled ; lemmas boat-
shaped, cuspidate ; palea equaling the lemma, acute, deeply
folded between the ciliate-winged keels ; grain reddish brown,
the loose pericarp transversely wrinkled. — Annual, with more
or less decumbent and creeping base, and 2-6 stout unilateral
spikes digitate at the apex of the culm. (Name from 8dKTv\os^
finger, and Krevlov, a little comb, alluding to the digitate and
pectinate spikes.;

1. D. AEGYPTiuM (L.) Richter. Usually glabrous ; culms
rooting at the lower nodes; spikes 1.5-5 cm. long; glumes
scabrous on the keel, the second cuspidate ; the awned tip
of lower lemma inflexed, that of the others straight or
curved. (Z>. aegyptiacum Willd. ; Eleusine aegyptia Pers.)
— Yards and cultivated fields, N. Y., 111., and southw. (Nat.
from tropics of the Old World.) Fig. 141.

141. D. aegyptiiira.
Inflorescence x y^-
Spikelet X 2.
Fruit X 3. Seed x 4.

142. E. Indlca.
Part of inflorescence x i/^,
Spikelet and floret x 2.
Fruit and seed x 4.

57. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Goose Grass. Yard Grass

Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, florets perfect or uppermost staminate,

sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis,
which does not extend beyond the terminal spikelet ;
glumes unequal, shorter than the floret, scabrous on the
keels ; lemmas broader, with a thickened 5-ribbed keel ;
palea shorter, acute, the narrowly winged keels distant ;
grain black, the loose pericarp marked with comb-like
lines, free within the subrigid lemma and palea. — Coarse
tufted annuals with stout unilateral spikes digitate or
approximate at the apex of the culms. (Name from
'EXevo-Zi/, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests,
was worshiped.)

1. E. fNDiCA Gaertn. Glabrous ; culms flattened, de-
cumbent at base ; sheaths loose, overlapping, compressed ;

spikes 2-10, 2.5-8 cm. long ; spikelets appressed, 3-5-flowered, about 5 mm. hmg.

— Yards and waste ground, Mass., n. 111., Kan., and southw. (Nat. from tropica

of the Old World.) Fig. 142.

58. LEPT6CHL0A Beauv.

Spikelets 2-several-flowered, the uppermost floret usually
imperfect or rudimentary, sessile or nearly so, in 2 rows
along one side of the slender continuous rhachis ; glumes and
lemmas keeled, the latter 3-nerved, acute, awnless or short-
awned, exceeding the palea. — Usually tall annuals with flat
leaves and elongated simple panicles composed of the numer-
ous very slender spikes scattered along the main axis.
(Name composed of Xeirrbs, slender, and x^^^-i grass, from
the long attenuated spikes.)

1. L. filif6rmis (Lam.) Beauv. Culms 4-12 dm. high ;
sheaths papillose-hairy ; spikes 20-40, 5-10 cm. long, ascend-
ing ; spikelets about 3 mm. long ; glumes more or less
mucronate, nearly equaling the 3-4 awnless florets. (L.
mucronata Kunth ; L. attenuata Steud.) — Fields, Va. to
lU., Mo., and southw. Aug. Fig. 143.

143. L. filiformis.
Inflorescence x Vio-
A part of same witl

2 spikelets x iVj.
Spikelet and floret x 3.

148

GRAMTNEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

2. L. fascicularis (Lam.) Gray. Smooth; leaves longer than the erect or
genicu'uite-decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the
panicle; spikes 8-12 cm. long; spikelets slightly pediceled, l-\\-Jloii:ered, the
florets much longer than the lanceolate glumes ; lemmas hairy-margined toward
the base, with 2 small lateral teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex.
{Diplachne Beauv. ; D. acuminata Siud procumb ens Nash.) — Brackish meadows,
from Mass. southw. along the coast ; and from 111. southw. along the Miss. R.
Aug., Sept.

59. BITCHLOE Engelm. Buffalo Grass

Spikelets unisexual ; plants monoecious or dioecious ; staminate spikelets 2-3-
flowered, sessile in 2 rows along the short 1-sided spikes ; glumes unequal,
obtuse ; lemmas larger, 3-nerved ; palea a little shorter
than the lemma ; pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, in nearly
capitate 1-sided spikes which are scarcely exserted from
the broad sheaths of the upper leaves ; glumes indurated,
trifid at the apex, united at base and resembling an
involucre ; lemma narrow, hyaline, inclosing the 2-nerved
palea ; grain free within the hardened glumes. — A creep-
ing or stoloniferous perennial with narrow flat leaves,
and dissimilar staminate and pistillate spikelets borne on
the same or on distinct plants. (Name strongly con-
tracted from ^ov^aXos, buffalo^ and x^o??, grass.)

1. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Culms of the
staminate inflorescence 1-3 dm. high ; the spikes long-
exserted ; culms of pistillate inflorescence low^, nmch
exceeded by the leaves ; sheaths overlapping ; blades
2 mm. wide or less ; staminate spikes 2 or 3, 6-12 mm.
long ; cluster of pistillate spikelets ovoid, (3 mm. long. (Bulbilis Raf.) — Plains
of the Sask. to Minn.. Kan., and Tex. — One of the most valuable grasses of the
plains. Seedlings are monoecious, but the staminate and pistillate branches
propagate their own kind. Fig. 144.

144. B. dactyloides.
cf and $ inflorescence x l^
(f Spikelet and floret (above

xlVa.
$ Spikelet, section of same,

and outer glume x 1 14.

60. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed

Spikelets loosely .3-7-flowered ; rhachilla clothed with long silky hairs ; glumes
unequal, lanceolate, acute ; lemmas narrow, long-acuminate, that of the lowest
floret somewhat longer, equaling the uppermost florets,
empty or subtending a staminate flower, the other florets
perfect ; paleas ^-| the length of their lemmas. — Tall reed-
like perennials with stout leafy culms and large terminal
panicles. (Name from (ppay/jLir-ns, growing in hedges, appar-
ently from its hedge-like growth along ditches.)

1. P. communis Trin. Culms erect, stout, 1.5-4 m.
high, from long creeping rootstocks ; sheaths overlapping ;
blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, flat, glabrous ; panicle
tawny, 1.5-4 dm. long, branches ascending, rather densely
flowered ; spikelets 12-15 mm. long ; the florets exceeded by
the hairs of the rhachilla. (P. vulgaris BSP. ; P. Phrag-
mites Karst.) — In wet places, edges of ponds, ditches, etc.
— Rarely perfecting seed, spreading freely from the rootstocks, the leafy stolons
often running on the surface of the ground for a distance of 5-10 m. (Eurasia.)
Fig. 145.

145. P. communis.

Spikelet, $ and J"
floret X 114.

Arundo D6nax L., the Giant Reed, is cultivated for ornament and is occa-
sionally spontaneous southward. Resembling Phragmites but taller, spikelets
3-4-flowered ; flowers all perfect; rhachilla naked; lemmas clothed with long
silky hairs, short-awned from the bifid apex.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

149

61. TRIDENS R. & S.

Spikelets 3-13-flowered in open or strict panicles ; florets perfect or the upper-
most staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the spikelet ; lemma
subcoriaceous, convex below, bidentate, 3-nerved, the nerves silky-villous below
and at least the middle one extending in a mucronate point
between the teeth ; palea broad, the nerves nearly marginal.
— Perennials with long narrow leaves and terminal panicles.
(Name from ^res, three, and dens, tooth.) Triouia R. Br.

1. T. flavus (L.) Hitchc. (Pall Red Top.) Culms erect,
1-2 m. high, viscid in the axis of the panicle and below it;
sheaths bearded at the summit, otherwise glabrous as are the
long flat or involute tapering blades; the showy panicles
2-4.5 dm. long, almost as loide, loose and open, the slender
branches spreading., naked helow ; spikelets purple, 7-8 mm.
long, 5-8-flowered, on long pedicels ; glumes shorter than
the lowest florets, mucronate ; the three nerves of the lemmas
excurrent. (Poa flava L. ; Triodia seslerioides Benth. ; T. cxiprea Jacq.) —
Dry or sandy fields, Ct. to Mo., and south w. Aug., Sept. Fig. 146.

2. T. strictus (Nutt.) Nash. Caespitose, 12-14 dm. high ; culms stout, erect;
leaves long and rigid ; panicle pale or purplish, dense and spike-like, 1-3 dm. long ;
spikelets about 5 mm. long, 5-8-flowered, nearly sessile ; glumes exceeding the
lower florets, mucronate ; only the midnerve of the lemma excurrent. ( Triodia
stricta Benth.) — Moist soil, s.e. Kan., and southw. July-Sept.

l-lt). T. rtavus X 2.
Spikelet.
Same disjilayed.
Lemma unrolled.

62. TRIPLASIS Beauv.

Spikelets 3-6-flowered, the florets remote, the lowest stipitate, perfect or the
uppermost staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the florets ; lemmas
2-cleft, the 3 nerves strongly ciliate, the midnerve excurrent as a short awn
between the lobes ; palea shorter, broad, the nerves nearly
marginal and densely long-Giliate from the middle to the
apex. — Perennials with small nearly simple panicles. (Name
from TpLirXda-Los, thrice as many.)

1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. (Sand Grass.) Culms
tufted, widely spreading or ascending, wiry, 3-8 dm. long,
nodes bearded ; sheaths and the small rigid blades scabrous ;
terminal panicles 3-7 cm. long, the few stiff branches finally
divergent; smaller panicles (partially hidden in the sheaths)
produced at the nodes late in the season ; spikelets short-
pediceled, usually rose-purple, 5-8 mm. long; the awn of the lemma scarcely
exceeding the truncate lobes. (Tricuspis Gray; Triodia Hack.) — In sand.
Me. to Va., along the coast, and southw. ; also along the Great Lakes and
south westw. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid to the taste. Fig. 147.

147. T. purpurea x 5
Spikelet and lemma,

63. ERAGR6sTIS Beauv.

Spikelets strongly compressed, 3-many-flowered ; the uppermost floret sterile ;
rhachilla articulated but sometimes not disjointing until after the fall of the
glumes and lemmas with the grain ; glumes keeled, much shorter than the
spikelets ; lemmas 3-nerved, broad, keeled ; paleac shorter than their lemmas,
often persistent after their fall, the strong nerves ciliate. Annuals or perennials
with loose or dense terminal panicles. (Name from ^p, spring, and Aypuns, a
grass. )

Annuals.
Culms creeping:; plants polygamous • 1. E. hypnoidea.

Culms erect, ascending or decumbent; flowers perfect.
Spikelets 2-5-fl()wered, 2-8 mm. long.

Spikelets on long capillary pedicels ; culms branched only at the base . 2. E eapillarU.
Spikelets on pedicels not "over 5 mm. long ; culms branched at the nodes 3. E. Frankii.

150

GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 5 mm. or more long.

Spikelets not more than 1.5 mm. wide

Spikelets 2-3 mm. wide.
Florets densely imbricated ; rhachilla-joints and base of florets hidden
Florets rather loosely imbricated ; rhachilla-joints or base of tlorets

visible .

Perennials.

4. E. pilosa.

5. E. megastachya.

6. E. minor.

7. E. trichodes.

8. E. pectin ncea.
i>. E. repacta.

148. E. capillaris
Spikelet x 2.

Panicle elongated, the branches flexuous

Panicle diffuse, the branches stiff and spreading.

Pedicels as long as the spikelets or longer

Pedicels shorter than the appressed spikelets

1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Extennvely cropping ; culms slender, 2-5 dm,
long, with short erect or ascending panicle-hearing branches 5-12 cm. high ;
leaves 1-4 cm. long ; panicles nearly simple, of rather few lanceolate-oblong
spikelets (or in the more fertile plant almost capitate); spikelets V)--V^-flowe7'ed,
6-15 mm. long, the flowers perfect and fertile, staminate or pistillate; glumes
and lemmas acuminate. {E. reptans Nees.) — Gravelly or sandy
shores and ditches, Vt. to Ont., westw. and southw. Aug.

2. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Slender, erect, 1.5-6 dm. high,
branching at the base, simple above; sheaths overlapping, spar-
ingly pilose or nearly glabrous ; blades long and narrow ; panicle
more than half the entire height of the plant, oblong-ovoid, the
capillary branches spreading, the lower ascending; spikelets
2-3 mm. long, on long divergent pedicels ; glumes and lemmas acute, the latter
faintly 3-nerved. — Sandy dry soil, N. E. to Mo., and southw. Aug., Sept. —
Often lemon-scented. Fig. 148.

3. E. Frankii (Fisch, Mey. & Lall.) Steud. Erect from a decumbent base, or
spreading, diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm. high ; sheaths glabrous ; ligule pilose ;
blades 5-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous above ; panicles oblong, less
than half the length of the plant, many-flowered, the short branches spreading;
spikelets 2-3 mm. long, on more or less appressed pedicels,
1-5 mm. long ; glumes and lemmas very acute, the latter faintly
3-nerved. — Lovv^ or sandy ground, Mass. to Kan., and south-
we.stw. Aug. — The taller sparingly branched forms, with
rather loose panicles, are difficult to distinguish from glabrous
specimens of the preceding; the relative length of the panicle
is the best distinction.

4. E. pilbsa (L.) Beau v. Erect, decumbent at base or
spreading, 1.5-4.5 dm. high ; culms slender, diffusely branching
near the base ; sheaths sparingly pilose at the summit ; blades
3-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicle diffuse, 0.8-2 dm. long,
lower axils usually sparingly bearded; spikelets 5-\S-flowered, becoming linear,
4r-d mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. toMe, equaling or shorter than the pedicels; lemmas

subacute, the lateral nerves faint or rather strong. — Sandy
or gravelly open ground, Me. to Minn., and southwestw.
July, Aug. (Mex., Eu., etc.) Fig. 149. — Variable, the
commoner form in the north, with rather appressed spikelets
(1.5 mm. wide) about equaling the pedicels, is considered
distinct by some (E. Purshii Schrad.), but the characters
used to distinguish it are very inconstant.

6. E. megastXchya (Koeler) Link. Erect or ascending
from a decumbent base, rather flaccid, freely branching ;
culms 2-9 dm. high ; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide;
panicles greenish-lead-color, 5-15 cm. long, rather densely
flowered ; spikelets 5-15 mm. long, 3 min. wide, 10-40-flow-
ered, the florets closely imbricated; pedicels and keels of the
acute glumes and lemmas sparingly glandular ; lemmas thin,

scabrous, the lateral nerves prominent. (E. major Host.) — Waste places,

common, especially southw. June-Sept. — Strong-scented, hence called Stixk

or Snake Grass. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 150.

6. E. MINOR Host. Similar to the preceding, smaller, more slender; panicles

less densely flowered ; spikelets 5-10 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. loide, 8-20-flowered,

149. E, pilosa.
Spikelets x 2.
Floret and lemma

x4.

150. E. megastachya.
Spikelet x 2.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 151

the florets less densely imbricated, the bases or rhachiUa-joints
visible; lemmas nearly smooth. (E. Eragrustis Kanst.) — Waste
ground, not common, N. E. to Va., and southw. (Nat. from Eu ^
Fig. 151. "^

7. E. trichbdes (Nutt.) Nash. Erect, 6-15 dm. high ; s/^ea«/is
overlapping, smooth, pilose at the throat ; blades 1-7 dm. lono^,
2-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, involute-taper-pointed ; panicles pale]
oblong, the lower axils sparingly pilose ; spikelets

3-10-tlowered, .'i-10 mm. long, on capillary flexi

ous usually long pedicels; glumes and iemnias . 'u i.'t" 7
acute, scabrous. (^. ?e;zms Gray, not Steud.) — 6piKei3t x 2.
Sandy soil, 0. to 111., Kan., and southw. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 162.
8. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Erect or ascending, 3-8
dm. high; culms rigid, from short stout rootstocks ; sheaths o\er-
lapping, sparingly pilose, densely bearded at the throat ; blades
152. E. trichodes. ^-^ ^'^^' ^0"^' ^-8 mm. wide, often involute in drying ; panicles
Spikelet x 2. purple, included at base or exserted after the upper spikelets
have fallen, branches pilose in the axils ; spikelets b-lO-Jlowered^
3-8 mm. long, on stiff pedicels ; glumes and lemmas acute, minutely scabrous. —
Sandy dry ground. Me. to S. Dak., and southw. July-Oct. Eio. 153. Var.
sPECTABiLis Gray. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so ; panicles
rather more exserted than in the species ; spikelets S-lo-flow-
ered. — Range of the species, but the commoner form toward
the west.

9. E. reMcta (Muhl.) Scribn. Erect; culms less stout than
in the last, 3-9 dm. high ; sheaths overlapping, glabrous, spar-
ingly villous at the throat; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
nearly smooth ; panicle usually included at the base, the slender 153. E. pectinacea,
remote branches sparsely pilose in the axils and bearing few Spikelet x 2.
short-pediceled appressed spikelets 6-25flowe7'ed, 6-12 mm.
long ; glumes and lemmas acuminate. {E. campestris Trin. ; E. pectinacea,
var. refracta Chapm. ; Poa refracta Muhl.) — Sandy open ground, Del. and
Md. to Ela. and Ala.

64. CATABRdSA Beauv.

Spikelets usually 2-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, erose
at the broad summit ; lemmas subcoriaceous, erose-truncate, strongly 3-nerved ;
palea as long as the lemma, the strong nerves near the margin. — A creeping
perennial aquatic with flat leaves and open panicles of small spikelets. (Name
from Kard^pwats, an eating, referring to the eroded glumes.)

1. C. aqudtica (L.) Beauv. Smooth throughout, decumbent and rooting at
the lower nodes, the ascending culms 1-6 dm. high ; the loose sheaths overlap-
ping; blades soft, 2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; panicle 0.6-2 dm. long, the
whorled branches spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. — In water or wet places,
coast of N. B., Nfd., and north w. (Eurasia.)

65. MELICA L. Melic Grass

Spikelets 2-several -flowered ; rhachilla prolonged beyond the fertile florets,
and bearing 2 or 3 gradually smaller empty lemmas, convolute together or
inclosing one another at the apex ; glumes large, unequal, membranaceous, or
papery, scarious-margined, 3-6-nerved, little shorter than the florets ; lemmas
convex, 7-13-nerved, firm, with scarious margins, awnless or awned below the
bifid apex; paleas shorter than their lemmas, the strong nerves nearly marginal
— Perennials with simple culms, closed sheaths, usually soft flat leaves and
rather large spikelets in usually narrow panicles. (An old Italian name fot
Sorghum, from mel, honey.)

152

GRAMINEAE QGRASS FAMILY^

154. M. rnutica.
Spikelet displayed

§ 1. EUM^LICA Scribn. Glumes broad and papery ; sterile lemmas broad and
truncate, convolute around each other ; lemmas awnless.

* Glumes subequal, nearly as long as the 2-Jlowered spikelets.

1. M. mutica Walt. Culms erect from knotted rootstocks, wiry, 6-9 dm. high ;
sheaths usually overlapping, scabrous ; lower blades short, the upper 10-20 cm.

long, 2-10 mm. wide; panicle 0.8-2.5 dm. long, simple, with
filiform ascending branches or reduced to a raceme ; spikelets
7-10 mm. long, pendulous on short pedicels, florets spreading,
6-8 mm. long; lemmas scabrous, obtuse^ the intermediate nerves
vanishing above ; empty lemmas cucuUate above, exceeded by
the fertile ones. — Dry rocky open woods and thickets, Pa. to
Fla., w. to Wis., la., and Tex. Apr., May. Fig, 154. — From
Va. southw. occasional specimens have sparsely pubescent
sheaths and the blades somewhat pubescent on the lower sur-
face. (^M. diffusa Pursh ; M. mutica, var. diffusa Gray) ; not
X 2, varietally distinct.

* * Glumes unequal, shorter than the S-5-Jlowered spikelets.

2. M. nitens Nutt. Culms 8-12 dm. high, erect from a short horizontal
rootstock ; sheaths overlapping, glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide;
panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the slender spreading branches solitary or in pairs,
simple or sparingly branched ; spikelets numerous, 10-12 mm. long, usually
3-flowered, pendulous on short pedicels; lemmas 7-9 mm. long, scabrous, acute ;
empty lemmas broad at the summit, exceeded by the fertile ones. {M. diffusa
of recent authors, not Pursh.) — Rocky woods. Pa. to Neb., and southw. May,
June.

o. M. Porteri Scribn. Culms erect, slender, 5-7.5 dm. high; sheaths over-
lapping, scabrous; blades 12-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle
1.5-2.5 dm. long; the narrow spikelets pendulous and racemose along the
slender ascending branches, A-d-Jlowered, 10-18 mm. long ; lemmas 7-8 mm,
long, subacute, scabrous ; empty lemmas like the fertile ones and exceeding
them. (^M. parviflora Scribn.) — Bluffs and stony hillsides, la. to Mo., and
westw.

§ 2. BROM^feLICA Thurb. Glumes narrow, scarious-margined ; sterile lem^
mas similar to the fertile which are awned below the bidentate apex ; spike-
lets o-9-Jlowered.

4. M. Smithii C Porter) Vasey. Culms
erect, slender, 7-12 dm. high ; sheaths sca-
brous; blades 10-20 cm, long, 6-12 mm,
wide, lax, scabrous; panicle 1.2-2,5 dm.
long, the solitary remote spreading branches
spikelet-bearing toward the ends ; spikelets
3-6-flowered, 18-20 mm. long, more or less
tinged with purplish chestnut ; glumes acute ;
lemmas glabrous, about 10 min. long, ex-
cluding the awn, which is \-^ as long. {Avena Porter.)
— Moist woodlands, n. Mich, and westw. May-July. Fig,
155.

5. M, striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Similar to the preceding,
usually not so tall and more slender ; leaves narrower ; sheaths
closed to the summit, the ligule sheathing the culm; panicle-
branches ascending or spreading at the ends ; spikelets 2.2-
2.5 cm. long ; glumes broader, conspicuously colored as are

156. M, striata xi. often the, florets which are short-bearded at the base; awn

Spikelet with flumes Cis long as the lemma or longer. (Ave7ia Michx.) — Rocky

separated. wooded lands, e. Que. to Pa., Minn., and westw. Fig.

Floret. 166.

155. M. Smithii.
Spikelet displayed

GRAMINEAte ^GRASS FAMILY)

15a

66. DIARRHENA Beauv.

Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the uppermost florets sterile ; glumes unequal, much
shorter than the florets ; lemmas broad, coriaceous, rigid, smootn and sliining,
convex below, 3-nerved, acuminate or niucronate-pointed ;
palea firm, 2-keeled ; stamens 2, rarely 1 ; grain large, usually
exceeding the lemma and palea, obliquely ovoid, obtusely
beaked, with a shining coriaceous pericarp. — Nearly smooth
perennials, with simple culms from a creeping rootstock, flat
leaves and narrow few-flowered panicles. (Name composed
of 5t$, two^ and dpprjv, man^ from the two stamens.)

1. D. diandra (Michx.) Wood. Culms 6-9 dm. high;
leaves nearly as long as the culm, 1-1.8 cm. wide; panicle
very simple, 1-2.5 dm. long ; spikelets short-pediceled, 10-16
mm. long. {Festuca Michx.; Korycarpns Ktze. ; D. americana Beauv.) —
Shaded river banks and woods, 0. to IS. Dak., and south w. July, Aug Fig. 157.

1.57. 1). (liandra X 1.
Si)ikelet and fruit.

158. U. laxa,
Spikelet x 3,

67. UNIOLA L. Spike Grass

Spikelets compressed, 3-many-flowered, the lower 1-4 lemmas empty ; glumes
compressed-keeled, acute or acuminate ; lennnas firm-coriaceous, compressed-
keeled, faintly many-nerved ; palea rigid, the keels broadly winged,
nearly marginal ; stamens 1 or 8. — Erect perennials, with simple
culms, flat or involute leaves and terminal panicles. (Ancient name
of some plant, a diminutive of unio^ unity.)

* Panicle contracted, wand-Uke; spikelets few-flowered

1. U. laxa (L.) BSP. Culms slender, 6-12 dm. high, in clumps
with knotted rootstocks ; leaves long and namm ; panicles 1.5-4.-5
dm. long, the slender branches erect ; spikelets short-pediceled,
S-6-floioered, 5-7 mm. long; lemmas 3-4 mm. long, aciiminate,
spreading at maturity; palea arched. (U. gracilis Michx.) —
Sandy soil, L. I. to Fla,, w. to Ky. and Tex. Aug., Sept. Fig. 158.

* * Panicle expanded^ nodding ; the spikelets many-flowered.

2. U. latifblia Michx. Culms 6-15 dm. high ; sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, ligale 1 mm. long, lacerate; blades spreading, 10-22 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm.
wide, often ciliate at the base, margins scabrous ; panicle

1-2.5 dm. long, the filiform branches bearing a few pendidous
broadly oval spikelets) these 1.5-3 cm. long, 6-12-flowered;
lemmas 9-12 mm. long, hispididous on the winged keel;
stamen 1. — Shaded slopes and lov/ thickets. Pa. to Kan., and
southw. Aug., Sept. Fig. 159.

3. U. paniculata L. (Sea Oats.) Culms stout, 9-15 dm.
high, with numerous long rigid leaves involute in drying;
ligule a ring of hairs about \ mm. long ; panicles 2-3 dm.
long, the slender branches bearing many short-pediceled oblong-
oval stramineous sjnkelets ; these 1-2 cm. long, S-W-flowered;
lemmas 8-10 mm. long, scabrous on the keel ; stamens 3. —
Sand hills and drifting sands coast, Va. to Tex. Sept., Oct.
(Mex.,S. A.) ><-•

68. DISTICHLIS Raf. Spike Grass. Alkali Grass

Spikelets dioecious, 8-16-flowered, compressed ; glumes
unequal, firm, keeled, acute; lemmas coriaceous, rigid,
faintly many-nerved. — Rigid erect perennials with exten-
sively creeping rootstocks, involute leaves and small crowded

160. D. spicataxl. panicles of large smooth spikelets. (Name from 5iaTtxos,

9 Spikelet and floret. two-ranked.)

J Floret. 1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. Pale or glaucous; culms

159. U. latifolia.
Spikelet xl.
Floret and loin ma

154 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

1.5-6 dm. high; sheaths overlapping; blades often conspicuously distichous,
rigidly ascending ; the narrow panicle 2-0 cm. long (rarely longer) ; spikelets
8-18 mm. long, the florets closely imbricated. (Z>. maritima Raf.) — Salt
marshes along the coast, N. S. to Tex.; also in alkaline soil in the interior.
(Mex.) Fig. 160.

69. BRIZA L. Quaking Grass

Spikelets few-several-flowered, broad, often heart-shaped ; florets crowded,
almost horizontal, the uppermost usually imperfect ; glumes subequal, firm-mem,
branaceous, with broad scarious margins ; lemmas 5-many-nerved (nerves
often obscure), firm, subchartaceous with a scarious margin, boat-shaped or ven-
tricose, heart-shaped at base; palea much smaller than its lemma. — Annuals or
perennials with flat leaves and showy terminal panicles.
(Bp/^a, the Greek name of a kind of grain.)

1. B. MEDIA L. Ferennial, erect, 4-7 dm. high; sheaths
longer than the narrow blades; panicle erect, the stiff capil-
lary branches spreading ; spikelets nodding, 5-9-flowered,
6 mm. long., nearly as broad, brown and shining ; lemmas
,„, „ ,. ,,, boat-shaped. — Fields and waste places, Ont. and N. E. June.
161. B. media X 11/2. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 161.

Spikelet and floret. ^ g ^^^^^^^ ^ Annual; culms 1-4 dm. high, often
branching at the base ; leaves 4-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ; panicle erect, its
slender branches finally spreading, bearing fascicled branchlets ; spikelets hardly
nodding, 3-6-flowered, pale or plum-color, broadly heart-shaped, 3 mm. lo7ig,
slightly broader ; lemmas strongly ventricose below. — Waste places, N. J., Va.,
and south w. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

70. DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass

Spikelets 2-5-flowered, compressed, nearly sessile in dense fascicles, these
arranged in a panicle ; glumes unequal, hispid-ciliate on the keel, acute or
mucronate ; lemmas 5-nerved, ciliate-keeled, short awn-pointed ; paleas a little
shorter than their lemmas. — Perennial with flat leaves and
glomerate panicles. (Dactylos, a name used by Pliny for a
grass with digitate spikes, from daKTvXo^, a finger.)

1. D. glomsrXta L. Coarse, tufted, glaucous, scabrous ;
culms erect, 9-12 dm. high ; leaves broadly linear ; panicle
8-15 cm. long, the few stiff branches naked below, contracted
after flowering ; spikelets crowded in dense one-sided clus-
ters at the ends of the branches. — Fields and waste places- 162. D. glomerata x2.
June. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 162. Spikelet displayed.

CYNOstiRus cristXtus L. (Dog's-tail Grass), a slender erect perennial
4-7 dm. high, with narrow leaves and erect dense spike-like panicles, the spike-
lets unisexual, arranged in clusters, the terminal ones fertile, the lower larger
and sterile, with very narrow lemmas, strongly scabrous on the keel, occurs
sparingly in fields and by waysides, Nfd. to Out. (Adv. from Eu.)

tl. p6A L, Meadow Grass. Spear Grass

Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the uppermost floret imperfect or rudimentary ;
glumes 1-3-nerved, keeled ; lemmas herbaceous or membranaceous, mostly
scarious-tipped, acute or obtuse, keeled, awnless, 5-nerved (the intermediate
pair of nerves sometimes very obscure), the dorsal or marginal nerves usually
soft-hairy, often with a tuft of long cobwebby hairs at the base ; palea 2-toothed.
— Annuals or perennials, with simple culms, narrow usually flat leaves ending
in a cueullate point, and terminal panicles. {U6a, an ancient Greek name foi
grass or fodder.)

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

155

Annuals.
Florets not webby at the base ; lemmas distinctly 5-nerved
Florets webby at the base ; intermediate pair of nerves obscure
Perennials.
Culms from extensively creeping rootstocks, not tufted.

Culms flattened ; spikeiets not over 6 mm. long

Culms terete; spikelets 8 mm. or more long

Culms tufted.

Creeping rootstocks present.
Panicle crowded ; culms much exceeding the leaves ....
Panicle diffuse ; culms scarcely exceeding the basal leaves
No creeping rootstocks, but culms sometimes decumbent at base.

Lemma glabrous

Lemma pubescent at least on the keel.
Culms upright from a stout crown or caudex ; leaves short and flat
Culms from a more slender base forming loose tufts, often decum-
bent.
Culms rarely over 3 dm. high, with lax leaves, the decumbent
bases of the culms forming loose tufts ; lemma pubescent
but very sparsely webbed ; alpine or northern plants .
Culms taller, or if low, stiff and with scarcely decumbent bases.
Lemma not webbed at base.

Panicle narrow ; lemma glabrous between the nerves below
Panicle spreading : lemma pubescent between the nerves
below .....
Lemma webbed at base.
Marginal nerves glabrous.

Lemma prominently nerved ; sheaths scabrous .
Lemma obscurely nerved ; sheaths smooth
Marginal nerves pubescent.

Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure ; florets acute.
Panicle erect, 0.4-1 dm. long (rarely longer), branches
ascending

1. P. annua.

2. P. Chapmaniana.

".. P. cornpreisaa.
4. /'. f.niineiis.

10. P. prutennis.
IT. /'. hrachyphylla.

13. P. dehilis.
5. P. alpina.

6. P. laxa.

7. P. glauca.

16. P. antumnalis.

11. P. trimalis.
14. P. (tlHodes.

Panicle drooping, 1-3 dm. long, branches spreading
Intermediate nerves of lemma prominent ; florets obtuse
or acutish.
Branches of panicle spikelet-bearing from the middle ;

spikelets 3-4 mm. long

Branches of panicle elongated, spikelet-bearing only at
the ends ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ....

8. P. nemoralia.

9. /'. triflora.

12. P. sylvestris.
15. P. Woljii.

* Annuals., rarely over 2.5 dm. high., tufted.

1. P. Annua L. (Low Spear Grass.) Culms flattened, decumbent at base,
sometimes rooting at tlie lower nodes ; sheaths loose; leaves very soft; panicle
pyramidal, 3-8 cm. long, rarely longer; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flowered, about
4 mm. long ; lemma distinctly d-nerved, the nerves hairy helow. — Cultivated and
waste grounds, everywhere. Apr.-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. P. Chapmaniana Scribn. Similar to the preceding but more strict in
habit; culms terete, erect; sheaths close, mostly at the base; panicle more
oblong; florets ivehbed at the base, the intermediate nerves of lemmas very
obscure, the middle and marginal nerves sometimes hairy below. — Dry soil,
Va. to s. 111., and south w. Apr., May.

* * Perennials.

H- Culms from extensively creeping rootstocks, not inftod.

3. P. coMPRESSA L. (Canada Blue Grass. Wire
Grass.) Bluish-green, 2-6 dm. high; culms geniculate-
ascending, wiry, 'flattened; panicles 2-8 cm. long, narrow,
the usually short branches in pairs, spikelet-bearing to the
base ; spikelets crowded, subsessile, 3-6 (rarely 9) -flowered,
4-6 mm. long ; lemmas obscurely nerved, more or less bronzed
at the summit. — T>Yy mostly sterile soil, Nfd. to S.C, and
westw. ; also cultivated as a pasture grass. May-Sept. (Nat.
fromEu.) Fig. 163.

4. P. §minens J. S. PresL Glaucous, glabrous, 3-9 dm.
high ; culms stout, erect, terete ; sheaths overlapping, clus-
tered on the sterile shoots ; blades thick, 3-8 mm. wide ;
panicle heavy, 8-16 cm. long, contracted ; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 4-5 mm. long, distinctly

compressa.

Si)ikelet and floret x 2.
Lemma x 3.

156 GRAMINEAE (;gRASS FAMILY)

nerved. (P. glumaris Trin.) — Gravelly seashores, Lower St. Lawrence R., and
northw.j also Alaska. (E. Asia.)

1- ■•- Culms tufted.
■*-*- Alpine or high northern plants ; culms 4 dm. high or less.

5. P. alpina L. Culms erect from a stout crown or caudex, rather stout,
0.5-4 dm. high; upper blades much shorter than their sheaths, 3-6 mm. wide;
panicle pyiamidaU •^-'^ cm. long, the filiform branches spreading, mostly naked
at the base ; spikelets rather crowded, broadly ovate, 3-6-tiowered, 5-6 mm. long ;
lemmas 4 mm. long, villous on the midrib and margins. — Brooksides, open
mountain slopes, etc., N. S., Isle Roy ale, northern shore of L. Superior, and
northw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

6. P. laxa Haenke. Moss-green, foi'ming loose tufts ; culms slender, 2-4 dm.
high; blades about 2 mm. wide; panicle 2.5-7 cm. long, simple, often one-sided
and nodding, loosely flowered, the filiform branches erect or ascending, spike-
let-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 5 mm. long; lemma 3-3.5
mm. long, pilose on the midrib and margins toward the base. — Alpine regions,
N. E., n. N. Y., and high northw. (Eu.)

HH. 4H. Not strictly alpine; culms taller or if low not decumbent at base.
= Panicle narrow ; lemma not webbed at the base.

7. P. glauca Vahl. Glaucous; culms strict, rather rigid, 1.5-6 dm. high,
sheaths crowded at the base ; blades 3-5 cm. long, about 2 ram. wide; ligule not
over 1 mm. long ; panicle 3-7 cm. long, rather compact, the short scabrous
branches erect; spikelets often purplish, 2-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; gkimes
acute or acuminate ; lemmas 3-3.5 mm. long, villous on the keel and marginal
nerves below; intermediate nerves obscure. (P. caesia Sm.) — Rocky shores
and mts., e. Que. and n. N. E. to n. Minn., northw. and westw. (Eurasia.)

= = Panicle open, branches naked toward the base; lemma webbed at the bask

except in no. 16.

a. Spikelets numerous, more or less crowded.

b. Marginal and midnerve silky -pubescent.

8. P. nemoralis L. Grass-green, Z-1 dm. high, rarely higher ; culms slen

der, less rigid than in the preceding, leafy throughout ; leaves

lax, 3-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, open and

spreading ; spikelets 2-5-floweied, 3-5 mm. long ; glumes sharply

acuminate ; lemmas 2-3 mm. long, intermediate nerves obscure,

a few webby hairs at base. — Meadows and open woods, Nfd.

to Pa., w. to Minn., northw. and westw. June-Sept. (Eurasia.)

164 P nemoralis ^^^- 164. — Alpine forms may be low and erect, 1-2 dm. high,

S -^kelet X 8 '^^^^ ^"^^^^ narrow panicle, while luxuriant forms of lower alti-

^' ^ ^ ' ■ tude may be creeping at base.

9. P. triflbra Gilib. (Foavl Meadow Grass.) Culms^-V:) dm. high; sheaths
rather loose ; ligule 3-5 mm. long ; blades 8-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide, soft; panicle often purplish, 1-3 dm. long, pyramidal or
oblong, the filiform spreading branches in remote fascicles o/3-lO,
naked at the base; spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 4 mm. long,
hardly crowded; lemmas 2.5-3 mm. long, intermediate nerves
obscure, webby hairs copious. (P. flava Am. auth., not L. ; P.
serotina Ehrh.) — Wet meadows. Pa. to la., and northw; also i65. p. triflora.
cultivated. July, Aug. (Eurasia, n. Afr.) Fig. 165. Spikelet x 3.

10. P. pratensis L. (June Grass, Spear Grass, Kentucky

fBLUE Grass.) Culms 3-12 dm. high, sending out numerous
running rootstocks from the base; sheaths compressed, overlap-
ping below, ligule 1.5 mm. long; blades 1-6 mm. wide, those
of the culm 5-15 cm. long, the basal ones much longer; panicle
pyramidal, the slender branches in rather remote fascicles of 3-5,
166. P. pratensis. ascending, naked at base ; spikelets crowded, 3-5-flowered, 4-5
Spikelet X 8. mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long, copiously webbed at base;

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 157

intermediate nerves strong, glabrous. — Fields and meadows throughout the U. S
and B. C, naturalized in the East, indigenous in the North and West. May-
•July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 16{j.

b b. 3Iarginal nerves glabrous.

11. P. triviXlis L. (Rough-stalkkd Meauow Grass.) Culms erect from
a somewhat decumbent base, 3-9 dm. high, scabrous below the panicle ; sheaths
and blades retrorsely scabrous, ligule 4-6 mm. long; panicle 0-15 cm. long,
resembling that of P. pratensis ; spikelets 2-3-llowered, about 3 mm. long;
lemma strongly nerved, silky-pubescent on the keel only. — Moist meadows and
roadsides, e. Que. to S. C. and La., rarely inland. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

a a. Spikelets fewer, scattered on slender pedicels ; plants soft and smooth,

flowering early.

b. Spikelets 2-4 7mr. long ; lemmas broad, obtuse.

12. P. sylvestris Gray. Culms siibcompressed, 3-12 dm. high ; sheaths
shorter than the internodes ; ligule 1 mm. long or less ; blades 2-^6 mm. wide,
those of the culm 3-15 cm. long, the basal ones much longer ; panicle 1-2 dm.
long, oblong-pyramidal, the short jlexuous filiform branches spreading or
reflexed ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2.5-4 mm. lung; first glume I-, the second
3-nerved ; lemmas about 2.5 mm. long, often pubescent below, midnerve pubes-
cent to the summit. — Rich woods and thickets, N. Y.to Wis., Neb., and southw.
Apr. -July.

13. P. debilis Torr. Culms terete, weak, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths compressed,
much shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blades 2.-'',-ll cm.
long, 2 mm. wide or less (rarely wader) ; panicle nodding, 4-12 cm. long, the few
long capillary branches ascending or spreading at the ends, few-flowered; spike-
lets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long; lemmas glabrous, except the webbed base. —
Rocky woodlands, e. Que. to Ont., southw. to Pa. and la. May, June.

b b. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; lemmas lanceolate, acute.

14. P. alsbdes Gray. Culms 2-6 dm. high ; sheaths thin, the uppermost elon-
gated, often sheathing the base of the panicle; blades 1.2-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm.
wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, the filiform branches in 3's or 4's,
finally spreading, or the lowest whorl ascending ; spikelets 2-3-
flowered, about 5 mm. long ; lemmas faintly nerved, villous on
the keel below. — Wooded hillsides and thickets, e. Que. to Minn.,
and southw. May, June. Fig. 167.

15. P. W61fii Scribn. Culms slender, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves
mostly clustered at the base, 2 mm. wide or less, those of the culms jg-r p^ alsodes.
5-10 cm. long, the basal ones much longer ; panicle 8-15 cm. long ; gpikdot x 3.
the spikelets somewhat clustered toward the ends of the ascending

capillary branches, 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm, long ; lemmas strongly nerved, the
marginal nerves and midnerve villous. — Minn, and 111. to Tenn., rare.

hhb. Spikelets 6-8 mm. long; lemmas oblong, conspicuously scarious at the
obtuse apex; panicle diffuse, few-flowered.

16. P. autumnalis Muhl. Culms slender, 3-9 dm. high; leaves 5-12 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicle 8-20 cm. long, about as bn^ad, the capillary
flexuous spreading branches with a few spikelets near the ends; spikelets 4-()-
flowered, about 6 mm. long ; lemmas pubescent bnow between the strong nerves,
not loebbed at base. {P.flexuosa Muhl.) — Woods, N. J. and Pa. to Mo., and
southw. Mar. -May.

17. P. brachyphylla Schultes. Culms 3-5 dm. high from running rootstocks,
2~3-leaved ; the upper leaves 1-5 cm. long, the basal ones about equaling the culm,
abruptly cuspidate-tipped ; panicle 7-12 cm. long, the branches mostly in pairs,
spreading, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 3-4-flowered ; lemma icehhed
at base, keel and marginal nt^rves sparingly pubescent, intermediate nerves
prominent, naked. (P. brevifolia Muhl.) —Rocky or hilly woodlands. Pa,, Va.,
and sparingly westw. to Ky. and 111. Apr. , May,

158

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

16S. S. festucacea.
Panicle x Vio*
Ipikelet and floret x 1=

72. SC0L6cHL0A Link.

Spikelets 8-4-flowered ; callus hairy ; glumes acute ; lem-
mas firm, convex below, the nerves unequal, one or more
excurrent as slender teeth ; palea as long as its lemma or
longer, 2-toothed ; ovary hairy at the summit. — Tall peren-
nials with flat leaves and ample spreading panicles. (Name
probably from o-kcDXos, a prickle^ and x^^°-, grass.)

1. S. festucacea (Willd.) Link. (Sprangle-top.) Culms
stout, erect, from thick soft rootstocks, 1-2 m. high ; leaves
2-3 dm. long ; panicles 1.5-8.5 dm. long, the fascicled
branches spreading ; spikelets 6-12 mm. long ; glumes nearly
as long as the florets, 3-5-nerved. — Marshes and shallow
water, la., Minn., and northwestw. June, July. Fig. 168.

73. GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna Grass

Spikelets few-many-flowered, subterete or slightly compressed, in narrow
or spreading panicles ; glumes unequal, shorter than the florets ; lemmas convex,
firm, with a scarious margin or apex, and 5-9 strong parallel nerves; paleas
equaling or a little longer than their lemmas, the strong nerves nearly marginal. —
Usually tall aquatic perennials, with simple culms, often partially closed sheaths,
flat leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from yXvKcpds, sweety in allusion to
the taste of the grain.) Panicularia Fabricius.

Bpikelets 2-7 mm. long, ovate or oblong.
Panicle contracted, narrow.

Panicle linear, 1..5-3 dm. long 1. G. Torreyana.

Panicle oblong, dense, 7-12 cm. long 2. G. obtum.

Panicle open, la.Y.
Spikelets 3-4 mm. wide ; lemmas obscurely nerved.

Spikelets ovate, 5-10-flowered Z. G. canadensis.

Spikelets oblong, 3-5-flowered 4. G. laxa.

Spikelets not over 2.5 mm. wide ; lemmas strongly nerved.

Second glume 1 mm. long 5. G. nervata.

Second glume 2-2.5 mm. long.

Panicles ample, many-flowered, 2 dm. or more long . . . 6. G. grandis.
Panicles narrow, few-flowered, rarely 1.5 dm. long ... 7. G. pallida.
Spikelets 1-4 cm. long, compressed-cylindric.
Lemma obtuse ; palea about the same length.

Lemma 6 mm. long 8. G.fluitans.

Lemma 3—4.5 mm. long.
Spikelets l..'5-2 cm. long, subsessile or nearly so .... 9. G. septentrionalia.
Spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, on slender pedicels one third to two third."

as long 10. 6^. borealis.

Lemma acute, much exceeded by the palea 11. G. acutijlora.

1. G. TorreyHna (Spreng.) Hitchc. Culms solitary or few, erect from a
running rootstock, 6-9 dm. high ; the smooth sheaths closed nearly to the sum-
mit; blades 3 dm. or more long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous; x><^nicle linear, 1.5-3
dm. long, nodding at the summit; spikelets appressed, 3-4-flowered, about 4 mm.
long. {G. elongata Trin.) — Wet woods, Que. to Minn, and Pa., and in the
mts. to N. C. July, Aug.

2. G. obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. Culms stout, erect, 3-12 dm. high ; sheaths closed
about half their length, the lower overlapping; blades 2-5 dm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide, smooth below, rough above ; panicle finally exserted,
oblong, dense, Q-12> cm. long; spikelets .3-7-flowered, b-^ mm.
long ; the scarious apex of the lemma often revolute. — Bogs
and swampy places, N. B. to Pa., and southw. near the coast.
July, Aug.

3. G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass.
Culms solitary or few, stout, erect, 6-10 dm. high ; sheaths over-
lapping below, compressed; blades 1.5-3.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, nearly as wide, very 169. O. canadensis.
loose and open, the capillary remote branches drooping, naked Sj?ikeletx8.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^

159

1-1.5 m. high ;
lon^% nearly as
florets Jirm but

170. G. nervata.
Spikolet and floret x 4.
Base of lemma x 6.

below; spikelets 5-10-flowered, ovate, tumid, Briza-like, 5-7 mm. long • lemmas
obtuse or abruptly acute. — Bogs and wet places, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn s to
N. J. and e. Kan. July. Fig. 169. ''

4. G. laxa Scribn. Similar to tall forms of the preceding,
blades sometimes 6 dm. or more long ; panicle diffuse, 3-4 dm
•wide ; spikelets S-o-flowei^ed, 4-5 7nm. long, 3 mm. wide, oblong ,
not tumid; lemmas abruptly acuminate; palea nearly as
long. — Swampy places. Me. to N. J. July-Sept.

5. G. nervata (Willd.) Trin. Fowl Meadow Grass.
Often in large clumps ; culms erect, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths
scabrous, closed almost to the summit, the lower overlap-
ping ; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous above ;
panicle expanded, nodding, 1-2 dm. long, the capillary
branches drooping, naked below ; spikelets purplish, 3-7-
flowered, 3-4 mm. long ; glumes minute, the second about
1 mm. long, twice as long as the first. — Moist meadows
and wet places, common, Is'fd. to Fla., and westw. June.
(Eu.) Fig. 170. — A low strict form (var. stricta Scribn.) occurs from Nfd.
to s. Me., and also in western mts.

6. G. grandis Wats. (Keed Meadoav Grass.) Culms clustered, stout, erect,
1-1.5 m. high ; sheaths loose, the lower rough, overlapping; blades 1.8-3 dm. long,
6-15 mm. wide, smooth or slightly scabrous ; panicle 2-4 dm. long, very com-
pound, loose and open, noddmg at the summit ; spikelets numerous, icith purple
florets and ivhitish glumes, 4-7 -flowered, 5-0 mm. long ; tlie palea nearly as long
as the 7-nerved lemma. {Panicularia americana MacM.) — Banks of streams,
wet meadows, ditches, etc., e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Pa., and westw. July.

7. G. pallida (Toit.) Trin. Culms slender, S-10 dm. high, ascending from a
creeping base ; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide ; panicles lax, few-tlowered,
7-15 cm. long, the few slender branches ascending or spreading at the ends,
naked at the base; spikelets pale green, loosely 4-9-flowered, 6-7 inm. long;
glumes obtuse ; lemmas 7-nerved, scabrous, dentate or erose at the obtuse
apex. — Shallow water, N. S. to Va., w. to Ont., Ind., and Ky. May. June.

Var. Fernaldii Hitchc. Culms very slender, usually geniculate and spread-
ing, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 4-8 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicles 5-7 cm. long,
the fascicled branches lax, flexuous ; spikelets S-5-floioered, ^-b mm. long;
glumes and lemmas obtuse, usually erose at the summit. — Wet places, e. Que.
to Me. and Minn. July, Aug.

8. G. fluitans (L.) R. Br. Culms someichat flattened, erect from a creeping
base, 6-10 dm. high ; sheaths overlapping, closed nearly to the summit, smooth ;

blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; panicle finally exserted,
2.5-4 dm. long, very slender, the few remote branches appressed
or finally horizontal, a spikelet subsessile in each axil ; spikelets
7-12-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, nearly sessile ; glumes acute, scan-
ous and shining ; lemmas 7-nerved, scabrous, with a shining
scarious margin and summit, narrowed above but obtuse, erose ;
the tip of the palea exceeding the lemma. (Panicularia brachy-
phylla Nash.) — Shallow water, Gulf of St. Lawrence ; near N. Y,
City. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

9. G. septentrionalis Hitchc. Culms erect, 1-1.5 m. high,
thick and soft; sheaths overlapping, loose, smooth, the upper
171. G. septen- closed nearly to the summit, ligule 5-6 mm. long, decurrent ;
irionalis. blades 1.2-2.5 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, nearly smooth, rather
Spikelet x ll^. obtuse ; panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, the subflexuous branches ascend-
ing, a spikelet subsessile in each axil ; spikelets 8-12-flowered,
1.5-2 cm. long, subsessile or on short pedicels ; glumes obtuse, scarious and
shining ; lemmas 4-4.5 mm. long, faintly 7-nerved, hispidulous, icith a shining
scarious summit, erose-obtuse, slightly exceeded by the tip of the palea.
(G. fluitans Am. auth., not R. Br.) — In shallow water, N. E. to Va., and
westw. — Intermediate between G. fluitans and the following, but usually stoutei
and broader leaved than either. Fig. 171.

160 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

10. G. borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Similar to O.fluitans; the leaves com-
monly coiiduplicate; panicles 1.5-5 dm. long, often nearly simple, the slender
branches erect or spreading toward the ends, a pediceled spikelet in each axil ;
spikelets usually more numerous, 7-13-flowered, 1-1.5 cm. long, on slender
pedicels ^l as long ; glumes subacute ; lemmas 3.5-4 mm. Zowgr, thinner, strongly
7-nerved, minutely scabrous or glabrous, only the nerves hispidulous, obtuse and
erose at the shining scarious summit, slightly exceeding their paleas.—ln wet
Dlaces or shallow water, Nfd. to la., and north westw. June-Aug.
' 11. G. acutiflbra Torr. Culms flattened, weak and slender, 3-9 dm. high ;
sheaths overlapping, the uppermost inclosing the base of the panicle ; blades
0 8-1 5 dm. long, scabrous above; panicle simple, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the stifl
branches appressed or finally spreading ; spikelets subsessile, 5-12-flowered, 2-4
cm long ' lemmas 6-8 mm. long, acute, scabrous, exceeded by the long-acumi-
nate bicuspidate paleas.— Wet soil and in shallow water, Me. to Del., w. to O.
May, June.

74. PUCCINELLIA Pari.

Spikelets as in Glyceria but lemmas firmer, the nerves obscure, often sub-
acute and minutely pubescent at base. — Tufted perennials, mostly glaucous
saline species. (Named for Frof. Benedetto Puccinelli, an
Italian botanist.).

1. P. maritima (Huds.) Pari. (Goose Grass, Sea Speaij
Grass.) Cuhns erect, 3-5 dm. high, from slender rootstocks ;
leaves flat or involute, acute or pungent ; panicles 8-12 cm.
long; lower branches solitary or in pairs, appressed or ex-
panded ; spikelets 4:-10-flowered, 6-12 mm. long ■,lemma£ obtuse
or truncate, 3-4 mm. long. — Salt marshes and beaches along
the coast, Mass., and north w. July, Aug. — Somewhat variable
172. P. Diaritima. ^^ ^j^g fQj-m of the panicle and size of the florets. (Eu.)
Panicle x Vio- FiG. 172.

Spikelet x 2. g. P. angustata (R. Br.) Rand & Redfield. Culms erect or

Floret X 21/2- ascending, 1.5-4 dm. high, from very slender rootstocks ; leaves
very narrow and involute ; ligule long; panicles 3-8 cm. long, narrow, the soli-
tary branches appressed or finally ascending ; spikelets 2-4-floioered, 3-6 mm.
long ; lemmas obtuse or subacute, 3 mm. or less long. (P. maritima, var. (?)
minor Wats.) — Salt marshes and sandy coasts, Ct., and northw. June, July.

3. P. distans (L.) Pari. iVb rootstocks; culms rather stout, 3-6 dm. high,
geniculate below ; leaves mostly flat, short; ligule short; panicles 5-18 cm. long,
the branches in 4's or 5's, soon spreading and finally deflexed,
usually naked below ; spikelets S-6-flowered, 3-6 mm. long,
crowded; first glume less than half as long as lowest floret;
lemmas truncate-obtuse, about 2 mm. long. — Salt marshes along
the coast and on ballast, Del. to N. B. June-Aug. — Apparently
much rarer than the last, and perhaps not native. (Eurasia,
n. Afr.) Fig. 173. , ^. 173. P. distans.

4. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. Similar in habit to spikeietxs.
the preceding ; blades 5-10 cm. long, often involute ; panicle-

branches ascending or erect or the lowest finally spreading or re^exed; spikelets
2-7-flowered, not crowded; glumes acute or subacute, the first more than halt
as long as the lowest floret. -In saline soil from the Dakotas southw. and
westw. ; occasionally eastw. in Minn, and Mich. ; adv. in s. Me. (Farlin).

5 P BoRRERi (Bab.) Hitchc. Panicle compact, the branches mostly spike-
let-bearing from base and not deflexed. -On ballast and waste places along
the coast, from Del. to N. S. (Adv. from Eu.)

75. FESTtrCA L. Fescue Grass

Spikelets 2-many-flowered ; glumes unequal, narrow, acute, the first 1-, the
second 3-nerved ; lemma firm in texture, at least below, usually narrow, convex
or subcariua,te, 5-nerved. acute (obtuse in 2 species^ or tapering into a straight

GRAMINEAE (^GRASS FAMILY^)

161

awn; palea usually about equaling the lemma. — Verennials or annuals with
terminal panicles. (An ancient Latin name of some kind of grass, of uncertain
meaning.)

tj 1. Annuals; stamen usually one. — Yulpia (C. C. Gniel.) Reichenb.
Awn more than twice as long- as the lemma; spikelets 1-5- flowered.
First glume one third to one half as long as the second ....
First glume two thirds to three fourths as long as the second .
Awn not longer than the lemma, si)ikelets 5-13-flowered c , , .
§ 2. Perennials ; stamens 3, — Ecfestuca Griseb.
Leaves involute ; lemma awl-shaped, awned or pointed.
Innovations extravaginal ; spikelets more or less glaucous . • .
Innovations intravaginal; spikelets green.
Awns longer than the membranaceous lemmas .....
Awns shorter than the coriaceous lemmas .... . ,

Leaves flat.
Lemma indurated, not at all keeled, awnless or tapering into a short awn.
Lemma 5-7 mm. long; panicle narrow, with short erect branches
Lemma 4-4.5 mm. long; panicle with long spreading or ascending
branches.
Lemma subacute ; spikelets loosely scattered . . , ,

Lemma obiuse ; spikelets somewhat aggregated

Lemma membranaceous, indurated only near the base, keeled above, awned
from a cleft apex ...

1. ^. myuros.

2. F. Kciiireii.
8. F. ocio/iora.

4. F, rubra.

5. F. occidental^.

6. F. ociiia.

7. F. elatior.

8. F. omtanfi.

9. F. Shoitii.

10. F. giganiea.

1. F. MTtjROS L. Culms erect or geniculate at base, solitary or in small tufts,
2-f) dm. high; sheaths smooth, overlaj^ping ; blades smooth, linear, involute or
rarely flat; panicle 7-20 cm. long, narrow, the branches appressed, the tips
somewhat nodding ; spikelets 4-5-flowered, 8-11 mm. long ; glumes very unequal^
the first 1-1.5 onm., the second 4-5 7nm. long ; lemma linear-lanceolate, scabrous
above, attenuate into a scabrous awn about twice its length. — Dry fields and
waste places, N. E. to O., and south w. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. F. sciurea Nutt. Similar to the preceding, usually lower ; panicle erect ;
spikelets 4-b mm. long ; first glume 2 mm., second 3.5 mm. long ; lemma sparsely
short pubescent. — Sandy ground, s.e. Va,, and southw. May, June.

3. F. octofl6ra Walt. Culms slender, erect, often tufted, 0.5-4 dm. higli ;
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades narrowly linear, involute or rarely
fiat, soft, erect or ascending ; panicle narrow, erect, 3-12 cm. long, usually re-
duced to a more or less secund raceme ; spikelets 5-12 mm. long; glumes subu-
late-lanceolate ; lemma lanceolate, attenuate into a scabrous straight awn 1-7
mm. long. CF. tenella Willd.) — Dry sterile soil, w. Que. to B. C, and through-
out the U. S., especially southw. Fig. 174.

4. F. rubra L Culms solitary or few., erect from creeping rootstocks, 4-0 dm.
high ; sheaths and blades smooth ; panicle 6-20 cm. long, usually contracted,
the branches erect; spikelets 4-6(rarely 10)-flowered, mostly 7-8 mm. long,
often glaucous-purplish ; glumes smooth ; lemma 5-7 mm. long, smooth or sca-
brous toward the apex, terminating in a scabrous aion usually
about half as long. — Brackish meadows or low sandy soil, mostly
near the coast, Lab. to Va. (Eu.) Var. PROLfrERA Piper. Floral
organs abnormally elongated. — Mts. of N. E. and Que. Var.
MEGASTACHYS Gaudin. Spikelets 10-12 mm. long. —Que., N. J.
(Eu.) Var. multifl6ra (Hoffm.) Asch. & Graebn. Blades flat ;
spixelets green. — Me. (Eu.) Var. subvill6sa Mert. «& Koch.
Spikelets pubescent with short hairs. — Local, e. Que. to N. H.
(Briggs) and Vt. (Jones). (Eu.)

5. F. occidentalis Hook. Cidms densely tufted, no root-
stocks, erect, slender, glabrous and shining, 5-8 dm. high ; basal
leaves numerous, filiform-involute, soft ; panicle loose, subsecund,
flexuous, 8-20 cm. long ; spikelets loosely 3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm.
long; glumes unequal, variable even on the same plant, mostly
acute or acuminate ; lemma 5-6.5 mm. long, awn about as long.
— Open woods, Keweenaw Co., Mich. {Farwell) ; and in the Northwest.

6. F. ovina L, (Sheep's Fescue.) Densely tufted ; culms erect, 1.5-6 dm.
high ; leaves pale green, capillary, strongly involute, firm, the basal ones 5-1*2
cm. long, those of the culm often very short ; panicle contracted after bluon\in(i

JRAY'S MANUAt— -IJ

174. F. octoflora
Spikelet x 3.

162

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

175. F. ovina.
Spikelet x 5.

5-10 cm. long, branches ascending; spikeleis 5-7.5 mm. longi
3-6 (rarely 9) -flowered, usually pale ; florets rather close ; lemma
smooth or slightly scabrous, 3-8.5 mm. long, attenuate into an
aicn 1 mm. long or more. — Occurs native in nearly typical form
about the Great Lakes and in the White Mts. ; also introduced
from Eu. Fig. 175. — The native form tends to have a strict narrow
panicle, differing in this respect from the typical European plant.
Var. HispiDULA Hack. Lemmas /iiVsw^e. — Sparingly introduced,
N. Y. and Pa. (Eu.). Var. capillAta (Lam.) Hack. Lemma
awnless; leaves very slender. — Me. to N. J., Mich., and northw.
(Nat. from Eu.) Var. brevif6lia (R. Br.) Hack. Culms 5-10
cm. high ; sheaths closed ; blades soft. — Calcareous cliffs, Nfd.,
e. Que., Vt., and northw. Var. duriuscdla (L.) Koch. Leaf-
blades thick, flattened, 0.7-1 mm. wide. — Sparingly introduced.
Wis. and la. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. F. elXtior L. (Taller or Meadow Fescue.) Loosely tufted, often
with short creeping rootstocks ; culms erect, 5-12 dm. high, smooth ; blades
1-6 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous above ; panicle erect,
1-2 dm. long, contracted after blooming, branches spikelet-
bearing nearly to the base; spikelets 9-11 mm. long; glumes
lanceolate ; lemma oblong-lanceolate, scabrous at the summit,
the scarious apex acute, rarely short-awned. {F. pratensis
pjuds.) — Meadows and vaste places, throughout the U. S.
and s. Can. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 176.

8. F. nutans Spreng. Culms solitary or few, erect, 4-12
dm. high; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades 1-3 dm.
long, 4-7 mm. wide, scabrous, sometimes puberulent above ;
panicle very loose, 1-2 dm. long, usually subsecund, and
more or less nodding, branches spikelet-bearing near the
ends, at first erect, finally spreading ; spikelets 3-5-flowered,
6-7 mm. long ; glumes firm, the first 3 mm., the second 4 mm.

smooth, oblong-ovate, subacute
Moist woods and copses, N. S
July. Fig. 177.

9. F. Sh6rtii Kunth. Similar to the preceding ; panicle more
compact, the branches spikelet-bearing from about the middle;
the glumes slightly longer ; the lemma broader, more obtuse. —
Wet prairies. 111., la., Kan., and southw.

10. F. gigantea (L.) Vill. Culms 6-12 dm. high; blade?
1.2-4 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, paler and roughened on the
upper surface, margins very scabrous ; panicle 1-4 dm. long, at
length spreading, somewhat drooping ; spikelets 10-13 mm. long,

glnmes hyaline-margined ; lemma sparsely scaorous, bidentate

176. F. elatior x l^^.

Spikelet, floret, and
base of lemma
(opened).

long; lemma
the narrow margin hyaline. —
to Minn., and southw. June,

177. F. nutaDs
Spikelet x 3.

5-9-flowered

at the scarious apex, bearing an awn more than twice as long. — Waste places,
near the coast. Me. to N. Y., rare. (Adv. from Eu )

76. BRdMUS L. Brome Grass

Spikelets few-many-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, 1-5-nerved ; lemmas
longer than the glumes, convex or sometimes keeled, 5-9-nerved, usually
2-toothed at the apex, awnless or awned from between the teeth or just below ;
palea a little shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled ; grain furrowed, adnate to the
palea. — Annuals, biennials, or perennials with flat leaves and terminal panicles
of rather large spikelets. (An ancient name for the oat, from ^pCb/xa, food.)

Annuals or biennials.
Lemma broadly elliptical ; awn wanting or not over 1 cm. long.
Awn, if present, straight.

Sheaths glabrous 1. B. stcalinuh.

Sheaths pubescent.
Awn about as long as the narrow lemmas.
Panicle rather dense, erect . . ...... 2. .ff. 7u>rdeaom8.

I

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^

168

Panicle open.
Lemma less than 7 mm. long.
Panicle 2-3 dm. long .
Panicle less than 1 dm. long
Lemma 9-10 mm. long ; panicle droof
Awn short or none ; lemmas very broad

Awn bent or twisted ^ I ^

Lemma narrow ; awn over 1 cm. long.
Panicle open, drooping.

Awn about 1.5 cm. long

Awn 2-3 cm. long

Panicle compact, ovoid, erect , ,

Perennials.
Panicles large, open and drooping.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes.
Lemma smooth on the back, ciliate-pubescent along the margins

Lemma evenly pubescent all over

Sheaths longer than the internodes, much overlapping.
Sheaths sparsely pubescent except a conspicuous ring at summit

Sheaths densely pubescent

Panicles small, narrow, erect or nearly so.

First glume 3-nerved

First glume 1-nerved * *

5. B. arven/tis.
8. B. racejnoHus.
4. B. commutdtuH.

6. B. hrizaejormia.

7. B. japonicus. •

8. B. iectorum.

9. B. sieHHs.
10. B. rubena.

11. B. ciliatus.

12. B.purgan*.

13. B. altinsimut

14. B. incanug.

15. B. Kalmii.

16. B. erectus.

17S. B. secalinus.
Spikelet x V2.
Floret X iVa-

§ 1. EUBROMUS Godron. Annuals or biennials ; glumes rather hroad ; lem-
mas broadly elliptical. Species all introduced.

1. B. SECALINUS L. (Cheat or Chess.) Culms 4-9 dm. high ; s^eai^sswoo^^
and strongly nerved ; hUdes sparingly pilose above; panicle open, its branches
somewhat drooping ; spikelets o-15-flowered, glabrous ; glumes
5-7 mm. long; lemma 8-11 mm. long, becoming at maturity-
convex, thick and inrolled at the margins, awns short and
rather weak. — Fields and waste places, common. — The florets
are somewhat distant, so that, in side view, openings are visible
along the rhachilla at the base of the florets. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 178.

2. B. hordeXceus L. (Soft Chess.) Culms 1-6 dm. high ;
whole plant more or less' pubescent ; panicle erect and con-
tracted; spikelets 6-10-flowered ; lemma 9-10 mm. long, softly
pilose, awn about 1 cm. long. {B. mollis L.) — Fields and waste places, infre-
quent, N. S. to Va. Var. leptostachys (Pers.) Beck. Spikelets glabrous or
merely scabrous. — Del. to D. C. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. B. racem6sus L. Culms 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent; panicle short
(not over 7 cm. long), upright; spikelets 5-8-flowered, glabrous; glumes 6-8
mm. long ; lemma 7 mm. long, with an awn about 6 mm. long. — Waste places.
Que. to Del., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. B. commutAtus Schrad. Differs from the preceding in having an open
drooping panicle as much as 1.5 dm. long, and usually longer awns. ^ Waste
places throughout, especially in the East. — Florets more closely imbricated than
in B. secalinus, so that in side view no openings are seen at base of florets;
lemmas thinner and not inrolled at the margins. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. B. arvensis L. Culms 3-9 dm. high, erect or geniculate at the base ;
sheaths pubescent; panicle large, open, with long drooping branches; glumes
4.5-6 mm. long; lemma 7-8 mm. long, smooth or minutely scabrous; awn
about as long, straight or slightly bent. — O. (Staii^) and Mo. (Busfi). (Adv.
from Eu.)

6. B. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Culms 1-4 dm. high ; panicle open and
drooping ; spikelets broadly ovate, the larger as much as 2 cm. long and 1.3 cm.
wide, awnless. — Mass. to Del., Mich., and Ind. (C P. Smith) ; rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)

7. B. JAPONICUS Thunb, Culms 1.5-6 dm. high ; panicle open and drooping,
one-sided; spikelets linear, 2.5 cm. long, 6-12-flowered ; lemmas glabrous, 9
mm. long, with a bent or twisted atcn about 12 mm. long. (B. patulus Mertens
& Koch.) — Near Boston, Mass. (^Swan) \ Lafayette, Ind. {Dorner). (Adv.
from Eu. )

164

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

§ 2. STENOBHOmUS Grlseb. Annuals or biennials, with narrow glumes
and lemmas and long awns. Introduced.

8. B. tect6rdm L. Culms slender, tufted, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades
pubescent ; panicle broad, rather dense, secund, drooping, 6-16 cm,, long ; spike-
lets 13-20 mm. long, nodding ; lemma pubescent ; awn 13-15 mm.
long. — Waste places, Me. to 111., and southw. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 179.

9. B. STERiLis L. Similar to the preceding, sometimes les*
pubescent ; culms usually taller and geniculate at base ; panicle
1-2 dm. long, broad, lax, drooping, the slender branches usually
bearing but one spikelet ; spikelets 2.5-3.5 cm. long, drooping;
lemma scabrous or scabrous-puberulent ; awn 2-S cm. long. — >
Waste places and river banks, Mass. to D. C, O., and 111.;
also on Pacific coast. June. (Nat. from. Eii.)

10. B. RUBExs L. Panicle erect, compact, ovoid, usually
purplish, 4-7 cm. long ; awns about 2 cm. long. — Waste ground,

Billerica, Mass. (^Swaii) ; introduced on Pacific coast. (Adv. from Eu.)

1Y9. B. tectorum.
Spikelet x 1.

N,

180. B. ciliatus

Spikelet and
lemma.

§ 3. Z;feRNA (Panzer) Ledeb. Short-lived erect perennials, with weak droopin(t
panicles and more or less pubescent florets. Nearly all native.

11. B. ciliatus L. Culms rather slender, 7-12 dm. high ; sheaths retrorselj
pubescent or nearly smooth; blades 2.5-3.5 dm. long, 1 cm. wide, typicalli,
sparse pilose on both surfaces, but sometimes almost smooth ; panicle broad
lax and drooping, about 1.5-2.5 dm. long, branches spikelet-bearing
near the ends; spikelets b-^^-flowered, 1.5-2.2 cm. long; glumes
narrow, smooth; lemmas 10-12 mm. long, smooth on the back,
ciliate-pubescent along the margins, distinctly 3-nerved or faintly
5-7-nerved, obtuse and slightly bifid at the apex ; awn straight,
3-5 mm. long. — Moist woods and banks, Nfd. to N. Y., w. to
Man. and Minn. July, Aug. Fig. 180.

12. B. piirgans L. Culms rather stout, 7-14 dm. high ; sheaths,
at least the lower, usually sparsely retrorse-pilose ; blades 1.5-3 dm.
long, 5-15 mm. wide, pubescent on the nerves above or smooth;
panicle large, lax, nodding ; spikelets mostly l-\l-flowered, 2-2.5
cm. long ; glumes sparsely pubescent; lemmas 10-12 mm. long, acute or sub-
acute, densely pubescent all over, distinctly 5-nerved, or another pair of nerves
showing at maturity, emarginate ; awn straight, 4-6 mm. long. {B. ciliatus, var.
Gray.) — Moist rocky woodlands, w. N. E. to Fla., w. to Wyo. and Tex.

13. B. altissimus Pursh. Differs from the preceding in having overlapping
sheaths, furnished at the summit with a pubescent ring, otherwise sparsely
pubescent, and in having broader and distinctly 1-nerved lemmas, the pubes-
cence more silky and increasing in density toward the base. (B.
purgans, var. latiglumis Shear.) — Wooded hills, Ct. to Pa., w. to
Mont, and Mo.

14 B. incanus (Shear) Hitchc. Similar to the preceding,
sheaths densely and softly short-pilose; spikelets much as in B,
purgans, but flowering later than that species, with which it is as-
sociated. {B. purgans, var. Shear.) — Wooded hills, Pa. to Va.,
S. Dak., and Tex.

15. B. Kalmii Gray. (Wild Chess.) Culm slender, 0.5-1 m.
high ; sheaths and blades conspicuously or sparingly villous ; pani-
cle 7-10 cm. long ; spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely
7-12-flowered, i.5-2.5 cm. long, densely silky all over; first glume

distinctly S-nerved, the second b-nerved ; lemma 8-10 mm. long, 7-nerved, obtuse ;

awn straight, 2-3 mm. long. — Dry ground, w. N. E. to Pa., Mo., Minn., and

northw. June, July. Fig. 181.

16. B. ERECTUS Huds. Culms erect, 6-9 dm. high, glabrous ; sheaths nearly

qlabrous ; blades narrowly linear, sparingly pilose; panicle 1-2 dm. long, with

few ascending branches ; spikelets narrow ; first glume l-nerved, second S-nerced ■

181. B. Kalmii.
Spikelet x 1.

GRAMINEAE (^GRASS IJAMILY)

165

lemma 10-12 mm. long, acuminate^ b~nerved, evenly scahrous-puhescent on back '
awn 5-6 mm. long. — Fields, Me. lo Ont., local. (Adv. irom Eu.) *

77. LOLIUM L. Darnel

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary in alternate notches of the continuous
rhachis, one edge of each spikelet placed against the rhachis, the glume on that
edge wanting ; second glume rigid, 5-7-nervcd, exceeding
the lowest floret; rhachilla flattened; lemmas convex,
6-7-nerved, nerves converging above, awned or awnless ;
grain adherent to the palea. — Annuals or perennials with
simple erect culms, flat leaves and terminal spikes. (Ancient
Latin name.)

1. L. PERfeNNE L. (Common D., Perennial Rat or
Rye Grass.) Short-lived perennial; culms 3-6 dm. high,
glabrous ; the axis of inflorescence glabrous except the
angles ; leaves usually not over 4 mm. wide, folded in the
bud ; glume shorter than the 8-10-flowered spikelet ; lemma
about b-Q mm. long, aionless. — Fields and
roadsides, chiefly eastw. June. — This and
the following are cultivated as meadow
grasses. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 182.

2. L. multifl6rum Lam. (Italian
Rye Grass.) Differs from the preceding
in having the upper portion of the culm
and the convex side of the axis of inflorescence roughened ;
leaves convolute in the bud ; spikelets 10-20-flowered ; lemmas
7-8 mm. long, usually at least the upper aiuned. {L. italicum
R. Br.) — Fields and roadsides. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. L. TEMULENTUM L. (Bearded D.) Annual; culms
taller; glume fully equaling the b-1 -flowered spikelets; awn
longer or shorter than the lemma. — ^ Grain fields and waste

places, rare. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 183.

L. FESTDoXcEUM Link, a glabrous perennial with approximate spikelets, or the
lower remote, the glume shorter than the awnless florets, occurs occasionally on
ballast and waste grounds in N. J. and Wilmington, Del. (Adv. from Eu.)

182. L. perenne.
Two spikelets x l^^.

183. L. temulentum.
Spikelets x y^'
Floret X 11/4.

78. LEPTtJRUS R. Br.

Spikelets l-2-flower«d, awnless, solitary, alternate in ex-
cavations of the articulate rhachis ; glumes equal, placed edge
to edge in front of the florets, except in the terminal spikelet,
coriaceous, rigid, 5-nerved, acute ; lemma much smaller than
the glumes, hyaline, keeled. — Oar species a low branching
annual, with slender cylindrical straight or curved terminal
spikes which disarticulate at maturity, the joints falling with
the appressed spikelets attached. (Name from XeirrSs, nar-
roio, and cvpd, tail, or spike.)

1. L FiLiFORMis (Roth) Trin. Tufted, 1-2 dm. high,
decumbent at base, glabrous ; leaves short and narrow ; spikes
3-10 dm. long, included at the base in the sheath, joints and
spikelets 5 mm. long. — Borders of brackish marshes, Md.
and Va. ; and on baUast north w. [ Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 184.

79. AGROPYRON Gaertn.

184. L. filiformisxS.

Part of inflorescence

and spikelet.

Spikelets .3-many-flowered, solitary (^rarely in pairs) in alternate notches of
^.ne continuous ^ rarely articulate) rhachis, the side of the spikelet placed against
the rhachis • glumes equal, opposite or placed edge to edge on the outer side

166

GRAMINEAB (GRASS FAMILY)

of the spikelet, usually subcoriaceous and rigid, several-nerved, usually shorter
than the florets, acute or awned ; lemmas convex or slightly keeled above, 5-7-
nerved, acute or awned from the apex ; palea shorter than its lemma, bristly-
ciliate on the keels ; grain pubescent at the summit, usually adherent to the
palea. —Perennials with simple culms and terminal spikes. (Name from d-/p6s,
a field, and irupSs, wheat. )

J. A. repens.

1. A. Smithii.

2. A. pungens.

A. Mflorum.
A. tenerum.

Culms solitary or lew, erect from creeping rootstocks. .y.tachvum.

Lemmas densely pubescent ....-..'•• 4- -*• dasystactiyuTn.

Lemmas glabrous or scabrous.

Leaves flat, thin, with fine scarcely prominent nerves .
Leaves becoming involute, thick, with prominent thick nerves.

Glumes faintlv nerved, long-acuminate . . . . . . • -•

Glumes strongly nerved, abruptly narrowed to a rather blunt point £.
Culms tufted ; no creeping rootstocks.
Awn not longer than the lemma.

Glumes thin, widened above the middle »•

Glumes firm, narrowed from below the middle »>•

Awn about twice the length of the lemma. rnr,4vnm

Spike nodding, symmetrical .-..-...' ^. -j' ^^JtV^l-..
Spike erect, one-sided . - - 8- ^- Hichardsomz.

1 A Smithii Rydb. (Blue-joint.) Glaucous ; culms rigid, 3-15 dm.
hi^h ; leaves rigid, bluish green, scabrous, becoming involute, 1-2 dm. long,
4-6 mm. wide, basal leaves longer; spikes 0.8-1.5 dm. long;
spikelets 7-13-flowered, 1.2-2 cm. long, usually somewhat dis-
tant, glabrous or nearly so, acute, compressed, divergent, some-
times in pairs ; glumes acuminate, | or f as long as spikelet,
nerves usually faint ; lemmas mucronate or awn-pointed, hardy
faintly nerved. {A. occidentale' Scr'ihn. ; A. spicatum Scribn. &
J. G. Sm., as to description, not Festuca spicata Pursh.) —
Prairies, Mich, to Kan., and westw. July. — Rootstock and
lower portion of culms gray or tawny, not bright yellow-green
as in A. repens. Fig. 185.

2. A. PUNGENS (Pers.) R. & S. Glaucous; culms slender,
rigid, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves 18-24 cm. long, narrowed into a
rigid involute point; spikes 1-1.2 dm. long, flattened parallel
to the rhachis ; the broad compressed spikelets along each side
of the rhachis, overlapjying, usually alternately diverging to the
right and left, thus appearing 4-ranked, 7-11-flowered, 1.5-2
cm. long; glumes abruptly narrowed to a
blunt point, 8-9 mm. long ; lemmas about 1 cm.
long, acute, mucronate or very short-awned.
{A. tetrastachys Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) —Sandy
seacoast of Me. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. A. REPENS (L.) Beauv. (Couch, Quitch,
or Quick Grass.) Bright green or glaucous,
8-12 dm. high ; sheaths glabrous or the lower
sparsely pilose ; blades flat or inrolled, sca-
brous or sparsely pilose above; spikes 0.5-1.5 dm. long, slender
or stout ; spikelets about b-flowered, 1-1.5 cm. long ; glumes
8-10 mm. long, acuminate or awn-pointed, strongly nerved ;
lemmas about 1 cm. long, glabrous or more or less scabrous,
strongly nerved, pointed or terminating in an awn as much as 5 ram. long.—
Fields, roadsides and waste places, common. — The internodes of the longcreep-
incr rootstock and the lower portion of the culm are colored bright greenisn
yellow ; scales of the rootstock distant and often conspicuous. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 186.

4. A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Resembling the last, glaucous ; leaves
narrow and often involute ; the 5-9-flowered usually subterete spikelets densely
downy-hairy all over except the strongly nerved glumes ; lemmas thinner with
scarious margins, mostly long-acuminate. — Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and
Michigan, and north w. Aug. o a a

5. A. biflbrum (Brignoli) R. & S. Culms usually decumbent at base, 6-b am.

185. A. Smithii
Spikelet x 1

186. A. repens.
Spikelets x %.
Floret X lYz.

GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^

167

187. A. bitlorum,
Spikelet x3.

high ; leaves often lax, 2-5 mm. wide ; spike dense, 5-10 cm
long, usually tinged with purple ; glumes conspicuously 5-7-
nerved, the margins thin and widened above the middle, rather
abruptly narrowed into a short awn ; lemma 8-10 mm. long,
glabrous or nearly so, terminating in an awn shorter than itself.'
{A. violaceum Lange.) — Alpine regions of the
White Mts., L. Superior, northw. and westw.
June-Sept. (Eu.) Fig. 187.

6. A. tenerum Vasey. Culms erect, 5-10 dm.
high, rigid ; leaves subrigid, narrow, flat or invo-
lute in drying ; spike usually almost cylindrical,
green or straw-color, 1-1.5 dm. long; glumes
firm, nearly as long as the spikelet, the scarious
margin narrow, tapering more gradually into the
awned point ; lemma short-awned. — Nfd. to Pa.
and Minn. , and common in the far West. July, Aug. -^ The
typical form has slender spikes with rather distant spikelets,
which are nearly inclosed in the glumes; this is common westw.
and extends into Minn. ; also introduced on the
coast of Mass. {Eaton.') Fig. 188. Passing into
a form with stouter and denser spikes and broader
less rigid leaves which extends eastw. to Nfd. and
N. E. ; this is A. novae-angliae Scribn. and essen-
tially A. pseudorepens Scribn. & J. G. Sm.

7. A. caninum (L.) Beauv. (Aavned Wheat Grass.) Culms
erect, 3-10 dm. high ; leaves flat, rather lax, 8-20 cm. long, 2-6
mm. wide, scabrous ; spike more or less nodding, at least in fruit,
rather dense, 7-15 cm. long ; spikelets 1.2-1.5 cm. long exclud-
ing the awns ; glumes pointed or awned ; lemmas 3-5-nerved ;
awns straight or somewhat spreading, fully twice the length of
the lemma. — Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds and
meadows ; indigenous along our northern borders, and westw.
July-Sept. (Eu.) Fig. 189.

8. A. Richards5nii Schrad. Similar to the preceding.; culms
Usually taller and stouter ; spike larger, as much as 2 dm. long,
erect, l-sided ; spikelets 2 cm. long, excluding the aimis, which
are often as much as 3-4 cm. long. — Prairies and shores, e. Que, : Minn., la.,
and north westw. June-Sept.

188. A. tenerum.
Spikelet x 3.

189. A. caninum.
Spikelet x li/g-

I

80. H6RDEUM [Tourn.] L. Barley

Spikelets 1 (rarely 2)-flowered, 3 together in our species at each joint of the
flattened articulate rhachis, the middle one sessile, perfect, the
lateral pair usually pediceled, often reduced to awns and
together with the glumes of the perfect spikelet simulating
a bristly involucre at each joint of the rhachis ; rhachilla
prolonged behind the palea as an awn, sometimes with a
rudimentary floret ; glumes equal, rigid, narrow-lanceolate,
subulate or setaceous, placed at the sides of the dorsally com-
pressed floret which is turned with the back of the palea
against the rhachis of the spike ; lemma obscurely 5-nerved,
tapering into an awn ; palea slightly shorter, the 2 strong
nerves near the margin ; grain hairy at the summit, usually
adherent to the palea at maturity. — Caespitose annuals or
perennials with terminal spikes which disarticulate at matu-
rity, the joints falling with the spikelets attached. (The
190. H.jubatum. ancient Latin name.)
Three spikelets X 1. 1- H. jubatum L. (Squirrel-tail Grass). Biennials,

Middle, fertile spike- 3-7 dm. high, erect or geniculate at base ; leaves 5 mm. wide
let X lYa. or less, scabrous ; spike nodding^ 5-12 cm. long^ about as

168

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^

191. H. pusillum.
Three spikelets x 3.

wide; lateral pair of spikelets each reduced to 1-3 spreading awns; glumes c!

perfect spikelets awii-like, o-(5 cm. long, spreading ; leuima 6-8 mm. long, wiih
an awn as long as the glumes ; all the awns very slender,
scabrous. — Coast, Lab. to N. J. ; prairies and waste ground,
Ont. to 111., Kan., and westw. June-Aug. — Often a trouble-
some weed, (Eurasia.) Fig. 190.

2. H. pusillum Nutt. Annual, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves 6 cm.
or less long, erect, scabrous ; spikes erect, 2-7 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. loide ; lateral pair of spikelets
abortive ; first glume of each, and both
glumes of fertile spikelet, dilated above the
base, attenuate into a slender awn 8-15 mm.
long, equaling the awned lemma. — Plains,
especially in saline soil, O. to Mo., and
westw, ; sparingly introduced, D. C, Va.,
and south w. along the coast. May, June.
Fig. 191.

3. H. nodbsum L. Similar to the pre-
ceding, usually taller ; spike 2-8 cm. long,
about 1.5 cm. wide; all the glumes awn-
like, 1-1.5 mm. long. — Thin dry soils, Ind.,

Minn,, and north w,, s. to Tenn. and Tex, (Eurasia.) Fig.

1^2* . 192. II. nodosum.

4, H. Pammdli Scribn, & Ball. Perennial, erect or gem- r^Yxvee spikelets x 3.
culate at base, 6-10 dm, high ; leaves 1.2-2 dm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide, long-acuminate, scabrous ; spikes nodding, 8-17 cm. long, 2-3 era. wide ;
the lateral pair of spikelets nearly sessile, perfect ; the middle spikelet 2-Jlowered
or often ivith the rudiment of a third floret ; glumes 2.3-3.5 cm. long, subulate-
attenuate into slender awns. — Prairies, 111., la., S. Dak., and Wyo. June-
Aug. — Intermediate between Hordeum and Elymus ; closely related to culti-
vated barley.

81. ELYMUS L. Wild Rye, Lyme Grass

Spikelets 2-6-flower'ed (uppermost florets imperfect), in pairs (sometimes soli-
tary below, rarely in 3's or 4's), sessile at the alternate notches of the continuous
rhachis; rhachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets ; glumt-s
equal, rigid, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or awn-pointed, placed edge to edge in
front or toward the sides of the florets (which are dorso-ventral to the rhachis of
the spike) simulating an involucre at each joint of the rhachis ; lemmas convex,
obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, acute or awned from the apex ; paleas a little
shorter than their lemmas ; grain hairy at the summit, adherent to the lemma
and palea. — Erect tufted perennials with flat leaves and closely flowered
terminal spikes. (Name from Ayeij', to roll up., an ancient one for some
grain.)

Glumes as long as the florets or nearly so.
Lemmas awned.
Spikelets spreading-.

Glumes awl-shaped ^. E. stHatus.

Glumes narrowly lanceolate.

Glumes indurated below ; spike erect.

Awn long and spreading 2. E. auf^trnlis.

Awn short and erect 1. E. virginicus.

Glumes not indurated below ; spike noddii ''.
Spike large and densely flowered throughout . . . . 4^. E. robu-stus.
Spike more slender and less densely flowered, Interrupted
below.

Lemma hirsute o. E. canadensis.

Lemma minutely scabrous 5. E. brachystach^s

Spikelets appressed to rhachis,

Spikelets in pairs , 8. E. glaucus.

Spikelets mostly solitary ......... 7. ^. Macounii.

Lemmas awnless 9. £". areiiarius.

Glumes reduced t« short awns . , 10. E. diversiglumis

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

169

* Glumes as long as the lemmas or nearly so.
-*- Glumes and lemmas rigid, all or onhj the latter awned.
++ Glumes homed out, the base yellow and indurated for 1-2 mm.
1. E. virginicus L. Green or glaucous ; culms stout, G-10
dm. high; sheaths smooth or hairy; blades 1.5— 3 dm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, scabrous ; spike 4-14 cm. long, 12 mm. thick,'
rigidly upright, often included at tlie base in tlie upper sheath ;
spikelets 2-3-flowered ; the lemmas smooth, bearing a scabrous
dwn 4-18 mm. long, exceeding the lanceolate strongly-nerved
awn-pointed glabrous glumes. — River banks, moist wood-
lands, etc., N. S. to Fla,, and westw. July-Sept. — In the
Linnean specimen the spike is exserted and the awn is about
the length of the lemma. Fig. 193. Var. HiRSUTioLtiMis
(Scribn.) Hitchc. Glumes and lemmas hirsute, glumes some-
what narrower ; spike usually more slender. — Me. to Va.
and Neb. Var. suBMtrxicus Hook. Lemma and glumes
awnless or short awn-pointed, scabrous. — 0. to Minn., Kan.,
and westw.

193. E. virginicus.
Two spikelets x 1.
Spikelet witii glumes

detached x 2.
Floret X 2.

194. E. canadensis x %.
Two spikelets.
Spikelet with glumes detached.

•w -w- Glumes straight, not or but little indurated at base,

= Culms stout ; spi/ces 1-2 cm. thick.

2. E. australis Scribn. & Ball. Intermediate between E. virginicus and the
next, green; culms 0.7-1.5 m. high, rather slender ; leaves 2-4 dm. long,
narrowed toward the base; spike exserted, erect, 8-14 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick;
glumes and lemmas hirsute ; awns spreading, ofter
2 cm. long. — Woods and prairies, Ct. to Mo., and
southw. — Glumes slightly indurated at base.

3. E. canadensis L. Green or glaucous ; culme
6-15 dm. high ; leaves often 1-2 cm. broad ; spike
1-2 dm. long, exserted, soon nodding, loose or inter-
rupted below; glumes and lemmas hirsute, with
long spreading awns. — Sandy soil, N. S. to Man.,
and southw. Fig. 194. Var. glaucif6liu8 (Muhl.)
Gray is the very glaucous form but corresponds
more nearly with the Linnean type.

4. E. robiistus Scribn, & J. G. Sm. Differs from
the preceding in having a more robust and densely
flowered spike ; spikelets closely imbricated, not in-
terrupted at base ; the long awns divaricately spread-
ing.— Low prairies, 111., and westw.

Q. E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Resembles small specimens of E. cana^
densis ; culms 3-9 dm. high; leaves 1-2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, often some-
what involute, scabrous ; spike rather dense, or loose below, somewhat nodding,
8-15 cm. long; glumes and florets scabrous only, not hirsute; awns divergent.
— Moist open or shaded grounds, Md. to Mich., S. Dak., and Mex-

= = Culms slender.

a. Spikelets spreading.

6. E. striatus Willd. More or less pubescent;
culms 5-10 dm. high ; leaves 15-20 cm. long, pubescent
on the upper surface ; spike 7-10 cm. long, about
2.5 cm. thick, dense, usually nodding; spikelets
l-2(rarely 3)-flowered ; glumes awl-shaped, hispid or
hirsute, 2 or 3 times the length of th' hirsiite fl,nret
which is only 6 7nm. long, excluding the capillary awn
(2-3 cm. in length.) — Rocky woods and banks. Me.
to S. Dak., s. to N. J. and Ark. July, Aug. Fig. 195.
Vnr. arkansXnits (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. Glumes
and lemmas glabrous or minutely scabrous. — Md., la., and southw.

195. E. striatus
Two spikelets.
Spikolot with glumes

detached

170

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

a a. Spikelets appressed to the rhacMs.
7. E. Macoiinii Vasey. Culms 3-8 dm. high ; sheaths glabrous or the lower
'parsely pilose ; blades 8-16 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, erect, often involute
in drying, scabrous, the lower usually pilose on
the upper surface ; spikes narrow, 6-10 cm. long ;
spikelets l-S-Jlowered, the lowei' solitary and often
apparently with 3 glumes, the missing spikelet
being reduced to a single glume; glumes linear-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, scabrous, tapering into an
awn ; lemmas 8-10 mm. long, scabrous above,
with a slender awn 6-10 mm. long. — Prairies,
Minn., la., and westw.

8. E. glaucus Buckley. Glabrous ; culms 6-10
dm. high ; leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide,
rather thin, flat, scabrous; spikes slender, the
inter nodes ^-10) mm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered ;
glumes linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, smooth or
scabrous on the nerves, short-awned, shorter
than the nearly smooth lemma which bears an
• Moist soil, Ont. to Mich., and westw. July, Aug.

196. E. arenarius X %.
Two spikelets.
Spikelet with glumes detached.

awn twice its own length.

+- +- Glumes and lemmas not rigid, awnless ; plants reed-like.

9. E. arenarius L. Culms stout, 6-12 dm. high, from extensively creeping
rootstocks; leaves firm, setaceous-involute toward the ends, the basal ones
crowded, 2-3 cm. long, the upper shorter ; spike stiff, dense, 8-25 cm. long,
1.5-2 cm. thick ; spikelets in pairs or solitary, 3-7-flowered, 2.5-3 cm. long,
often glaucous ; glumes and lemmas acuminate or niucronate, short-villous.
{E. mollis Trin.) — Maritime sands, Lab. to Me.; and shores of the Great
Lakes. (Eurasia.) Fig. 196.

* * Glumes reduced to short awns.

10. E. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball. Culms stout, 9-12 dm. high; leaves lax,
1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous, setaceous-pointed; spike loose
below, 1-1.5 dm. long ; spikelets 2-flowered ;
glumes subulate, scabrous, varying from a mere
point to 1.5 cm. long in the same spike; florets
8-10 mm. long, hirsute, especially toward the
summit, with a divergent awn 2-3 cm. long. —
Thickets and open woods. Wis., Minn., and westw.
— Approaches Hystrix.

SitInion longif6lium J. G. Sm., a western
tufted perennial 3-5 dm. high, with crowded basal
sheaths, long spreading upper leaves, partially
included loose long-awned disarticulating spikes
about 1 dm. long, the glumes divided to the base
into 2 long divergent awns r6-8 cm. long), occurs
in central Kan. and westw. and is reported from
central Minn. Fig. 197,

197. S. longifolium x %.
Two spikelets.
Spikelet with glumes detached.

82. HYSTRIX Moench. Bottle-brush Grass

Spikelets 2-4-flowered, on very short pedicels, 1-3 together at each joint oi
the flattened continuous rhachis, facing it as in Elymus, widely divergent at
maturity ; glumes reduced to short or minute awns, the first usually obsolete,
both often wanting in the upper spikelets ; lemmas convex, rigid, tapering into
a long awn ; palea strongly 2-keeled ; grain pubescent at the summit, free within
the lemma and palea. — Perennials with simple culms, flat leaves and loosely
flowered spikes. (Name from i/o-r/jt^, a hedgehog, alluding to the bristly spikes.)

CYPEEACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

in

1. H. pdtula Moench. Culms 6-12 dm. high ; leaves spreading, 1-2 dm. long,
8-15 mm. wide, tapering to both ends, scabrous ; spike short-exserted or par-
tially included, 6-12 cm. long; spikelets usually distant, at first
erect, soon widely diverging^ 1-1.5 cm, long excluding the awns ;
lemmas pubescent at least at the summit or nearly glabrous ; awns
1.6-4 cm. long. (Asprella Willd. ; H. Hystrix Millsp.) — Moist
w«ods, N. B. to Minn., and southw. June-Aug. Eig. 198.

IjS. II. i)atula.
Spikelet x 1.
Floret X iVa-

83. ARUNDINArIA Michx. Cane

Spikelets 2-many-flowered, perfect or the upper imperfect,
laterally compressed, in racemes or panicles ; glumes unequal,
shorter than the lemmas, the first sometimes obsolete ; lemmas
firm, keeled, many-nerved, acute or mucronate ; paleas nearly as
long as their lemmas, 2-keeled and several-nerved ; lodicules 3 ;
styles 2 or 3 ; grain free within the lemma and palea. — Arbo-
rescent or shrubby grasses with terminal and lateral panicles of large spikelets.
(Name from arundo, a reed.)

1. A macrosperma Michx. (Large C.) Culms arborescent, 3-10 w.
high and 1-7 cm. thick at base, rigid, simple the first year, branching the
second, afterwards fruiting at indefinite periods ; leaves
lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, smoothish or pubes-
cent, the sheath ciliate on the margin, fimbriate at the sum-
mit ; panicle lateral, composed of few simple unequal racemes ;
spikelets 3-5 cm. long, 5-15-fiowered, purplish or pale, erect,
— River banks, s. Va., Ky., and southw., forming cane
brakes. Apr. Fig. 199.

2. A. tecta (Walt.) Muhl. (Switch C, Small C.)
Lower and more slender, 1-4 m. high, branching above ;
leaves 8-20 cm. long, 0.8-3 cm. wide, more tapering at base ;
panicles of few aggregated spikelets on long slender branches
with rather loose sheaths, the blades very minute ; spikelets
2.5-4 cm. long, 5-10-flowered. (A. macrosperma, var, sitffru-
ticosa Munro.) — Swamps, moist soil, or in water, Md,, s. Ind., HI., Mo., and
southw. — Sometimes blooming several years in succession.

199. A, macrosperma,
Spikelet x l^.
Floret X %.

CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems (culms),
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly S-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of
the glume-like imbricated bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth, or
with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place ; the 1-celled ovary with a single
erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achene. Style 2-cleft with the fruit
flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft and fruit 3-angular, Embryo mmute at the
base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves when present 3-ranked. — A
large, widely diffused family.

N. B.—lw this family, unless otherwise noted, the figures representing the
inflorescence or a portion of it are on a scale of |, while those representing the
achene or perigynium are on a scale of 2f. In a few cases a bit of the surface
of the achene is shown on a scale of 10.

I. Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistil abortive ;
spikes all of one sort.

Tribe I. SCfRPEAE. Spikelets mostly many-flowered, with only 1 (rarely more) of the lower
scales empty.

* Scales of the spikelet strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled.

172 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY}

Flowers destitute of bristles and of beak to the achene ; inflorescence terminal.

1. Cyperus. Splkelets few-many-flowered, usually elongated or slender.

2. Kyllinga. Spikelets 1-flowered (but of 8 or 4 scales), glomerate in a sessile head.

^_ 4_ Flower furnished with bristles ; achene beaked ; inflorescence axillary.

3. Dulichium. Spikelets 6-10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle.

* * Scales of the several-many-flowered spikelet imbricated all round (subdistichous in no. 5).
> Achene crowned with the bulbous persistent base of the style; flowers without inner scales
(bractlets).

++ Hypogynous bristles (perianth) generally present ; culm naked.

4. Eleocharis. Spikelet solitary, terminating the naked culm. Stamens 2-3.

++ ++ Bristles always none ; culm leafy.
6. Dichromena. Spikelets crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, laterally flattened, the scales
more or less conduplicate and keeled. Many of the flowers imperfect or abortive.

6. Psilocarya. Spikelets in broad open cymes. Style almost wholly persistent.

7. Stenophyllus. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Style-base persistent.

•i- +■ Achene not crowned by the bulbous base of the style.

++ Flowers without inner scales.

•= Style-base bulbous, deciduous ; perianth none.

8. Fimbristylis. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Culm leafy at base. Style wholly

deciduous.

=■ = Style-base not thickened ; perianth-bristles usually present.

9. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel ; the stem often leafy at

base and inflorescence involucrate. Bristles 1-8, or none. Stamens 2 or 3.

10. Eriophorum. As Scirpus, but the silky elongate bristles very numerous. Stamens 1-3.

■H- ++ Flower with one or more inner scales.

11. Ftlirena. Scales of the spikelet awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked

petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.

12. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the axis of the spikelet.

Bristles none.
18. Lipocarpha. Flower inclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis, the other in front of the
achene. Bristles none.

Tribe II. RYNCH0SP6REAE. Spikelets mostly 1-2-flowered, with 2-many of the lower scales
empty.

14. Rynchospora. Spikelets terete or flattish ; scales convex, either loosely enwrapping or regu-
larly imbricated. Achene crowned with a persistent tubercle or beak, and commonly sur-
rounded by bristles.
16. Cladium. Spikelets terete, few-flowered, the scales, etc., as in the preceding. Achene desti-
tute of tubercle. No bristles.

II. Flowers unisexual.

Tribe III. SCLERIeAE. Flowers monoecious ; the staminate and pistillate in the same or in diflfer-

eiit clustered spikes. Achene naked, bony or crustaceous, supported on a hardened disk.

16. Selena. Spikes few-flowered; lower scales empty. No bristles or inner scales.

Tribe IV. CARfCEAE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in separate spikes, or
sometimes dioecious. Achene inclosed in a sac {perigyiiium) or spathe.

17. Kobresia. Achene in the axil of a spathe-like glume.

18. Carex. Achene completely surrounded by the perigynium, the style protruding through a

small aperture at the top.

1. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. Galingale

Spikelets many-few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in
clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound ter-
minal umbel. Scales 2-ranked (their decurrent base often forming margins oi

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

173

mngs to the hollow of the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old
Stamens 1-3. 8tyle2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achene lenticular or triangular, naked
at the apex.— Culms mostly triangular, simple, leafy at base, and'with' oile or
more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel or head
Peduncles or rays unequal, sheathed at base. All flowering in late summer or
autumn. {Kvireipos, the ancient name.)

1. Scales deciduous, readily falling: away from the somewhat persistent
rhachilla of the flattened spikelet a.
a. Style '2-cleft ; achene lenticular, laterally compressed (the edge turned
to the rhachilla) ; rhachilla narrow, not winged ; annuals b.
h. Achenes much shorter than the subtending scales c.
c. Achenes orbicular, with narrowly oblong superficial cells . . 1. C. fla/ve8C»ii»
C. Achenes obovate or narrower, the superficial cells broad d.
d. Achenes oblong-obovate e.

6. Spikelets lance-oblong ; scales marked with dark brown or
purple, or merely greenish.
Stamens 2 ; style-branches conspicuously exserted . . 2. C. diandrua.
Stamens 3; style-branches scarcely exserted ... 3, C. rivularia'
e. Spikelets lance-linear; scales oblong, yellow or yellowish-
brown throughout; stamens 2 4, C. NuUallii

d. Achenes hnear-oblong or clavate; scales ovate or oblong.

Spikelets brownish, 1.5-2 mm. broad 5. C. microdontia

Spikelets greenish, about 1 mm. broad 6. C. Gateaii,

b. Achenes nearly as long as the subtending scales . . . .7. C.Jiavicomut
a. Style 3-cleft ; achene trigonous /.
/. Annuals g.

g. Scales tapering to recurved slender tips 8. C Aristatus

g. Scales without recurved tips h.

h. Scales 2.5-3.5 mm. long 9. C. compresewi.

a. Scales 2 mm. or less long i.
i. Spikelets in globose heads ; rhachilla wingless or only ob-
scurely winged.
Spikelets green or whitish-brown, oblong; scales acute . H. C. acuminatus.
Spikelets reddish-brown or purplish, linear ; scales blunt

or barely mucronate 13. C.fuscus.

i. Spikelets in cylindric or elongate heads ; rhachilla bearing

freely deciduous scale-like wings 19. (7. erythrorhi&os.

f. ^Perennials, the bases hardened and corm-like or stoloniferous j.
j. Scales strongly several-ribbed ; acheives 2-3 mm. long.

Spikelets in oblong or narrowly obovoid heads . . .10. C. SchweiniUii.

Spikelets in globose or subglobose heads 34' (j.filieulmis.

j. Scales faintly few-nerved or nerveless ; achenes less than 2 mm.
long k.
k. Culms naked or nearly so, the lower sheath nearly or quite

bladeless 14. C. haapan.

k. Culms leafy below I.

I. Plant not stoloniferous ; rhachilla wingless; stamen 1 . . 12. C. pseudovegetttB.
I. Plant loosely stoloniferous ; scales decuryent on the rhachilla

as wings ; stamens 3 ni.
m. Achenes short-obovoid ; scales with free or spreading

mucronate tips 15. C. dentatus. .

m. Achenes hnear- to oblong-cylindric ; scales appressed,
blunt or barely mucronate n.
.«. Scales chestnut-color.

Involucre shorter than the rays of the umbel, or 1

bract slightly longer 16. C. rotunduft.

Involucral bracts numerous and much overtopping

the umbel 17. C. HaUii.

??. Scales straw-color or pale brown 18. C eseulenUia.

2. Ehachillas of the spikelets soon breaking away from the main rhachis ;
the scales falling only in extreme age o.
o. Annuals.

Flowers remote, the successive scales not reaching the bases of

the ones above on the same side 21. C. Engelmanni.

Flowers approxunate, the successive scales overlapping the bases

of those above 20. C.feroux.

o. Perennials, with hard corm-like bases p.

p. Spikelets very strongly flattened 22. ^. strigosus.

p. Spikelets terete, subterete, or only slightly flattened q.
q. Spikelets reflexed, in thick cylindric or obovoid heads r.
r. Culms smooth and glabrous.

Spikelets loosely spicate ; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long . . 23. <7. refraciua.
Spikelets densely spicate and overlapping; achenes less
than 2.5 ram. long.
Spikelets 3-r)-flowered, linear-cylindric, not rigid . . 24. C. lancafttHevKH
Spikelets 1-2 flowered. subuLte, rigid - . . .25. C. hystricinua.

174

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

r. Culms scabrous, at least above.

Heads cylindric or subcylindric

Heads obovoid, conspicuously contracted at base
g. Spikelets spreading, or only the basal refracted in age, in glo-
bose or densely short-cylindric heads s.
S. Scales appressed, each distinctly overlapping the next above ;
spikelets l-4-flo\vered t.
t. Heads mostly on distinct rays ; achenes linear-oblong, 0.5
mm. broad u.
u. Spikelets very densely crowded and overlapping.

Heads globose or broadly obovoid

Heads cylindric

u. Spikelets slightly crowded, the tips mostly divergent
t. Heads all sessile in a glomerule ; achenes ellipsoid or ovoid,

1 mm. broad

S. Scales not appressed ; spikelets 5 (rarely 4)-15-flowered v.
•». Achenes narrowly obovoid or oblong, about half as broad as
long.
Spikelets in dense heads; eacb successive scale reaching

the middle of the one above on the same side .
Spikelets in loose heads ; each successive scale reaching
only the bases of the ones above on the same side
V. Achenes trigonous-ovoid, two thirds as broad as long . .

26. C. dip9aciform48i

27. C. retrqfractus.

29.

C. ovularU.
C. cylindricvit.
C. echinatus.

81. C. flatus.

84. CflliculmU.

32. C. Grayii,

33. C. Houghtonii.

200. C. liavescens.

C. diandrus.

1. C. flavlscens L. Culms 0.5-4 dm. high ; involucre
3-leaved, very unequal ; spikelets 0.5-1.5 cm. long,
1.5-2.5 mm. broad, becoming
linear, obtuse, clustered on the
2-4 very short rays ; scales ob-
tuse., straw-yellow ; stamens 3 ;
achene shining., orbicular, its
superficial cells oblong. — Low
grounds, N. Y. to Mich., 111.,
and south w. (Eurasia, Afr.,
Trop. Am.) Fig. 200.

2. C. diandrus Torr. Simi-
lar ; pikelets lance-oblong,

0.5-1 cm. lo7ig, 2-3 mm. broad, rather loosely flowered.,
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal
rays ; scales rather obtuse, with a narrow purple-brown

margin or merely brovm-flecked, thin and membranous ; achene
dull, oblong-obovate, the superficial cells more or less quadrate ;
otherwise much like the last. — Low grounds, N. B. to Ont.,
Neb., and southw. Fig. 201.

3. C. rivularis Kninth. Similar ; the
densely flowered spikelets mostly 1-2
cm. long ; scales firmer, subcoriaceous,
slightly lucid, with broad brown mar-
gins, or brown all over, or rarely pale ;
style-branches slightly or not at all
exserted. (C. diandrus, var. castaneus
Torr.) — Low ground, with the last or
by itself. Fig. 202. 203. C. Nuttaliii.

4. C. Nuttaliii Eddy. Culms 0.5-3 dm. high ; spikelets lance-linear, acute
and very flat, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, crowded on
the few usually very short (or some of them obvious) simple
rays ; scales oblong, yellowish-brown, rather loose ; stamens
2 ; achene oblong to oblong-obovate (0.6-0.8 mm. broad),
bluntly pointed, minutely bullate and more or less reticu-
lated, dull. — Mostly in brackish marshes, along the coast,
from Me. to Fla. Fig. ^03.

5. C. microd6ntus Torr. Culms slender, 1-7 dm. high ;

leaves and somewhat spreading elongated bracts of involucre

1-4 mm. wide ; spikelets few to many on the 4-8 rays, linear,

acute, 0.8-3 cm. long. 1.5-2 mm. thick, the rhachis often

<04. c. microdontus. branched ; scales thin, ovate or oblong, acute^ closely imbri-

rivularis.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

175

205. C. (iatosii.

206. C. flavicomus.

cated^ pale brown ; stamens 2 ; achene linear-oblong

orclavate (0.3-0.5 mm. broad), short-pointed, grayish

and minutely pitted. (C. polystachyus, var. lepto-

stachyus Boeckl.) — Shores, mostly near the coast,

N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 204.

6. C. Gatdsii Torr. Similar ; very slender ; leaves

and very long ascending involucral bracts 1-2.5 mm.
broad; spikelets 0.4-1.5 cm.
long; the oblong scales green-
ish; achenes slightly smaller. —
Low grounds, Va. to Fla., Ark.,
and Tex. Fig. 205.

7. C. flavicomus Michx. Culm stout, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves of the involucre 3-5, very long; spikelets linear,
0.7-2 cm. long, spiked and crowded on the whole length
of the branches of the several-rayed umbel, spreading ;
scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, with a
broad scarious whitish margin ; stamens 3 ; achene obovate,
mucronate, blackish. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. Fig.
206.

8. C. aristatus Rottb. Dwarf (2-20 cm. high) ; invo-
lucre 2-3-leaved ; spikelets brown, oblong becoming linear, 7-20-tiowered, 3-10
mm. long, in 1-5 ovoid or subglobose heads (sessile and clustered,
or short-peduncled) ; scales nerved, tapering to a long recurved
point ; stamen 1 ; achene oblong-obovate, obtuse. ( C. injlexus

Muhl.) — Sandy wet shores, local, N. B. to
B. C, and southw. — Dry plant with odor
of Slippery Elm. Fig. 207.

9. C. compressus L. Culms 0.6-3.5 dm.
high, with a simple sessile or a few umbel-
late clusters of oblong to linear spikelets
(15-30-flowered and 0.7-2.5 cm. long),
vfithc7'owded strongly keeled and very acute 207 c aristatus
greenish many-nerved scales; stamens 3 ;
achene obovoid, sharply trigonous. — Sterile fields along the coast, Pa. to Fla.
and Tex. Fig. 208.

10. C. Schweinitzii Torr. Perennial, propagating by hai'd clustered corms ;
culm rough on the angles (2-8 dm. high) ; umbel 3-10-rayed, rays very unequal,
erect ; spikelets loosely or somewhat re-
motely Q-lQ-flowered, with convex many-
nerved greenish-brown acute or acumi-
nate scales (3.5-4.5 mm. long); joints
of the rhachilla narrowly winged. — Dry
sandy shores and ridges, w. N. Y. and
e. Out. to Man. and Kan. Fig. 209.

11. C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook.
Slender (0.5-3.5 dm. high) ; involucre
2-3-leaved ; spikelets ovate, becoming
oblong, 16-30-flowered, pale, in globular
heads ; scales obscurely 3-nerved, short-
tipped ; stamen 1 ; achene oblong, pointed
at both ends, much exceeded by the
scale. — Low ground. 111. to Dak., and
southw. Fig. 210.

^^- -^"i .^'o^i^^''^^-^^"? ^T\. ^f ^ 209. C. Schweinitzii.
perennial (0.3-1 m. high) ; culm obtusely

triangular ; leaves and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel

compound, many-rayed ; spikelets ovate (3-6 mm. long)y

in numerous small greenish heads; achenes pale, linear,

211. C. pseudovegetus. on a slender stipe ; scales narrow, acutish, obscurely

208. C. compressus.

210.

176

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

,.^

212. 0. fuscus.

haspan.

3-nerved. (C calcaratus Nees.) — Wet places, Del. to Fla. and Tex. ; northw,
in the flat country to Mo. and Kan, Fig. 211.

13. C FUSCUS L. Low (1-3 dm. high) ; spikelets linear, 3-8 mm. long, the

thin broion scales (greenish

only on the keel) very faintly

nerved; stamens 2; achenes

equaling the scales. — Locally

on ballast, Mass. to N. J.

(Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 212.
14. C. haspan L. Culms

sharply angled (2-8 dm.

high) ; leaves linear, often

reduced to membranous
sheaths ; iwibel spreading, the JiUfurm rays mostly longer
than the 2-leaved involucre ; spikelets narrowly linear ;
scales light reddish-brown, oblong, rmicronate, S-nerved ;
wings of rhachilla persistently attached ; achenes round-
obovoid. — Ponds and ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 213.

15. C. dentatus Torr. Perennial by slender rootstocks
and tuber-bearing stolons; culms slender (]-() dm. high) ;
leaves rigid and keeled; umbel erect, shorter than the 3-4-
leaved involucre ; spikelets 5-13-flo\vered ; scales reddish-
brown, vjith green keel, ovate, acute, 1-nerved,
the raucronate tips prominent. — Sandy shores.
Me. to N.Y., and south w. — Spikelets often
abortive and changed into leafy tufts. Fig.
214.

Var. cten6stachys Fernald. Spikelets 15-
40-flowered ; scale-tips less prominent. — Mass.
to N. J. Fig. 215.

16. C. rotundusL. (Not Grass.) Peren-
nial by tuber-bearing stolons ; culm slender (1-6 dm. high), longer than the

leaves ; umbel simple or slightly compound, about
equaling the involucre ; the few
rays each bearing 4-9 dark chest-
nut-purple 12-40-flowered acute
spikelets (0.8-2.5 cm. long) ; scales
ovate, closely appressed, nerveless
^ except on the keel ; achenes linear-

0\ « //\ M oblong. — Sandy fields, V^a. to

\ ^ J ^-.^ Fla. and Tex, ; also adv. near

Phila. and N. Y. City, (l^rop. and
subtrop. regions.) Fig. 216.

17. C. HalliiBritton. Similar;
culm stout, 4-9 dm. high, scarcely
exceeding the broad (0.5-1 cm.)
leaves ; umbel compound, the
numerous rays much exceeded by
the involucral bracts; spikelets chestnut-purple, 1-1.5 cm.
scales distinctly nerved. — Kan. to Tex.

18. C. esculentus L. Similar; culms (3-9 dm. high) equaling the leaves;
umbel often compound, 4-7 -rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spike-
lets numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acntish, 0.5-1.5
cm. long; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, narroioly scarious-
margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achene
oblong-obovoid. — Low grounds, along rivers, etc. ; spreading
extensively by its small nut-like tubers and sometimes
becoming a pest in cultivated grounds. (Eurasia.) Fig. 217.
"Var. LEPTosTACHYus Bocckl., with, spikelets 1.8-3.5 cm. long, is less frequent.
Fig. 218.

214. C. dentatus.

215. C. dentatus,
V. ctenostachys.

216. C rotundus.

217. C. esculentus.
long; the acutish

218. C. esculentus,
V. leptostachyus.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

177

19. C. erythrorhizos Muhl, Annual ; culm obtusely
triangular (1-8 dm. high) ; umbel many-rayed ; invo-
lucre 4— 5-leaved, very long ; involucels bristle-form ;
spikelets very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical

nearly sessile heads, spreading horizontally, linear, flat- '; *,. ,r,.

tish (;-]-lt' mm. long), bright chestnut-colored; scales
lanceolate, mucronulate. {C.HaUd
Britton, in part, not Torr. ) — AUu- - ■;

vial banks, Mass. to Ont, Minn., ^

and southw^. Fig. 219. — Dwarf
tutted plants are sometimes sepa-
rated as Var. ptfMiLus Engelm.

20. C. ferax Rich. Culm stout, 219. c. eryitiroihizos.
mostly low (0.3-8 dm. high) ; rays

of the simple or compound umbel mostly all short and

crowded ; spikelets lO-20-flowered, yellowish-brown or drab

at maturity (0.5-1.8 cm. long), the short joints of its- axis

winged with very broad scaly margins which embrace the.

22i). 0. feiax. ovoid-triangular achene; the firm scales ovate, obtusish.

overlapping. (C. speciosus Vahl.) — Low grounds and

sandy banks, Mass. to Fla., w. to Ont., Minn., and Tex. ; Cal. (Trop. re-

gions.) Fig. 220.

21. C. Engelmanni Steud. Similar ; but the spikelets more slender and terete,
somewhat remotely b-\b-flowered, the zigzag joints of the axis slender and nar-
rowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious
scales proportionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the
axis of each joint; achene oblong-linear, very small. —
Low grounds, Mass. to Wise,
and south w. Fig. 221.

22, C. strigbsus L. Peren-
nial, with hard corm-like
tubers ; culm 0.1-1 m. high ;
leaves flat, soft ; most of the
rays of the simple or com-
pound umbel elongated, their
sheaths 2-bristled ; spikelets
several-flowered, 0.7-1.8 cm.

long, spreading, in loose heads ; scales oblong-
lanceolate, appressed, several-nerved, much longer
than the linear-oblong achene. — Damp or fertile
soil. Me. to Ont., Minn., south w. and westw. Fig.
l22. — Very variable; dwarf plants with the rays scarcely developed are ^'ar
CAPITA.TUS Boeckl.

Var. robustior Kunth. Spikelets 2-3 cm. long. — Local,
Mass. to Fla. and Mo.

Var. comp6situs Britton. Umbel compound; spikelets 0.5-
1.3 cm. long, iti dense cylindric heads. — Local, Mass. to Fla.,
La., and la.

23. C. refractus Engelm. Culm smooth, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves soft and flat, 4-8 mm. broad, slightly scabrous ; ray^
usually more or less elongated, smooth; spikelets very slender,
acuminate, subterete, in rather loose heads, divaricate or more
or less reflexed, '2-6-floivered, 1-3 cw. long; scales appressed.
several-nerved, the lower empty and often persistent after the
fall of the rest ; joints of the rhachilla winged, inclosing the
linear achene. — Dry woods and banks, N. J. to Ga. and Mo.
Fig. 223.

24. C. lancastriensis Porter. Culm stoutish, triangular,
smooth, 3-8 dm. high; leaves rather broad (0.5-1 cm.) ; umbel
of 6-9 mostly elongated rays : sn^kelet^ very numerous in

221. C. Eugelmaniii

strigosQS.

£

C. refraci=K

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

224. C. lancastriensis.

225. C. hystriciiius.

(1-2.5 cm. long), strongly

sliort-cylindric or obovoid dose heads, soon reflexed, 0.8-
1.5 cm. long, of 3-G narrow scales, the upper and lower
empty, nearly twice the length of the linear-oblong
achene. — Eich soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ga. Fig. 224.

25. C. hystricinus
Fernald. Slender; the
smooth rigid culm 2-5
dm. high, much exceed-
ing the stiff narrow (2-5
mm. broad) smooth
leaves; umbel of 3-10
simple smooth rays,
mostly shorter than the
involucre ; spikelets 1-2-
Jloweredj subulate, rigid,
3-7 mm. long, densely
crowded in cylindric or narroivly obovoid .heads

reflexed, golden-brown at maturity; scales closely appressed, the fertile strongly
nerved, the terminal involute-subulate; achene linear, 2-2.5 mm. long. — Dry
sand, N. J. to Ga. Fig. 225.

26, C. dipsacif6rmis Fernald. Culm scabrous, at least above, 2.5-8 dm.
high; leaves shorter than the culm, scabrous-hispid above, 4-9 mm. wide ; umbel
4-12-rayed, some of the smooth rays equaling the involucre ;
spikelets 1-3-flowered, subulate, rigid, 6-11 mm. long, crowded
in cylindric or subcylindric heads (1.5-4 cm. long), strongly
deflexed, yellow-brown at maturity ; fertile
scales with green midribs ; achene 3 mm.
lo7ig. — Sandy barrens and dry woods, N. J.
to Ky. and Ga. Fig. 226.

27. C. retrofractus (L.) Torr. Culm
(0.3-1 m. high) minutely downy and rough
on the obtusish angles ; leaves hairy, short
and stiff, 0.4-1 cm. wide, the margins becom-
ing revolute ; umbel icith 4-12 upright usu-
ally scabrous rays mostly longer than the
involucre; spikelets slejider-aid-shaped, very numerous in
turbinate-obovoid greenish or drab heads (1-2.5 cm. long),
soon strongly reflexed, 1-2-floivered in the
middle (5-8 mm. long) ; scales usually 4
or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the
fertile lanceolate and pointed, the upper-
most involute-awl-shaped ; achene linear,
2.5-3 mm. long. — Sandy or rocky soil,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; northw. in the low
country to Mo. Fig. 227.

28. C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Culm
smooth, sharply triangular (2.5-7 dm. high) ; um-
bel 1-6-rayed ; spikelets (50-100) in a globular
head, 3-flowered, oblong, blunt (3-5 mm. long) ;
scales ovate, obtuse, a little longer than the linear-
oblong achene. — Sandy dry soil, s. N. Y. to 111.,
Kan., and south w. ; rarely on ballast, Mass. Fig.
228. Var. robustus Boeckl. is a form with large
heads, the spikelets 3-4-flowered (7-10 mm. long).
— 111. to Ark. , and southw.

29. C. cylindricus (Ell.) Britton. Similar to
the last, but the heads short-cylindrical; spikelets
usually 2-floioered. (C. Torrcyi BTitton.) — L.I.
to Fla., w. to Tex. Fig. 229.

30. C. echinatus (Ell.) Wood. Culm smooth

22G. C. dipsaciformis.

227. C. retrofractus.

228. C. ovularis.

229. C. cylindricus.

echinatus.

CYPERACEAB (SEDGE FAMILY)

179

231. C. flavus.

(1.5-6 dm. high), much exceeding the smooth (or scabrous-
margined) tiat (2-5 mm. wide) leaves ; umbel wiili numer-
ous ascending rays, the longest half as long as the involucre ;
heads globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter; spi/ceMs :iO-4o'
greenish, rather loosely spreading, lance-cylindrlc, slightly
compressed, of 5-8 membranous veiny ovate-lanceolate scales
(the 2 lowest and the subulate
terminal one empty) ; achene ob-
long, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Rich
sandy soil, Va. and Mo., southw. Fig. 230.

31. C. flXvus (Vahl) Boeckl. Culms sharply
angled, smooth and wiry (2-5 dm. high), much exceed-
ing the smooth flat leaves; heads 3-0, cylindric (1-1.7
cm. long), sessile in a glomerule; involucral bracts
divergent or reflexed ; spikelets crowded, 2,5-5 mm.
long, dull, pale brown ; scales thin and veiny, the loioest
often persistent. — Waste ground, about Philadelphia.
(Adv. from the Tropics.) Fig. 231.

32. C. Grayii Torr. Culm thread-form , wiry (0. 5-3 232 c Gravii
dm. high) ; leaves almost bristle-shaped, channeled ;

umbel simple, 4-l{)-rayed,; spikelets in a loose head, spread^
ing; joints of the axis ivinged; scales rather obtuse, green-
ish-chestnut-color, barely exceeding the oblong or narrowly
obovoid achene. — Barren sands,
Mass. to N. J., near the coast.
Fig. 232.

33. C.HoughtbniiTorr. Culms
obtusely angled (2-7 dm. high),
much exceeding the smooth nar-
row leaves ; umbel subsessile or
with a few elongate upright rays,
mostly shorter than the invo-
233. C. floughtonil. }"cre ; spikelets linear-oblong, in
loose heads, spreading-ascending;
scales roundish, strongly nerved, mucronate, yellow-
brown, barely exceeding the hroad-obovoid achene.- —
Sandy soil, w. N. E. to Man. and Ore., locally s. to
Va., Kan., and Ariz. Fig. 233. _, _ „,. , .

34. C. filiculmis Vahl. Culm slender, wiiy, often ^^- ^' ^"«^""'«-

reclined (1.5-6 dm, high) ; leaves linear or filiform ; spikelets
numerous and clustered in one sessile dense head, or in 1-7
additional looser heads on spreading rays of an iiTegulai
umbel, those of the principal glomerules 8-12-flowered (1-1.6
cm. long) ; joints of the axis naked or winged ; scales blunt,
or the upper mucronate, thin, yellowish-green ; achene 2 mm.
long. (0. Bushii Britton.) — Dry sterile soil, Mass. to la.,
and southw. ; rare northw. Fig. 234.

Var. macilentus Fernald. Usually low ; spikelets 4-8-
flowered (3-8 mm. long) ; scales firm, greenish ; achenes
235. c. fil., V. macil. shorter. — Me. to Ont., s. to Va., O., and 111. Fig. 236.

2. KYLLINGA Rottb.

Spikelets of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, l-U-flowered ; the
2 lower scales minute and empty ; style 2-cleft and achene
lenticular ; spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile
heads. — Culms leafy at base; involucre 3-leaved. (Named
after Peder Kijlling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.)

1. K. pumila Michx. Annual ; culms 0.5-3 dm. high ; head
globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green, 4-8 mm. broad ; spikelets

236. K. puiiiila.

I

180

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

strictly 1 -flowered ; upper scales ovate, pointed, roush on the keel ; stamens and
styles 2 ; leaves linear. —-low grounds, Ivld. to ()., 111., and south w. Aug.-Oct.
Fig. 236.

3. DULICHIUM Pers.

Spikelets linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on peduncles
emerging from the sheaths of the leaves ; scales lanceolate,
decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins on the joint below.
Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3.
Style 2-cleft above. Achene flattened, linear-oblong, beaked
with the long persistent style. — A perennial herb, with a
terete simple hollow culm (2-10 dm. high), jointed and
leafy to the summit ; leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked.
(Name of uncertain origin.)

1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. (Z>. spathaceum
Pers.) — Wet swamps and borders of ponds, Nfd. to Wash.,
237. D. arundinaceum. and SOUthw. July-Uct. FiG. 237.

4. ELEOCHARIS K. Br. Spike Rush

Spikelgt few-many-flowered. 'Scales imbricated in many (rarely in 2 or
3) ranks. Perianth of 3-12 (commonly 6) bris+les, usually rough or barbed
downward, rarely obsolete. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a
tubercle jointed upon the apex of the lenticular or triangular achene. — Leafless
(rarely with basal capillary leaves), chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed
at the base, from matted or creeping rootstocks ; flowering in summer. (Name
from eXos, a marshy and x^^P'-^') grace; being marsh plants.)

. Spikelet hardly if at all thicker than the spongy-cellular culm ; scales
firmly persistent.
Spikelet cylindric, many-fiowered ; scales coriaceous, faintly nerved
or nerveless.

Culm terete . .

Culm sharply 4-angled .

Spikeleli linear- or lance-awl-shaped, few-flowered ; scales herba-
ceous, distinctly nerved

. Spikelet much thicker than the culm (or, if slender, with deciduous

scales) b.
b. Achenes lenticular or biconvex ; styles mostly 2-cleft e.
c. Upper sheaths loose, with white scarious tips.

Scales white, with preen midribs

Scales purple-brown, with green midribs

o. Upper sheaths close and Jirm, green, not scarious, the tips often
dark-margined d,
d. Plants tufted, mostly annual, without conspicuous rootstocks e.
e. Mature achenes black ; tubercle saucer-shaped ; upper sheath
oblique at tip, the elongate tooth narrow-deltoid.
Spikelet 1..5--2 mm. thick ; achene 0.5 mm. long .
Spikelet 2.5-3 mm. thick ; achene 1 mm. long.
Scales whitish-brown, with greenish rib ; achenes jet

black

Scales purple-brown ; achenes purple-black . . (7
e. Mature achenes whitish to pale brown ; tubercle conic or
deltoid; upper sheath with nearly truncate tip, the
short tooth broad-deltoid /.
/. Tubercle less than two-thirds as broad as the achene.

Tubercle depressed turban-shape, broader than high ;

bristles w^anting or rudimentary ....
Tubercle deltoid-conic, higher than broad ; bristles

much exceeding the achene

f. Tubercle nearly or quite as broad as the achene.

Tubercle depressed-conic, concaved toward the tip, one-
third as high as the achene ; bristles much exceeding

the achene

Tubercle flat-deltoid, ^vith straight sides, one-fourth as
hiirh as the achene ; bristles scarcely or not at all ex-
ceeding the achene.
Bristles about equaling the acheno
Bristles rudimentary or wanting . . (11) E.
dJ. Plants not tufted, perennial from elongate rootstocks .

1. E. inter siincta.

2. E. quadrangulata.

E. EohMnsii.

4. E. ochreata.

5. E. olivaeea.

E. atropurpurea.

7. E. capitata.
) E. capitata, v. dispa/r.

B. E. diandra.
9. E. ovata.

10. E. obtusa.

11. E. Engelmawni.
EngelTnanni, v. detonsck

12. E. palusiris.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

181

18. E. acicularU.

14. E. r/olfii.

E. tortiliH.

E. taherculoaa.

17. E. Torreyana.

18.

E. melanocarpa.

ft. Aclienes triangular or tnrgid ; style 3-cleft g.
g. Achenes regularly reticulate or cross-lined.

Spikelets flattened, 3-y-flo%vered ; tlie thin scales 2-3-ranked
Spikelets terete ; the scales many-ranked.

Upper sheaths loos«, with white scarious tips; achenes
finely cross-lined between the strong ribs ....
Upper sheaths close and firm, not scarious ; achenes* distinctly
reticulate.
Tubercle conic-subulate, much smaller than the achene
Tubercle cap-shajjcd, as large as the achene
g. Achenes smooth or papillose, not regularly reticulate h,
h. Tubercle depressed, as broad as high or broader.

t. Achenes white

4. _Achenes yellow, brown, or black j.
J. Achenes smooth.

Tubercle flattened and closely covering the top of the

black achene

Tubercle short-conic, constricted below, narrower than

the olive-brown achene 19. ^. albida

J. Achenes papulose-roughened.

Achene with prominent keel-like angles ....

Achene with the angles not keeled.

Tips of the upper sheaths dark -girdled ; achenes

golden-yellow or orange-brown (in age drab),

conspicuously papillose-roughened, plump, with

rounded angles.

Culms filiform, 4-angled

Culms flattened ! ! !

Tips of the upper sheaths whitish ; achenes whitish-
yellow, minutely roughened, with distinct angles
h. Tubercle long-conic, higher than broad.

Tubercle clearly distinct from the achene.
Tubercle conic-subulate, much narrower than the plump
achene.

Bristles exceeding the achene

Bristles wanting (24) E.' intermedia

Tubercle conic-deltoid, nearly as broad as the compressed

achene . • • ^ 25. E. Macounii

Tubercle seemingly confluent with the achene . . .26. E. roateUaia.

20. E. tricostata.

21. E. tenuis.

22. E. acuminata.

23. E. mtida.

24. E. intermedia.

Ilabereri,

238. E. interstincta.

1. E. interstincta (Vahl.) K. & S. Culms large and stout
(0.5-1 m. hi^lOi knotted as if j(Anted by many cross-partitions ;
basal sheaths often leaf-bearing ; spikelets 2-4 cm. long ; scales
in several ranks, pale, with scarious mar-
gins ; achene with transversely linear-rec-
ta7ignlar reticulation cind a conical-beaked
tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, or wanting. (E.
equisetoidas Torr.) — Shallow water, Mass.
to Fla., w. to Mich, and Tex. (W. I.,
S. A.) Fig. 238.

2. E. quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S.
Similar ; culm continuous and sharply
^-angled; spikelet 2-6 cm. long ; achene finely reticulated,
with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. {E. mutata
Britton, not R. & S.) — Shallow water, Ct. to Mich., and
south w., rare. Fig. 239.

3. E. Robbinsii Oakes. Floirer-bearing
culms exactly triangular^ rather slender,

erect (2-7 dm. high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive
stems or fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely
truncate ; spikelet 1-2.5 mm. long ; scales only
3-9, fe^v-ranked, convolute-clasping the long
flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, with thin
scarious margins; achene oblong-obovate, tri-
angular, minutely reticulated, about half the
length of the bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle.
— Sliallow water, N. B. to Fla., w. to Mich, and Ind. Fig. 240.
4. E. ochreata (Nees) Steud. Similar in liabit 1o the next;
the capillary culms 3-30 cm. high ; spikelets 2-() mm. long ; scales

239. E. quadrangulata.

240. E. Kobbinsii.

'241. E. ochreata
Spikelet X 2%.
Achene x 10.

182

CYPERACEAE QSEDGE FAMILY^

242, E. olivacea.
S pikelet x 22/3.
Achene x 10.

243. E. atropurpurea.
Spikelet x 22/3.
Achene X 10.

very pale and thin, 1.5-2.5 mm. long; achene often equaling? the bristles, tipped
by a short slender conical tubercle. — Wet places, Va. to Fla. (W. I., S. A.)
Fig. 241.

5. E. olivacea Torr. Culms flatfish, grooved, diffusely tufted
on usually slender matted rootstocks, 2-15 cm. high; spikelet
oblong-ovoid, acutish, ^O-QQ-flowered, 3-7 mm. long; scales
ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated, 2-3 mm. long, with a
slightly scarious margin ; achene obovoid, dull, green to blackish,
1 mm. long, shorter than the 6-8 bristles;
tubercle capping I of the summit of the
achene, saucer-shaped, tipped by a lon^ conic-
subulate beak. — Wet shores. Me. to Ont.,
s. to N. C, Pa., 0., and Mich. Fig. 242.

6. E. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Dwarf
tufted annual ; culms capillary, arcuate, 3-7
cm. long; spikelet oblong-ovoid, 2-4 mm.

long: scales ovate, thin-membrauaceous, h\unt, dark brown,

with pale midrib and margin; achene lenticular-obovoid,

lustrous, black, with a minute saucer-shaped tubercle ; bristles white, shorter

than the achene. —Wet sand, "la." to Col., and southw. (Eurasia, W.I.)

Fig. 243,

7. E. capitata (L.) R. Br. Culms terete, 0.3-3 dm. high;
spikelets ovoid to cylindric (3-5 mm. long), obtuse, 15-40-flowered ;
scales thickish, round-ovate, obtuse, pale brown, with green keel
and paler margins ; stamens 2 ; achene obovoid, black, about
equaling the 6-8 bristles, tipped with a flattened or
saucer-shaped tubercle. — In sand or gravel near
sloughs, Md. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I., S. A.)
Fig. 244.

Var. dispar (E. J. Hill) Fernald. Scales purple-
brown ; achenes purple-black. (E, dispar E. J.
Hill.) — Wet sand, Lake Co., Ind.

8. E. diandra C. Wright. Erect or depressed ;
culms 0.1-5 dm. long ; spikelet ovoid, obtuse or acutish, 2-7 mm.
long, 2-3.5 mm. thick; scales barely appressed, ovate to ovate- 245. E. diandra.
oblong, blunt, dull, pale brown, with prominent green midrib ; Spikelet x 2%.
achene obovoid or inverted-pyriform, 1 mm. long. — Sandy shores Achene x 10.
of the Androscoggin, Merrimac and Connecticut Rivers, and of

Oneida L. (N. Y.) — Differing constantly from the next in its depressed tubercle
and paler scales, as well as in the absence of bristles. Fig. 245.

9. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. Erect or depressed ; culms
0.3-5 dm. long; spikelet globose-ovoid to ovoid-cylindric,

P5a \ \M obtuse, densely flowered, 2-7 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick;

wML I lal I scales oblong to narrowly ovate, obtuse, purple-brown, with

.imx. \ m\A J p^^^ midrib and white scarious margin ; achene obovoid or

inverted-pvriform, about 1 mm. long. — Wet places, N. B. to

Ct. and Mich. ; Ore. (Eurasia.) Fig. 246.

10. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Simi-
lar ; culms 0. 0-7 dm. high ; spikelet globose-
ovoid to ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2-13 mm.
long, 2-5 mm. thick ; scales ovate-oblong to
suborbicular, with rounded tips, densely

crowded in many ranks, dull brown; style 3(rarely 2)-cleft ;
achene turbinate-obovoid with narrow base, pale browni.sh,
shining, shorter than the 6-8 bristles, slicihtly broader than
the short-deltoid acute and flattened tubercle. (E. ovata
Man. ed. 6.) — Muddy places, N. S. to Ont., and southw.;
B. C. and Wash. Fig. 247. — Like all the annual species,
7ery variable in size and habit.

11. E. Engelmanni Steud. Similar; culms 1.5-3 dm.

244. E. capitata,
Spikelet x 22/3,
Achene X 10.

E. ovata.
Spikelet x 22/3.
Achene x 10.

?47. E. obtiisa.
Spikelet x 2%.
Aobene x 10.

CYPERACEAE (^SEDGE FAMILY)

183

249. E. palustris.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.

248. E. Engelmannl
Spikelet X 2%.
Achene x 10.

or in wet grassy
(Eurasia.) Fig
Culms slender or

big'h ; spikelet cylindric, 6-20 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, acutish ; scales cloee-
nppressed, brown; achenes with broad much flattened tubercle; bristles about
equaling the achene. — Local, Mass. to Mo. Fig. 2-48. Var.
DETONSA Gray. Bristles wanting or rudimentary. — More
frequent, Mass. to Neb., s. to Pa., Ind., and Ariz.

12. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Culms nearly terete, striate,
0.1-L5 m. high ; spikelet slender, sub-
cylindric, pointed, many-flowered ; scales
ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated, reddish-
brown with a broad and translucent
whitish margin and a greenish keel, the
upper acutish, the lowest rounded and
often enlarged ; achene obovoid, some-
what shining, crowned with a short ovate
or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle,
shorter than the usually 4 bristles. —
Very common and variable, either in
water, where it is rather stout and tall,
grounds, where it is slender and lower.
249. Var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray.

filiform ; tubercle narrower, acute, beak-like, sometimes half as long as the
achene. — With the type. Var. calva (Torr.) Gray. Bristles none ; tubercle
short, but narrower than in the type. — Local. Var. vigens
Bailey. Culms very stout, rigid ; achene more broadly obovoid.
— Lake margins, north w.

13. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Culms finely capillary, 3-10
cm. high (becoming much elongate when submersed), more or

less ^-angular; spikelet 2-6 mm. long; scales
ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish with purple
sides) ; achenes obovate-oblong, only the lowest
maturing, with S-ribbed angles and 2-3 times as
many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely
striate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles
cal-triangular. — Muddy shores, across the continent. (W. I.,
Eurasia.) Fig. 250.

14. E. W61fii Gray. Culms slender (2-3 dm. high), from very
small creeping rhizomes, 2-edged; spikelet slender-ovoid, acute,
0.5-1 cm. long; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, scarious, pale purple ;
achene pyriform, shining, with 9 nearly equidistant obtuse ribs
having transverse wrinkles between them ; tubercle depressed, truncate, more
or less apiculate; bristles none. — Wet prairies. 111., Minn., and la. Fig. 251,

15. E. t6rtilis (Link) Schultes. Culms tufted from fibrous
roots, sharply triangular, capillary, twisting when dry ; spike-
let turgid-ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, few-flowered ; scales firm-
persistent, ovate ; bristles stout, barbed,
as long as the striate and pitted-reticu-
late achene and its conic-beaked tuber-
cle.—^. J. to Fla. Fig. 252.

16. E. tuberculbsa (Michx.) R. & S.
Similar; culms flattish, S:tv\?it% \ spike-

"nwpvpd ?

252. E. tortilis.

250, E. acicularis.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.

; tubercle coni-

membranaceous,

Spikelet X 2.
Achene x 10.

E, tuberculosa.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.

tubercle flattish - cap - shaped. — Wet
sandy soil, from Mass. along the coast
to Fla. Fig. 253.

17. E. Torreyana Boeckl. Tufted culms capillary,
1-6 dm. high; spikelet small (2-5 mm. long), sometimes
proliferous, the one or more short new culms from the
axil of its lowest scale, which persists as an herbaceous
bract; scales thin, ovate, acutish, whitish-green and
brown ; achene tiny, white, with sharp angles and a short

i

181

CYPERACEAE (^SEDGE FAMILY^

254. E. Torreyaua.
Spikelet x 2.
Acheiie x 10.

255. E. melanocarpa.
Spikelet X 2,
Achene x 10.

conical tubercle, which is hardly equaled by the 3-6 slendei
bristles. — Wet piiie-barrens, etc., Ct. to Fla. Fio. 254.

18. E. melanocarpa Torr. Tutted, from a short thick caudex ;
culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (2.5-7 dm. high), the close
basal sheaths with truncate mucronate tips;
spikelet cylindrical-ovoid, thick, obtuse,
densely many-flowered (7-15 mm. long) ;
scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse,
brownish, with broad scarious margins; achene glossy, ob<>-
void-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit entirely
covered by the flat depressed tubercle, which is raised in the
center into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles often
obsolete; achene soon blackish. — Wet sand, Mass. to Fla. ;
also n. Ind., where the culms are sometimes proliferous at
tip {Hill). (Bermuda.) Fig. 255.

11). E. albida Torr. Tufted, from a slender creeping
base; culms slender, wiry, striate, 1-4 dm. high, the basal

sheaths with very oblique tips; spikelet cylindric-ovoid. blunt, 4-9
mm. long ; scales obtuse, ichitish to light brown, loith narrow scari-
ous margin ; achenes smooth, not glossy, trigonous-
pyriform, 1 mm. long, contracted below the conic-
deltoid pale tubercle, and usually exceeded by the
rt^ddish bristles. — Damp chiefly brackish soil, Md.
to Fla., etc. (Mex., W. I.) Fig. 256.

20. E. tricostAta Torr. Rootstock stout and
tough ; culms flattish (2-0 dm. high) ; spikelet soon
cylindrical, densely many-flowered (6-18 mm. long) ;
scales ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad
scarious margins ; achene ob ovoid, with Z prominent
angles, mimitely rongii-wrinkled, a'owned with a
Hhort-conical acute tubercle ; bristles none. — N. Y. to Fla. Fig. 257.

21. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running
rootstocks, A-angnlar (0.5-7 dm. higli), \,he sides concave ; spike-
let ellipsoidal, acutish, 20-SO-flowc'red (8-10 mm. long) ; scales
ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple, with a broad
scarious margin and green keel, the outer 2 or
f-^^ ^'•^ 3 ?7i?)i. long; achene plump, obovoid, ronghish-

if /^^"^i ivrinkled, 1-1.3 mm. long, crowned with a small
depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of
the scales ; bristles | as long as the achene or
none. — N id. to Man^, and southw. June-xVug.
Fig. 258.

22. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Similar;
rootstock generally stouter and stiffer ; culms
flat, striate, tufted, usually coarser ; scales 259. E. acuminata.
lance-ovate, the uppermost acute. (E. compressa
SuUiv.) — Wet places, oftenest in calcareous soil, N. Y. and
Ont., souThw. Fig. 259. — Perhaps a variety of the last.

23. E. nitida Fernald. Perennial, from slender rootstock ;
culms capillary, 4-angled, vStr'ate, 2-8 cm. high ;
acuti.'^h, 2.5-4 5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, 8-20-flowered ; scales
elliptic-oblong, with rounded tips, purplish-brown, with greenish
ribs and very narrow scarious margins, the lowermost 1-1.2 mm.
long; achenes whitish-straiv-color, narrowly obovoid, sharply
trigonous, very minutely (under a lens) roughened, 0.7-1 mm.
long, the very narrow crown-like tubercle with a short point in
the middle. — Springy spots, valley of the Ottawa R., Can. {J.
Maconn). Early June. Fig. 2(K).
intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Culm^ capillary, striate-grooved,
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (0.2-4 dm.

257. E. tiicostata.
Si)ikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.

258. E. tenuis.
Spikelet X 2.
Achene x lO.
Cross-.section of
culm X 5.

Spikelet x 2.
Acheue x 10.
Cross-section of
culm X 5.

spikelet ovoid,

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

186

long); sheaths with oblinue tips; spikelet cylindric-ovoid, acu-
tish, loosely 5-20-flowered (2-7 mm. long); scales oblong, obtuse,
green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenc
obovoid with a narrowed base, beaked with
a slender conical-awl-shaped tubercle, which
nearly equals the 6 bristles. — Wet places,
Gasp6 Co., Que., to w. Ont., s. to n. Me.,
w. Ct., N. J., Pa., 0., and la. Fig. 261.
Var. HABEEi:Ri Fernald. Bristles absent or
rudimentary. — Shores of Oneida L., N. Y.
(t/. V. Haberer).

25. E. Macounii Fernald. Annual ; culms
weak, 2 or 2.5 dm. long ; spikelet lance-ellip-
soid, 1 cm. long, densely flowered ; scales
ovate-lanceolate, acutish or blunt, da7'k brovm ;
achene much compressed, trigonous-obovoid, twice as long
as the broad deltoid-conical tubercle. — Border of marsh,
North Wakefield, Que. (J. 31. Macoun). Fig. 262.

26. E. rostellata Torr. Perennial, from short thick
caudex; culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect (3-12
dm. long), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous
from the apex, the sheath transversely truncate ; spikelet
spindle-shaped, 12-20-flowered, 6-15 mm. long ; scales ovate,
obtuse (light brown); achene obovoid-triangular, narrowed
into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped
by the 4-6 bristles. — Salt marshes, N. H. to Fla., and locally
in alkaline situations inland. (Mex., Cuba.) Fig. 263.

2G2. E. Macounii.
Spikelet X 2.
Achene x 10.

2G1. E. intermedia.
Spikelet x 2.
Acheno x 10.

263. E. rostellata.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.

7-^^.5

5. DICHR6mENA Michx,

Spikelets few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or
abortive. Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or
boat-shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 8. Style
2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, etc., none. Achene lenticular,
wrinkled transversely, crowned with the persistent and broad
tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping
perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white
at the base (whence the name, from 6is,
double, and xP^l^°-i color).

1. D. colorata (L.) Hitchc. Culm :-/

triangidar (f).^^-! m.. high); leaves nar-
row; those of the involucre 4-7, linear ;
D. colorata. achene truncate, not margined. (Z>. leuco-
cephala Michx.) — Damp pine-barrens,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; very rare north w. July-Sept. (Mex., ■ \

W. I.) Fig. 264. jy

2. D. latifblia Baldw. Culm stouter, nearly terete;
leaves broadly linear ; those of the involucre linear-lance-
olate, 8 or 9, tapering from base to apex ; achene round-
obovoid, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its
edges. — Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 265.

%

m 11 WiW

205. D. latifolia.

6. PSILOCARYA Torr. Bald Rush

Spikelets ovoid, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly imbri-
cated, eacli with a perfect flower. Stamens mostly 2. Style 2-cleft, its base
enlarging and hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or tumid more or
less wrinkled achene. — Annuals, with leafy culms, the spikelets in terminal and
axillary cymes. (Name from xpCKbs, naked, and Kapvov, nut.)

186

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^)

Del

1. P. scirpoides Torr. Annual (0.2-3 dm. high), leafy;
leaves flat ; spikelets 20-30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute,
chestnut-colored ; achene finely roughened, somewhat margined,
beaked with a long sword-shaped almost icholly persistent style.
— Wet sandy shores and swamps, Mass. and R. I.; u. Ind.
y Y Aug .-Oct. Fig. 266.

\ I 2. P. nitens (Vahl) Wood. Similar; often be-

A 1 coming 5-7 dm. high ; faces of the achene with 0

■^ . strong transverse ribs ; tubercle depressed, broader
scirpoiaes. ^^^^ ^.^^ _ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ shores and bogs, L. I. and 26T. P. nitens.

southw.; n. Ind. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 267.

7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf.

Spikelets as in Fimbristylis, the comparative\y large scales in few ranks.
Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, filiform, glabrous, its base swollen and forming
a persistent colored tubercle. Otherwise as in Fimbristylis ; standing in the
same relation to that genus as Eleocharis to Scirpus. — Leaves primarily basal,
narrowly linear or filiform, the sheaths hairy or ciliate. (Name
from ffTevbs, narrow, and (pvWov, leaf.)

1, S. capillaris (L.) Britton. Low annual, densely tufted
^ ^ (0.3-3 dm. high) ; culms and leaves nearly capillary, the latter

I . short, minutely ciliate ; umbels compound or panicled, loose oi

268. 8 capillaris. compact (hi dwarf plant often much reduced) ; spikelets ovoid-
oblong, brown to blackish ; stamens 2 ; achene acutely triangular
minutely wrinkled, very blunt. (Fimbristylis Gray.)— Sandy fields, Me. to Fla.,
w. to the Pacific. July-Oct. (Trop. Am.) Fig. 268.

8. FIMBRiSTYLIS Vahl.

Spikelets several-many-flowered, terete ; scales all floriferous, regularly imbri-
cated in several ranks. 'Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, often with a dilated oi
tumid base, which is deciduous from the apex of the naked lenticular or trian-
gular achene. Otherwise as in Scirpus. Spikelets in our
species umbelled, and the involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name com-
pounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, style, which is
fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)

♦ Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular.
4- Spikelets mostly on elongate rays ; style ciliate,
1. F. spadicea (L.) Vahl. Perennial, rigid; the thickened
base covered with firm dark sheaths ; culms wiry, 0.3-1 m.
high, nearly naked ; leaves pale and firm,
involute ; umbel 3-10-rayed, the rays very
unequal, some simple, others forking ;
spikelets ovoid to short-cylindric, 0.7-1.7
cm. long, the firm somewhat lustrous dark
scales all glabrous ; stamens 2 or 3 ;
achene broadly obovate, lustrous, minutely
striate and reticulated. — Sand-dunes and
brackish shores, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Aug.-Oct. (Trop. Am.) Fig. 269.

2. F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Similar
(1.5-7 dm. high) ptnd freely stoloniferous ; the basal sheathe
270 F castanea softer and thinner; the culms and the thread-form or co}i-
volute-channeled leaves smooth and some\\ha.t ngid; spikelets
ovoid-ellipsoid 0.5-1 cm. long, becoming cylindrical, chestnut-color; the scales
softer and thinner, at least the lower puberulent. (F. spadicea, var. Gray.) —
Salt marshes and sand, along the coast from N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. ; extending
northw. in the interior to Ont., Mich., 111., and Neb. July-Oct. Fig. 270.

F. spadicea.
more slender

CYPERACEAB (SEDGB FAMII^Y)

187

271. r. laxa.

Var. pub^rula (Miclix.) Britton. Leaves and scapes
pubescent. — Ga. and Fla. to Tex. ; also n. in the flat country
to Ind., 111., and Mo.

3. F. laxa Valil. Culms slender (0.5-7 dm. high) from
an annual root, vjeak, grooved and flattish ; leaves linear,
flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous^ sometimes hairy; spike-
lets ovoid, acute (0.4-1 cm. long) ; stamen 1 ;
achene conspicuously 6-S-ribbed on each side,
and with finer cross-lines. — Low ground, near
the coast, Pa. to Fla. and Tex. ; n. in the flat
country to 111. and Mo. July-Oct. (Trop.
Am.) Fig. 271.

-*- -t- Spikelets glomerulate ; style glabrous.

4. F. Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Dwarf tufted annual (0.3-2 dm.

high); the culms, leaves and very elongated upright bracts. fili-
272. F. Vahlii. form; glomerule 0.3-1 cm. in diameter; spikelets 3-8, sub-

cylindric, greenish or pale brown, the narrow scales acuminate ;
achene minute, transversely reticulate. — Damp sands,
etc., N..C. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; introd. near Phila.
July-Oct. Fig. 272.

* * Style 3-cleft ; achene triangular.

6. F. autuminalis (L.) R. & S. Annual (1-4 dm.
high), in tufts ; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect ;
leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound or decompound, the
very numerous slender-cylindric to fusiform brown spike-
lets 4-10 mm. long ; the mucronate-acuminate ovate-
lanceolate scales appressed ; stamens 1-3; achenes very
minute, 0.5 mm. long, smooth or
minutely roughened. — Low grounds.
Pa., 111., and Mo., south w. July-
Sept. (Trop. Am.) Fig. 273. ^-

6. F. Frankii Steud. Similar,
0.1-2 dm. high ; the umbel simple or slightly compound
(or the spikelets solitary in dwarf plants); spikelets ellip-
soid or narrowly ovoid, castaneous, the slender tips of the
scales slightly spreading; achenes 0.75 mm. long. {F.
autumnalis Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Sandy shores, Me. to
Ont., and southw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 274.

F. autumnalis.

274. F. Frankii.

9. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Bulrush or Club Rush

Spikelets few-many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster when it is sub-
tended by a 1-several-leaved involucre (this when simple often appearing like a
continuation of the culm); the scales in several ranks, or rarely inclining to be
2-ranked. Flowers to all the scales, or to all but one or two of the lowest, all
perfect. Perianth of 1-6 (or 8) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 or
3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or
point to the lenticular or triangular achene. — Culms sheathed at base. (The
Latin name of the bulrush.)

a. Involucre none, or merely the modified outer caducous scale of the soli-
tary terminal small (2.5-7 mm. long) spikelet; achene trigonous,
smooth b.
6 Perianth-bristles terete and setulose.

Scales of the flattened spikelet membranous and awnless ; bristles
retrorselv barbed ; achenes beaked.
Achene 1 mm. long, constricted below the beak . . . . 1. S. nanus.
Achene 2-2.5 mm. long, the pale beak continuous with the body 2. S. pauoijlorus.
Scales of the terete spikelet with firm green midribs, that of the
outermost prolonged into a blunt awn ; bristles setulose with
spreading or ascending fine hairs ; acheuea beakless.

188 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

Only the outermost scale awned 8. S. Clintordl.

All the scales awned 4.-5. planifoliua.

b. Perianth-bristles ligulate and barbless ; scales chartaceous, the midrib

of at least the outer prolonged into a rigid awn.
Culms terete and smooth at tip ; achene 2 mm. long, slightly ex-
ceeded by the perianth 5. S. caespiiosus.

Culms trisronous and scabrous above; achene about 1 mm. long ;

the perianth becoming 2-3 cm. long &. S. hudsonianui.

Involucre foliaceous or appearing to be a contintiation of the culm c.

c. Involucral bract 1 (occasionally with a secondary small involucel), ap-

pearing to be a continuation of the culm d.

d. Spikelet solitary ; culms flaccid 1. S. mibtermindlis.

d. Spikelets normally more than 1 ; culms firm e.

e. Spikelets crowded into a subterminal short spike .... 8. S. rufus.
6. Spikelets distinct, paniculate or glomerulate f.
f. Spikelets sessile or in glomerules g.

g. Annuals with tufted roots ; culms terete or obtusely angled.

Achenes transversely wrinkled 9. <S. Ilallii.

Achenes smooth or inerelj' pitted.

Achenes unequally biconvex or lenticular.

Bristles surpassing the achene 10. 5. debilis.

Bristles wanting (10) S. debilis, v. Williamaii.

Achenes plano-convex, one face distinctly flattened.

Bristles wanting 11. S. Smithii.

Bristles present (11) S. Smithii, v. setoaua.

g. Perennials with running rootstocks ; culms sharply trigonous A.
h,. Involucral leaf erect.

Involucral leaf 4-15 cm. long ; spikelets pointed.
Scales reddish-brown, ciliate, awn-tipped ; achene plano-
convex, broadly obovoid, short-mucronate . . 12. S. americanus.
Scales yellowish-brown, entire, mucronate ; achene

trigonous, oblong-obovoid, long-mucronate . . 13. S. Torreyi.
Involucral leaf 1-3 cm. long; spikelets obtuse . . . 14. S. Olneyi.

h. Involucral leaf strongly divergent 15. S. mueronatus.

f. Spikelets more or less loosely umbeUulate or paniculate i.
i. Culms triangular, from a short rootstock ; basal sheath bear-
ing a long triangular leaf ; involucral leaf keeled, much

overtopping the loose umbel 16. >S. etuberculatua.

i. Culms and short involucral leaf terete, the latter shorter than
the 1-sided compound umbel-like panicle of tawny spike-
lets ; basal sheaths mostly bladeless j.
j. Achenes lenticular ; bristles 4-6, subequal, about as long as
the achenes.
Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly equaling the scales . . 17. S. validua.
Achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, much exceeded by the scales . 18. S. occidentalis.
j Achenes trigonous ; bristles very unequal, mostly shorter

than the achenes 1^. S. heterochaetus.

C. Involucral bracts 2 or more, leaf-like ; culms leafy Tc.
h. Spikelets large, 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick ; midrib of the scales
extended beyond the somewhat lacerate or 2-cleft apex as an
awn ; culms sharply trigonous ; rootstocks cord-like, with fre-
quent tuber-like thickenings. ,
Achenes sharply and equally trigonous . . _ . . . .20. S.fluviahha.
Achenes lenticular, plano-convex or obscurely trigonous.
Scales of the spikelets rufescent, bearing numerous elongate

red markings 21. S. rohustua.

Scales whitish to castaneous, not rufescent.

Scales whitish-brown 22. S. campestris.

Scales drab to castaneous.
Spikelets all or mostly in a dense glomerule . (22) ^S'. campeatria, v. paludoaua.
Spikelets 1-several on mostly elongate rays.
Spikelets long-cvlindric, 2-5 cm. long (22) S. ea?npestri$, v. novae-angllae.

Spikelets ovoid,' 1-2 cm. long .... (22) S. campestris, v. Fernaldi.
h. Spikelets small, 2-15 mm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, very numerous, in
decompound umbelliform panicles I.
I. Bristles retrorsely barbed ; spikelets in glomerules ; culms mostly

solitary ; the short caudex bearing thick scaly stolons m.
m. Lower sheaths (at least) red-tinged ; bristles barbed nearly to
base n.
n. Achenes lenticular ; style-branches 2 ; bristles 4.

Primary and secondary rays of the inflorescence mostly

elongate, the ultimate glomerules mostly peduncled . 23. S. rubrotinctus.
Primary and secondary ravs abbreviated, most of the ulti-
mate glomerules crowded in irregular masses (23) S. rubrotinctus,\. conforms,
n. Achenes trigonous ; style-branches 3 ; bristles 3 or 6.

Spikelets narrowlv ovoid, 3-5 mm. long . . . .24. S. sylvaUcito.
Spikelets cylindric, 6-14 mm. long . . . (24) S. sylvatiaiis, v, MsscJClU
m. Sheaths uniformly greenish, not red ; bristles barbed only above
.^e middle ^.

CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) IgQ

o. Bristles shorter than or about eqiialinj^ the achcne p.
p. Lower leaves and sheaths nodulose-reticulate ; bristles
nearly or quite equaling the achene.
Scales "of the sj)ikelet dark brown, orbicular-ovate, ab-
ruptly mucronate, 1.5-2 mm. long, one-third longer
than the achenes.
Some of the rays of the inflorescence elongate and defi-

All the rays abbreviated and hidden in the dense inflo-

Scales of the spikelet light brown, elhptic-ovate, narrowed
to a long setulose awn, about twice as long as the

achenes 26. X paUidun

p. Lower leaves and sheaths smooth and hardly nodulose ;

bristles shorter than the achene or often wanting . . 2T. S. (/eoryuniufi
o. Bristles twice as long as the achene.

Spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long 28. S. polyj^hyllux.

Spikelets cylindric, 5-8 mm. long . . (2S) S. polyphyllus, v. macroHtachyn
L Bristles smooth or with few scattered or ascending hairs (not
regularly retrorse-barbed), bent or curled ; non-stoloniferous
plants in tufts or stools q.
g. Bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the scales.

Bristles firm, appressed, shorter than or about equaling the

achene 2d. S. divaricaim.

Bristles weak, loosely ascending, about twice as long as the
achene.
Scales with the strong green midrib prolonged into a sharp

point 30. ,<?, lineatus.

Scales blunt, the midrib inconspicuous 31. S. Peckii.

q. Bristles at maturity much exceeding the scales r.
r, Spikelets all in glomerules of 3 to 16.
Involucels reddish-brown.

Spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm. long Z2. S. cyperinus.

Spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm. long . . (32) ^S'. cyperinus, v. Andrewsii.
Involucels dull brown or drab, with blackish bases.
Rays elongate, the glomerules mostly distinct . (82) S. cyperinus, v. peliua.
Hays abbreviated, the glomerules crowded in dense irreg-
ular masses (32) aS'. cyperimos, v. eondensatus.

r. Lateral si)ikelets of each group mostly pediceled (pedicels
short and obscure only in a variety with congested pan-
icles) s. *
a. Involucels brown or reddish.

Involucels bright red-brown or terra-cotta . . .33. ^S'. Eriophorum.
Involucels dull brown, not reddish.
Spikelets 3-6 mm. long, pale brown to straw-color . 34. S. pediceJlatus.
Spikelets 7-10 mm. long, drab . . . (34) S. pedicellatus, v. pullus.

s. Involucels black.

Rays mostly elongate, the raylets usually definite . . 35. S. atrocinctus.
Eays and raylets abbreviated, the spikelets crowded in

irregular masses (35) S. atrocinctus, v. hrachypodtis.

1. S. nanus Spreng. Culms densely tufted, bristle-like, flattened and grooved
(1-7 era. high); spikelet ovoid, 3-8-flowered ; scales ovate, the *
upper rather acute ; bristles mostly longer than the ovoid achene, ^ ijjr

sometimes wanting. {Elcocharis pygmaea Torr.) — Brackish |^

marshes of the Atlantic coast; locally inland in N. Y., Mich., and
Minn. July-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr., Mex., Cuba.) Fig. 275. ^.o. s. nanus.

2. S. paucifl5rus Lightf. Culms striate-angled, very slender
(0.5-4 dm. high), scarcely tufted, on slender running root-
stocks, with a short truncate sheath at base ; scales chestnut-
brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower larger;
bristles 3-6, about as long as the achene. (Eleocharis Link.)
276. s. pauciflorus. - ^et calcareous soil. Que to B._ C s to n. N. E., N. Y.,
Pa., 111., etc. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) Fig. 276.

3. S. Clintbnii Gray. Culms acutely tria-ngular, almost bristle-like ; sheaths
at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usually
very much shorter)' than the culm; outer scale mostly shorter

than the pale-chestnut ovoid spikelet; achene L5-2 mm. long, "^ fh

compressed, broadly obovoid, equaled or exceeded by the bristles, [ ^

— Dry banks, N. B. and Me. to w. N. Y. and Mich.; " N. C." „.- g, ciintonii
May, June. Fig. 277.

4. S planifolius Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at base ; leaves linear, flat

1^0

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

278. S. plauifolius.

279. S. caespitosus.
Culms slender,

?80,

as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; outer scal«
usually overtopping the ovoid or subcylindric straw-colored
or brownish spikelet ; bristles mostly about as long as the
achene. — Dry open woods, Mass. and Vt. to Del., Pa., and
Mo. May, June. Fig. 278.
5. S. caespit5sus L. Culms terete, wiry, 1-5 dm. high, densely sheathed
at base, in compact turfy tufts ; the upper sheath bearing a very short awl-
shaped leaf; spikelet ovoid, rust-color; outer rigid-pointed
scale scarcely surpassing the spikelet ; bristles smooth, longer
than the abruptly short-pointed achene. —Mts., cold shores
and swamps, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. 8., n. N. E., N. Y., 111.,
Minn., etc.; and on the summits of the s.
Alleghenies. (Eurasia.) Fig. 279.

6. S. hudsonianus (.Michx.) Fernald.
many in a row from a running rootstock (1.5-4 dm. high),
scabrous, naked ; sheaths at the base awl-tipped ; scales
brownish, oblong-lanceolate ; bristles white, crisped, many
times exceeding the narrowly obovoid apiculate achene.
{Eriophorum alpinum L., not S. alpinus Schleich.) — Cold
hogs and wet shores. Nfd. to Hudson Bay and B. C, s.
S. hudsonianus. to Ct., N.Y., Mich., and Minn. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig.
280.
7. S. subterminalis Torr. Aquatic, rarely emersed ;
rootstock slender; culms (0.3-1 ra. long, thickish-filiform)
partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed,
cellular; the filiform green bract 1-5 cm. long, surpassing
the subcylindric to ovoid spikelet (6-13 mm. long) ; scales
green or straw-color, somewhat pointed ; bristles bearded
downward, rather shorter than the abruptly pointed achene.
— Slow streams and ponds, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., 2S1. S. subterminalis.
Mich., n. Ind., etc. Fig. 281. ^ .^

8. S. rufus (Huds.) Schrad. Freely stoloniferous ; culms
smooth, subterete, compressed, 1-6 cm. high, taller than the sub-
terete channeled callous-tipped firm mostly basal leaves; spike
distichous, 1-2 cm. long, consisting of closely crowded 2-5-flowered
spikelets; involucre 1-5 cm. long, sometimes wanting; scales
castaneous, conduplicate, pointed ; bristles 0, or 3-6, upwardly
barbellate, much shorter than the plano-convex ellipsoid long-beaked
achene (4.5-5.5 mm. long) . — Brackish marshes, e. N. B.
and Que. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 282.

9. S. Hallii Gray. Culms slender, terete, 1-4 dm. high ; upper
sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikelets 1-7 in a sessile or
sometimes geminately proliferous cluster, ovoid becoming cylindri-
cal, acute, greenish (0.5-1.5 cm. long); scales ovate, strongly keeled,
cuspidate-acuminate ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style 2-cleft ; bristles
none ; achene obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly
wnnkled transversely. {S. supinus, var. Gray.) — Wet shores, III.
to Fla. and Tex.; also Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass.
Sept. Fig. 283. , ^. „ .

10. S. d6bilis Pursh. Cidms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hollowed
sides, 1-6 dm. high, yellowish-green, shining; spikelets 1-12,
capitate, ovoid, obtuse (0.5-1 cm. long); involucral leaf often
horizontal at maturity; scales roundish, with tawny margins;
stamens 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly barbed,
equaling or two surpassing the broadly obovoid turgid abruptly
mucronate-pointed achene. — Sandy or muddy shores, Me. to
Minn., and south w. Aug., Sept. Fig. 284. Var. WilliAmsii
Fernald. Bristles wanting. — Massapoag L., Sharon, Mass.

11. S. Smithii Gray. Culms terete, slender, 0.5-4 dm. high.
234. S debUis, often leaf-bearing from the upper sheath, dull green as are tha

282. S. rufus.

Aug., 2S3. s, Hallii.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

191

1-5 ovoid aciitish spikelets (0.5-1 cm. long); involucral leaf always
erect ; scales oblong-oval ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 1 or 2 miiinte.
rudiments or none ; achene cuneate-obovate. — Wet shores, local.
Me. to Pa., 111., Mich., and Out. July-Sept. Fig. 285. Var.
set6sus Fernald. Perianth of 4 or 5 slender retrorsely barbed
bristles, mostly exceeding the acheues. — Me.;
Mass. ; and 111.

12. S. americanus Pers. Running rootstocks
long and stout ; culms sharply S-angled through-
out (0.2-1 m. high) with concave Sides; leaves „,. ^ . . , ,,
1-8, elongated (1-8 dm. long), keeled and chau- ^''- ^-^"''^^^
neled ; involucral leaf pointed; spikelets 1-6, capitate, ovoid,
mostly 0.5-1 cm. long ; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft
at the apex ; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringeA
appendage; style 2-cleft (rarely 3-cleft); bristles 2-6, shorter
than the smooth achene. (^8. pungens Vahl.) — Borders ol
286 S americanus ^^^^ ^"^^^ fresh ponds and streams, temperate N. A. Aiig.-
' * * Oct. (Eu., S. A.) Fig. 286.

13. S. Torreyi Olney. Bootstocks slender and weak; culm ^-angled, with
concave sides, rather slender (0.4-1.5 m. high), leafy at base; leaves 2 or 3, more
than half the length of the culm, triangular-channeled, slender ;
involucral leaf blunt; spikelets 1-4, oblong or spindle-shaped,
ac7ite, distinct, 1-1.5 cm. long ; scales ovate, smooth, barely mu-
cronate ; style o-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular
very sinooth long-pointed achene. — Borders of ponds, brackish
and fresh, Me. to Pa., la., and Man. Aug., Sept.
Fig. 287.

14. S. 01nd5d Gray. Culm ^-wing -angled, with
deeply excavated sides, stout (0.5-2 m. high), the
upper sheath bearing a triangular leaf or none;
spikelets 6-12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, over-
topped by the short involucral leaf ; scales orbicular, 237 s Torrej-i.
smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter
than the scarious apex ; anthers with a vei-y short and blunt
minutely bearded tip; style 2-cleft; bristles 6, scarcely equaling
the narrowly obovate plano-convex and mucronate achene. — Salt
oaa « ni,,-.^- marshes, N. H. to Fla. ; also in Mich., and on the Pacific coast.
288. S.Olneyi. j^jy_g^p^^ (W.I.) Fig. 288.

15. S. mucronXtus L. Resembling the last, 3-9 dm. high ; involucral leaf

divergent; spikelets numerous in a dense cluster, oblong-ovoid; scales ovate,
mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scarious; style S-cleft;
achene unequally trigonous, broadly obovate. — In a
single locality in Delaware Co., Pa.; probably introd.
from s. Eu.

16. S. etuberculatus (Steud.) Ktze. Cuhn (1-2 m.high)
Z-angled, usually sharply so above, obtusely below, the
sheath at base extended into a long slender triangular and
channeled leaf; involucral leaf similar (1-2.5 dm. long),
continuing the culm ; spikelets cylindric (1-2 cm. long),
single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 together, nodding
on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles
or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the
central one nearly sessile ; scales loosely imbricated,
oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scarious, with a green-
ish nerved back; bristles 6, firm, furnished above with
spreading hairs rather than barbs, equaling the slender
abrupt beak of the obovoid-triangular shining achene
(4 mm. long). {S. Canbyi Gray; S. cylindrictis Erilton.)
— Swamps and ponds, Md. to Fla., etc. June-Aug.
Fig. 289. 289. 8. etuberoulatus.

192

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

17. S. vAlidus Vahl. (Great B.) Rootstock stout, scaly, horizontal;
mlm 0.5-2.5 m. high, 0.8-2.5 cm. thick at base, soft, light green; bf^^al

sheaths soft, loith soon lacerate hyaline margin; decom-
pound panicle lax, the rays 1-6 cm. long, slender and
Jlexuous; bractlets brownish, pubescent at tip, Jimbriate-
ciliate, tcith strongly excurrent midrib ; spikelets solitary or
in glomerules of 2-5, rufescent, ovoid, acutish, 5-10 mm.
long ; scales suborbicular, a little pubes-
cent on the back, ciliate, mucronate ; style
2-cleft ; achene fuscous or dull black
when ripe, broad-obovoid, plano-convex,
mucronate, 1.3-1.5 wim. broad. (S. lacus-
tris, mostly of Am. auth., not L.) — Mar-
gins of ponds and quiet streams. July,

290. S. validus. ^^^^ p^^^ 290.

18. S. occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Similar; the culms
harder, olive-green ; basal sheaths firmer, the margins becom-
ing tibrillose; panicle compound, the rays 0.5-5 cm. long,
stiff) bractlets red-spotted, viscid at tip, lacerate-fimbriate,
abruptly mucronate; spikelets mostly in glomerules of 2-7,
rarely solitary, drab to reddish-brown, subcylindric, 1-2 cm. 291. s. occidentalis.
/ong ; scales oblong-ovate, aristate, red-dotted, viscid above ;

achene biconvex, 1.7-1.9 mm. 6road. — Lake-borders, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Mass.,
N. Y., Great Lakes, Mo., etc. Aug., Sept. Eig. 291.

19. S. heterochaetus Chase. Similar; the culms slender, rarely 1 cm. thick
at base, pale green ; panicle compound, the suberect very slender rays 1-9 cm.

long ; bractlets pale, aristate-acuminate, glabrous; spike-
lets solitary, ellipsoid, 8-14 mm. long, pale brown ; scales
ovate-oblong, exceeding the achenes, emarginate, short-
aristate, slightly red-dotted, glabrous, with erose-fimbriate
margins; style S-cleft; bristles
fragile, 2-4 ; achene greenish
or yellowish, 2.5-:3 mm. long,
1.7-2 mm. broad. — Marshes
and sheltered shores, e. Mass.
and Vt. to 111., Neb., and Ore.
July, Aug. Fig. 292.

20. S. fluviatilis (Torr.)
Gray. (River B.) Culm very
292. S. heterochaetus. ^^^^^^ ^_-^ 5 ^^ j^j^j^ . jg^^^gg

flat, broadly linear (0.7-2 cm. wide), tapering gradu-
ally to a point, the upper and those of the very long
involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel;
rays 5-12, elongated, recurved-spreading, each bearing
1-5 ovoid to cylindrical acute pale-brown spikelets
(1.5-4 cm. long) ; scales slightly lacerate, the awns
much exceeding the cleft tip ;
achene obovoid, sharply and
exactly triangular, conspicu-
ously pointed, opaque, about
equaling the 6 rigid bristles.

—Borders of lakes and large streams, e. Mass. and
Vt. to D. C, w. to Minn., Kan., etc. July-Sept.
Fig. 293.

21. S. robustus Pursh. Leaves flat, green, 4-10 mm.
broad, as long as or longer than the stout culm (0.7-
1.2 m. high), those of the involucre 3 or 4, very unequal,
the longest 2.5-4: dm. long; spikelets 1-15, rufescent,
ovoid to cylindric, 1.5-3 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick,
•2d*, s. robustus. some sessile, the others borne on short (2-6 cm. long)

293. S. fluviatilis.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY;

lys

S. camp., V. palud.

rays ; scales all pubescent, the awns soon recurved and many times exceeding
the cleft tip ; achene broadly to narrowly obovoid, compressed, flat on one side,
convex or obtuse-angled on the other, short-pointed, shining ; the bristles unequal
and deciduous or obsolete. (^S'. maritimus, in part, Am. authors.) — Brackish
or salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. Fia. 294.

22. S. camp6stris Britton. Culms 0.3-1 m. high, usually exceeding the stiff
pale leaves (3-9 mm. broad); involucral leaves 2 (or 3), the longer 1-2 dm. long ;
spikelets whitish-brown, ovoid to cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, 0-10 mm. thick, 2-
11 in a dense glomerule, occasionally a few in a secondary glomerule ; scales
puberulent, or the outermost glabrous except at tip,
the slightly curved awn twice or thrice exceeding the
cleft tip. (S. maritimus, in part, of authors.) —
Irairies, etc., Man. and Minn., westw. and south w.
Var. PALUDosus (A. Nelson) Fernald. Similar, but
with the scales drab to castaneous. (S. paludosus
A. Nelson.) — Alkaline situations inland, and in salt
marshes, Gulf of St. Lawrence to N. J. July-Sept.
Fig. 295 Var. novae-angliae (Britton) Fernald.
Usually taller (1-2 m. high); the involucral leaves
3 to 5, the longest 2-3.5 dm. long; the looser inflo-
rescence with 3 to 9 curved rays (2-10 cm. long) ;
spikelets dark brown, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long. {S.
novae-angliae Britton.) — Mass, to s. N. Y. ; also w. N. Y. Passing to Var.
Fehnaldi (Bicknell) Bartlett. Spikelets short-ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, on mostly
elongate rays. (S. Fernaldi BickneW.) — Me. to Mass.

23. S. rubrotinctus Fernald. Culm rather stout, 4-9 dm. high; leaves
broadly linear, the upper equaling or slightly exceed-
ing the inflorescence, the sheaths mostly red-tinged at
base, the blades smooth, 4-13 mm. broad ; involucral
leaves mostly 3, the longest equaling or exceeding the
inflorescence ; rays numerous, the 3-5 longest ones
0.5-1.5 d?n. lo7ig, stiff, ascending, subequal, the many
shorter ascending and divergent ; spikelets 4-9 mm.
long, ovoid to cylindric, in glomerules of from 3 to
many ; scales ovate, blunt, or the terminal mucronate,
finely suffused with green and black; stamens2. (<V.
sylvaticus, var. digynus Man. ed. 6, not Boeckl.) —
Damp open soil, Nfd. to Assina., s. to Ct., N. Y.,
Great Lakes, etc. Fr. July, early Aug. Fig. 296.

Var, coNFERTus Fernald. Glomerules compacted into dense clusters 1.5-4 cm.
across, — Nfd. to Me., local.

24. S. sylvaticus L. Similar ; tall and coarse, 0.5-2 m. high ; upper sheaths
mostly green, leaf-blades with scabrous margins,
1-2 cm. broad ; rays ve7'y numerous, mostly ascend-
ing but flpxuous, the 1-4 longest 0.5-4 dm. long;
spikelets 3-5 mm. long, ovoid, in glomerules of
from 2-8 ; stamens 3. — By brooks and in wet

Me. to Fla., and Mich. Fr. Aug.

swamps, s. Me. to
(Eurasia.^ Fig. 297.

Var. Bissellii Fernald. Spikelets cylindric, 6-14
mm. long, mostly 5-20 in a glomerule. — Local,
Ct. and N. Y. — An anomalous plant, combining
characteristics of ^S*. sylvaticus and iS. rubrotinctus ;
fruiting earlier than the former, later than the
latter.

25. S. atr6virens Muhl. Eatherstout, 0.8-1.5 m.
high ; leaves pale green, unth scabrous margins,
7-15 mm. wide, at least the louder nodulose-reticu-
late, the ribs 0.25-0.3 mm. apart ; spikelets dull
greenish-brown or rufescent, narrowly ovoid to

296. S. rubrotinctus.

297. S. sylvaticus.

194

CYPERACEAE (sedge FAMILY)

cylindric, 3.5-8 (rarery 10) mm. long, in glomerules of 10-30 ; scales 1.5-2 mm.
Jong; bristles sparsely and strongly barbed, nearly straight, as long as the

conspicuously pointed and obovoid-oblong trigonous achene.

— Meadows and bogs, Me. to Sask., s. to Ga. and Mo. Fr.

late July, Aug. Fig. 298. Var. pycnocephalus Fernald.

Rays abbreviated ; glomerules crowded in a dense irregular

head. — Flats of the Mohawk R., N. Y., local {Haherer).

26. S. pallidus (Britton) Fernald. Similar ; leaves very
pale; spikelets pale brown, very numerous in irregular
glomerules; scales 2-3 mm. long, with the conspicuous pale
midribs prolonged into long setulose awns. {S. atrovirens.,
var. Britton.) — Man. to Kan. and the Rocky
Mts. Fr. July. Fig. 299.

27. S. georgianus Harper. Slender, 3-12

298 8 atrovirens ^"^- ^^S^^' ^'*^^^^ ^''^^'' '' ^^"^^^ smooth, rarely 299. S. pallidus.

■ * ' nodulose beloiv, numerous, crowded at base,

0.5-1 cm. broad, the ribs 0.15-0.2 mm. apart ; spikelets 2-4 mm. long, numerous
in the glomerules; the greenish-brown or rufescent scales mucronate, 1-1.5 mm.
long, slightly exceeding the ellipsoid achenes. — Que. to
Mich., Ga., and Ark. Fr. July. — Occasionally proliferous,

28. S. polyphyllus Vahl. Culm usually very leafy ;
spikelets yellow-brown or reddish, ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long,
clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the short ultimate
divisions of the opeii decompound umbel; scales rounded,
mucronate, 1-1.5 mm. long, about equaling the broadly
obovoid short-tipped achene; bristles 6, usually twice
bent, about twice the length of the achene. — Swamps and
borders of ponds, w, N. E, to Ga., w. to Minn, and Ark.
July-Sept. — Often proliferous. Fig. 300. Var. macros-
TACHYs Boeckl. Spikelets cylindric, 5-8 mm. long. —
Local, Ct. and N. Y.

29. S. divaricatus Ell. Slender, weak, 0.5-1.5 m. high;
Zeawes very numerous, deep green, soft and smooth, 4-10 mm.
wide ; inflorescence loose, often proliferous, with elongated
widely divergent flexuous rays; spikelets mostly pediceled,
very slender, cylindric, at first 3 or 4 ram. long, the axis
elongating to 1 cm., 1-2 mm. thick ; scales whitish or pale
brown, blunt, incurved, with broad green midrib ; achene
firm, sharply trigonous, ovoid, apicu-
late. — Swamps, etc., Va. to Mo., and
south w. June-Aug. Fig. 301.

30. S. lineatus Michx. Culms re-
motely leafy, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves
linear, flat, pale green, stiff, rather
broad (0.5-1 cm. wide), rough on the
margins ; involucre and involucels pale
brown at base ; umbels terminal and
sometimes axillary, loose, 0.5-2 dm.
high, subsecund, the terminal with a
1-3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long slender
ascending, nodding-tipped rays; spikelets oblong, becom-
ing cylindrical (0.5-1 cm. long), on thread-like drooping
pedicels ; scales pale brown, ovate, green-keeled, pointed, the tips ascending, not
appressed; achene firm, &ro?ow, sharp-pointed. (Eriophorum B. & H.) — Low
grounds, Vt. to Ga,, and westw. June-Aug. Fig. 302.

31. S. Peckii Britton. Culms slender, 0.8-1.7 m. high ; leaves pale green,
5-9 mm. broad, the margins scabrous; involucre and involucels blackish at
base; inflorescence 0.5-2 dm. high, the 2-5 longest stiff rays ascending, the
others shorter, ascending or divergent, the tips scarcely drooping; spikelets
oblong-cy3indric, 5-9 mm. long, mostly sessile or subsessile in glomerules of

300. S. polyph3llus.

301. 8. divaricatus.

802. S. lineatus.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY')

195

304. S cyperinus.

2-7 ; scales olilong-ovate, acutish or obtuse, blackish-
ferruginous above the pale base ; achene soft, whitish,
oblong. — Meadows and bogs, N. H., Vt., and n. N. Y.
July, Aug. Fig. 303.

32. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. (Wool Grass.) Culm
nearly terete (1-1.5 m. high) ; leaves narrowly linear,

long, rigid, those of the involucre
3-5, longer than the loose umbel
(1.5-3 dm. long), the tips of the
rays at length drooping ; involucels
reddish-brown ; spikelets exceedingly
numerous, ovoid, clustered, woolly ^' •^*^^''"-

at maturity (3-6 mm. long) ; the rust-colored bristles much
longer than the pointless reddish-brown scales; achene
short-pointed. {Eriophorum L.) — Wet meadows and
swamps, N. E. to Va., Tenn., and Ark. Aug., Sept. Fig.
304. Var. ANDREwsiiFernald. Involucels reddish-brown ;
spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mr.i. long. — Local, Ct.

Var. pelius Fernald. Involucels blackish at base;
bristles drab or smoke-color. — The common form northw. ;
Kfd. to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y., and Mich. — Perhaps dis-
tinct. Var. condensAtus Fernald. Similar, but with
rays all or nearly all abbreviated, the glomerules in dense
irregular masses. — Local, range of last. Aug. -Oct.

33. S. Eri6phorum Michx. Coarse and tall (1-2 m.) ; the culm 2.5-6 mm.
thick below the ample (1.5-3 dm. high) iutlorescence ; leaves pale green, firm,
6-11 mm. broad; rays very elongate, mostly ascending, drooping at tip; the
involucels deep red-brown or terra-cotta ; spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, the
lateral pediceled ; scales red-brown ; wool slightly paler. — Mostly near the coast,
Ct. to Fla., La., and Ark. July-Sept.

34. S. pedicellatus Fernald. Similar; the culm rather stout (2-4 mm.
thick below the inflorescence; ; leaves pale green, firm, 3-10
mm. broad; inflorescence ample, 1-2.5 dm. high, the numerous
ascending subequal rays very slender, with nodding tips ;
involucels brown to dull straw-color ; spikelets 3-6 mm. long ;
scales pale brown; wool whitish-broicn. — Alluvial thickets
and swamps, e. Que. to Ct., N. Y., and Wis., mostly in the
interior. July, Aug. Fig. 305. — Ordinarily very distinct,
occasionally approaching the preceding or the following as in
Var. PULLus Fernald. Spikelets dull brown or drab, 7-10 mm.
long. —Local, and perhaps as nearly related to the next (including S. atrocinc-
tus, var. grandis Fernald).

35. S. atroclnctus Fernald. Slender (0.5-1.2 m. high); the culm 1-2 mm.
in diameter below the inflorescence ; leaves bright green, rather soft, 2-5 mm.
broad; inflorescence 0.5-1.8 dm. high, the slender rays very unequal ; involucels
and base of involucre black; spikelets 2.5-6 mm. long, mostly pediceled; scales
greenish-black; wool drab or olive-brown. — Meadows and swamps, abundant
northw. ; Nfd. to Hudson Bay and Sask., s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., and la. June,
July (Aug. in colder regions). Var. brachypodus Fernald. Spikehts on
shortened pedicels, in irregular dense clusters; rays usually much reduced.
— Frequently occupying large areas, especially northw. and at higher altitudes
than the typical form.

305. S. pedicellatus.

10. ERI6pH0RUM L. Cotton Grass

Bristles naked, very numerous, silky and becoming greatly elongated. Other-
wise as in Scirpus. — Spikelets single or clustered or umbellate, when involu-
crate with leaf-like bracts, upon a leafy or naked stem ; scales membranaceous,
1-5-nerved, some of the lowest usually empty. Style very slender and elongated,

196 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name composed of epiop, wool or cotton,
and (popbs^ bearing.)

% 1. Spikelet solitary ; involucre none ; the lowest scale of the spike-
let enlarged and thickened ; stem-leaves reduced to mostly
bladeless sheaths a.

a. Stoloniferous, culms solitary ; empty scales at base of spikelet

few (7 or less) ; flowering spikelet cylindric, in fruit becom-
ing obovoid.

Bristles reddish or cinnamon-color \. E. Chamissonis.

Bristles white (HE". Chamissonis, v, albidum

a. Nonstoloniferous, culms tufted; empty scales 10-15; flowering

spikelet obovoid or globose, in fruit becoming depressed-
globose.
Densely tufted, the culms very many ; upper sheaths dis-
tinctly inflated ; culm trigonous and scabrous at tip . 2. U. callitrix.
Loosely tufted, culms very few ; upper sheath close ; culm

terete, glabrous at tip Z. E. opacum.

% 2. Spikelets 2-several ; involucre of 1-several leafy bracts h.

b. Leaves very slender, 1-1.5 mm. broad, triangular-channeled

throughout ; involucre a single erect short bract.
Upper cauline leaf with the sheath longer than the blade . 4. E. gracile.
Upper cauline leaf with the sheath shorter than the blade . 5. E. t&nellum.

b. Leaves broader, flat at least below the middle ; involucral

bracts 2 or more c.
c. Scales of spikelet with only 1 prominent rib ; stamens 3.

Midrib of scale prominent only below the membranous tip ;
upper leaf-sheaths dark-girdled at summit.

Leaves 1.5-4 mm. broad 6. E. angustifolium.

Leaves 5-8 mm. broad (6) .^. angustifolium, v. majua.

Midrib prominent to the tip of the scale ; leaf-sheaths not
dark-girdled.

Spikelets mostly peduncled 1. E. mridi-carin^tum.

Spikelets sessile in a glomerule . . . (T) E. viridi-carinaPum, v. Fellowsii.
c. Scales of the spikelet with several prominent ribs ; stamen 1.

Bristles copper-color or brown 8. E. virginicum.

Bristles white except at base (8) ^. mrginicuin, v. album.

1. E. Chamiss5nis C. A. Mey. Culms soft, subterete, 1-8 dm. high ; basal
leaves slender, channeled, the upper scarcely inflated sheaths mostly bladeless ;
flowering spikelet 1.5-2 cm. long ; its scales brownish lead-color with broad
whitish margins, bluntish ; bristles reddish. (E. russeolum Fries.) — Locally
in bogs, Lab. to N. S. and N. B. ; Ont. ; Rocky Mts., etc. Fr. July, Aug.
(Eurasia.) Var. albidum (F. Nylander) Fernald. Bristles white. — Que. and
N. B. ; Alaska, etc. (Eurasia.)

2. E. cdllitrix Cham. (Hare's Tail.) Culms stiff and wiry, densely tufted,
1.5-7 dm. high; basal leaves filiform-trigonous, scabrous; upper bladeless
sheaths inflated ; flowering spikelet obovoid or globose, 0.8-1.5 cm. long ; scales
lead-color with pale margins, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; fruit-
ing spikelet 2.5-5 cm. broad ; bristles bright white. (E. vaginatum Am.
authors, not L.). — Bogs and mountain slopes, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa.,
Mich., Wis., and Man. Fr. May-July. (Asia.)

3. E. opacum (Bjo.nstr.) Fernald. Similar; culms terete, glabrous, fili-
form, forming loose small tufts ; leaves glabrous ; upper sheaths close; flowering
spikelet rarely 1 cm. long; scales lead-color, lance-attenuate; fruiting spikelet
2-3.5 cm. broad ; bristles sordid white. — Locally on bogs. South Ashburnham,
Mass. (Forbes)] Ont. to Sask. and the Rocky Mts. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.)

4. E. gracile Roth. Weak and slender, glabrous, the subterete culm 2-6
dm. high, with no young basal leaves developed at flowering season; upper
caidine leaf-blade smooth, round-tipped, 1-4 cm. long; involucre dark at base;
spikelets 2-5, mostly on short slender pubescent peduncles (0.5-3 cm. long),
in anthesis 7-10 mm. long, in fruit 1.5-2 cm. long ; scales lead-color or blackish;
achenes 1.5-2 mm. long ; bristles white. — Cold bogs and swamps. Gulf of St.
Lawrence to B.C., s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Neb., and Cal. Fr. May-July.
(Eurasia.)

6. E. tenlUum Nutt. Culms stiff, obtusely trigonous, scabrous above, 3-9
dm. high, with long slender green pointed basal leaves ; upper cauline leaf-blade
scabrous, pointed, 3-18 cm. long ; involucre brown or straw-color at base ;
spikelets 3-6, on scabrous peduncles, in fruit 2-2.8 cm. long ; scales greenish

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 197

straw-color to reddish-brown; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long; bristles whitish
(F. gmcile, var. paucinervium Engelm. ; E. paucinervium A. A. Eaton.) —
Swamps and bogs, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J. and 111. Fr. Juiy, Aug.

0. E. angustifblium Hoth. Culms 2-') dm. high, slender^ obtusely angled ;
basal leaves broad, condupUcate above the middle; cauline leaves feio, stiff, flat
at base, 1.5-15 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; spikelels
2-10, mostly on stout glabrous or glabrate peduncles (0.5-7 cm. long), in
anthesis ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, in fruit 2.^-4.5 cm, long; scales lead-color to
castaueous, 4-10 mm. long, the nerveless tip membranous; anthers 2.5-5 mm.
long; achenes 2.7-8.5 mm. long; bnstles bright white. (E. polystachion L,,
in part.) — Cold bogs, Arctic Am., s. to Ntd., N. S., N. B., Me., L. Superior,
etc. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.) Var. mXjus Schultz. Stout and taU
(3-9 dm.) ; the leaves 4-8 mm. broad. — South to Me., Ont., 111., Wise, la., etc.
(Eurasia. )

7. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Culms 2-9 dm. high; leaver
flat except at tip, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 3-30, on slender simple or forked
minutely hairy peduncles, in anthesis slender-ovoid., G-10 mm. long, in fruit
1.5-3 cm. long ; scales greenish-drab to lead-color, the prominent often scabroui
midrib extending to the tip ; anthers 1-1.25 mm. long ; bristles whitish or pah
buff. {E. polystachion of most Am. authors.) — Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd.
to Sask. and B. C, s. to Ct., N. Y., O., Mich., Wis., and said to extend to Ga.
Fr. May-Aug. Var, Fell6wsii Fernald. Spikelets all sessile. — Local, Me.
and Mass.

8. E. virginicum L. Culms wiry, terete below, trigonous above, smooth,
4-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, stiff, elongate-linear, with close sheaths, the upper-
most 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide; involucral bracts somewhat divergent;
spikelets mostly crowded in a dense glomerule, in anthesis 6-10 mm. long, in
fruit 1-2 cm. long ; .scales with strongly striate-ribbed greenish or straw-colored
body and thin nerveless red-brown margin ; bristles tawny or copper-color. —
Bogs and meadows, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Ga. Fr. July-Sept. Var.
Album Gray. Bristles whitish. — Ct. and N. Y.

11. FUIRENA Rottb. Umbrella Grass

Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary,
axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranl^,
awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate
or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usu-
ally with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3.
Style 3-ck'ft. Achene triangular, pointed with the per-
sistent base of the style. — Culms from a usually perennial
root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish
botanist.)

1. F. squarrbsa Michx. Annual, 0.5-3 dm. high ; stems
glabrous ; leaf-sheaths more or less hispid ; spikelets 2-8 ;
perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long-
stipitate and attenuate to a long retrorsely barbed awn;
barbed bristles usually exceeding the yellow-brown achene,
which is equaled by the persistent style. (Var. pumila
Torr.) — Sandy shores and swamps, Mass. to Fla.; Mich. B06. F. Bqnarroea.
and Ind. Aug.-Oct. Fia. 306.

2. F. hispida Ell. Perennial; stem (2.5-8 dm. high) leafy; leaves and
sheaths densely hairy; spikelets ellipsoid (0.5-1.2 cm. long), bristly with the

spreading awns of the scales ; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid
ovate, with a short thick smooth terminal awn or point, the inter-
posed mostly barbed bnstles shorter than the yellow achene, which
is twice as long as the persistent style. {F. squarrosa, var.
807 F. iiispi.la. Cbapm.) — Sandy wet places, N, J to Fla. and Tex., n. in th^
Fruit \2%. low country to Ky. and I. T. Jui^-Oct. Fig. ^i07.

198

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

3. F. simplex Vahl. Perennial, 1-8 dm. high; leaf-sheaths
hairy; perianth-scales ovate-oblong, the retrorsely barbed awns
arising from below the tip, bristles equaling or exceeding the

)8. F. simplex, white achene. — Sandy or saline soil, Mo. and Kan. to Mex.

Fruit X 22/3. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 308.

12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Am.

809. H. micrantha.

Plant X 2/3. Spikelet x 22/3.

Achene x 10.

Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that
there is a minute translucent scale (readily overlooked)
between the flower and the axis of the spikelet. Sta-
men only 1. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth
none. (Name from tjjjli-, half, and Kdpcpos, straw or
chaf, in allusion to the single inner
scaielet.)

1. H. micrantha (Vahl) Britton.
Dwarf or minute annual (0.2-15 dm.
high); involucre 1-leaved, as if a
continuation of the bristle-like culm,
and usually with another minute

leaf; spiJcelets, l-S, short-cylindric or ovoid (2-4 mm. long) ;
scales oblong or narrowly obovate, brown, tipped with a short
recurved point ; achenes cijlindric, brown, slightly reticulated,
ivith many close rows of crowded low papillae. {H. sub-
squarrosa Nees.) — Sandy borders of ponds
and rivers, N. H. to Fla., w. to the Pacific ;
chiefly on the coastal plain and in the flat
country of the interior. Aug. -Oct. (Mex.,
S. A.) Fig. 309.

2. H. Drumm6ndi Nees. Similar ; scales broadly obovate
or rhombic, the broad green inidrib barely projecting as a blunt
appressed tip ; achenes narrowly obovoid, ashy, scarcely reticu-
lated, the papillae fewer and somewhat remote. — Damp sand,
etc., w. Ont., Ind., and 111. to Ark., Kan., and Tex. July-
Oct. Fig. 810.

3. H. occidentalis Gray. Srdkelets globose, the wide-spread-
ing lanceolate or narrowly ovate scales tapering to slender re-
curved awns {as long as the blades) ; achenes as in the latter.
— Damp sand, w. Ont. ; Wash, to Cal. July-Oct. Fig. 311.

310. H.Drummondi.
Spikelet x 22/3.
Achene x 10-.

811. H. occidentalis.
Spikelets x 22/3,

Achene x 10.

13. LIPOCArPHA R. Br.

Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster
involucrate by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly im-
bricated in many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the
lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to each flower, thin,
one between the scale of the spikelet and the flower, one
between the latter and the axis of the spikelet. Stamens 1
or 2. Style 2-3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked
at the tip. — Culms leafy at base. (Name formed of X/ttoj,
fat, and Kdp<pos, chaff, from the thickness of the inner scales
of some species.)

1. L. maculata (Michx.) Torr. Annual; culm (0.5-2.5
dm. high) much longer than the linear concave leaves ;
spikelets (3-7 mm. long) green and dark-spotted ; inner
scales delicate ; stamen 1 ; achene oblong with a contracted

base. — Springy or miry places, Va. to Fla. ; near Philadelphia, probably adv.

July-Oct. Fig. 312.

812. L. maculata.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

199

14. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beak Rcsh

Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped
terete, or sometimes flattish ; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-
shaped nor keeled) ; the lower commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the
uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth of bristles. Stamens
mostly 3, Achene lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous
tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent indurated base or even of the f^reater
part of the style. — Chiefly perennials, with more or less
triangular and leafy culms ; the spikelets in terminal and
axillary clusters ; flowering in summer. (Name composed
of pi77xos, a snout, and airopd, a seed, from the beaked
achene.)

§ 1. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit flattish,
cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1-4 staminate
flowers ; scales few ; bristles rigid, minutely scabrous
2ipward; style simple or barely 2-toothed, filiform

and gradually thickened downward, in

fruit persistent as an exserted slender

awl-shaped upicardly roughened beak,

several times longer than the smooth

flat obovate achene ; coarse perennials ;

spikelets in flower 1-1.5, in fruit {in-
cluding the projecting beak) 2-3 cm.

R. corniculata.

814. E. macrostachya.

1. R. corniculata (Lam.) Gray.
(Horned Rush.) Culm 0.5-2 m, high;

leaves 0.6-2 cm. ^\&q \ ctjmes decompound, diffuse; bristles
awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achene. — Wet
places on the coastal plain, Del. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.,
locally north w. in the Miss. Basin to Mo., Ind., and O.
June-Sept. FiCx. 313.

2. R, macrostachya Torr. Erect and rather stiff ; the
glomerules mostly of 10-50 spikelets, strongly ascending,
sessile or on few short rays; bristles capillary, twice the
length of the achene. — Borders of ponds. Mass, to Fla. and
Tex., locally north w. in the Miss. Basin to Kan. and Ind.
Aug.-Oct. Fig. 314.

Var. inundata (Oakes) Fernald. Cyme loosely decom-
pound, the numerous rays wide-spreading or flexuous ; the spikelets solitary
or 2-6 in loose glomerules. {yax.patula Chapm.) — Mass. to Fla.

§ 2. Spikelets terete or biconvex, few-many-flowered ; style conspicuously 2-
cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene;
bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate {rarely plu-
mose).

* Achene transversely wrinkled; bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate.

3. R. cymdsa Ell. Culm slender 0.3-1 m. high, triangidar ;
leaves linear (1-4 mm. wide); cymes coiymbose, the brown spike-
lets crowded and clustered ; achene round-obovoid, faintlj' wrinkled,
twice the length of the bristles, four times the
length of the depressed-conical narrow tubercle. —
Low grounds, N. J., Pa., 111., and south w. June-
Aug. (W. L, S. A.) Fig. 315.

4, R. compr^ssa Carey. Similar ; culm rather
stout ; leaves pale and firm, 3-7 mm. wide ; achene
strongly wrinkled, the tubercle with broad depressed thin-edged
base. — Ga. and Fla. to La., northw. in the low country to Mo.
July. Fig. 316. 815. E. cymosa.

316. E. com

pressa.

200

CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

5. R. Torreyina Gray. Cuhn nearly terete, slender
involute-filiform ; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the
ing hvo'^nspikelets mostly pediceled; achene
compressed, oblong-obovoid, longer than the
bristles, thrice the length of the broad com-
pressed-conical tubercle. — Swamps and bogs.
East Washington, N. H. (C. F. Parker) ;
pine-barrens of N. J. to Ga. July-Oct. Fig.
317.

«.^ „ 6. R. inexpAnsa (Michx.) Vahl. Ctilm

Wf triangular, slender; leaves narrowly linear^

Mi 2-3 mm. wide, becoming involute ; spikelets

spindle-shaped, mostly pediceled, in drooping
panicles; achene oblong, half the length of
the slender bristles, twice the length of the
triangular-subulate tubercle. — Low grounds,
Va. to Ga. July-Sept. Fig. 318.

; leavei
ascend-

317. R. Torreyana.

* Achene smooth and even.

818. R. inexpaiisa.

319.

8
leaves

BristXes 6, long and conspiciious, upimrdlij denticulate.

7. R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. Loosely stolon iferous ; culm 2-1

dm. high ; leaves bristle-form, channeled ; spikelets ovoiil-

fusiform, few, clustered in 1-4 loose heads (chestnut-color)

overtopped by the slender bracts ; achene obo-

void, about ^ the length of th/- bristles, nearly

equaling the triangular-sword-shaped acute

tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the mar-

gins. — Boggy places, Nfd. to Out., s. to Del.

^^•^"''^^- andMjch. July-Sept. (Eu.) Fig. 319.

R. gracil6nta Gray. Oulms very slender, 3-8 dm. high ; g^^ p^ <r,.acilenta.

narrowly linear; spikelets ovoid, in 2-4 small clusters, " ' '■" '

the lateral long-peduncled ; achene ovoid, rather shorter than
the bristles, about the length of the flat-awl-shaped tubercle. — •
Low grounds, s. N. Y. and N. J. to Fla, Aug., Sept. (\V. I.,
S. A. ) Fig. 320.

9. R. oligintha Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 1.5-4
dm. high ; spikelets very few (1-4), ovoid-fusiform ; bristles
plumose below the middle; achene obovoid-oblong, bearing a
conical tubercle i its length. — Del. to Fla. July, Aug.

oligantha. FiG. 32 L

-*- -H- Bristles none, or 1-3 and minute ; spikelets pale, 1-flowered.

10. R. pallida M. A. Curtis. Culm (3-8 dm. high) acutely
triangular ; leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only
a terminal dense cluster, which is less white or turns pale
reddish-tawny ; achene obovoid-lenticular, tipped with a minute
depressed and apiculate tubercle; the delicate bristles 4-5 times
shorter or obsolete. — Bogs in pine-barrens, N. J. and N. C.
Aug., Sept. (W. L, S. A.) Fig. 322.

•»-•»-•»- Bristles long, dentictilate dotcnward, or both ways in no. 15.

•M. Spikelets white or whitish, becoming taxony with age, perfecting only a single
flower ; stainens usually 2; bristles 9-12, or even 20.

11. R. dlba (L.) Vahl, Culm slender (1.5-6 dm. high), triangular above;
leaves narrowly linear or almost bristle-form ; spikelets lanceolate, densely
crowded in a head-like terminal corymb (0.5-1.5 cm. broad) and usi.ally one or
two lateral ones ; achene oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer
than the flattened-awl-shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, Nfd

821. R.

822. E. pallida.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

201

824. R. capillacea.

to Alaska, s. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lake region, and n. Cal
July-Sept. (Eurasia, Porto Rico.) Fig. 323. Var. mXcua Clarke.
Coarser, 4-8 dm, high ; terminal corymb often 2-4 cm. broad. — ^
The common southern form, extending n. to central N. Y. and Mas.s.

++ ++ Spikelets chestnut-col ored^few-several-Jloioered ;
stamens 3 ; bristles usually 6.

12. R. capillacea Torr. Culm 1-4.5 dm. hi,!jli,
slender; leaves bristle-form ; spikelets 3-6 in a ter-
minal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on approximate
or remote axilliary peduncles, oblong-lanceolate (pale a.:j. w. alba,
chestnut-color); achene oblong-ovoid, slipitate, very
obscurely wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12)
stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked
tubercle. — Marly bogs and wet limestone rocks, e. Que. to
w. Ont., s. very locally to N. J., Pa., 0., Mich., and Mo. July-
Sept. Fig. 324. Var. leviseta E. J. Hill. Bristles perfectly
smooth. — Local, Me., Ont., Mich., and Ind.

13. R. Kniesk^rnii Carey. Culm l-(3 dm. high, slender;
leaves narrowly linear, short; spikelets numerous, crowded in
4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; achene obovoid,
narrowed at base, equaling the bristles, twice the length of the
triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine-barrens of N. J. (on bog
iron ore exclusively) to Va. ; rare. July-Sept. Fig. 325.

14. R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Culms 0.1-1 m. high ; leaves
linear, fiat; spikelets numerous in distant clusters or heads (0.5-1.5 cm. broad)

often in pairs from the same sheath, ovoid-oblong ; achene
) obovoid, margined, narrowed at base, as long as the lance-

awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always doicn-
wardly barbed bristles. — Low grounds, N. B. to Ont., and
southw. July-Sept. Fig. 326. Var. nsct-xiEKS Clarke.
Bristles barbed only at the tip or quite smooth.
— N. J., and southw.

Var. paniculata (Gray) Chapm. Coarse
and tall (1-2 m.); the very elongate inflores-
cence bearing numerous loose clusters of
heads. — Md. and Ind., southw.

15. R. axillaris (Lam.) Britton. Culm
stout (0.4-1.2 in. high); leaves narrowly
linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3
or more dense globular heads (1.5-2.5 cm. thick), which are dis-
tant (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achene
orbicular-obovoid, margined, narrowed at base, 2-2.5 mm. long, 307. i>. axillaris,
about as long as the awl-shaped beak ; bristles twice longer,
stout, barbed downward and sometimes also upward. (B. cephnlantha Gray.)
— Sandy swamps, L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and La. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 327.

Var. microclphala Britton. More slender, and usually lower ; glomerulea
0.7-1.5 cm. thick ; achenes smaller. — N. J. to Fla. and La.

825. 1:. Knies-
keriiii.

R. glomerata.

15. CLAdIUM p. Br. Twig Rush

Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decidu-
ous. Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without anv tubercle, in which it differs from Bynchospora. (Dimin?it.P'e
of /cXdSos, "a branch, from the repeatedly branched cyme of the original
pecies.)
1. C- marigcoiaes (MuW.) Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular

202

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

323. C. mariscoides.

serrate; panicle 3-

(0.4-1 m. high); leaves narrow (1-3 mm. wide), channeled,
scarcely rough-margined ; panicle 0.5-3 dm. long, 2-5 cm.
broad, of 2-4 umbeiliforra cymes, the rays rigidly ascend-
ing ; spikelets clustered in heads 8-10
together on few peduncles ; achene miter-
shaped, the truncate base slightly flaring.
— Bogs and wet sandy shores, either
fresh or brackish, N. S. to Ont., s. to
Fla., Ky.jind., and la. Aug.-Oct. Fig.
328.

2. C. jamaicense Crantz. (Saw
Grass.) Tall (1-3 m.). and coarse;
leaves broad (0.5-1 cm.), stiff and flat,
the margins and midrib beneath harshly
-9 dm. long, the numerous rays bearing

abundant fascicled small chestnut-colored spikelets ; achene
obovoid, the truncate base not flaring. (C. effusumTorr.)
— Shallow water, Va. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I.) Fig. 329.

C. jamaicense.

16. SCLERIA Bergius. Nut Rush

Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely imbricated, the
lower empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene globular, stony, bony, or
enamel-like in texture. — Perennials, with triangular leafy
culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks ; flowering in summer ;
all in low ground or swamps. Inflorescence, in our species,
of terminal and axillary clusters, the lower clusters usually
peduncled. (Name a-KXTjpia, hardness, from the indurated

™^ '^ * Achene smooth.

1. S. triglomerata Michx. Culm (0.5-1 m. high) and

broadly linear ('3.5-9 mm. icide) leaves roughish; fascicles of

spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the upper somewhat in

threes; achene ovoid-globose or depressed, 2-3 mm. long, on

an obscure crustaceous disk. — Low, usually

sandy soil, e. Mass. and Vt. (according to John

Torrey) to Ont., la., and south w. June-Aug.

Fig. 330. Var. gracilis Britton. Culms

slender (3-6 dm. long) ; leaves narrower ;

fascicles few-floWered, the loioer (2-^-flowered)

830 S tricriomerata ^^ ^^^y ^^^^ filiform peduncles; achene nar-

* ' " ■ rower, 1-1.5 mm. long, acutish. (Var. minor

Britton.) —N. Y. and N. J. 331, g. oligantha.

2. S. oligantha Michx. Culms slender, the angles somewhat

winged ; leaves linear (3-5 mm. wide), smooth except the scabrous
apex ; lateral fascicles 1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles ;
achene ovoid, on a tuherculate disk. — Woods, D. C, to Fla. and
Tex. May-July. Fig. 331.

* * Achene papillose, granulose or warty.

3. S. pauciflbra Muhl. Smoothish or slightly hairy; culm
slender (2-6 dm. high) ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. broad ;
fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, sessile, or want-
ing ; bracts ciliate ; achene globose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter; the
disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of distinct minute tubercles.
— Barrens and dryish meadows, N.J. to 0., s. to Fla. and Tex.
June-Aug. (W. I.) Fig. 332.

Var caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Very slender; leaves, culms
and scales very pubescent. — Local, Mass., O., Lid., and south w.

}. S. pauci-
flcra.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

203

Var. kansllna rernald. Very slender and pubescent; mch
pair of tubercles hearing a smaller intermediate one. — Sandy soil,
Cherokee Co., Kan. Fig. 333.

4. S. ciliata Michx. Usually coarser,
0.5-1 m. high, glabrous, cr slightly pubescent •^•^^- °- P'»"'^'f-i
below ; leaves firm, 1-2.5 mm. wide, becoming ^' '^*"®*°*-
revohite ; fascicles 1 or 2, usually solitary, 0.7-2.5 cm. long ;
bracts ciliate ; scales smooth ; achene 2-3 mm., in diameter,
the disk bearing 3 broad shallow entire or barely notched
tubercles. — Pine-barrens, etc., Va. and
Mo. to Fla. and Tex. July, Aug.
(W. I.) Fig. 334.

5. S. Elli6ttii Chapm. Coarser and
lower, 3-5 dm. high ; the culms and flat

334. S. cUiata. leaves (2.5-6 mm. wide) pubescent;
fascicles 2 or 3, usually subapproximate,
forming an Interrupted head 1.5-3.5 cm. long; bracts
coarsely ciliate; scales ciliate on the back; achene with
3 low broad tubercles, each '2-lobed. — Pine-barrens and
dry ground, Va. and Mo., south w. May-
July. (W. I.) Fig. 335.

Achene reticulated or wrinkled.

335. S. Elliottii.

336. S. reticularis.

e. S. reticularis Michx. Culms slender,
erect, smooth (1.5-7 dm. high); leaves linear (1.5-4 mm. wide),
smooth ; lateral fascicles 1-3, loose, remote, nearly erect, on
short often included peduncles ; bracts glabrous ;
achene globose, regularly reticulated and pitted,
the pits often vertically arranged, not hairy, resting
upon a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed
disk, the inner appressed to and deciduous with the 33/y^ g ^^^c...
achene. — Damp sand and pine-barrens, local, e. y pubescens'.
Mass. to Fla. ; n. Ind. Aug., Sept. Fig. 336.

Var. pubescens Britton. Culms weak, diffuse, 0.3-1 m.
high, slightly scabrous or smooth ; leaves linear (2-7 mm. wide),
smooth ; lateral fascicles loose, on more or less elongated and drooping Jil if orm
peduncles ; achene irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose with the ridges
often somewhat spirally arranged and more or less haii'y. (^S. Tor-
reyana Walp. ; S. trichojmda C.Wright.) — Pine-barrens, etc., Ct.
and Ind. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I.) Fig. 337.

7. S. verticillata Muhl. Smooth ; culms simple, slender (1-9
dm. high); leaves narrowly linear; fascicles 4-6, few-flowered, ses-
sile in an interrupted spike; achene globose, somewhat triangular
at base, rough-wrinkled with shoft elevated ridges; disk obsolete. —
Pine-barrens, damp sand, and wet rocks, Mass. to Ont., Minn., and
southw. July-Sept. (W. I.) Fig. 338.

17. KOBRESIA Willd.

Spikelets unisexual and one-flowered, or with two flowers (one
^ pistillate, one staminate) in short spikes aggregated in elongate

a. verti- j^^g^^g ^^ panicles; the pistillate flower consisting of a spathiform
*^^ ^" glume (homologous with the perigynium of Carex) wrapping about
the base of the achene and subtended by the scale of the spikelet.— Perennial
herbs of northern regions, resembling the first group (Vigneae) o( Carex, but
with the perigynium replaced by the open glume which has its margins connate
at base. (Named for von Kobres, a nobleman of Augsburg and patron of
botany in Willdenow's time.)

1. K. elachycdrpa Fernald. Densely tufted ; the wiry compressed culms ^-«.o

204 CYPEKACEAE (^SEDGE FAMtLYJ)

dm. high, scabrous above ; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, flat, about half
as long as the culms; heads slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, of 2-7 remote
appres-sed-ascending spikes; spikes either staminate (clavate),
androgynous, or pistillate (ovoid); bracts ovate, concave; glumes
ovate, subspathiform, emarginate at tip, more or less marked witli
green and brown ; style with 2 elongate branches, the slender
base becoming chartaceous and subpersistent, finally separating
5 r 1 h i^om the truncate subterete nerveless pale achene (1.2-1.5 mm.
'ca^na*° ^' ^o^n); Stamens 2, the anthers much exceeding the filaments. —
^ ' Wet banks of Aroostook R., Me.; local. June, July. Fig. 339.

38. CArEX [Ruppius] L. Sedge

Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes ; the
siaminate consisting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or scale; the pistil-
late comprising a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style, forming in fruit a hard
achene, which is inclosed in a sac {perigynium) borne in the axil of a bract, or
scale. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in different parts of the spike
(spike androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same culm, or rarely the
plant dioecious. — Perennial grass-like herbs with mostly triangular culms,
3-ranked leaves, and spikes in the axils of leafy or scale-like bracts, often aggre-
gated into heads. An exceedingly critical genus, the study of which should be
attempted only with complete and fully mature specimens. i (The classical
Latin name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from Kelpeiv, to cut, on
account of the sharp leaves — as indicated in the English name iShear-grass.)

§ 1. Spikes mostly uniform and sessile, hearing the staminate flowers at base or
apex or sometimes scattered amongst the instill ate; stigmas 2 and achencs
lenticular. —YIG^EAE [Beauv.] Koch. (For § 2, see p. 209.)

4. Staminate flowers scattered or at the base of the spikes (only in

exceptional individuals and in the often dioecious O. gynocratea
and C. exilis the entire spike staminate) £.
B. Perigynia with thin or winged margins C.

C. Perigynia ascending, the tips only sometimes wide-spreading or

recurved, not spongy at base, the margins winged at least

toward the beak D.

J). Bracts wanting or setaceous, if broad at most twice as long as

the inflorescence E.

E. Strongly stoloniferous ; culms rising from an elongated

rootstock; perigynia firm, 5-6 mm. long ... 4. C. siccatd.
E. Not strongly stoloniferous ; culms solitary or in stools F.
F. Perigynia" less than 2 mm. broad G.
O. Perigynia 5 mm. or more long H.
n. Perigynia 7-10 mm. long ; spikes long-cylindric,

pointed, 1.5-2.5 cm. long \. C. muskingumensis,

H. Perigynia shorter (or, v/hen exceptionally 7 mm. long,
in shorter spikes) /.
/. Perigynia half as broSd as long, plump, nerveless

of obscurely short-nerved on inner face . . 22. O. aeneo,
J. Perigynia one third as broad as long J.
J, Perigynia thin, scale-like, scarcely distended over
the achenes, distinctly nerved on the inner
face and prominently exceeding the subtend-
ing scales.
Leaves at most 3 mm. wide ; spikes 3-9, glossy
brown or straw-colored, pointed.
Inflorescence oblong-ovoid or subcylindric,

with ascending approximate spikes . . 2. C. scoparia.
Inflorescence moniliform . . (2) C. scoparia, v. moniliformis.
Inflorescence subglobose or broad-ovoid,

spikes crowded and divergent . . (2) O. scoparia, v. condensa.
Leaves more than 3 mm. wide; spikes 8-14,

green or dull brown, blunt . . . . 3. (7. tribuloides.

1 The perigynial characters are here based on study of mature plants. In gen-
eral the perigynia at the tip of the spike are less characteristic than those nearer
cne middle; and, ii possible, the latter alone should be used in critical comparisons.

CYPEIiACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^ 205

J. Perigynia firm, obviously distended over the achenes
nerveless or obscurely nerved on the inner face, equaled
by the subtending scales . . . 7 /^ ^^ .y. ^

G TBrigynia less than 5 mm. long K. ^- ^- -P^'*^«'^«<«-

K. Perigynia thin, scale-like, scarcely distended over the achenes •
leaves 3-S mm. broad. '

Perigynia with appressed tips.
Inliorescence cylindric ; spikes approximate . . . 8. C. MhuloiiUn

Inflorescence monihtorm; spikes scattered . . . i^) C. ttnbiilMdJ^^ fu'.hr.i^
Perigyniawithspreading tips; inflorescence flexuous 3 fe 'r ftuKS'. v. r"5tSS
*; Perigynia hrm, obviously distended over the achenes Z. i" «•«-«, v. rmwcw.

L. Perigynia elongate-lauceolate or subulate, less than one third
as broad as long, at most 1.4 mm. broad.
Tips of the perigynia conspicuously exceeding the lance-
subulate dull scales.
Culms 1-4 dm. high ; leaves 1-2.5 mm. vi-ide ; spikes

3-7 mm. long b C Oraicfordii

Culms taller ; leaves broader ; spikes 8-11 mm.' long (5) C. ' Crawfordii, v. m^en*.
Tii)S of the perigynia equaled by the ovate bluntish glossy

dark scales • • .• ^ ; ^. C. oronennis.

L. Perigynia broader, nearly or quite half as broad as long M.
M. Tips of perigynia distinctly e.vceeding the subtending scales N.
N. Leaves 2.5 mm. or more wide 0.

O. Spikes compactly flowered, the mature perigynia with

_ recurved or spreading tips concealing the scales 8. C. criatata.

O. Spikes with ascending or slightly spreading perigynia ;
scales apparent P.
P. Mature perigynia greenish or pale straw-colored, in
loose spikes ; inflorescence more than 2.2 cm. long
(if shorter, with dark chestnut scales).
Spikes approximate in ovoid or short-cylindric heads.
Scales pale, not strongly contrasting with the

perigynia 10. (7. mirahiUs.

Scales dark chestnut, strongly contrasting with

the perigynia 0^) C. miraUlU, v. tincta.

Spikes scattered in a moniliform inflorescence (10) C. mirahiltH, y.perlonga.
P. Mature perigynia brown, in dense spikes ; heads at

most 2.2 cm. long ; scales pale brown . . 18. C. Bebhii.
N, Leaves narrower.

Inflorescence stiff, with crowded closely flowered spikes 18, C. Bebhii.
Inflorescence flexuous and moniliform, or at least with

the loosely flowered spikes scattered , . .11. C. straminea.
M. Tips ofperigynia equaled by the subtending scales Q.

Q. Inflorescence stiff and erect, or at least with spikes
approximate.

Spikes brown or ferruginous 20. (7. leporina.

Spikes brownish-white 21. (7. xerantica.

Q. Inflorescence flexuous, or at least with the lower spikes
remote.
Perigynia nerveless or minutely short-nerved on the
inner face.
Mature perigynia straw-colored or pale brown, one

third as broad as long 1. C. pratensia.

Mature perigynia olive-green or bronze, half as broad

as long 22. (7, amea.

Perigynia with strong ribs the length of the inner face ;

spikes silvery-green 19. (7. foenea.

T. Perigynia 2 mm. or more broad R.
B. Tips of the perigynia distinctly exceeding the subtending scales S.
S. Perigynia thin and scale-like, barely distended over the achenes,
one fourth to one third as broad as long.

Perigynia 7-10 mm. long \. C. musHngumenais.

Perigynia shorter 2. C. acoparia.

S. Perigynia firmer, obviously distended over the achenes, nearly
or quite half as broad as long T.
T. Perigynia lance-ovate, about half as broad as long W.
U. Leaves 2.5 mm. or more broad . , . . . . 10. C. mirahilia.
U. Leaves narrower.

Perigynia distinctly about 10-nerved on the inner faces,
4-6 mm. long.
Spikes 8-12 mm. long; perigynia 4.8-6 mm. long . 12. C. hormathodea.
Spikes 5-S mm. long; perigynia 4-5 mm. long C12) C. hormathodea, v. inviaa*
Perigynia 3-5-nerved on the inner faces, mostly less than
4 mm. long.
Perigynia with ascending inconspicuous tips . , 11. C. straminea.
Perigynia with divergent conspicuous tips , ,11; C. ai/raminea, v. echinode^
T. Perigynia with broad ovate -^^o orbioulai bodies V.
Y Inflorescence moniliform ii,nd flexuous, with mostly clavate-
based spikes.

206

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

14. C. siliaea.

18. C.BieknelUi.

15. C. alata.

16. O. suberecta.

Spikes brownish-white, of closely appressed ob-
scurely beaked firm perigynia ....
Spikes ferruginous; the abrupt slender beaks of
the perigynia with loosely ascending or spread-

ing tips . . . . • • (12) C. hormathodes, v. Bicht^
V. Inflorescence stiflF*(or, 'if flexuous, with brown or
ferruginous spikes) W.
W. Perigynia 5.6-7." mm. long, very thin, scale-like,

almost transparent; scales blunt
W. Perigynia less than 5.6 mm. long, firm and opaque
(when exceptionally longer in C. alata, with
aristate scales) X.
X. Scales long-acuminate or aristate ; perigynia
4-5.5 mm. long; achenes oblong.
Spikes green or finally dull brown ; scalesjance-
subulate ; perigynia obovate, 2.8-3.7 mm.
broad, abruptly narrowed at base
Spikes becoming dark brown or ferruginous ;
perigynia 2.3-2.S mm. broad.
Spikes closely approximate; scales ovate-
lanceolate; perigynia ovate, tapering
gradually to the beak ....
Spikes scattered in a flexuous inflorescence ;
scales lanceolate; perigynia orbicular,

abruptly slender-beaked . . (12) C. hormathodes, v. Rxcht-.
X. Scales blunt or at most acutish.

Spike- gray-green or finally dull brown, witn

Strongly appressed-ascending very firm ,, , ^

perigynia 3.5-4 (very rarely 4.5) mm. long 9. C. albolutescens.
Spikes "straw-colored or ferruginous, with
spreading-ascending perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long.
Inflorescence ofo-lO mostly distinct spikes . IJ C festucacea
Inflorescence of 3-6 approximate spikes (17) C. fesiucacea, v. brevior-
B Tips of the perigvnia equaled by the subtending scales Y.
'y. Inflorescence stiff and erect, or at least with approximate
spikes Z.
Z. Spikes whitish or gray-green.

Perigynia lance-ovate, 4-4.8 mm. long, nerveless on

the inner face, golden-yellow at base .
Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular.
Perigynia strongly ribbed the length of the inner
face, 2 mm. broad

^''SVroadef ' " ^''?'^^ """"""^ '" '''' •'''"'' 9- C. aWolutescens,
Z. Spikes bronze or ferruginous.

Perigynia distinctly concave on the usually nerved
inner face ; achene 1 mm. broad . . ■ •
Perigynia flat or convex on the usually nerveless
inner face, very plump ; achene 2 mm. broad
r. Inflorescence flexuous, at least the lower spikes remote a.
a. Perigynia nerveless or only faintly short-nerved on the
inner face. . j

Perigvnia ovate-lanceolate, one third as broad as ,

fong; achene 1mm. broad . . . • • 1. O. pratemts.
Perigynia ovate, half as broad as long ; achene 1.5 mm.

broad

a. Perigynia distinctly nerved on the inner face.

Perigynia 2.8-4.4 mm. long, at most 2.4 mm. broad,
7-13-ribbed on the inner face, abruptly beaked.
Inflorescence of 4-9 spikes 6-10 mm. long ; peri-
gynia 2.8-4 mm. long ...•••
Inflorescence of^6-15 ^spikes 10-17 mm. long;^^ a foenea,^. perplexa.

21. C. ieerantica.

19. C. foenea.

20. C. leporina.
23. C. adnata.

22. O. aenea.

19. a.

perigynia
'nerved on ' the'inner"face,*'obscu"rely broad -beaked 14. C. silicea.
D. Bracts leaf-like, much prolonged, the lowest 1-2 dm. long;

spikes crowded ; perigynia subulate

C. Perigynia horizontally spreading or reflexed when mature, spongy
at base, with thin but scarcely winged margins b.
b. Spikes solitary and terminal, pistillate or staminate, or witn

24. C. sychnocephala.

flowers variously scattered. , . v, ^ ar

Stoloniferous ; the fihform culms at most 3 dm. nigh, Irom nii-
form rootstocks

25. G. gynocrates.

Not stoloniferous; the mry culms 2-7 dm. high, in caespitose

stools 2fa. 0. 6XIU8.

&. Spikes 2-several c. ■, ^ ^

c. Perigvnia broadest at base ; beak rough or serrulate rf.
a Perigynia at most half as broad as long, finally yellowish, with
slender beak nearly equaling the body ; scales pointed e.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 207

0. Perig'ynia ovate, 8-4 mm. long.
Spikes at most 12-flowered.
Inflorescence 1-3 cm. long, the 2-6 spikes subap-

proximate 27. C. stelluluta.

Inflorescence 2-6 cm. long, the 2-4 spikes very re-
mote, the terminal with a clavate base 0.5-1

cm. long (27) C. atellulata, v. orinantha.

Spikes with more flowers.
Leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad; spikes scattered, 12-20-
flowered ; perigyiiia less than half as broad as

l"nff (27) C. stellulata, v. excel«lor.

Leaves 2-4 mm. broad ; spikes mostly approximate,
15-40-flowered ; perigynia half as broad as

long (27) C. stellulata, v. cephalantha.

6. Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-8 mm. long ;

inflorescence of 2-6 approximate spikes . (27) C. stellulata, v. angustata-

d. Perigynia more than half as broad as long (narrower only
in var. of no. 29), firm, brownish or dark green;
beak one fourth to one half as long as the body.
Scales sharp-pointed ; leaves 2.5-4.5 mm. broad ; inflo-
rescence 1.5-3.5 cm. long; spikes 15-50-flowered ;

coarse plant 28. C"'. sterilia.

Scales blunt; leaves narrower; inflorescence 1-2 cm.
long ; spikes 5-15-flowered ; slender plants.
Leaves -1-2 mm. broad ; perigynia faintly nerved or
nerveless on the inner face.
Perigynia deltoid-ovate, spreading . . . . 29. C scirpoides.
Perigynia lance-subulate, ascending . . (29) C. scirpoides, v. JoKselynii.
Leaves narrower ; perigynia strongly nerved (29) C. scirpoides, v. capillacea.
c. Perigynia broadest near the middle, less than 2 mm. broad,
very thin and conspicuously nerved, with short smooth
beak ; spikes remote 30. C. seoria.

B. PeRIG\'NIA not THIN-WINGEO, ASCENDING FROM THE FIRST, PLANO-
CONVEX /.

/. Perigynia 4 mm. or more long, long-beaked.

Spikes lance-cylindric, in a loose linear-cylindric inflorescence ;
perigynia 1-1.3 mm. broad, strongly nerved; scales ob-
long; leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad 34. C.hromoides.

Spikes ovoid or ovoid-cylindric ; perigynia 1.6-1.9 mm. broad,
faintly nerved or nerveless ; scales ovate ; leaves 2-5 mm.

broad 85. C. Detceyana.

f. Perigynia less than 4 mm. long g.
g. Perigynia with serrulate beaks or margins h.
h. Inflorescence elongate, from slender to thickish-cylindric *.
*. Perigynia ovate, broadest at base ; spikes mostly or all

approximate in a thick cylindric inflorescence . . 31. C. arcta.
i, Perigynia broadest near the middle.

Plant glaucous ; leaves 2-4 mm. broad ; spikes with
many appressed-ascendiug glaucous obscurely
beaked perigynia.
Spikes 6-10 nim. long, approximate or the lowest

rarely 1.5 cm. apart; perigynia 2.3-3 mm. long . 32. C. cane seen s.
Spikes 4-7 mm. long, subapproximate or remote;

perigynia about 2 mm. long . . . (32) C. canescens, v. suhloliacea.
Spikes. 6-12 mm. long, remote, the lowest 2-4 cm.

apart (32) C. canescens, v. disjuncta.

Plant green, not glaucous ; leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad ;
spikes with few loosely spreading dark green or

brown distinctly beaked perigynia . . . .33. C. hrunnescens.
h. Inflorescence subglobose, of 2-4 closely approximate sub-
globose loosely flowered silvery spikes; perigynia
oblong, beakless, nerved, 3-3.4 mm. long . . . 36.* C. tenuiflora.
g. Perigynia smooth throughout j.

j. Spikes whitish, silvery green or pale brown.

Inflorescence elongate, at least the lower spikes scattered.
Uppermost spikes divaricate-pedunculate, lowermost
subtended by a leaf-like bract ; perigynia usually
more than 3 mm. long.

Leaves flat, 1-2 mm. broad 2,1. C. trisperma.

Leaves setaceous, 0.3-0.5 mm. broad . . (37) C. trisperma, v. BillingHii.
Spikes continuous in a linear-cylindric loose inflores-
cence, bractless or only short-bracted ; perigynia

2-3 mm. long 32. C. canescens.

Inflorescence subglobose, of 2-4 closely approximate sub-
globose loosely flowered spikes ; perigynia beakless,

3 mm. or more long 36. C tenuiflora.

j. Spikes ferruginous or dark brown ; terminal spikes with
conspicuous clavate base; perigynia abruptly beaked',
culms smooth (or harsh only at tips).

208

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

C. norvegica.

39. C. glareosa.
glareosa, v. amphigena.

40. O. tenella.

41. C. rosea.

(41) C. rosea, v. radiata.

(41) C. rosea, v. minor.

C. retroflexa.

43. C. muricata.

44.

C. Muhlenhergii.

enervi

Spikes distinct; the lowest 4-5 mm. thick; the ter-
minal 1-1.8 cm. long-; perigynia pale, about equaled
by the yellowish-brown blunt scales . . . _ .
Spikes approximate ; the lowest less than 4 mm. thick ;
plant weak, lax ; leaves involute, 0.5-1.5 mm. broad ;
perigynia pale brown or drab.

Perigynia fusiform

Periervnia ovoid (39) C

4. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes k.
}r. Perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, scarcely compressed, nearly terete
k. Perigvnia compressed I.

L Spikes 2 or more in a simple or compound spicate or paniculate

inflorescence m.
m. Eootstocks short and thick ; culms in terminal tufts or stools n.
n. Spikes green or nearly so when mature (becoming brown
only when over-ripe) o.
0. Broadest leaves 1-4.5 mm. wide p.
p. Perigynia very spongy below the middle, the nerve-like
margins inflexed q,
q. Perigynia with minutely serrulate margins ; scales
blunt ; spikes mostly remote.
Perigynia quickly becoming squarrose.
Culms erect ; spikes 6-15-flowered
Culms loosely spreading ; spikes 2-6- flowered

Perigynia ascending in fruit

q. Perigynia with smooth margins; scales acuminate;
spikes mostly approximate.

Perigvnia ovoid

Perigynia lance-subulate .... (42) C. retroflexa, v. texensis

p. Perigvnia of essentially uniform (membranous) texture

throughout, not conspicuously spongy below the

middle ; margins slightly if at all inflexed /•.

r. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long

r. Perigynia less than 4 mm. long s.

8. Leaves and culms stiff and wiry; heads 2 (rarely
1.5)— 4 cm. long.

Perigynia distinctly nerved

Perigynia nerveless .... (44) C. Muhlenbergi

«. Leaves and culms soft; heads 0.7-1.5 (rarely 1.8)
cm. long.
Perigynia elliptic-ovate, broadest below the
middle, narrowest at base ....
Perigynia cordate-deltoid, broadest at the cor-
date or subcordate base ....
O. Leaves 5-10 (the narrowest rarely 4.5) mm. wide t.

t. Perigynia uniformly firm throughout, the outer face
nerveless or very faintly nerved u.
u. Perigynia wing-margined to the base ; spikes mostly

distinct in a moniliform inflorescence .
w. Perigynia wing-margined only above the middle ;
spikes approximate in a cylindric or ovoid head.
Perigvnia broad-ovate to suborbicular, nearly
equaled by the long-pointed scales.
Culms 2-5 dm. high ; leaves subbasul ...

Culms 6-12 dm. high; leaves remote . . (50) C. gravida, v. laxifolia.
Perigvnia lance-ovate, twice as long as the thin

white scale 48. C cepkaloidea

t. Perigynia spongy below the middle, the outer face

[.rominently ribbed 55, C. conjuncta.

n. Spikes yellowish or tawny when mature T.

V. Perigvnia firm and uniform in texture, not spongy nor
"conspicuously inflated below, the beak shorter than
or barely equaling the body ^c.
w. Perigynia straw-color, thin, distinctly flattened on the
inner face x.
05. Membranous band of the leaf-sheath not cross-puck-
ered ; scales acuminate, rarely awned y.
y. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide ; culms firm, without thin

wing-margins 43. (7. muricata.

y. Leaves 4-S mm. wide ; culms soft, with almost wing-
like angles.
Beak nearly as long as the narrow-ovate body

of the perigynium

Beak one third as long as the broad-ovate or sub-
orbicular body of the perigynium.
Culms 2-5 dm. high ; leaves subbasal
Culms 6-12 dm. high ; leaves remote (50)

OJ. Membranous or chartaceous band of the ieaf-sheath
cross-puckered, at least in age ; scales awn-tippwl.

45. C. cephalophora.

46. C. Leavenworthii.

47. C. sparganoides.

50. C. gravida.

C. alopecoidea.

50. C. gravida.

C. gravida, v. laxifolia.

CYPERACEAE (^SEDGE FAMlLYj 20^

Leaves equaling or exceeding tbe culms . . , b\. C. Dulpinoidea
Leaves distinctly shorter than the culms.

Perigynia lanceolate or lance ovate . . . U2. C. setacea
Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular . . (.V2) C. aetacea, v.' ambinua
w, Perigynia drab to dark brown or purplish, plump, some-
what biconvex,
Perigynia obovoid, narrow-margined, abruptly short-
beaked o 0 . 53. ^7. decompoHita.

Perigynia ovoid, with rounded margins, tapering
gradually to a beak.
Inflorescence dark brown, stiff, dense, spiciform , 54, C. diandra.
Inflorescence light brown, flexuous, loose, sub-
paniculate . (54) C. diandra, v. ramona

V. Perigynia prominently enlarged and spongy at base, con-
spicuously nerved, the slender beak much longer than
the body.
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, tapering gradually from base

to tip . o . , . o . , . 56. (7. stipata.

Perigynia 6-9 mm. long, abruptly enlarged below into

a disk-like base . , » . . „ „ . b1. C. crus-corvi.
m. Rootstock slender and elongate ; culms mostly scattered, or if
tufted bearing slender stolons at base z.
z. Perigynia thin-margined ; heads elongate, 2-8 cm. long, of
numerous distinct spikes.
Perigynia wing-margined ; inner side of leaf-sheath carti-
laginous to chartaceous, nerveless . . . . 58. C. arenaria.
Perigynia not wing-margined ; leaf-sheath green and uni-
formly ribbed, except at the orifice . . . . 59. C. Sariwellii.
e. Perigynia plump, not thin-margined ; heads ovoid to glo-
bose, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, of few congested spnkes.
Perigynia flat on the inner face, faintly nerved . . GO, C. stenophylla.

Perigynia planoconvex, strongly nerved . , .01. 0. chord orrhiza.

I. Spike solitary, terminal, globular or short-ovoid , . . . 62. C. capitatn.

§ 2. Some of the spikes strictly pistillate ; stigmas 8 and achenes trigonous ; or,
if stigmas 2 and achenes lenticular, some of the spikes peduncled. EUCAREX
Griseb. A.

A. Achenes lenticular or piano convex ; stigmas 2 (very rarely and
exceptionally -i) ; perigynia beakless or very short-beaked, with
entire or merely emarginate orifice £.
B. Perigynia dull C.

C. Scales aristate or subulate-tipped, much exceeding the perigynia ;
pistillate spikes all peduncled I).

D. Scales appressed-ascending ; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose.

Awns longer than the blades of the scales ; sjtikes on wide-
spreading or drooping capillary peduncles ; old leaves

revolute 63. 6'. maritima.

Awns shorter than the blades of the scales ; spikes strongly

ascending; old leaves involute .... 64. C. 8alina,Y. cuspid ata.
v. Scales spreading ; basal leafless sheaths fibrillose.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous.

Perigynia inflated, wrinkled in drying.
Spikes flexuous or drooping, the pistillate 3.5-10 cm.

long 65, C. criniia.

Spikes suberect or spreading, 1-3,5 cm. long , . (65) C. criniia, v. minor,

Perigynia tight, not inflates! , . . . . {ijb) C. criniia v. PorteH.

Leaf-sheaths scabrous-hispid.

Pistillate spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping , . (65) C. criniia, v. gynandra.
Pistillate spikes suberect or spreading, 1-3.5 cm. long (65) 0. crinita, v. simulana.
C. Scales obtuse or acute, not aristate ; if subulate-tipped with the
upper spikes mostly sessile E.

E. Perigynia compressed, lenticular or plano-convex F.

F. Culms solitary or few ; lower sheaths slightly if at all fibril-
lose G.
G. Perigynia nerveless ff.
H. Perigynia plane, not twisted at tip I.
I. Cuhns leafy and tall, somewhat caespitose ; leaves
scabrous on the veins and margins ; basal off-
shoots chiefly erect J.
J. Green, scarcely glaucous ; pistillate spikes atten-
uate at tip 64, C. salina, v. cuapidaia.

J. Strongly glaucwus ; pistillate spikes full and
rounded at tip.
Scales conspicuous, dark, nearly or quite equal-
ing the perigynia.
Scales blunt or acutish.

Pistillate spikes 8-4.5 mm. thick . . . 66. C. aquattlis.

210

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^

C. rigida.
C. iorta.

C. lenticularia.
C. Goodenowii.

71. C. siricta.
C. stricta, v. eurtissima.

anguntuta.

Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. thick . . (66) 0. aquatilis, v. elatior

Scales cuspidate (66) C. aquatilis, v. cunpidata.

Scales hidden by the perigynia . . . (66) C. aquatilis, v. virescen-s.
J. Calms low; leaves mostly basal, smooth; basal off-
shoots chiefly repent 67.

M. Perigyuia elongate, with an empty twisted tip . . 68.
O, Perigynia nerved.

Caespitose, not stoloniferous ; green central portion

of the scale about as broad as the darker margins . 69.
Stoloniferous ; green midrib of the purple or blackish

scale very slender 70,

F. Culms numerous'in stools ; lower sheaths fibrillose.

Perigynia elliptic, tapering about equally to base and apex.
Pistillate spikes dense, mostly full at base ; scales blunt,
slightly if at all exceeding the perigynia.

Pistillate spikes 2-7 cm. long

Pistillate spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long . . . . (71)
Pistillate spikes rather loose, long-attenuate at base ;

scales acutish (71) C. str%cta

Perigynia obovate or orbicular, shorter than the attenuate

scales C^l) C. stricta, v. decjra.

E. Perigynia plump, subterete.

Mature perigynia lleshv, pyriform or subglobose, orange or

brownish, glabrous 72. C awrm.

Mature perigynia not fleshy, ellipsoid, slender-stipitate,

white, pulverulent 78. <7. hieolor.

B. Perigynia lustrous.

Perigynia nerved. ..„„ x> ^ x i

Leaves flat ; bracts ascending 180. C. Grahami.

Leaves soon involute ; bracts divergent 181. C. rotundata.

Perigynia nerveless.

Leaves flat; pistillate spikes subglobose or short-cylindric,

5-8 ram. thick 179. C. saxattlis.

Leaves involute or filiform ; pistillate spikes slender, £-? mm. .,. .

tjiick (I'f9) C- saxahlts, v. mihans

d. Achenes trigonous; stigmas 3 (very rarely and exceptionally 2) K.
K. Spikes SOLITARY, TERMINAL L.
L. Spikes naked or without large leafy bracts M.

M. Leaves tongue-shaped, 2— 4 cm. broad

M. Leaves grass-like, narrow N.
N. Spikes monoecious, green or straw-color; perigynia gla-
brous 0.
0. Spikes staminate at tip, few-flowered ; perigynia with entire
tips.
Perigynia appressed-ascending, in a linear-cylindric
spike, beakless.
Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long; achenes lustrous, not
puncticulate, obtusely trigonous ....
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long ; achenes puncticulate, barely
lustrous, sharply trigonous ....
Perigynia soon refracted, slender-beaked
O. Spikes staminate at base, many-flowered ; perigynia with
long bidentate beaks.
Scales of pistillate flowers subulate-tipped

Scales blunt

N. Spikes dioecious, purplish-brown ; perigynia pubescent.

Culms shorter than the leaves ; scales short-aristate, ex-
ceeding the perigynia

Culms exceeding the leaves; scales blunt, shorter than

the perigynia

Z. Spikes subtended by long leafy bracts.
Perigynia somewhat 2-edged.
Scales all bracteate, overtopping the perigynia
Only the lowest scales overtopping the perigynia
Perigynia globose, with slender cylindric beak
K. Spikes 2 or more P.
P. Perigynia not rigidly bidentate, the orifice entire or emar
ginnle, the teeth if present soft and thin Q.
Q. Terminal spike bearing some pistillate flowers R.
B. Terminal spike pistillate throughout, brown or purplish, the

lower spike much smaller; perigynia hairy . . . 9'i. C. sctrpoidea.
R. Terminal spike with both staminate and pistillate flowers S.
S. Terminal spike pistillate onlv at base; the capillary pedun-

cles often basal ; perigynia sharply angled . . . 118. C. peduncuJuta,
8. Terminal spike pistillate at summit, or, if pistillate at base,
the spikes mostly near the tip of the culm T.
T. Perigynia ascending U.
U. Scales brown to purplish- black; spikes globose, ovoid
or thick-cyllndrlc V,

77. C, Fraaeri.

75. C. teptalea.

76. C. Harperi.
74. C.paudjlora.

161. C. squarrosa.

162. 0. typhinoidea.

116.
92.

C. picta.

C. scirpoidea.

C. BacJcii.

C. Willdenoicii,

C. Jamesii,

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

211

148. C. verrucosa.

78.
79.

80.
111.

C. Ilalleri.

C. atrata, v. orata.

C. poly gam a.
C. paupercula.

135. C. granularia.

(81) C. triceps, v. Smithii.
81. C. triceps, v. hirsuta.

C. virescens.

I

F". Scales shorter than or about equaling the perigynla.
Scales rough-awned ; coarse southern plant' .
Scales blunt ; slender northern plants.

Spikes sessile, closely approximate in an irregular head
Spikes mostly peduncled, spreading or drooping .
V. Scales much exceeding the perigynia.

Spikes sessile, erect

Spikes peduncled, spreading or drooping
K Scales white or greenish, or if very brownish the spikes
hnear-cylindric W.
W. Spikes mostly sessile or subsessile and erect X.
X. Spikes mostly remote ; leaves glabrous, short and broad

(4-10 mm. broad)

X. Spikes approximate or overlapping ; leaves long and
slender (1-4 mm. broad), at least the sheaths hairy.
Perigynia smooth, or when young slightly hairy.

Leaves smooth

Leaves hairy

Perigynia very hairy.
Terminal spike (including the staminate base) 1.8-4
cm. long, one tenth to one seventh as thick .
Terminal spike 9-18 mm. long, one fifth to one

third as thick (82) C. virescens, v. Swanii

W. Spikes mostly peduncled, spreading or drooping Y.
Y. Perigynia 2 mm. or more thick.

Scales blunt or cuspidate, much shorter than the

perigynia 83. C. formoaa.

Scales long-awned, usually equaling the perigynia . 84. C. DavisU.
Y. Perigynia less than 2 mm. thick Z.

Z. Bracts with distinct long sheaths ; perigynia bluntly
angled a.
a. Perigynia rounded or narrowed but not definitely
stipitate at base h.
h. Perigynia less than 4 mm. long, beakless.

Sheaths glabrous ; perigynia obtuse . . .85.
Sheaths pubescent ; perigynia acutish . . 86.
b. Perigynia 4 mm. or more long.

Leaves hairy ; perigynia beakless
Leaves smooth ; perigynia beaked.
Scales white or whitish ; perigj^nia with long

conic-cylindric beaks
Scales with dark-brown margins ; perigynia
with short-conic beaks ....
a. Perigynia with slender stipitate bases
Z. Bracts sheathless ; perigynia sharply angled
T. Perigynia wide-spreading or reflexed.

Perigynia orbicular to broadly elliptic, compressed, nerve

less, with tiny short point ; bracts erect
Perigynia terete, beaked, strong-ribbed ; bracts divetgent.
Beak about as long as body of perigynium. . . . 138. C.fiava.
Beak much shorter than body of perigynium . . . 189. (7. OcdeW.
Q. Terminal spike staminate throughout c.

c. Lowest foliaceous bracts of the inflorescence sheathless, or with
short colored sheaths or colored auricles, sometimes wanting
or reduced to mere colored sheaths d.
d. Perigynia pubescent (if rarely glabrous, the spikes mostly
crowded at the base of the densely tufted leaves) e.
e. Spikes subtended by colored tubular sheaths which are
without green blades.
Pistillate spikes cylindric, 1-2 cm. long ; scales exceeding

the perigynia

Pistillate spikes subglobose, 4-7 mm. long; scales much

shorter than the perigvnia 119. C. concinna.

e. Spikes bractless or the lowermost with green foliaceous bracts /.

/. Leaves and culms soft-pubescent 101. C. pubescent.

/. Leaves and culms glabrous g.

g. Leaves mostly basal, the culms naked or with short
reduced leaves h.
h. Scales rough-cuspidate ; perigynia yellowish-brown . 102. C. caryophyllea.
h. Scales smooth ; perigynia green or whitish i.

i. Plant strongly stoloniferous. the elongate often leaf-
less stolons scaly-bracted and creeping.
Beak one fourth to one fifth as long as the body of

the perigynium 100. C. pennayhaniea.

Beak about as long as the body . (100) C. pennsy^anfca, - '

i. Plant caespitose or slightly stoloniferous, the basal
leafy shoots strongly assurgent j.
H, Some (or all) of the culms short and more or less
hidden by the bases of the leaves k.

G. graeillima.

86. C. aestivalis.

87. C. oxylepis.

. 146. O. dehilis, vars.

147. C. venusta, v. minor
145. C. arctata.
C. prasina,

0. Shortiana.

115.

120. C. Richardsoni.

lucorum

I

212

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^

k. Remnants of the old leaves persisting as stiflp tufted
shreds ; scales acuminate, sharp-potnted, nearly
or quite equaling the perigynia.
Perigynia 1.7-2.4 mm. thick.
Beak nearly or quite as long as the body of the
perigynium.

Perigynia puberulent 98. 0. umbeUata.

Perigynia glabrous (98) C. umhellata, v. tonsa.

Beak one third as long as the body . (98) C. umbeUata, \. brevirostrig,

• Perigynia 1.3-1.6 mm. thick 94. (7. nigro-marginata.

k. Remnants of old leaves soft, slightly if at all shredded ;
scales blunt or acute, much shorter than the

perigynia 95. C dejlexa.

j. Culms elongate, none of them hidden at the base of the
plant I.
I. Perigynia much exceeding the scales ; spikes closely

approximate 96. (7. albieans

I. Perigynia nearly or quite equaled by the scales m.
m. Mature leaves 3-5 mm. wide (if exceptionally nar-
rower, the spikes remote) 97. (7. communia.

tn. Mature leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide (if exceptionally
broader, the spikes approximate).
Staminate and pistillate spikes all sessile.
Scales of pistillate spikes whitish or greenish . 98. C varia.

Scales purplish (98) C. varia, v. coiorata.

Staminate and the lowermost pistillate spikes

short-peduncled 99. C. novae-angiiae.

ff. Culms leafy, the leaves elongate n,
n. Pistillate spikes sessile or subsessile ; basal sheaths fibrillose.

Staminate spike overtopping the pistillate .... 154. 0. vesUta.
Staminate spike shorter than the pistillate . . . (154) G. vestita, v. Keivnedyi.
n. Pistillate spikes (or at least the lower) distinctly peduncled ;
sheaths not librillose.
Leaves soft, ribbon-like, dark green, the lower bract ex-
ceeding the culm ; perigynia long-beaked . . . 150. 0. scabrata
Leaves firm, short, glaucous ; the bracts short ; perigynia

barely beaded 103. 0. glauca.

d. Perigynia glabrous o.

o. Leaves setaceous, basal ; culms setaceous, naked ; bracts reduced

to pale tubular sheaths 117. <7. ebti/rnea.

0. Leaves flat or plicate p.
p. Leaves lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. broad, firm and evergreen ; culms
slender, bearing numerous tubular colored sheaths and

remote slender spikes 1?,1. C. plantaginea.

p. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, less than 1.5 cm. broad q.
q. Perigynia beakless or with minute entire beaks r.
r. Pistillate spikes mostly on capillary peduncles, wide-spread-
ing or drooping s.
S. Scales brownish or purplish, nearly equaling or exceed-
ing the compressed short-tipped perigynia t.
t. Spikes globose to oblong-cylindric, rarely 2 cm. long;
scales exceeding the perigynia u.
11. Scales long-attenuate with subulate tips, much ex-
ceeding the perigynia.
Scales dark brown or purplish throughout.
Pistillate spikes 4-8 mm. long .... Ill C. pauppyrcula.
Pistillate spikes 1-1.6 cm. long . . (ill) C. paupercula, v. 'rrigua.
Scales gi'een with pale-brown or yellowish margins

(111) C. paupercula^ v. pallens,
u. Scales obtuse or acute, barely exceeding the perigynia.
Leaves involute, 0.5-1 mm. wide, glaucous; scales

brown }.12. O. Umosa.

Leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, dark green; scales

purple-black ....,,. 113. C. rarifiora.

t. Spikes linear-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; scales barely

equaling the perigynia . . . . . U4, C. littoraUs.

8. Scales whitish, much shorter than the sharply trigonous

attenuate perigynia ilb. O. prafdna

r. Pistillate spikes sessile or short-peduncled, erect t.
V. Plant glaucous, loosely stoloniferous ; staminate spikes
long-stalked, their scales mostly purple-brown.
Leaves 2.5-5 mm. wide, revolute In drying, harsh ^

culms harsh ; perigynia brown .... 108. O. glauca.

Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, becoming plicate or involute,
smooth , culms smooth ; perigynia pale green or

whitish 104. O. livida.

•0. Plant green, densely tufted ; staminate spikes sessile or
short- stalked, their scales pale brown or straw
color.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

213

Spikes all sessile and approximate ; perigynia obovoid
prominently ribbed, retuse, with a distinct short
entire beak ,-^ • .• m. C. abbre'ciata.

Lowest spike peduncled; pengynia narrowly obovoid,
faintly nerved or nerveless, narrowed to the beakless

o • • ^^P*' ,^'^ :. A 110 C.palUHcms.

q. Pengynia distmctly beaked w. *^

w. Spikes sessile, or the lowermost short-pediceled, erect or
oblique the bracts very long and much exceeding the
inflorescence, rarely 5 mm. broad.
Leaves involute ........ 137. C. externa.

Leaves flat.
Beak about equaling body of perigynium .... 138. C. Hata

Beak much shorter than body of perigyniurn . . . \2,^, C.Oederi
ic. Spikes mostly long-pediceled, spreading or drooping, if ses-
sile and erect the bracts more than 5 mm. wide x.
X. Leaves broad (usually 5 mm. or more) ; scales strong-
ribbed ; spikes dense, the perigynia firm, dull, wide-
spreading y.
y. Leaves soft, ribbon-like, dark green ; lower bract 5-10

mm. wide, much exceeding the inflorescence . . 150. C. acabrata
y. Leaves firm, glaucous ; lower bract 1-4 mm. wide, about
equaling the inflorescence. -
Perigynia spreading-ascending, glaucous, faintlv-nerved

or nerveless, gradually tai)ering to the short beak . 148. C. nei-rucosa,
Perigynia squarrose, deep green or brownish, strongly

many-ribbed, abruptly beaked ..... 149. C. macrokolea.

». Leaves narrow (usually less than 5 mm. wide) ; scales thin,
nerveless or slightly nerved ; spikes loosely flowered,
the thin lustrous perigynia strongly ascending s,
e. Perigynia abruptly contracted to an awl-shaped beak

as long as the body ...... 141. C. longiroatris.

z. Perigynia gradually contracted to the beak.

Leaves pubescent; pistillate spikes 5-S mm. thick . 14S. C. castanea.
Leaves glabrous ; pistillate spikes 2-4 mm. thick . . 144. C. capillaris.
6. Lowest foliaceous bract of the inflorescence with a prominent closed
green sheath a.
a. Perigynia nerveless or with few nerves most prominent toward
the base, not uniformly and conspicuously nerved from base
to orifice (excepting the marginal nerves) b.
b. Plant caespitose, scarcely stoloniferous. the rootstock short and
thick ; perigynia with long-attenuate beaks c.
c. Perigynia abruptly contracted to a slender beak as long as the
body.

Perigynia hairy, remote . . 140. C. a sHnihoinenHi.

Perigynia smooth, approximate 141. C. longiroatris.

c. Perigynia gradually contracted to the beak d.
d. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, densely flowered.
Spikes 5-10 mm. thick.

Leaves glabrous ; scales white 142. C. cherokeensU.

Leaves pubescent ; scales brown 143. C. castanea.

Spikes 2-4 mm. thick.
Plant 0.5-1.5 dm. high ; synkes approximate . . . 144. C. capillaris.
Plant taller; spikes remote .... (144) C. capillarifi, \. elonyata.
a. Pistillate spikes linear-cylindric e.

e. Basal sheaths reddish-purple or castaneous /.
/. Basal leaves 6-10 mm. broad, scabrous at base ; peri-
gynia stipitate, ovoid-trigonous .... 145. C. arctaia.
f. Basal leaves 3-7 mm. broad, smooth at base; peri-
gynia fusiform, obscurely trigonous
Perigynia glabrous.

Perigynia mostly overlapping.
Perigynia 6-9 mm. long, twice as long as the

white scales 14G C. debilis.

Perigynia 4.5-6.5 mm. long; the scales straw-
color or greenish-brown.
Perigynia twice as long as the scales ; leaves 2—4

mm. wide (146) C. debilis, v. Budget.

Perigynia one third longer than the scales ; leaves

4-6 mm. wide (146) C. debilis, y. strictior.

Perigynia alternate and mostly remote, not over-
lapping (146) C. debilis, v. interjecta.

Perigynia hairy (146) C. debilis, v. pubera.

e. Basal sheaths duU pale brown .... (\2X) 0. laxijlora, \. Ispionervia.
b. Plant loosely stoloniferous, the elongate rootstock slender;
perigynia beakless or with short or abrupt beak g.

g. Perigynia hairy c . . . 102. C. caryophyllea.

g. Perigynia not hairy h.
h. Perigynia beakless or with a very short oblique tip i.

214

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

C. Orawei*

104. C. Uvida,

105. C.panicea.

106. C. tetanica.

108. C. vaginata.

147. C. venusta, v. mi7ior.

122. C. Careyana.

i. Perl^ynla ^anulose-roughened ; spikes very remote, ses-
sile or short-stalked, in nearly all the leaf-axils .
i. Perigynia not granulose ; spikes (except in rare cases
long-stalked basal ones) borne only toward the sum-
mit of the culm j.
J. Leaves white-glaucous, quickly becoming plicate or

involute •

J. Leaves green, slightly if at all glaucous, flat, m age be-
coming revolute.
Culms obtusely angled, smooth throughout
Culms acutely angled, scabrous at summit.
Spikes slender-cylindric, 3.6 mm. thick.
Spikes mostly close-tiowered, the perigynia over-
lapping

Spikes loosely flowered, most of the perigynia

remote (106) 0. tetanica, v. Woo4tl.

Spikes oblong-cyiindric, 6-10 mm. thick . . (106) C. tetanica, v. Meadii.
h. Perigynia with a straightish slender beak.

Culm stiff, harsh above ; spikes stiffly erect, densely many- „ ^ ,

flowered 107. C. polymorpha.

Culm flexuous, smooth throughout ; spikes spreading or

drooping, loosely few-flowered

; Perigynia with numerous uniform nerves from base to orifice (ex-
treme specimens of nos. 106, 107, 108 might be sought here) h.
h. Tall and slender, with linear-cylindric spikes . . .
Ik Low, or if tall with thick-cvlindric to globose spikes I.

I. Perigynia sharply angled, with plane faces (forms of V. laxi-

fiora might be sought here) nt.
m. Perigynia 5-7 mm. long ; staminate spikes dark brown or

purplish • •

m. Perigynia 2-4 mm. long; staminate spike straw-color or
pale brown n.
n. Basal leaves 1-3 cm. broad ; pistillate spikes sessile and

erect 123- G- plaPyphylla,

n. Basal leaves narrower, or, if rarely 1 cm. 6road, the spikes
flexuous on capillary peduncles.
Scales acuminate or aristate ; lowest bract slightly if at
all overtopping the inflorescence.
Basal leaves 6-12 mm. broad. . .

Perigvnia 2.8-3.2 mm. long . . . . . 124. C. lax^culmts.

Perigynia 3.3-4 mm. long , . . . {\^A) C. laxiculmis, y . copulata..
Basal leaves 2-5 mm. broad ...... 125. C. digitalis.

Scales blunt; lowest bract greatly overtopping the in- ^ , ,

florescence 126. C. ptychocarpa.

I. Perigjmia obtusely angled, or plump and scarcely if at all angled o.
O. Perigynia strongly ascending, beakless or with broadly
conic oblique" tips ; spikes mostly scattered ; bracts
strongly ascending p.
p. Perigynia fusiform to fusiform-obovoid, tapering sub-
equally to the conic tip and the long gradually con-
tracted base, obtusely trigonous q.
q. Perigynia bearing distinct elevated ribs ; scales smooth T.
r. Perigynia with several ribs on each face s.

S. Staminate spike prominent, usually projecting
above the pistillate ; culms slightly if at all
ancipital t.
t. Pistillate spikes distinct, not closely crowded.

Perigynia plump-obovoid, the short beak ab-
ruptly bent to one side.
Pistillate spikes mostly 1.5-3 cm. long . . 127. C. laxiflora.
Pistillate spikes mostly 0.5-1.3 cm. long

(127) C. laxiflora, v. gractlhma.
Perigynia ellipsoid-fusiform, the elongate beak
slightly oblique.
Perigynia appressed-ascending in an alter-
nate-flowered spike . . . (127) C, laxiflora, v. patulifolia.
Perigynia oblique or divergent, mostly over-
lapping in the densish spike.
Basal leaves 7-12 mm. broad . (127) C. laxiflora, v. Michauxit.
Basal leaves 3-6 mm. wide . . (127) C. laxi/lora, v. styloflexa.

f. Uppermost pistillate spikes approximate at the

base of the staminate . . . . (\21) O. laxiflora, v. vartans.
S. Staminate spike small and nearly or quite hidden
among the pistillate ; culms ancipital.
Basal leaves elongate, linear-lanceolate, 5-14 mm.

broad (127) C. laxiflora, v. blanda.

Basal leaves lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. broad . (127) C. laxiflora, v. latifolia.
i». Perigynia nerveless or with 1-3 nerves on each face

(127) C. laxiflora, v. leptonervia

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

215

128. C. ffitchcockiana.

129. C. oligoearpa.

180. C. katahdinfuU.

182. O. grisea.

I

q. Perigynia closely impressed-nerved ; scales roagh-
avvned.

Sheaths pubescent

Sheaths glabrous *

p. Perigynia oblong-ovoid to obovoid or globose, rounded to
the sessile or abruptly short-stipitate base t*.
U. Closely caespitose, not stoloniferous v.

V. Culms 1-6 cm. high, more than twice exceeded by the

leaves and bracts

V, Culms taller ; bracts proportionately shorter ^|}.
w. Uppermost bract slightly if at all overtopping the

staminate spike ; perigynia impressed-nerved 181. C. conoidea.
W. Uppermost bract much overtopping the staminate
spike (if rarely shorter, the perigynia with
prominent ribs) x.
X. Perigynia impressed-nerved y.
y. Style jointed below the middle.

Leaves thin and soft, slightly if at all glaucous.
Spikes borne principally in the upper axils.
Perigynia oblong.
Perigynia turgid, beakless, scarcely

angled

Perigynia scarcely turgid, trigonous,

narrowed to a beak . . (132) C. grisea, v. rigida
Perigynia subglobose . . . (182) C. grisea, v. globosa.
Spikes borne from the lowest as well as the

upper axils .... (132) C. grisea, v. angusti/olia.
Leaves thick and firm, very glaucous . . 138. C. glaucodea.
y. Style jointless; perigynia golden-brown . . \M. C.flaccosperma.
X. Perigynia with elevated ribs and short point or
beak.
Perigynia plump-ovoid to globose . . . 135. C. granular is.
Perigynia oblong .... (135) C. granularis, v. Ilaleana.
u. Culms solitary, from slender stoloniferous base . . 136. C. Crawei.
tf. Perigynia wide-spreading or squarrose, slender-beaked ;
spikes mostly toward the summit of the culm ; bracts
divergent z.
z. Leaves involute ; perigynia spreading-ascending
z. Leaves flat ; perigynia squarrose aa.
aa. Beak about as long as the body of the perlgynium, often
bent, at least in maturity.
Staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, some-
times pistillate at tip ; pistillate spikes mostly
contiguous.
Fruiting spikes 9-12 mm. thick, short-cylindric or

globose ; beaks spreading in all directions
Fruiting spikes 6.5-8 mm. thick, mostly short-
cyUndric perigynia mostly wide-spreading and

straightish (138) C. flava, v. rectirostra.

Staminate spike usually peduncled ; pistillate mostly
remote, the curved perigynia usually retrorse
eta. Beak distinctly shorter than body of the perigynium,
straight or slightly bent, ascending or horizontally
spreading.
Staminate spike usually peduncled ; pistillate scat-
tered

Staminate spike usually sessile, often more or less

pistillate ; pistillate spikes mostly approximate (189) C. Oederi, v. pumiln.
P. Beak or tip of perigynium sharply Mdentate, the teeth acerose bb.
bh. Perigynia firm and tough, closely investing the achene cc.
cc. Teeth less than 1 mm. long, erect dd.
dd. Perigynia pubescent.

Leaves involute-filiform

Leaves broad and flat.
Scales mostly equaling the densely hairy perigynia .
Scales mostly shorter than the sparsely hairy perigynia
dd. Perigynia glabrous.

Perigynia broadly ovoid

Perigynia narrowly ovoid.
Perigynia more than 5 mm. long, becoming lustrous.
Perigynia less than 5 mm. long, dull and minutely papillose
*, Teeth more than 1 mm. long, divergent or recurved ee.

ee. Scales of staminate spike hairy

ee. Scales of staminate spike glabrous.
Perigynia hairy.
Perigynia ovoid, in slender cylindric spikes . . .

Perigvnia lance-subulate, in short-cylindric or ovoid

spikes (168) C trichocarpa, v. turhinata.

Perigynia glabrous.

. 187. C. exienta.

188. C.Jlava.

(188) C. flava, v. elatior.

189. a Oederi.

. 151. C.filiformis.

152. C. lanuginosa.

158. C. noughtonii.

155. C. striata, v. brevis

159. C. riparia.

160. C. acuti/orniis.

157. C. hiria.

158. C. trichocarpa.

216 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

Perigynla obscurely ribbed (158) C. irichocarpa, v. Detoeyt

Perigynla prominently ribbed.

Sheaths hairy (158) C. irichocarpa, v. arintata

Sheaths glabrous (158) C. irichocarpa, v. imberbis

bh. Perigynia thin and papery, usually more or less inflated ff.

ff. Staminate spike solitary or none or the terminal only partly
staminate (rarely a very short secondary spike at the base
of the other) gg.
gg. Leaves Involute-filiform ; perigynla broadly conic-ovoid, 6-6

mm. long 156. C. oHgosperma.

gg. Leaves flat hh.
M. Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid, truncate or abruptly
rounded above to long subulate beaks ; terminal spike
often mostly pistillate.
Perigynia longer than the scales.
Pistillate scales subulate-tipped or awned . . . 161. O. squarroaa.

Pistillate scales blunt 162. C. typhinoidea,

Perigynia shorter than the rough-awned scales . . . 168. C. Frankii.
hh. Perigynia from subulate to ovoid or globose, if abruptly
beaked the terminal spike staminate ii.
ii. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric or narrower jj.
Qj. Perigynia scarcely inflated, rigid, lance-subulate, slender-
stipitate, with prominent rigid crowded ribs, soon
retrorse.
Teeth of the perigynia nearly parallel .... 164. C. Pseudo-Oyperus.
Teeth of the perigynia strongly divergent . . . 165. C. cotnoaa.
^. Perigynia inflated, if stipitate large and bladder-like kk,.
hk. Mature perigynia less than 12 mm. long II.

II. Pistillate scales mostly with thin serrulate awns ;

perigynia not falcate mm.
mm. Staminate scales with rough awns ; plants
caespitose.
Perigynia slightly inflated, narrowly conic ;

achenes obovoid ....".. 166. C. hyateridna.
Perigynia with bladdery-inflated subglobose
bodies and abrupt beaks ; achenes narrowly
ellipsoid-ovoid.
Pistillate spikes 1.5-2 cm. thick ; perigynia 7-10

mm. long 167. C. lurida.

Pistillate spikes 1-1.3 cm. thick ; perigynia 5-7

mm. long (167) C. lurida, v. gradlia.

mm,. Staminate scales smooth, scarcely if at all awned ;

plant loosely stoloniferous .... 168. C. Schweiniitdi.
U. Pistillate scales smooth, or only the lowest

serrulate nn,
itn. Plant caespitose, forming tussocks ; perigynia
somewhat falcate.
Spikes mostly clustered and sessile at the tip of
the culms ; perigynia retrorse.
Perigynia 8-10 mm! long .... 169. C. reiroraa.

Perigynia 5-6 mm. long . , . (169) C. reiroraa, v. Bobinaonii.
Spikes scattered, mostly long-peduncled.

Perigynia wide-spreading or retrorse . (169) C. reiroraa, v. ffariii.
Perigynia ascending . . . (169) C. reiroraa, v. Macounii.

nn. Plant not caespitose, the culms solitary from slen-
der rootstocks ; perigynia not falcate . . 170. C. Halei.
kk. Mature perigynia more than 12 mm. long.

Achene rhomboid-ovoid, the angles prominently

nipple-tipped 172. O. lupuUformia.

Achene narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, the angles scarcely
nipple-tipped.
Pistillate spikes mostly crowded, sessile or sub-
sessile 173. C. lupulina.

Pistillate spikes mostly ped uncled, the lowermost

remote (173) C. lupulina, v. pedunculata.

ii. Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose oo.
00. Staminate scales prolonged into rough thin awns . 167. C. lurida.

oo. Staminate scales smooth pp.
pp. Teeth of the beak erect or ascending qg.
qq. Mature perigynia green.

Perigynia elongate-rhomboid, cuneate at base.

Perigynia glabrous 174. C. Grayi.

Perigynia hispidulous (174) C. Grayi, v. hispidula.

Perigynia ovoid to narrowly conic, rounded at
. base.

Perigynia ovoid-conic, half as broad as long . 175. C. iniumeacens.
Perigynia lance-conic, one fourth to one third

as broad as long . . . (175) O. iniumtscena, v. FernaldU,

qq,. Mature perigynia straw-colored.

CYPERACEAB (SEDGE FAMILY)

217

176.
177.

178.

C.folUculaUx.
C. Mich axcitiana,
C. Hubuldta.

171. C. gigantea.

18S. C. roHtrata.

Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm. broad

Leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. broad .....
pp. Teeth of the beak strongly refracted , _ . .
ff. Staminate spikes 2 or more rr.
rr. Achene distinctly broader than long, its faces strongly con-
caved

Tf. Achene longer than broad, the faces flat or slightly convex 88.

8S, Culm thick and spongy at base, generally smooth and

bluntly angled above ; leaves prominently nodulose.

Perigynia flask-shaped, rather abruptly contracted to the

beak, 8-6 mm. long.

Stout; spikes cyUndric, 2-10 cm. long ....

Slender ; spikes globose or short-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm.

long (183) C. rostrata, v. ambigtynt.

Perigynia tapering gradually to the beak, 0.5-1 cm.

long (183) C rostrata, v. utriculata.

$6. Culm scarcely spongy at base, sharp-angled above, often
harsh ; leaves slightly if at all nodulose tt.
tt. Beak of the perigynia usually slightly roughened or
serrulate.
Pistillatespikescylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long. 1-1.5 cm. thick 184. C. bullata.
Pistillate spikes globose to thick-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long,

1.5-2 cm. thick (184) C. bullata, v. Greenii.

tt. Beak of perigynia smooth uu.

iiu. Mature perigynia 5-6.5 mm. thick

iiu. Mature perigynia not more than 4 mm, thick vv.
vv. Perigynia ascending, straight; leaves firm, 2-7 mm.
^vide.
Perigynia bladdery inflated.
Perigynia ovoid-conic, tapering gradually to the

beak

Perigynia rounded-ovoid, rather abruptly tapering
to the beak.
Perigynia 6 mm. long.
Spikes cylindric, 2-7 cm. long . . . (182) O. vesicaria, v. monile.
Spikes globose to short-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm.

long (182) C. veHicaria. \. dioienta.

Perigynia 4-5 mm. long .... (182) C. vesicaria, v. jejuna.
Perigynia barely inflated, conic-subulate . (182) C. vesicaHa, v. Raeana.
vt). Perigynia retrorse or wide-spreading, slightly falcate ;

leaves soft and ribbon-like, 0,5-1 cm. wide . . 169. C. retrorsa.

185. O. Thtckermani.

182, C. vefdcaria.

1. C. muskingum^nsis Schwein. Culms 1 m. or less
nigh, very leafy ; leaves subcordate at their junction with
the loose green sheaths, those of the
sterile shoots crowded and almost dis-
tichous ; inflorescence oblong, of 5-12
appressed-ascending pointed spikes ;
perigynia very thin and scale-like,
barely distended over the achenes. —
Meadows, swamps, and wet woods,
O. to Man. and Mo. July, Aug. Fig.
340.

2. C. scopHria Schkuhr. Culms
0.2-1 m. high, mostly slender and
erect ; leaves narrow {at most 3 mm.
wide), shorter than the culm ; inflo-
rescence of 3-9 straw-colored or brownish mostly shining
and ascending approximate ovoid jooin^ed sp^X^es (0,5-1,5
cm. long) ; perigynia b{rarely 4)-6.5 mm.
long. — Low ground or even dry open
soil, rarely in woods, Nfd. to Sask. and
Ore., and southw. May-Aug. Fig. 341.
Tuckerm. Spikes scattered, the lowest remote, — Less common,
Var. coNDENSA Fern aid. Spikes spreading, crov^ded in a globose
or subglobose head, — N. B. to Ont, and Ct. Fig. 342.

3, C. tribuloides Wahlenb. Culms loose, 0.3-1 m, high,
sharply trigonous ; leaves soft and loose, 3-8 mm. broad, iiumer-
842. C. scoparia, ous, the upper often nearly or quite overtopping the cuhn, those
▼. condensa. of the sterile shoots crowded and somewhat distichous; inflo-

scoparia.

840. C. muskingumensis.
Var. MONILIFORMIS

218

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

343. C. tribuloides.

344. C. trib., v. redacts.

rescence compact^ the 8-14 ohovoid ascendina somewhat crowded

gray-green or dull-hrown spikes 7-12

mm. long ; perigynia 3.7-5 mm. long,

their tips appressed. — Swales and rich

open woods, N. B. to Sask., and

southw. June-Sept. Fig. 343. Var.

turbIta Bailey. , Spikes remote. —

Less common.

Var. reducta Bailey. Inflorescence

usually flexuous, at least the lowest

spikes scattered ; pengynia .loith loosely

recurved tips. (Var. moniliformis Brit-
ton, in part.) — Gulf of St. Lawrence

to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y., and la. Fig.

344.

4. C. siccata Dewey. Culms slender,

1-6 dm. high; leaves stiff, 1-3 mm.
wide ; inflorescence of 3-7 approximate or scattered glossy hrown spikes, the
staminate and pistillate flowers variously mixed or in distinct spikes ; perigynia
obviously distended vwer the achene, 2 mm. broad, usually
with distinct serrulate wings. — Dry or sandy soil. Me. to
B. C. and Alaska, s. to Mass., Ct., N. Y.,
O., Mich., and westw. May-July. Fig.
345.

5. C. Crawf6rdii Fernald. Slender,
the culms forming close stools; leaves
narrow (1-2.5 mm. wide), often equaling
or exceeding the culms ; inflorescence dull
hrown, subcylindric or ovoid, often sub-
tended by an elongate filiform bract ;
spikes 3-12, subcylindric or narrowly
ovoid, ascending, 3-7 mm. long, approximate ; the linear-
lanceolate perigynia plump at base, about 1 mm. vnde. v ^«

scoparia, var. minor Boott.) — Open soil,

rarely in woods, Kfd. to B. C, s. to n. Ct., and Mich. June-
Sept. Fig. 346. Var. vigens Fernald. Stouter throughout ;

culms 3-6 dm. high; leaves 2.5-3 mm. broad;

spikes mostly greener and longer, densely

crowded. — Less common. Fig. 347.

6. C. oronensis Fernald. Culms few in
loose stools, tall and erect, 0.5-1 m.. high,
sharply angled and harsh above ; leaves smooth,
2.5-4 mm. broad, much shorter than the culms ;
inflorescence thick-cylindric, erect; spikes 3-9,

ascending, dark brown, rhomboid-ovoid, pointed, 0.5-1 cm. long ;
scales dark, vnth pale scarious margins ; peri-
gynia appressed, about 4 mm. long, 1.3 mm. ^^^^ c. oronensis.
broad, very narrowly winged above. — Dry
fields, thickets, open woods, and gravelly banks, Orono and
Bangor, Me. June-July. Fig. 348.

7. C. pratensis Drejer. Culms smooth and slender, 3-6
dm. high, overtopping the smooth flat (2-3.5 mm. broad)
leaves ; inflorescence slender, flexuous, moniliform ; spikes 3-7,
silvery-brown, mostly remote, pointed, few-flowered, 7-1.7 mm.
long, mo&tXY long-clavate at base ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate,
4.5-6.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. — Open woods, clearings,
and prairies, Lab. to B. C, s. to N. S., n. Me., L. Superior, etc.
dune- Aug. (Greenl.) Fig. 349.

8. C. cristata Schwein. Culms 1 m. or less high, harsh
84&. C. pratensis. above ; leaves soft and flat, 3-7 w-m. broad^ often equaling

345. C. siccata.

S4G. C. Crawfordii,

ir^"

347, C. Crawfordii
V. vigens.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

219

351. C. albolutescen

the culms, sheaths loose ; inflorescence usually dense, cylin-
dric to ellipsoid ; spikes 6-15, globose, closely flowered,
greenish or dull brown, 0.5-1 cm. long ; perigynia 3-4 mm.

long, their tips rosulate-spread-

ing. (G. tribuloides,\iii\ Bailey;

C.cristatella Britton.) — Swales

and wet woods, e. INIass. and Vt.

to Pa., Mo., Sask., and B. C.

June-Aug. Fig. 350.

9. C. albolutescens Schwein.

Culms stout and stijf, 2-8 dm.

high ; leaves erect, long-pointed,

pale green, 2-5 mm. wide, shorter

than the culms ; inflorescence ^''^- ^' "'^^^^

stiff, linear-cylindric to subglobose, with or without

elongated bracts ; spikes 3-30 (sometimes compound),

conic-ovoid to subglobose, 0.6-1 cm. long; perigynia 2-3 mm. broad, rhombic.

ovate to suborbicular, pale, with short

deltoid firm greenish tips. (C. strarninea,

vars. foenea Torr. and cnmulata Bailey.)

— Damp or even dry soil, chiefly on the
coastal plain, N. B. to Fla. and Mex., ^^^ M\
rarely inland ; also L. Huron to Man.
July-Sept. Fig. 351.

10. C. mirabilis Dewey. Culms 0.3-
1.5 m. high, very loose and smooth; leaves
soft and thin, 2.5-6 mm. wide, the sheaths 35.3, c. mirabilis.
rather loose ; sjnkes 4-12, greenish, sub-
globose or ovoid, 5-9 mm. long, mostly approximate; peri-
gynia lance-ovate, 3-4 mm. long, with divergent tips. (0.
strarninea, var. Tuckerm.) — Dry banks, open woods, and rich
copses, Me. to Man., N. C. and Mo. June,
July. Fig. 352. Var. perloxga Fernald.
Spikes remote. — Less common. Fig. 353.

Var. tincta Fernald. Spikes 3-7, ovoid,
approximate, brown-tinged; scales brown
with a pale margin. — N. B. and n. N. E,

— Plant comparatively small.

11. C. strarninea Willd. Culms very
slender, 3-7 dm. high, smooth except at summit ; leaves o^ q strarninea.
0.5-2 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, yellow-brown, or rarely green

ovoid or subglobose, 4-8 mm. long, usually forming a moniliform or linear-
cylindric flexuous inflorescence ; perigynia
rarely 4 mm. long, lance-ovate, the inner
faces 3-5-nerved or nerveless, the ascend-
ing tips inconspicuous. (G. tenera
Dewey.) — Meadows, dry banks, or open
woods, N. B. to B. C, Ky., and Ark.
June-Aug. Fig. 354.

Var. echinbdes Fernald. Tips of the
slightly longer perigynia divergent and
conspicuous. — Vt. (Brainerd); Out. and
Mich, to la. Fig. 355.

12. C. hormathbdes Fernald. Culms
355. C. str., V. echin. g^e^der and flexuous, sharply angled,
smooth except at summit, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves shorter than
or rarely exceeding the culms, very ascending, 1-2.5 mm.
wide ; inflorescence slender, moniliform (or on late culms
congested), of 3-9 broadly ovoid broivni^h spikes (8-12 mm.
lonal, with or without subtending elongated bracts ; perigynia 856. C. hormathodes.

353. C. mir., v. perl.

220

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

357. C. horm
V. invisa.

elongate-ovate, ascending or rarely spreading, distinctly about 10-
nerved on each face; scales laiice-atteiituate or aristate. (C.
straminea, var. aperta Boott ; C. tenera Britton, not Dewey.) —
Fresh or brackish marshes, commonest near the
coast, e. Que. to Del. and la. ; B. C. June-Aug.
Fig. 356. — Lower small-spiked (J)-6 mm. long)
plants have been separated as var. invisa (W.
Boott) Fernald. Fig. 357,

Var. Richii Fernald. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long,
with suhorbicidar bodies abruptly contracted to con-
spicuous loosely ascending or spreading tips. (C.
tenera, var. Fernald.) — Mass. to D, C. Fig. 358.

13. C. Bickn611ii Britton. Culms comparatively TerminalTnike
stout, 4-9 dm. high, smooth except at summit ; leaves ^q^ perigynium.
ascending, rather short and firm, 2-4.5 mm. broad ;
infloresconre of 3-7 silvery-brown or greeyiish ovoid, obovoid or subglobose
approximate or slightly remote spikes (8-14 mm. long) ; perigynia ascending^
with broadly ovate or suborbi-
cidar bodies, the tips becoming
conspicuous, broadly wing-mar-
gined, when mature becoming
almost translucent and about 10-

nerved on each face. (C. stra- ^^^Ji i^f>'^^

minea, var. Crawei Boott.) — Dry ^^^^>^ ffK^M^t
or rocky soil. Me. to Man., N. J., jjM^^P' [({lliffll''H

0., and Ark. — May- July. Fig. i^^-^ VlllMflfii/i

359.

14. C. sillcea Olney. Culms
slender, stiff, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves
erectish, usually glaucous, 2-4.5
mm. wide, often becoming involute;

inflorescence of 3-12 usually remote conic-ovoid and clavate-
based whitish spikes (1-1.5 cm. long) ; peHgynia firm
and opaque, 4-5 mm. long, 2.2-3 mm. broad, short-beaked,
broad-winged, the body distinctly 3-5-nerred on the inner,
Q-\2-nerved on the outer face. (C. foenea, var. subu-
lonum Gray.) — Sands and rocks
near the sea, Gulf of St. Law-
rence to N. J. June-Aug. Fig.
360.

15. C. alata Torr. Culms rather
stout, smooth except at summit,

leaves mostly short and harsh,
2.5-4.5 mm. wide, the sheath green and strongly nerved
nearly or quite to the narrow subchartaceous auricle ;
head oblong or ovoid, of 3-8 compact approximate
conic-ovoid or subcylindric spikes (8-15 mm. long) ;
perigynia appressed-ascending , firm and opaque, broad-
winged, very faintly nerved or tierveless, much broader

than the usually rough-awned scales.

(C. straminea, var. Bailey.) — Marshes

and wet woods, N. H. to Mich, and Fla.

July. Fig. 361.

16. C. suber6cta (Olney) Britton. Similar ; slender ; the

3-5 irregularly clustered spikes finally tawny or ferruginous ;

perigynia ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 2.3-2.8 mm. broad; scales

lance-ovate, mostly awnless. (C. tenera, var. Olney; C. alata^

var. ferruginea Fernald.) — Ont. and 0. to Mich., 111., and la.

Fig. 362.
862. c. suberecta. 17. C festucllcea Schkuhr. Culms stiff, 0.5-1 m. high ;

359. C. Bicknellii.

360. C. silicea.

0.5-1 m. high

361. C. alata.

mostly coastal. June,

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

221

364. C, fest.,
V. brevior.

C. festucacea.

365. C. Bebbii.

leaves stiff, erect, shorter than the culms, 2-4 mm. wide, the
sheath with a thin barely nerved or nerveless pale band
extending down from the membranous auncle ; inflorescence
cylindric, rarely ovoid, of 5-10 distinct or rarely approxi-
mate subglobose or broadly ovoid-conic yellow-brown or green-
brown ascending spikes (7-12 mm. \ong); perigynia broad-
ovate to suborbicular, strongly l-\b-nerved on the outer,
nerveless or faintly nerved on the inner face ; achenes sub-
orbicular. (C. straminea, var. Tuckerm.) — Dry or rocky
sou, Me. to Man. and Pa. June-Aug. Fig. 363.

Var. brevior (Dewey) Fernald. Lower,
rarely more than 0.6 m. high, and more
slender; spikes 3-6, approximate or subap-
proximate. (C straminea, var. Dewey.) —
Commoner, reaching B. C, Ark., etc. May-
July. Fig. 364.

18. C. Bebbii Olney. Culms rather slen-
der, 2-6 dm. high, smooth except at tip ;
leaves mostly shorter, ascending but not stiff,
1.7-4.5 mm. wide ; inflorescence short, com-
pact, ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, 1-2 cm. long, of 3-12 globose or ellipsoid

ascending spikes (5-8 mm. long); perigynia narrowly ovate,
3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, mostly d^ill brown, and
loosely d^dQn^mg, faintly few-nerved or nerveless; scales oblong,
bluntly acuminate. ( G. tribuloides, var. Bailey.)
— Low grounds, Nfd. to w. Mass., N. Y., 111.,
Col., B. C., and north w. June-Aug. Fig. 365,

19. C. fo§nea Willd. Culms slender and
lax, smooth except at tip, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves

soft and loose, pale green or glaucous, mostly shorter, 2-4 mm.
broad ; inflorescence linear-cylindric or moniliform, erect or
flexuous, of 4-9 globose or ovoid clavate-based appressed-
ascending whitish-green or silvery -broivn spikes (6-10 mm.

long) ; perigynia ovate, 3-4
mm. long, 1.8-2.2 mm. broad,
appressed-ascending, finally a
little spreading. — Dry woods
and banks. Me. to B. C. and „^^ _ ,
Md. July. Fig. 366. Var. 366. C. foenea.
PERPLEXA Bailey. Coarser, and often taller ;
inflorescence heavier, mostly nodding, the 6-15
spikes larger (1-1.7 cm. long), the terminal
ones often crowded ; perigynia
3.5-4.4 mm. long. — Com-
moner, Nfd. to Man. and Va. June-Aug. Fig. 367.

20. C. LEPORiNA L. Culms stiff and ascending, 2-8 dm.
high ; leaves mostly short and firm, 1.5-4 mm.
broad ; inflorescence from subglobose to cylindric,
of 3-6 obovoid or ellipsoid approximate or sub-
approximate brown or ferruginous ascending
spikes (0.8-1.4 cm. long); perigynia 3.8^.5 mm.
long, 1.8-2.3 mm. broad, ascending. — Dry hill-
sides, rocky banks, etc., local, Nfd. to Mass. and
N. Y. ; and occasional on ballast southw. June-
Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 368.

21. C. xerdntica Bailey. Culms stiff, sca-
brous above, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves short, mostly near the base,
2-3 mm. broad ; inflorescence linear-cylindric, of 3-6 distinct
ascending ellipsoidal brownish-white spikes (8-13 mm. long) ;
869. Cxeraotica. perigynia appressedj 4-4.8 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. broad, the inner

867. C. foenea, v. perplexa.

368. C. leporina.

222

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

870. C. aenea.

371. C. adusta.

face nerveless or only slightly nerved at the golden-yellow base. — Open prairies,
Man. to Kan., and westw. July. Fig. 369.

22. C. aenea Fernald. Culms smooth and wiry, but
more or less flexuous at tip, 0.25-1.2 m. high; leaves
much shorter, rather soft and flat, 2-4 mm. broad;
inflorescence loosely cylindric or moniliform^ of 3-12
obovoid mostly clavate-based brownish or ferruginous
spikes (0.8-2.5 cm. long, in luxuriant plants often
peduncled or compound) ; peri-
gynia loosely ascending^ dark
green or brown when mature^
4-5 mm. long, 1.9-2.7 mm. broad ;
achene 1.3-1.7 mm. broad. — Open
woods, dry banks, or rarely in low
ground, Lab. to B. C, s. to Ct.,
Mich., etc. May- July. Fig. 370.
23. C. adusta Boott. Culms stiffly erect, smooth,
2-8 dm. high ; leaves usually shorter, 2-5 mm. broad ;
inflorescence erect, dense and stiff, ovoid or cylindric,
often subtended by a stiff promi-
nent bract, of 3-15 simple or com-
pound full and rounded brownish

spikes (6-12 mm. long) ; perigynia 4-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
broad; achene 1.8-2.1 mm. broad. — Dry woods, gravelly
banks, etc., Nfd. to Mt. Desert I., Me., w. to Minn, and far
north w. June-Sept. Fig. 371.

24. C. sychnocephala Carey. Culms smooth, 2-6 dm.
high ; leaves soft, ascending, 2-4 mm. wide ; bracts very
unequal ; spikes 4-10, subcylindric, 8-15
mm. long, forming a dense ovoid or ellipsoid
head ; perigynia lance-subulate, 5 mm. long,
barely 1 mm. wide, firm, slightly nerved
„^„ ^ ^ ^ , or nerveless. — Meadows, ditches, and wet
872. C. sychnocephala. ^^^^^ ^^.^^ j^^ y. and Ont. to la., Sask.,

and B. C. July, Aug. Fig. 372.

25. C. gyn6crates Wormsk. (7mZ??is 0.6-3 dm. high, mos%
exceeding the setaceous leaves; spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, some 373, c. gynocrates,.
staminate and linear, with oblong mostly blunt-tipped scales,
others staminate above, with one or more pistillate flowers below, others thick-
cylindric and strictly pistillate, with 6-12 rather plump subterete but thin-edged
strongly nerved conic-beaked perigynia. (G. Bedowskiana
Bailey, not C. A. Mey.) — Swamps and bogs. Lab. to
Alaska, s. to N. B., Me., N. Y., w. Pa., Mich., and Col.
June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 373.

26. C. exilis Dewey. Culms rigid, usually much exceed-
ing the flliform stiff leaves; spikes mostly solitary, 1-3 cm.
long, staminate, pistillate, or with the flowers variously situ,
ated; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, loith serrulate ihin mar-
gins, strongly convex on the outer,
flattish and few-nerved or nerveless
on the inner face. — Bogs and mead-
ows near the coast, locally from Lab. to N. J. ; rarely
inland to Vt., Ont., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. May-Aug.
Fig. 374.

27. C. stellulata Good. Caespitose ; the culms rather
wiry, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves shorter than or equaling the
culms, 1-2.5 mm. wide ; inflorescence linear-cylindric,
j-3 cm. long, of 2-6 subapproximate or slightly remote

subglobose 'or subcylindric Z-V2-flowered spikes; perigynia finally yeUowish,
narrowly ovate, early ascending, later wide-spreading, faintly nerved or nerveless

37-1. C. exiUs.

375. C. stellulata.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

223

370. C. steU.,
V. onnantha.

on the inner face, 3-4 mm. long., \ or \ exceeding the ovate pointed
brownish scale. (C. echinata, var. microstachys Boeckl. ; C. sterilis
Am. auth., not Willd.) — Open low ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to
Md.,0., Mich., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. ;375.
Var. ormantha Feriiald. Inflorescence 2-0 cm.
long, of 2-4 very remote S-9-flowered spikes, the ter-
minal one with a clavate base 0.5-1 cm. long ; perl-
gynia as in the typical form, mostly twice as long
as the scales. — Less common. Fig. 376.

Var. excelsior (Bailey) Fernald. Tall and slen-
der, 0.3-1 m. high ; inflorescence 3-5.5 cm. long,
spikes 3-9, distinct, only the lowermost remote,
12-20-flowered, at first ellipsoid, with the perigynia
ascending, later subglobose, with strongly reflexed
perigynia i longer than the scales. — Nfd. to Mich,
and N. C. Fig. 377.

Var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald. The coarsest form,
3-7 dm. high ; inflorescence cylindric or slightly moniliform,
3-7.5 cm. long, the 4-8 short-cylindric spikes \b-AS)-flowered ;
perigynia ovate. ((7. echinata, ysly. Bailey.) — Nfd. to Mich.,
B. CandN. C. Fig. 378.

Var. angustata Carey. Extremely slender or almost seta-
ceous, 1-2 dm, high (in shade often higher) ; leaves 0.5-1.5 mm.
wide; inflorescence 0.76-2.6 cm. long, the few 3-15-
yf flowered spikes approximate; the divaricate peri-
|\ gynia lanceolate or lance-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long,
\^ twice exceeding the scales. ( G. echinata, var. Bailey ;
C. sterilis, var. Bailey.) — N. S. co Ct., w. Que.,
111., and Wise. Fig. 379.

28. C. sterilis Willd. Coarse, 1 m. or less tall ;
leaves flat, shorter than or equaling the culms ; in-
florescence 0/3-6 subglobose or thick-cylindric densely
flowered olive-green crowded or distinct spikes ; the thick strongly
many-nerved perigynia broad-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
broad, squarrose or with recurved tips. (C echi-
nata, var. conferta and C. atlantica Bailey.) —
Coastal bogs and pine-barrens, Nfd. to Fla. , rarely
inland to n. Me., Adirondack Mts., N. Y., and
Mt. Sorrow, Pa. June, July. Fig. 380.

29. C. scirpoides Schkuhr. Slender, \.b-b^m.
high; the leaves 1-2.5 mm. loide ; the 2-5 spikes
all fertile, all sterile, or variously mixed, usually subglobose,
4-5 mm. in diameter, the terminal long-clavate at base; peri-
gynia firm, plump, olive-green or -broivn, more or less nerved
or essentially nerveless, broadly deltoid-ovate, obscurely short-
beaked and with slightly thickened margin, 2.3-3.2 mm. long,
1.5-2 mm. broad, finally wide-spreading or recurved,
much exceeding the oblong or ovate blunt scales.
( C. interior Bailey.) — Damp or wet soil, e. Que.
to Hudson Bay, B. C, Fla., and Ariz. May-Aug.
Fig. 381.

Var. capillacea (Bailey) Fernald. Stiff, culms
almost bristle-like ; leaves about 0.5 mm. broad,
often involute ; perigynia strongly nerved. (C. in-
terior, var. Bailey.) — N. H. to N. Y., N. J., and Pa. 351. c. scirpoides.

Var. Josselynii Fernald. Perigynia lance-subu-
late, barely 1 mm. broad, mostly ascending. — By St. John R., Me.
30. C. se6rsa E. C. Howe. Culms soft, in loose stools, 3.5-6.6
dm. high; leaves shorter, soft, pale, 2-4 mm. broad; inflorescence
c. seorsa. 2.5-7 cm. long, of 2-6 mostly remote subglobose or ellipsoid 6-20-

379. C. stell.,
V. angustata.

sterilis.

I

224

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

C. arcta.

884. C. canescecir

885. C. canesc,
V. subloliacea

flowered green spikes (8.5-7 mm. long), the terminal usually with a long-ciavate

base, the lower often subtended by a setiform bract , perigynia elliptic- ovate,

with a narrow suhstipitate base, wide-spreading or recurved, much exceeding

the acutish scales. — Wet woods and swamps, e. Mass. to centr.

N. Y. and Del. May, June. Fig. 382.

31. C. drcta Boott. Pale green or somewhat glaucous ; culm*
very soft, in loose stools, 1.5-6 dm. high, often overtopped by tn«
soft flat leaves (2.5-4 mm. broad) ; inflorescence of
5-18 ovoid or subcylindric spikelets (6-11 mm.
long) ; perigynia cordate-ovate, with a rather definite
beak, strongly nerved on the outer, faintly on the
inner face, 2-3 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, some-
what exceeding the acute often brown-tinged scales.
(C. canescens, var. poly stachy a Boott.) — Wet woods, alluvial
thickets, etc., Me. and Que. to B. C, s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich.,
and Minn. June-Aug. Fig. 383.

32. C. canescens L. Culms soft, in loose stools, 1.5-6 dm.
high ; leaves soft and flat, shorter than or exceeding the culms ;
inflorescence 2.5-5 cm. long, of 4-7 short-cylindric
to narrowly obovoid appressed-ascending approxi-
mate or slightly remote spikes; perigynia ovoid-
oblong, usually serrulate toward the short-pointed tip, 1.3-1.7 mra
broad, more or less nerved on both faces, somewhat exceeding
the ovate pointed scale. — Wet places. Lab. to B. C,
locally s. to Ct., and Mich. May-Aug. (Eurasia.)
Fig. 384.

Var. sublolilicea Laestad. Smaller ; the spikes
short-oblong or subglobose ; perigynia smaller, barely
2 mm. long, smooth throughout. — Similar range.
(Eu.) Fig. 385.
Var. disjiincta Fernald. Tall and lax, 3-8 dm. high ; inflo-
rescence elongated, flexiious, 0.5-1.5 dm. long; spikes 5-8, ellip-
soid to cylindric, all but the terminal remote ;
perigynia as in the species. — Nfd. to Wise, ().,
and Pa., common. Fig. 386.

33. C. bninnescens Poir. Very slender and

lax ; culms 1.5-7 dm. high ; leaves soft, flat ;

, inflorescence 1-6 cm. long, of 3-6 more or less

^ / JL remote or approximate subglobose or ellipsoid

W^ m spikes (3-7 mm. long); perigynia 2-2.7 mm.

long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, serrulate at the base "^
of the distinct beak, loosely spreading ichen I

mature. {C. canescens, vars. alpicola Wah- •

lenb. and vulgaris Bailey.) — Open woods and 886. c. canesc.
dry rocky banks, Nfd. to B.C., s. to N. C, Mich., Wise, etc. v. disjuncia.
June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 387.

34. C. bromoides Schkulir. Very slender and
lax, green, scarcely glaucous ; the culms 3-8 dm.
long, mostly exceeding the soft flat leaves ;
inflorescence loosely subcylindric, 2-5.5 cm.
long, of 2-6 approximate or slightly scattered
spikes (0.5-2. cm. long); beak of the perigynium
i-| as long as the strongly nerved body, slightly
exceeding the oblong pointed scale. — Rich low
woods and swamps, N. S. to Ont., and south w.
May-July. Fig. 388.

35. C. Deweyana Schwein. Very lax, glau-
cous ; the culms 2-12 dm. long, much exceeding
the soft flat leaves ; inflorescence flexuous, 2-6
c. biomoides. cm. long ; the 2-7 9piJce», ^l^Jloiaered (5-12 889. C. Deweyana

\

^

887. C. brunnescens.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

225

mm. long), the upper subapproximate or scattered, the lowest very remote
usually subtended by an elongate slender bract ; beak about ^ as long as the
body of the perigynium, somewhat exceeding the ovate acumi-
nate or short-cuspidate pale scale. — Rich open woods and banks,
Que. to B. C, s. to Pa,, Mich., Wise, N. Mex., etc. May-Aug'
Fig. :^89.

36. C. tenuiflbra Wahlenb. Lax, the culms 2-6 dm. long,
mostly exceeding the very narrow (0.7-2 mm. broad) pale green
leaves ; spikes 3-10-flowered ; peri-
gynia 1.5-1.7 mm. broad, with the
\ / bluntish tips smooth or rarely with 390. c. temiiiiora.

1 or 2 teeth, about equaled by the
ovate or ovate-oblong white scale. — Bogs and wet
mossy woods, local, Hudson Bay to Man., s. to N. B.,
Me., Mass., N. Y., Mich., Wise, and Minn. June,
July. (Eu.) — Apparently hybridizes with C. tri-
sperm,a in n. Me. Fig. 390.

37. C. trisplrma Dewey. Culms almost filiform,
2-7 dm. long, usually much overtopping the soft
narrow (1-2 mm. wide) leaves; the 2 or 3 spikes
2-b-Jlowered ; the finely maiiy-nerved beaked peri-
gynia 3.3-3.8 mm. long, 1.6-1.8 mm.
391. 0. trisperma. broad, slightly exceeding the ovate-

oblong pale obtuse to mucronate-
acumiuate scales. — Mossy woods and bogs, Nfd. to Sask., s. to
Md., the Great Lakes, and Neb. June-Aug. Fig. 391.

Var. Billingsii Knight. Leaves nearly setaceous, O.S^.^ mm.
wide; the 1 or 2 spikes 1- or 2-flowered ; perigynium 2.5-3.3
mm. long. — Boggy spots, local, N. S. and Me. to N. J.

38. C. norvegica Willd. Glaucous and freely stoloniferous ;
culms smooth and soft, 1-4.5 dm. high, mostly overtopping the
soft flat rather narrow (1-2.5 mm. broad) leaves ; inflorescence
1.5-5.5 cm. long, of 2-6 ovoid or thick-cylindric spikes, the
lower 5-12 mm. long; perigynia faintly nerved, 2.5-3.3 mm.
long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, conic-rostrate, usually abruptly contracted
to a substipitate base. — Damp, usually brackish soil, locally on the coast from
Me. northw. June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 392.

X C. HELVOLA Blytt is a hybrid of this with no. 32, occurring in N. B. and
n. Eu.

39. C. glarebsa Wahlenb. Culms acutely angled, mostly curved, scabrous at
tip, 1-3 dm. high, once and a half or twice exceeding \X\e flaccid narrow blue-green
leaves; inflorescence narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid, 0.7-2 cm.

long, with 2-4 appressed-ascending obovoid spikes, the lower 4-9
mm. long, the terminal larger, 6-11 mm. long; perigynia fusi-
form, with narrow smooth beak, striate-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long,
barely 1 mm. broad, exceeding \hQ ferruginous or purplish white-
edged ovate acutish or obtuse scales. — Shores of the lower St.
Lawrence, Que., and northw., local. June-Aug. (Eu.)

Var. amphigena Fernald. Perigynia broadly
ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, 1.3-1.9 mm. long,
abruptly beaked. — Commoner, Arctic coast to
Que. and N. B. (Eurasia.) Fig. 303.

■40. C. tenllla Schkuhr. Exceedingly slender, 1-6 dm. high, in
loose tufts; leaves flat, soft, and we.ik, mostly shorter tlian the
culm ; spikes 1-^^-flotvered, or the terminal 4-6-flowered, scattered
on the upper part of the culm, the bracts obsolete or the lowest
present and very short ; perigynium very plump, finely nerved, the
minute beak entire, longer than the white scale, usually at length
splitting and exposing the dark achene. — Cold swamps and wet woods, Nfd. to
B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Col., etc. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fio. 394.

gray's manual — 16

norvegica.

93. C. glareosa,
V. amphigena.

. C. tenella.

226

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

395. C. rosea.

C. retroflexa

41. C. rbsea Schkuhr. Always slender and weak, erect, 2-7 dm. high,
culms exceeding the narrow (1.5-3 mm. broad) leaves ; spikes 3-8, Q-lb-Jlvwered,
the uppermost aggregated, the. others O.o-'2.!S cm. cqjart, the lowest
usually with a setaceous bract; perigynium lance-ovoid, plano-
convex, shining, nerveless, rough on the edges above, with a flat
bidentate beak, perfectly squarrose, very green, 2.5-4 mm. long,
about twice longer than the translucent white scale. — Open dry
woods, N. S. to Man., and southw. May-July. Fig. 395.

A^ar. radiata Dewey. Much more slender, the loose culms
sometimes almost capillary; spikes 2-6, scattered,
2-i-flowered ; perigynium mostly narrower. — Rich
woods, e. Que. to Ont., and southw.; commonest
in the Alleghenies.

Var. minor Boott. Erect, very slender ; spikes
3-10-flowered ; perigynia ascending. — Local, s.
Me. to Mich.

42. C. retroflexa Muhl. Similar; stiff, 1-6 dm.
high ;' spikes 8-8, mostly aggregated, the lower 1 or 2 slightly
separated and commonly subtended by a conspicuous bract, often
brownish; perigynium ovoid, smooth throughout, very promi-
nently corky and swollen at the base, at maturity widely spread-
ing ; scales brownish and sharp, at length deciduous. (C. rosea,
var. Torr.)— Dry open woods, Mass. to Ont. and Tex. May,
June. Fig, 396.

Var. tex6nsis (Torr.) Fern aid. Spikes 3-5 ; perigynium lance-
ovoid or lance-subulate. (C. rosea, var. Torr. • C. texensis
Bailey.) — Ky. to Mo., and southw.

43. C. MURiclTA L. Culm 1.5-8 dm. high, rough, longer than
the narrow leaves ; spikes 5-10, variously disposed, but usually
some of them scattered, frequently all aggre-
gated, rarely tawny; perigynium heavy, ovate,
897. C.muricata. 4-6 mm. long, shining, nerveless, the long beak
minutely rough, spreading, a little longer than
the sharp green or brownish scale. — Dry fields, local, s. Me.
to Va. and O. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 397.

44. C. Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. Plant very stiff through-
out, pale, growing in small tufts, 2.5-8 dm. high ; culms much
prolonged beyond the few narrow (2.5-4 mm. broad) and at
length"^ plicate or involute leaves; head 1.5-4 cm. long, the 89S. C. Muhlenbergii
individual spikes clearly defined; spikes globular, 3-10 ; peri- , ,, ,

gynium nearly circular, very strongly nerved on both taces,
broader than the rough-cusned scale and about as long. —
Open sterile soils ; s. Me. to Ont. , and southw. June, July.
* Fig. 398. Var. enervis Boott. Perigynium nearly or entirely
nerveless. (Var. xalapensis Britton.) —Mass. to Keb., and
southw.

45. C. cephal6phora Muhl. Strict but soft,
,„„ ^ t, 1 V 2-7 dm. hi2:h : leaves 2-4.5 mm. wide; head

899. C. cephalophora. 'JJ^^/_{^ ;,„,. j^^g^ ^^.^ular or very short-

cylindric, never intermixed, the lower 1 or 2 spikes usually bearmg
a very setaceous short bract; perigynium elliptic-ovate, about
2 mni. long, slightly longer than the acute or rough-cusped
scale. —Dry woods and knolls. Me. to Ont., and southw. May-
July. Fig. 399. ,. , •, .

46. C. Leavenw6rthii Dewey. In habit resembling the last,

usually more lax, 1-5 dm. high ; leaves 1-3 mm. wide ; head 0.7-1.5 cm. long ;
perigynia cordate-deltoid, exceeding the acutish rarely cuspidate scale. (C.
cepha'lophora, var. angustifolia Boott.) — Damp woods and banks, Ont. to K} ,
Fla., and Tex. May, June. Fig. 400. , . , , , ^

47. C. sparganioides MuhL Culm 4-10 dm. high; leaves very broad

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

2'Zl

cephaloidea.

401. C. sparganioides.

achene obovate.

(5-9 mm.) and flat, their sheaths conspicuously clothing the
base of the culm; spikes 6-12, the 2 or o upper ones con-
tiguous, the remainder entirely separate, very green, shorl
cylindric, the lowest often compound, all truncate at top:
perigynium ovate, 3-4 mm. long, rough on the short beak,
often obscurely nerved on the outer face, considerably longer
than the whiiish sharp-pointed scale. — Rich woods, N. H. to
Ont., Mo., and Va. June, July. Fig. 401.

48. C. cephaloidea Dewey. Lax, very green, 3-0 dm.
high; leaves broad (5-8 mm.) and thin,
shorter than the long soft culm ; head 1.8-3.8
cm. long, leather dense ; perigynium narrowly
ovate, 3. .^-4.5 mm. long, pale green, nerve-
less, with long rough beak, spreading. —
Rich woods and thickets, local, N. B. to
Pa., Wise, and Ont. May-July. Fig. 402.

49. C. alopecoidea Tuckerm. Stout but
rather soft, 4-U dm. high ; cidm rather sharp,
thick and soft in texture ; leaves 4-8 mm.
wide, about the length of the culm, very

green ; head 2-6 cm. long, straw-color or tawny, occasionally a little compound,
the spikes many and compactly or somewhat loosely disposed or the lowest
often separate and all mostly short-cylindric ; perigynium 3-4
mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, tapering into a rough beak, very
prominently stipitate, with a few brawn nerves on the outer
face, ascending, about equaling or a little exceeding the scale ;
1 mm. broad, style not thickened at base. —
Open swales and low thickets. Me. to Ont.
and 111. ; local. June, July. Fig. 403.

50. C. gravida Bailey. Low, the culm
thin and sharply angled. 2-5 dm. high; leaves
rather tirm, shorter than the culm ; head 2-4
cm. long, greenish to pale brown, short-cylindric, the lowest
spikes rarely distinct; spikes globular ; perigyninm 3-4.5 mm.
long, 2-3 7nm. broad, sessile, plump and somewhat polished at
maturity, prominently spreading ; achene sub-
orbicular, 1.5-2 mw. broad, style bulbous-
thickened at base. — Ind. and Wise, to Neb.,
and southw. Fig. 404. Var. laxif6lia
Bailey. Much larger, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves
broader and lax ; head large and dense,

ovoid or thick-cylindric, scarcely interrupted. — Ky. to S. Dak.
and Mo.

51. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Mostly rather
stiff, 0.3-1 m. high ; culm very rough, at least
above; leaves 2-5 mm. broad, mostly flat and
longer than the culm; head 2-15 cm. long,
usually much interrupted or dense or somewhat
compound, varying from dull brown to almost
greon at maturity, commonly provided with
many very setaceous short bracts ; spikes very
numerous, ascending and densely flowered ; peri-
gynium ovate or lance-ovate, mostly ascending,
1.7-3 cm. long ; scales mostly long-awned. — Low places, variable.
June-Aug. Fig. 405.

52. C. setacea Dewey. Resembling the last ; culms stiff,
0.4-1 m. high, much exceeding the rather broad (2-7 mm.) stiffish
leaves; head usually simple, 3.5-9 cm. long, of approximate or
remote spikes; perigynia lanceolate to lance-ovate, tapering
gradually to the serrulate beak, usually dull brown or drab in

alopecoidea.

40-1. C. gravida.

405. C. vulpinoidt

40€. C. setacea.

228

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^

407. C. set.,
T. ambigua.

C. decoiiiposita.

diandra.

maturity ; scales short-awned. — Vt. to Ont. and Ky. ; June- Aug,
Fig. 40(3.

Var. ambigua (Barratt) Fernald. Ferigynia broad-ovate to
orbicular, abruptly short-beaked, often golden-brown. (C vul-
pinoidea, var. ambigua Barratt ; C. xanthocarpa
Bicknell.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to la., and southw.
Fig. 407.

53. C. decomp6sita Muhl. Stout, exceed-
ingly deep green, 0.5-1 m. high, in stools ; culm
very obtusely angled, almost terete below ; leaves
firm, channeled below, 5-8 mm. wide, longer
than the culm; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, the
lower branches ascending and 1.5-3.5 cm. long ;
perigynium very small, few-nerved, hard and
at maturity shining, the abrupt short beak entire
or very nearly so ; scale acute, about the length of the peri-
gynium.— Swamps, N. Y. to Mich., and southw.; local.
July, Aug. Fig. 408.

54. C. dUndra Schrank. Slender but
mostly erect, 3-8 dm. high, in loose stools ;
culm rather obtuse, rough at the top, mostly
longer than the narrow (1-3 mm. broad)
plicate leaves; head 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-1
cm. thick ; perigynium very small, truncate
below, bearing a few inconspicuous short nerves on the outei
side, stipitate, firm and at maturity blackish and shining, thf>
short beak lighter colored ; scale the length of
the perigynium. (C. teretiascula Good.) —
Bogs and wet meadows, e. Que. to the Yukon,
s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Neb., etc. May-July. (Eu.) Fig. 409.

Var. ram5sa (Boott) Fernald. Tall (0.5-1.2 ni.) ; head 3-8 cm.
long, the upper portion often nodding, the usually pale spikes
scattered and the lowest often slightly compound ;
perigynia brown. ( C. teretiuscula, var. prairea
Britton.) — Bogs, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Ct., Pa.,
O., lU., Minn., \nd Utah. Fig. 410.

55. C. conjuncta Boott. Strict but rather
weak, 0.5-1 m. high ; culm soft and sharply
triangular or nearly wing-angled, becoming
ribbon-like when pressed ; leaves soft, 5-10 mm.
broad ; head 3.5-7.5 cm. long, interrupted, pale
green, infrequently bearing a few setaceous
bracts ; perigynium lance-ovate, light-colored,
thickened below, the beak lightly notched and roughish, almost
equaling or a little exceeding the cuspidate scale.
— Swales and glades. Pa. to Ky., 111., la., and

411. C. conjuncta. Minn. ; local. June. Fig. 411.

56. C. stipata Muhl. Stout, 0.2-1 m. high,
in clumps ; culm rather soft, very sharp ; leaves flat and soft,
4-15 mm. wide ; head 2-10 cm. long, often somewhat compound
at base, interrupted, the lowest spikes 0.7-2 cm. long; peri-
gynium lanceolate, brown-nerved, the beak toothed and rough-
ish, about twice the length of the body, and much longer than
the scale. — Swales, common and variable. May-Aug. Fig.
412.

57. C. crus-c6rvi Shuttlw. Stout, glaucous, 0.5-1 m. high ;
culm rough, at least above ; leaves flat and very wide (6-12 mm.); ^^2. C. stipata.
head much branched and compound, ^.5-23 cm. long ; perigynium
long -lanceolate, the short base very thick and disk-like, the roughish and
very slender beak thrice the length of the body or more, 3-4 times the lengtb

410. C. diandra,
V. ramosa.

whitish and

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY}

229

of the inconspicuous scale. — Swamps and bottoms,
Ind. to Minn., Neb., and south w. ; rare north w. June,

July.

68.

high ;

418. C. orus-corvl.

414. C. arenaria.

Fig. 418.

C. AKENARiA L. Exteusivehj creeping, 0.7-5 dm.
leaves very narrow and very long -pointed, shorter
than the culm; head dense or some-
times interrupted, ovoid or cylindric ;
spikes few to many, those at the apex
of the head usually staminate, the
intermediate ones staminate at the
summit, the lowest entirely pistillate
and subtended by a bract 1-3 cm.

long ; perigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, wing-
margined above, sharply long-toothed, about the lenj^^th of
the brown subulate-acuminate scale. — Sea-beaches near Nor-
folk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 414.

59. C. Sartw§llii Dewey. Culms stiff and strict, 0.3-1.2
m. high, from an elongate dark rootstock ; leaves (2-5 mm,
wide) produced into a long slender point, mostly shorter than
the culm ; staminate flowers variously disposed, frequently whole
spikes being sterile ; head 2.5-7 cm. long and rather narrow,
the individual spikes usually clearly defined, or occasionally the
head interrupted below, tawny-brown; perigynium 3-5 mm.
long, elliptic or lance-elliptic, nerved on both sides, very gradu-
ally contracted into a short beak ; scale blunt, smooth, hyaline-
edged, about the length of the perigynium. — Bogs, centr. N. Y.
to B. C, s. to O., 111., la., S. Dak., etc. June,
July. Fig. 415.

60. C. stenophylla Wahlenb. Stiff, tufted,
0.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves pale, involute and
shorter than the culm ; perigynium ovate,
416. c. stenophylla. gradually contracted into a short and entire 415. c. SartwrfKi.

rough-edged beak, tightly inclosmg the achene,
at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish scale. — Dry grounds, n. la. to
the Rocky Mts., and north w. June, July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 416.

61. C. chordorrhiza L.f. Very extensively stoloniferous ;
culms mostly lateral and solitary, 1-4.5 dm. long; leaves
involute, shorter than the culm ; perigynium compressed-ovoid
to sub-globose, short-pointed and entire,
about the length of the acute scale. —
Cold bogs and soft lake-borders, Que. to
B. C, s. to Me., Vt., Pa., 111., la., etc.;
infrequent. May-July. (Eurasia.) Fig. ,,, ^ ^ , ,

A^^ J .1 \ / ^Y^^ q chordorrhiza.

62. C. capitata L. Bigid, 0.7-5 dm. high ; leaves fili-
form, shorter than the culm ; head uniformly staminate
above, brown, very small, 0.5-1 cm. long ;
perigynium broadly ovate, very thin, whitish,
prominently beaked, nerveless or nearly so,
erect and appressed, longer than the very
thin and obtuse scale. — Alpine region of
Mt. Washington, N. H. June-Aug. (Eu.) 4is. c. cai-iiata.
Fig. 418.

63. C. marltima O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout ; ailm
sharp, smooth or rough above, 2-7 dm. high, usually over-
topped by the leafy tufts and the broad bracts ; leaves
smooth and flat, strongly ribbed, 3.5-10 mm. broad ; pis-
tillate spikes 2-6, scattered, 2-8 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. thick,
often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes 2-4, unequal,

maritima. the terminal 2-6 cm. long ; perigynium nearly orbicular,

Of

I

230 CYPERACEAE (;SEDGE FAMILY Jf

pale, few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire, or nearly so ; scale
whitish or brown, produced into a pale rough awn 3-8 times as long as the peri-
gynium. — Brackish or saline shores, Lab. to Mass. June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 419.

64. C. saliua Wahlenb., var. cuspidata AVahlenb. Kather stout, 3-9 dm.
high ; culm rather sharp, smooth ; leaves narrow (2-5 mm. wide) but flat ; pistillate
spikes 2-4, somewhat approximate, erect, 2-7 cm. long and rather thick, the
lower subtended by leaf-like bracts ; staminate spikes 1-3 ; perigynium elliptic,
somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves, or nerveless, the minute beak
entire ; scale brown-margined, mostly produced into a lighter and rough awn
much exceeding the perigynium. — Salt marshes, Lab. to Mass. — Apparently
hybridizes \Yith C. stricta. July, Aug. (Eu.)

05. C. crinita Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 0.3-1.6 m. high ; culm sharp and
rough or sometimes smooth ; leaves 4-10 mm. broad, flat, more or less rough
on the nerves and margins, the lower short and at the base of the culm re-
duced to smooth fibrillose sheaths; pistillate spilces 3-6, somewhat scattered, all
variously peduncled, mostly secund, 3.5-10 cm. long, narrowly and evenly cylin-
dric, often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes usually 2, rarely pistillate at tip ;
perigynia suborbicular to ovate, 2-3 mm. long, thin and inflated, becoming
wrinkled in drying, nerveless, puncticulate or granular, with a minute entire
beak; scales greenish-brotvn and rough-awned, 2-3 times as long as the peri-
gynia.— Swales and damp thickets, generally common. — Hybridizes with C. torta
and G. scabrata. June-Aug.

Var. minor Boott. Much smaller in all parts ; 4-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-5 mm.
wide; spikes 1-3.5 cm. long, ascending; perigynia 2 mm. long; scales less
prominent. — Me. to N. Y., scarce.

Var. Porteri (Olney) Fernald. Like small G. crinita, but spikes very n\e,n-
der ; perigynia compact, not inflated, oblong-lanceolate, distinctly beaked ; scales
lance-attenuate. (C gynandra, var. Porteri Britton.) — Moosehead Lake, Me.
(^Porter).

Var. gyndndra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Harsher; leaves broad (4-12
mm.), the sheaths hispididous ; culms tall; staminate spikes 1 or 2, generally
pistillate above; pistillate spikes soft, loosely flowered, drooping, 2.5-10 cm.
long; perigynia ascending, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, subin-
■^ated. (C. gynandra Schwein.) — Nfd. to Wise, and in the mts. to Ga.

Var. simulans Fernald. Harsh as invar, gynandra; low ; leaves 4-6 mm. broad ;
spikes suberect, the terminal androgynous, 1-3.5 cm. long, scarcely drooping;
perigynia 3 mm. long. — Nfd. to Vt. and Mass., chiefly in the mts.

66. C. aquatilis Wahlenb. Glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ; culm very obtuse and
smooth; leaves exceedingly long, 4-7 mm. broad, the bracts broad and pro-
longed far beyond the culm ; pistillate spikes 3-5, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, very com-
pact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect ; perigynia round-ovate or
'broadly elliptic, nerveless, greenish, imbricated ; scales dark, shorter than or
equaling the perigynia. — Swamps and lake margins. Que. to B. C, s. to the
Potomac R., w. N. Y., Ind., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

Var. elatior Bab. Bobust, 0.9-1.5 m. high ; leaves 5-8 mm. broad; pistillate
spikes stout and heavy, 3.5-8 cm. long. — Me. to Man., s. to N. Y., O., and Mich.

Var. cuspidata Laestad. Spikes slender, 3-4 mm. thick ; scales cuspidate,
exceeding the perigynia. — Local, Que. to N. J.

Var. virescens Anders. Scales pale and short, hidden by the crowded peri-
gynia.— Local, Vt. to Ont. and Mich.

67. C. rigida Good. Somewhat s^o7on(f??'o?fs, low (0.5-4.5 dm. high); leaves
shorter than the mostly smooth culms, rather crowded at base, smooth, dark
green, firm, broad (3-7 mm.), becoming revolute in drying ; pistillate spikes
1-5, subglobose to short-cytindric, dense, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, the
lowest bractless or leafy-bracted ; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2), sometimes pistil-
late at base ; perigynia elliptic, greenish or purplish ; scalps elliptic, brown to
purple-black. — Arctic regions, south to mts. of Que., Rocky Mts., etc. July,
Aug. (Eura.sia.) — Passing to the formal Var. Bigel6wii (Torr.) Tuckerm.,
with pistillate spikes elongate (1.5-4 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. thick), th^- lowef
attenuate at base. — Extending s. to mts. of n. N. E. and N. Y. (Eu.)

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

231

420. C. torta.

68. C. t6rta Boott. Slender but erect, 2-9 dm. high, in clumps, with exceed-
ingly tough and cord-like roots; cuhn rather sharp, smooth or roughish above*
leaves flat and ratht-r soft, those of tlie cuhi:: very short (2-5 mm. *

wide); pistillate spikes 2-6 (rarely compound), mostly somewhat
approximate or the lower remote, the upper sessile and ascending,
but the others often spreading or drooping, long and slender (1.5-9
cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick) : staminate spike 1 (rarely 2)-peduncled,
1.5-4 cm. long, occasionally with some pistillate flowers ; peri-
gynium lance-ovate^ green, the slim uppsr half empty and more or
less tortuous, the beak entire or erose ; scale
purple-margined and very obtuse, shorter than
the perigynium. — By streams, rarely in swamps,
e. Que. to Minn., s. to N. C. and Mo. May-July.
Fig. 420.

69. C. lenticularis Michx. Rather slender
but erect, pale throughout, 1-6 dm. high ; culm
sharp, usually slightly rough above ; leaves very
narroio (1-3 mm. wide), numerous, much sur-
passing the culm ; spikes 3-8, more or less aggre-
gated or the lowest remote, the terminal andro-
gynous or staminate, mostly sessile, erect, 1-4.5
cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick ; perigynia ovate,
minutely granular, brovm-nerved, the tip empty
and entire ; scales obtuse, about ^ the length of
the perigynia. — Gravelly or sandy shores, Lab.
to the Mackenzie, s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich.,
Minn., etc. Jtme-Sept. Fig. 421.

70. C. Goodenbwii J. Gay. Loose or slightly caespitose,
0.5-9 dm. high; culm sharp, smooth or rather rough above;
leaves narrow (1-3 mm. wide) and stiff, shorter than the culm,
glaucous-blue, the margins involute in drying ; pistillate spikes
1-4, all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, short

421. C. lenticularis. and erect (0.8-4.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick), very densely
flowered or sometimes becoming loose below, the lowest usually
subtended by a bract 2-10 cm. long; perigynia appressed, oval or round-ovate,
mostly jine-striate toward the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright
green becoming tawny ; scale ovate and very obtuse, conspicuously narrower and
shorter than the perigynia. ( C. vidgaris Fries. ) — Across the continent northw. ,
extending s. in swales and open places, chiefly along the seaboard, to Mass. and
e. Pa, May-Sept. (Eurasia.)

71. C. striata Lam. Tail and slender but erect, 0.5-1.3 m. high, generally
in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts ; culm sharp, rough above ;
leaves long and narrow (2-4 mm. wide), rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths
usually becoming prominently fibrillose ; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and equaling
the culm ; pistillate spikes 2-6, scattered, the lowest often more or less pedun-
cled and clavate and the others sessile, erect or ascending, oblong or cylindric,
2-7 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, compactly flowered above but often attenuate at
base, the upper often staminate at top, all greenish-purple or pallid ; perigynia
becoming tawny, mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak
very short and commonly entire ; scale brown, with a pale middle, nearly or
quite equaling the perigynia. — Swales, throughout; abundant and variable.
May-Aug. — Hybridizes with C. filiformis and C. salina, var. cuspidata.

Var. curtissima Peck. Scales of the venj short (0.5-1.5 cm. long) pistillate
spikes nmch shorter than the perigynia. — N. B. to Ct. and N. Y., rare.

Var. angustata (Boott) Bailey. Spikes\onger and narrower (.3-11 cm. long.
2-4 mm. thick), more approximate and mostly attenuate at base, usually with
long staminate tips ; scales narrower, mostly longer than the perigynia. (In
eluding var. xerocarpa Britton.) — Same range as the type, but less common.

Var. dec5ra Bailey. Usually smaller; basal sheaths less fibrillose; spikes
1-4 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, sessile or very nearly so, rarely attenuate at base,

282

CYPERACEAE (^SEDGE FAMILY^

423.

bicolor.

slightly if at all staminate at tip ; scales very sharp and spreading, longer than
the perigynia. (C. Haydeni Dewey.) — Me. to Ky., Ont., and la.

72. C. aiirea Nutt. Low and slender, 0.5-5 dm. high; leaves pale green,

narrow (1-3 mm. wide); 2 or 3 of the bracts exceeding the culm ; spikes 3-5,

all but the lowest usually approximate, peduncled or the upper one

or two sessile, erect, loosely few-flowered or sometimes becoming

2 cm. long, at maturity yellow or brown, the terminal one fre^

quently pistillate above ; perigynium fleshy at maturity, plump,

nerved, about 2 mm. long, rounded or slightly depressed at tip,

longer than the blunt white or pale-brown scale. —

Wet meadows and springy banks, Nfd. to B. C,

s. to n. Ct., centr. N. Y., n.w. Pa., Ind., Wise, etc.,

mostly in calcareous regions. June-July. Fig. 422.

/"^^ 73. C. bicolor All. Similar ; spikes mostly

%^M gLf crowded, only the lowermost subtended by an

l|r I elongated bract, the others short-bracted or bract-

, less, the terminal mostly pistillate ; mature peri-

<^ . aurea. gyj^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ flmi, ichite, pulverulent, tapering to

the short tip ; scales dark brown or purplish. — Wet ledges and

gravelly shores, Lab. to n. Me. ; n. shore L. Superior. June-Aug. (Greenl.,

Eu.) Fig. 423.

74. C. pauciflbra Lightf. Very slender but erect, stiff,
0.5-6 dm. high ; leaves very narrow, usually much shorter
than the culm ; staminate and pistillate flowers 2-5 ; peri-
gynia straw-color, subulate, several times longer
than the inconspicuous scales, at maturity
deflexed and easily detached. — Cold bogs, Nfd.
to Alaska, locally s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Minn.,
etc. June, July, (Eu.) Fig. 424.

75. C. leptalea Wahlenb. Capillary, erect
424. C. pauciflora. ^r slightly diffuse, 0.5-5 dm. high ; leaves mostly 425. C. leptalea

shorter than the culm ; spike 0.4-1.6 cm. long,
staminate portion small, the subalternate thin green nervose oblong or narrowly
ellipsoid blunt perigynia about twice longer than the brownish mostly obtuse
caducous scales. (C. polytrichoides Muhl.) — Bogs and wet
meadows, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Pa., the Great Lakes, Mj., Col.,
and Ore. ; and in the mts. to N. C. June-Aug. Fig. 425.

76. C. Harpdri Fernald. Similar, 2.5-7 dm.
high ; the more crowded spike with strongly
overlapping linear-oblong perigynia diudi whitish
acuminate scales. — Bogs and swampy woods.
Pa. to Fla. and Tex. May-July. Fig. 426.
^6. C. Harperl. 77. C. Fiaseil Andrews. Caespitose ; culm
2-5 dm. high, naked or the lower portion in-
cluded in loosely sheathing leaves, smooth and stiff ; leaves
broad, destitute of midrib, closely many-ribbed, very thick and
persistent, pale, 1.5-6 dm. long; spike solitary, the pistillate
portion globular, the longer staminate tip oblong ; perigynia
straw-colored, papery, ovoid, faintly nerved,
much longer than the whitish scales. — Rich
mountain woods, Va., W. Va., and south w. ;
local. May-July. Fig. 427.

78. C. Halleri Gunn. Small and slender, 1-6 dm. high ; culm
thin and obtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above ; leaves narrow
and flat, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-4, aggregated, 4-8 mm.
long, sessile or rarely the lowest short-stalked ; perigynia orbicu-
lar to elliptic, nerveless or nearly so, the short beak slightly
notched, a little longer than the ovate purple-brown obtuse scales.
(C. alpina Sw.) — Cold wet rocks, e. Que., L. Superior region,
Rocky Mts., and far north w. July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 42$.

♦'

427. C. Fraseri x %

Inflorescence and

leaf-tip.

HaUeri.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

23a

79. C atrMa L., var. ovata (Rudge) Boott. Very slender but erect, 2-9
dm. high ; culm rather sharp, roughish above ; leaves narrow but flat, shorter
than the cuhn ; spikes 3-6, all but the terminal one on
slender stalks, drooping when mature, 1-2.5 cm. long, ellip-
soid or short cylindric, reddish-brown to purplish-black;
perigynia broadly ovate, thin and puncticulate, very short-
beaked, ihe orifice slightly notched ; scales blunt, thin-
margined, about as long as the perigynia.
( C. atratiforinis Britton. ) — By streams
and in cold ravines, Nfd. to Athabasca,
locally s. to the mts. of n. N. E. June-
Aug. Fig. 429.

80. C. polygama Schkuhr. Rather
slender but stiff, 2-9 dm. high ; culm
sharp, roughish above ; leaves very nar-
row, rough, mostly shorter than the 429. c. atrata, v. ovata.
culm ; spikes 2-7, the terminal rarely all
staminate, sessile and approximate or the lowest very short-
stalked, from globular to narrowly cylindric, 0.7-5 cm. long,
430. c. polygama. ^^^^' ^^'^*^^^ or variegated; perigynia elliptic and beakless,
whitish and granular, nearly nerveless, tlie orifice (^ntire;
staminate scales very long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp,
conspicuously longer than the perigynia. (C. fusca Man. ed. 6, not All. ;
C. Buxbaumii Wahlenb.) — Bogs and wet shores, e. Que. to Alaska,
s. to Pa., Great Lake region, Mo., Utah, and Cal. ; and in the mts.
to N. C. May-.7uly. (Eu.) Fig. 430.

81. C. triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. Slender;
leaves narrow, hairy; spikes 2-4 (usually 3), all contiguous or
occasionally the lowest somewhat removed, sessile, thick-cylindric
to globular, green or brown (4-7 mm. thick); perigynia broad-
ovoid, flattish, very obtuse, often sparsely hirsute
when young but smooth at maturity; staminate
scales very sharp ; pistillate scales acute or short-
awned, about the length of or shorter than the
perigynia. (C. triceps Britton in part, not Michx.)

— Copses and dryish meadows, N. P]. to Ont., and
south w., rare northeastw. May-July. Fig. 431. ^^l- C. triceps,

— Hybridizes with C. gracillima. ""• ^"■^"*'*-
Var. Smithii Porter. Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves

very long, very nearly smooth; spikes small, globular to cylin-
dric, the lowest often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be
peduncled ; perigynia globular and turgid, brown, squarrose,
exceeding the brownish scales. {G. caroliniana Schwein.) —
Fields and woodlands, Gulf States, locally n. to
N. Y., 111., and Mo. May, June.

82. C. vir6scens Muhl. Slender, erect or
spreading, 0.4-1 m. high ; leaves very narrow,
more or less hairy ; spikes 2-4, sessile or slightly
stalked, compact, linoar-cylindric, 2-4 mm. thick ;
perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, compressed, costate,
usually longer than the thin whitish acute scales. (Var. costata
Dewey ; Q. costellata Britton.) — Dry banks and copses, s. Me.
to s. Ont., and southw. June, .Inly. (W. I.) Fig. 432. — Hy-
bridizes with C. arctata and C. debilis, var. Budget.

Var. Swanii Fernald. Lower, 1.5-8 dm. high, the 2-5 thick-cylindric to
subglobose spikes 3-5 mm. thick ; the perigynia less strongly ribbed. (C vires-
cens Man. ed. 6, not Muhl.) — Similar range. Fig. 433.

83. C. formbsa Dewey. Slender, erect, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves flat, often
pubescent, 3-7 ram. broad, those of the culm short ; spikes 3-5, scattered, eliip
sold or cylindrical, 1-3 cm. long, compact, all flexuose or drooping ; perigynia

432. C. virescens.

234

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY}

434. 0. formosa.

435. C. Davisii.

greenish, inflated, ovoid, puncticulate, obscurely nerved^
short-beaked with a slightly notched orifice, all but the
lowest one or two twice longer than the blunt or cuspidate
whitish scales. — Woods and copses, w.
N. E. to Ont. and Mich. ; local. May,
June. Fig. 434.

84. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr.
Similar ; spikes, 3-7, heavier, 1.5-4.5 cm.
long ; perigynia more inflated, strongly
nerved and prominently toothed, equaled
by the conspicuously awned and spread-
ing scales. — Meadows and wet woods,

w. Mass. to s. Minn., and southw. ; rare eastw. and northw.

May, June. Fig. 435.

85. C. graclllima Schwein. Tall and slender, sometimes
diffuse, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves broad and flat (the radical 5-9
mm. ivide), very dark and bright green ; spikes 3-6, scattered,

the terminal rarely stami-
nate, densely flowered ex-
cept at base, peduncled and drooping, or
sometimes ascending,
green, 2-6 cm. long, 2-3
mm. thick ; perigynia ovoid,
436. C. gracillima. thin and slightly swollen,

nerved, obtuse, orifice en-
tire, twice longer than the very obtuse whitish scale. — Wood-
lands and meadows, generally common. May-July. Fig. 436.
— Var. HUMiLis Bailey is apparently a starved form. Hybridizes
with C. triceps, var. hirsuta, C. pubescens, and C. aestivalis.

86. C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Slender but erect, 2.5-6
dm. high; leaves very narrow., 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, shorter
than the culm, the sheaths pubescent; spikes 3-5, erect or
spreading, 1.5-4.5 cm. long and very loosely flowered, short-
stalked ; perigynia ovoid, scarcely pointed and the orifice

entire, few-nerved, about twice longer than the
obtuse or mucronate scale. — Rocky woods,
mostly on upland slopes, N. H. to Ga., rare.
June- Aug. Fig. 437.

87. C. oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Similar;

2-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-7 mm. wide ; perigynia

C. aestivalis

4-5 mm. long, ellipsoid, acute, prominently
few-nerved, glandular-dotted, slightly exceed-
ing the long-acuminate ichite scales. — Rich
woods, S. C. to Mo., and southw. April, May.
Fig. 438.

88. C. Shortiana Dewey. Tall, 3-9 dm.
high, in small clumps ; leaves 0.4-1 cm. broad,
flat, rough on the nerves ; spikes 3-6, some-
what approximate near the top of the culm,
the lowest 2 or 3 short-peduncled, erect, 1-3.5
438. C. oxylepis. cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, evenly cylindrical,
exceedingly densely floicered ; perigynia sca-
brous, sharp-edged, the orifice entire, squarrose; scales thin
and blunt, about the length of the perigynia. — Meadows
and low woods, Pa. to Ont., la., and southw. May, June.
Fig. 439.

89. C. Backii Boott. Forming dense mats ; leaves dark
green, 3-5 mm. broad, stiff, very abundant and overtopping
the very unequal culms ; spikes solitary, terminating short
and long slender culms (0.1-3 dm. long); staminate flowers 439. c. stortiana

CYPERACEAB (SEDGE FAMILY)

235

440. C. BackU.

about o; pistillate 2-5; perigynia gradually beaked; scales
very broad and leaf-like, entirely enveloping the spike (C
durifolia Bailey.) —Dry rocky or sandy wooded slopes e Que*
to Assina. and B C, locally s. to Mass., N. Y., the GrektLake
region, Neb., and westw. May^uly. Fig. 440

90. C. Willdenbwii Schkuhr. Similar*
softer and paler; leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide •
spike compact ; pistillate flowers 3-9, stami-
nate 6-12 ; perigynia with a rougher beak;
scales chaffy, nerved, as broad as and so7ne-
what longer than the perigynia, or the
lowest rarely overtopping the spike. — Rocky
woods, Mass. to Mich., and south w., local.
May-July. Fig. 441.

91. C. Jamdsii Schwein. Similar; leaves
1-2 mm. wide, much surpassing the culm ; 441. c. Wiiidenowtl.
spike very small ; staminate Jloivers 8-20 ;

pistillate 1-3 and loosely disposed ; perigynia produced into a very long and
roughened nearly entire beak ; scales narrow, the lowest often elongate, the
upper often shorter than the perigynia. — Woods, N. Y. and Ont
to Mo., and southw.; frequent. May, June. Fig. 442.

^ 92. C. scirpoidea Michx. Strict, the pistillate plant mostly
stiff, 1-7 dm. high; staminate plant smaller;
leaves flat, shorter than the culm; sjnke 1.5-4
cm. long, densely cylindrical, very rarely with a
rudimentary second spike at its base ; perigynia
ovoid, short-pointed, very hairy, exceeding the
ciliate purple scales. — Arctic regions, s. by
cold streams and in alpine districts to Cape
Breton, N. S., n. N. E., n. N. Y., L. Huron,
Rocky Mts., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.') Fig.
443. ^

93. C. umbellata Schkuhr. Low and con-
spicuously caespitose, forming dense mats;
leaves rather stiff, 0.5-4.5 dm. long, 1-4.5 mm.
wide ; culms mostly short and crowded at the base
of the leaves, or some elongate (rarely 2 dm.),
bearing either staminate or pistillate spikes, or both ;
pistillate spikes 0.5-1 cm. long, mostly sessile ; peri-
gynia plump, stipitate, puherulent, 3.2-4.7 mm.
long, the slender beak nearly equaling the ellipsoid-
ovoid to suhglobose body, and about equaled by
the acuminate green or purple-tinged scales. (C. deflexa, var.
media Bailey and var. Farwellii Britton.) — Dry
sandy or rocky soil, P. E. I. to centr. Me., w. to
Sask. and B. C, s. to N. J., D. C, and I. T. Apr.-
July. Fig. 444. Var. tonsa Fernald. Similar;
perigijnia glabrous, or merely pubernlent on the
angles oi t\\e \o\\g beak. — Local. Fig. 445.
Var. brevir6stris Boott. Perigynia smaller, the
444. c. umbellata. ttroad beak about | as long as the hairy body. — Que. to Sask.
and B. C, s. to n. N. E., N. Mex. and Cal. Fig.
446.
94. C. nigro-marginata Schwein. Leaves mostly stiffer, often
2-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide ; some of the culms prolonged ;
perigynia smooth or nearly so, fusiform, 3-4 mm. long ; scales
ordinarily purple-margined, giving the spikes a very dark or
variegated appearance, equaling or exceedivg the perigynia. —
Dry sandy or rocky soil, on the coastal plain, extending locally 4^7. c. ni^o
G. to Ct. Apr. -June. Fig. 447. margin*/

442. C. Jamesii.

443. C. scirpoidea.

^

445. C. umb.,
V. tonsa.

*

446. C. umb.,
V. brev.

$

k

236

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

448. C. deflexa.
smooch, the

449. C. albicans.

96. C. deflexa Hornem. Diffuse and low, tufted; leaves soft, 1-3 mm.
wide; culms 0.2-4 dm. high, setaceous, mure or less curved or spreading,
little exceeding or shorter than the leaves ; staminate spike small,
sometimes invisible in the head ; pistillate spikes 2-3, 2-8-
flowered, green, or green and brown, all aggregated into a head,
or the lowest one slighty remote, short-peduncled and subtended
by a leafy bract ; radical spikes usually present ; perigynia very
small and much contracted below, sparsely hairy or nearly
beak flat and very short, longer than the scales. (Including
var. Deanei Bailey.) — Open woods, clearings, and mountain slopes, Nfd.
to Alaska, s. to Mass., Pa., Mich., Minn., Wash., etc. May-Aug. (Greenl.)
Fig. 448.

96. C. albicans Willd. Slightly caespitose ; culms straightish, 1-5.5 dm. tall,
miich exceeding the soft narrow (1.5-3 mm. wide) pale leaves; pistillate spikes
globose or short-ovoid, 1-3, all approximate, or the lowest slightly
remote, naked or subtended by a narrow bract ; staminate spike
sessile, often hidden in the head; perigijnia ellipsoid, pubescent,
with a short cylindric beak, mostly exceeding the broad scales.
— Open woods or cool rocky banks, chiefly in calcareous regions,
e. Que. to the Yukon, s. to Mass., Pa., Mich., and Minn. May-
July. Fig. 449.

97. C. communis Bailey. Forming small tufts, never sto-
loniferous ; culms 1-6 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves;
leaves flat, becoming 2-5.5 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-8 cm.
long ; the 1-5 pistillate spikes mostly distinct, often remote, rarely
1 cm. long, the lowest often leafy-bracted ; staminate spike from
green to chestnut, sessile or stalked, 3.5-20 mm. long ; perigynia
hairy, 2.5-4 mm. long, the body subglobose to broadly ellipsoid,
the base elongate and spongy, the beak broad ; scales ovate,
acuminate, greenish-brown to reddish, about equaling the peri-
gynia. (Including var. Wheel eri Bailey ; C. pedicellata Britton ;
C pilulifera Fernald, not L.) — Dry open woods, etc., e. Que.
to B. C.*, s. to Pa., O., Wise, and la.; and along the mts. to
Ga. May-July. Fig. 450.
98. C. vJlria Muhl. Densely tufted; leaves soft and very nar-
row ; the capillary culms variable in length, lax, often twice longer
than the leaves, 1-5 dm. long ; pistillate spikes closely aggregated,
or rarely somewhat loosely disposed but never scattered, all strictly
sessile, green; radical spikes none; lower bract usually present;
perigynia about the length of the sharp scale. —Banks and dry
woods. Me. to Ont., and south w. Apr. -July. Fig. 451. In
var. colorXta Bailey the scales are purple.

99. C. n5vae-dngliae Schwein. Very slender and
soft, loosely caespitose, 1-4 dm. high; culms little longer than the
very narrow pale-green leaves ; staminate spike exceedingly narrow
(0.5-1 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. thick), mostly minutely ipedimcled; pistil-
late spikes 2, or rarely 3, the upper one near the base of
the staminate spike, the lower very short-peduncled
and remote and subtended by a leafy bract which
nearly or quite equals the culm, rather loosely 3-10-
jlowered; perigynia very narrow, small, very thin,
slightly hairy, the beak sharp and prominent. — Open
woods. Que. and N. S. to Mass. and N. Y. ; com-
mon northw., rare southw. June, July. Fig.
452.

100. C. pennsylvanica Lam. Strongly stolonife-
rous, the small tufts with reddish bases and usually with persist-
ent brush-like tufts of fibers ; leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. broad, shorter than,
equaling or often exceeding the slender culms (0.5-4 dm. high); pistillate spikes
i-4, globose or ovoid, approximate or remote, the lowest often leafy-bracted ;

450. C. communis.

451. C. vari

^

452. C. novae
angliae.

CYPEBACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

23?

5taminate spike clavate, 1-2 cm. long, sessile or short-stalked, iisuallv reddish
rarely paler ; perigynia puberulent, globose to obovoid, the short beak \ to 4 al
long as the body; the scales usually red-tinged. — IJry or sandy
soil, s. Me. to Alb., and south w. May, June. r>G. 453. I

Var. Iuc5rum (Willd.) Fernald, Perigynia puberulent to ghi- i\

brate, the conspicuous slender beak about as long as the body. — Sf

Richer, usually damper soil, Me. to Mich., and the mts. of N.C
May-July. Fig. 454. * * •*^- <-" I't-m..,

101. C. pub§scens Muhl. Lax, 2-8 dm. high, pubescent through- ''' ^"'^'■"'"•
out; leaves flat (0.5-1 cm. wide) and soft, shorter than the
culm ; spikes 2-4, the upper approximate, tlie lower 1 or 2
short-peduncled, short-cylindric, 0.7-2.3 cm. long, loosely rloic-
ered, erect; perigynia very hairy, sharply S-angled, conspicu-
ously beaked and minutely toothed, straight, about the length
of the truncate and rough-cuspidate thin scales. —( 'opses and
moist meadows, N. E. to Ky., and w^stw., local. May, June
Fig. 455.

102. C. CARTOPHTLLEA Lat. SUffhthj stolonifm-ous, stiff;
the culm sometimes curved, 0.3-3 dm. high ; leaves flat, shorter
than the culm ; staminate spike prominently
465 C pubescens ^lavate, mostly sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-3, all
contiguous, sessile or the lowest very short-
peduncled and subtended by a bract scarcely as long as it'^rlf.
ail ellipsoid or short-cylindric, the lowest 0.7-1.5 cm. long; peri-
gynia trigonous-obovoid, the very short bcfik
entire or erose, thinly hispid-hirsute. (C. praS'
cox Jacq.) — Fields, Me. to D. C, local. May,
June. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 456. .-„ „ ,

103. C. GLAUCA Scop. Very stoloniferous ^-carjopti.
and glaucous; the culms s^i/f, 1-6 dm. high; leaves shorter,
firm, w'.th revolute scabrous margins, 3-6
mm. broad ; staminate spikes 2 (rarely 1),
clavate, the terminal 2-3.5 cm. long, pe-
duncled ; pistillate 1-3, cylindric, 1.5-3.5
cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, remote, mostly
peduncled, erect ; the subglobose or ellip-
soid puncticulate perigynia slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong blunt or mucronate
purplish scales. — Dry open soil, local,
N. S., Que., and Ont. June, July. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 457.

104. C. livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Very
glaucous and stoloniferous; culms 1.5-6
dm. high ; leaves narrow, often becoming 4^_ q livida.
involute ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sub-
approximate or remote, sessile or nearly so,
erect, or rarely basal and long-stalked, narrow,
0.7-2.*5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick ; perigynia

457. C. glauca. ovoid-oblong, nerved, granular, beakless, the
point straight or nearly so, orifice entire ; scale
obtuse, brown- or purple-margined, mostly a little shorter than
the perigynia. — Bogs, chiefly in calcareous regions, Lab. and
Nfd. to Alaska, locally s. to Ct., N. J., Mich., Minn., etc. May-
July. (Eu.) Fig. 458.

105. C. panicea L. Strict, often stiff, glaucous-blue, i.o-6
dm. high ; cnlm smooth; bracts broad and short, 1-6 cm. high ;
pistillate spikes 1-3, scattered, colored, mostly peduncled, erect,
rather compact or loose below, 1-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. tliick ;
perigynia ovoid, yellow or purple, somewhat turgid, scarcely
nerved, the point usually curved, mostly longer than the purple- ■459 c. panicea.

238

CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

461. C. tet.,
V. Meadii.

C. Meadii

margined scale. — Bogs and meadows, near the coast, N. S. to
Ct., local. May-July. (Perhaps introd. from Eu.) Fig. 459.

106. C. tetanica Schkuhr. Slender, rarely glaucous, some-
what stoloniferous ; culms scabrous, at least above, 1-6 dm.
high; leaves 1.5-4.5 mm. wide; spikes all peduncled, the upper
on^e very shortly so, pale, all more or less attenuate
below, 0.7-4 cm. long, the lower borne in the axils
of bracts 0.5-2 dm. long ; perigynia not turgid, green-
ish, somewhat nerved, the beak strongly bent ; scale
obtuse or abruptly mucronate, all except the lowest
mostly shorter than the perigynia. — Meadows and
bogs, w. N. E. to Man., and south w. May-July. Fig.
460. Var. Woodii (Dewey) Bailey. Very slender;
leaves narrow, very long and lax ; spikes mostly alter-
nate-flowered throughout; scales often sharper.—
Mass. to Ont., Mich., and D. C, local.
„ Var. Meadii (Dewey) Bailey. Stiffer ; leaves

,,« o * . • mostly broader (2.5-5 ram. broad) and stricter; spikes
m. c. tetamca. ^^ .^^ ^^^ densely flowered, not attenuate at base,
the upper one often sessile ; perigynia larger. (Var. Canhyi Porter ;
Dewey.)— Pa. to Man., and south w. Fig. 461. ,.^ .

^ 107. C. polym6rpha Muhl. Stout, 3-6 dm. high, from

stout cord-like rootstocks; leaves rather broad (3.5-5 mm.),
short ; spikes 1-2, short-stalked, erect, compact
or rarely loose, usually staminate at the apex,
1.5-4 cm. long, 5-9 mm. thick ; perigynia long-
ovoid, obscurely nerved ; the very long and
nearly straight beak oblique or Hipped at the
orifice; scales reddish-brown, obtuse, shorter
than the perigynia. — Open woods and meadows,
s. Me. to K. C, local. June-Aug. Fig. 462.
108. C vaginata Tausch. Very slender and
more or less diffuse, strongly stoloniferous,
2-8 dm. high ; leaves narrow (1.5-5 mm. broad)
and soft, shorter than the culm; spikes 1-3,
scattered, all peduncled and more or less spread-
ing, loosely 3-20-flowered ; perigynia small,
nearly nerveless, thin, the beak straightish ;
scales loose, acute, shorter than the perigynia.
(C. saltuensis Bailey ; C. altocaulis Britton.)— Bogs and mossy
woods, Lab. to the Yukon, s. to N. B., n. N. E., N. Y., Mich.,
Minn., Alb., and B. C. June-Aug. Fig. 463.

109. C. abbreviata Prescott. Stiff, 1.5-5 dm. high; culm

and leaves thinly pubescent ; spikes globose to thick-cylindric,
0 5-1.5 cm. long • perigynia equaling or exceeding the mostly
cuspidate scales. (0. Torreyi Tuckerm.)— Wooded slopes,
Minn, to Sask. and Col. ; supposed to .have been collected in
N.Y. by Torrey, and in Pa. by Schweinitz.
June, July. Fig. 464.

110. C. pallescens L. Slender, erect, 1-6
dm. high ; leaves narrow, flat, the lower slightly
pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; spikes
2-4, 0.5-2 dm. long, densely flowered, all but
the upper one very shortly peduncled, erect
AC,* n oKKn.,Hnt. or spreading ; perigynia about the length of
464. C. abbreviata. ^^^ ^^gpi^i^^g' g^ales. - Glades and meadows,
Nfd. to Pa., Wise, and Ont. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 465.

111. C. paupercula Michx. Slender but erect, tiifted, 1-2.5
dm. high, glabrous; leaves flat and lax, somewhat shorter
than the culm ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves or nearly

polymorpha.

vaginata.

4<J5. 0. pallescen&i

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

239

so and exceeding the culm; spikes 2-3, approximate, all slen-
derly stalked, spreading or drooping, 4-8 mm. long ; perigynia
orbicular or broad-ovate, nerved in the middle, ^-| the length
of the castaneous scales, — Alpine bogs, e. Que. Aug.

Var. irrlgua (Wahlenb.) Fernald. Taller, 1-8 dm. high;
culm glabrous; spikes cylindric, 1-1.6 cm. long; scales cas-
taneous. (C. magellanica Man. ed. 6, not Lam.) — Bogs,
Arctic regions, s. to Mass., Pa., Ont., and Utah. June-Aug.
(Eu.) Fig. 466.

Var. pdllens Fernald. Tall, the culms usually
scabrous ; spikes cylindric, 1-1.8 cm. long ; scales
green with pale brown or yellowish margins. —
Bogs and mossy woods, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Ct.,
N. Y., Mich., and Minn. June, July.

112. C. limbsa L. Slender but rather stiff,
1.5-6 dm. high, very stoloniferous ; culm sharp,
rough above; spikes 1-2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one
erect, subcylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, springing from the axil of a
very narrow bract which is nearly always shorter than the culm •
perigynia very short-pointed, aboiit the length of , '

the broad brown or purplish scales. — Bogs, e. Que.
to Sask. and B. C, s. to Fa., Great Lake region.

limosa.

Col., and Cal.
113. C. rariflbra Smith.

May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 467.
Very small but stiff, 0.7-3.5 dm.

high, slightly stoloniferous ; culm obtuse and very smooth ; spikes
1-3, only 3-10-flowered, drooping,
borne in the axil of a minute awl-like
and purple-auricled bract; perigynia
ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely
nerved, mostly a little shorter than ^^^- ^- '"''^'i^^'^'^-
the purple-black enveloping scales. — Cold bogs and
granitic slopes, Arctic regions ; very locally s. to
Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Table-topped ]\It., Gasped Co.,
Que.; and Mt. Katahdin, Me. (Goodale). (Eu.)
Fig. 408.

114. C. littoralis Schwein. Somewhat slender
but erect, 4-9 dm. high, stoloniferous ; leavesZ-Q mm.
broad, stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp
and nearly smooth often solitary culms ; staminate
spikes l-.S, dark purple, 5.5 cm. long or less, the
scales obtuse ; ])istiUate spikes 1—4,
somewhat approximate, on thread-
like peduncles, narrowly cylindric
(2-5 cm. long, b-1 mm. thick), usu-
ally staminate at top ; perigynia
lance-oval, faintly nerved, the minute
beak entire, mostly longer than the
obtuse purple scale; bracts promi-
nently purple-auricled. — Wet woods
and bogs, oftenest near the coast.
May, June. Fig. 469.

115. C. prasina Wahlenb. Slender, somewhat flexuous, 3-7
dm. high ; culm rather sharp, srqooth ; leaves 2.5-5 mm. wide,
soft and flat, rough ; spikes 2-4, linear-cylindric, peduncled and
spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, 1.5-6 cm.
long, loosely flowered ; perigijnia pale, thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a
short but slender entire or minutely toothed beak; scale very thin and acute,
nearly colorless. — Wet woods and glades, w. Me. to Ont., Mich., D. C, and
Del. ; and along the mts. to Ga. May-July. Fig. 470.

116. C. picta Steud. Rather weak» 1.6-3 dm. high ; leaves flat and Jirm,

C. littoraHs.
Ct., and south w., local.

praaii

240

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

persisting through the winter, at least twice longer than the culm ; a sheathing
purple scale at the base of the spike; staminate spike 2.5-6 cm. long, clavate in
anthesis, the purple scales ending in a very short and blunt whitish
tip; pistillate spike narrower and mostly longer, the scales more
abruptly contracted into a colored cusp and at length deciduous ;
perigynia much contracted below into a stipe-like base, very strongly
nerved, pointless, hairy above, covered by the scaZes. — In a wooded
ravine near Bloomiugton, Ind. {Dudley) ; also Ala. and La. Fig. 471.

117. C. eburnea Boott. Tufted from a rigid pale
brown stoloniferous base; culms capillary, wiry,
1-4 dm. high ; leaves involute-Jiliform, shorter than
the culm ; staminate spike very small (4-8 mm. long),
sessile or very short-peduncled, overtopped by the two
upper pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes 2-4, approxi-
mate or the lowest remote, all stalked, erect, 2-6-
flowered; perigynia very small (1.5-2 mm. long),
almost nerveless, smooth and becoming black and 472, c. eburnea.
471. u. picta. ^j^.^^.^^g ^^ ^^11 maturity ; scales white and thin, obtuse,
shorter than the perigynia. ( C. setifolia Britton. ) — Limestone ledges or shmgle,
rarely in sand, e. Que. to the Mackenzie, s. locally to Va.,
Ky., Mo., and Neb. May-Aug. Fig. 472.

118. C. pedunculata Muhl. Low and diffuse, 0.5-3 dm.
high, forming mats; leaves abundant, very green, fiat and
firm, 2-5 mm. wide, mostly longer than the ivsak culms;
staminate spike small, m^uoWj slightly pistillate at base ; pistil-
late spikes 2-4 on each culm, scattered and hmg-peduncled
from green sheaths, erect or spreading, many other spikes
nearly or quite radical and very long-stalked, all S-S-flowered ;
perigynia smooth or very slightly pubescent above, the short
and nearly entire beak somewhat oblique ; scales green to
purple, truncate and cuspidate, mostly a little longer than the
perigynia. — Rich woods and banks, e. Que. to
Sask., s. to Va., O., Mich., and Minn. Apr.-
June. Fig. 473.

119. C. concinna R. Br. Loosely caespi-
tose ; culms slender, curving, 0.5-2 dm. high ; ^
leaves dark green, mostly shorter, 1-3 mm.
wide ; staminate spike 4-7 mm. long, sessile or ^^^ ^ concinna
short-peduncled ; pistillate 2 or 3, the upper

sessile and approximate, S-lO-Jlowered ; perigynia narrowly trigonous-ovoid,
hairy, blunt, 2.5-3 mm. long, much exceeding the dark pale-
margined roundish scales. — Mossy knolls and cold wooded
banks, e. Que. to the Mackenzie, s. to n. K B., Ont., and
Mont. June, July. Fig. 474.

120. C. Richardsbni R. Br. Rather stiff, 1-3 dm. high;
stoloniferous; sheaths short, purple or brown; leaves 2-4
mm. wide ; staminate spike stout and mostly short-peduncled,
1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 1-3, the very short stalks
included, erect, compact ; perigynia obovoid, firm, hairy, the
very short beak entire or erose ; scales brown, with a conspicu-
ous white-hyaline margin, obtuse or pointless. —Dry ground,
Ont. to B. C, s. to w. N. Y., 111., la., S. Dak., etc. May,
June. Fig. 475.

121. C. plantaginea Lam. Slender but erect, 2.5-5.5 dm.
high ; leaves very firm, appearing after the flowers and per-
sisting over winter, shorter than the culm ; staminate spike
purple and clavate, stalked, 1.3-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes
3-4, scattered, loosely few-flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, erect, the
peduncles mostly included in the leafless sheaths ; perigyni"

4'<5. C Eichardsoni. 3-4.5 mm. long, sharply 3-angled, prominently beaked, slightb-

pedunculata.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

241

477. C. Careyana.

476. C. plantaginea x %.

Fruiting culm, perigyn«

ium, and leaf- tip.

longer than the sharp scales. — Rich woods, N. B. to Mau. ,
s. to N. C, Ind., and 111. Apr .-June. Fig. 476.

122. C. Careyana Torr. Tall and slender, mostly
erect, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves bright green, firm, 1-1.5 cm.
wide, shorter than the long culm ; bracts leafy; staminate
spike heavy and stalked, 1.3-2.3 cm.
long; pistillate spikes 2-3 (mostly 2),
erect, the upper usually near the ter-
minal spike, and nearly sessile, the other
remote and long-peduncled, loosely 2-8-
flowered ; perigynia very sharply angled,
the beak oblique, finely many-nerved,
twice longer than the sharp scales. —
Rich woods, N. Y. and Ont. to Mich, and
D. C, local. May, June. Fig. 477.

123. C. platyphylla Carey. Low,
spreading, glaucous, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves
mostly shorter than the culms ; bracts
with thin and sharp-pointed leaf-like tips ;
staminate spike stalked ; pistillate spikes
2-3, scattered, all more or less pe-
duncled, alternately 2-10-flowered ; peri-
gynia strongly many-striate, about the
length of the acute or cuspidate scales.
— Rich shady woods and banks, s. Me.
to Ont., s. to Va. and 111. May, June.
Fig. 478.

124. C. laxiciilmis Schwein. Caespitose ; culms slender and lax, 1.5-5.5 dm.
long ; leaves usually very glaucous, mostly shorter than the culms, broad (6-12
mm.) ; staminate spike usually peduncled, 1-2 cm. long ;
pistillate 3-5, VQry remote, on capillary fiexuous peduncles,
0.7-1.5 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. thick; the spreading-ascending

sharply trigonous-ovoid peri-
gynia 2.8-3.2 mm. long,
equaling or exceeding the
scales. — Glades and rich
woods, s. Me. to Va., and
Mo. May-July. Fig. 479.
In the interior passing to
var. copulXta (Bailey) Fer-
nald. Glaucous or some-
times deep green ; spikes 1-2
cm. long ; perigynia 3.3-4
mm. long. (C. digitalis,
var., Bailey.) — Vt. to Del.,
O., Mich., and Ont.
125. C. digitalis
Very slender, bright
tufted, 1.5-5 dm. high

C. laxiculmis. 480. C. digitalis, narrow; staminate

short-stalked ; pistillate spiffs
2-4, on filiform stalks, ascending or slightly spreading, linear, 1-3 cm. long
alternately flowered ; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than the acute ichitish
scales. — Dryish woods and glades. Me. to Ont., Mich., and south w. May-July.
Fig. 480.

126. C. ptychocdrpa Steud. Low, glaucous; culms 0.3-1.8 dm. high; leaves
flat and rather broad (4-8 mm.), much exceeding the ctilms; bracts leafy and
much prolonged; staminate spike very small and sessile, mostly overtopped by
the upper pistillate spike ; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-stalked or rare y
the lowest long-peduncled, erect, 0.7-1.5 cm. long; perigynia tawny, narrowly

gray's manual — 16

479,

Willd.
green,
leaves
spike 478. A. platyphylla.

242

CYPERACEAB (SEDGE FAMILY)

trigonous-ovoid, twice longer than the very thin obtuse scales.

— Low woods, Mass. to Fla. and La., local. June, July.
Fig. 481.

127. C. laxiflora Lam. Slender but mostly erect, 2-5.7
dm. high ; basal leaves 2.;>-7 mm. wide, rather soft ; stami*
nate spike peduncled or at least conspicuous ;
pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, peduncled or
the upper one sessile,
loosely flowered, cylin-
dric, 1.5-3 cm. long,
erect or the lower loosely
spreading ; perigynia
obovoid, conspicuously
nerved, the short entire
beak much bent or re-
curved; scales thin and
white,blunt orcuspidate,
mostly shorter than the
perigynia. — Rich woods
and meadows, e. Que.
to w. Ont.,and southw.
May-July. Fig. 482.

— Exceedingly variable, n 453. c. lax.,

ji n r.^rrnhno.rr.<. passlug by mauy trausl- 4S2. C. laxiflora. v-graciuima.

isl. C. ptychocarpa. ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ following.

Var. graclllima Boott. Similar; but with short (0.5-1.3 cm, long) oblong

-loser-flowered spikes. — Vt. to Ont., and southw. Fig. 483.

Var. patulifblia (Dewey) Carey. Leaves
0.6-2 cm. broad; staminate spike prominent,
mostly stalked ; pistillate spikes long (2-4.5
cm.) and alternately flowered, scattered and
peduncled ', perigynia'2.5-Amm.long, ellipsoid,
attenuate at both ends, mostly less prominently
nerved, and the beak not strongly recurved.
— Me. to Va., O., Mich., and Ont. Fig. 484.

Var. Michaiixii Bailey. Tall and compara-
tively stout, 4-6 dm. high ; leaves 0.7-1.2 cm.
broad ; staminate spike large and stalked ; pis-
tillate spikes scattered, all but the upper one
prominently peduncled, 1.2-3 cm.
long ; perigynia very large, 4-6
mm. long, divaricate. (Var. divari-
cata Bailey.)— Pa. to Ala. and
Tex. Fig. 485.

Var. styloflexa (Buckley) Boott.
Very weak and slender, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; stam-
inate spike usually peduncled ;
pistillate 2-3, scattered, few-flow-
ered, 0.5-2 cm. long, lowest droop-
ing ; perigynia oblong-fusiform,

4-5 mm. long, very long-pointed; scales often brown-tinged. (0.

styloflexa Buckley.) — Ct. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 486.

Var. varians Bailey. Culms often ancipital, 2.5-5 dm. high; ^gg^ q j^^^^

leaves 0.3-1.2 cm. broad; pistillate spikes IS cm. long, linear- y. styl.

cylindric to narrow-oblong, the two upper more or less contiguous

to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so ; bracts leafy and prolonged. —»

Me. to Ont., la., and southw.

Var. blanda (Dewey) Boott. Leaves 0.5-1.4 cm. broad; ciilms soft, ancipP
al. 1.5-6 dm. high ; pistillate spikes oblong^ 0.5-2 cm. long, the upper sessili

4S4. C. lax.,v. pat,

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

243

i88. C. lax.,
V. latifolia.

and aggregated about the inconspicuous staminate

spike, the lowest usually long-exserted. (Var. stri-

atula Carey.) — Vt. and e. Mass. to Ont., and south w.

Fig. 487.

Var. latifblia Boott. Rather low, 2-6 dm. high ;

culms winged; leaves 1.5-4 cm. broad; staminate

spike sessile or very nearly so, hidden by the pistil-
late; pistillate spikes cylindric and loose, 1.5-3 cm.

long, the upper one or two contiguous ; bracts very

broad. ( C. albursina Sheldon. ) — Deep rich woods,

w. Que. and Vt. to Ont., and south w. Fig. 488.

Var. leptonervia Fer-
nald. Slender, 1.5-7 dm.
high ; leaves 0.5-1 cm.
broad ; pistillate spikes
linear-cylindric, loosely
flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long,
the 2 or 3 upper crowded
at the base of the staminate, the lower
remote ; perigynia oblong-fusiform,
faintly nei^ed or nerveless. — Nfd. to
Ont., s. to n. N. E., N. Y., and Mich. ;
and in the mts. to N. C. Fig. 489.

128. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey.
Erect, 3-7 dm. high; leaves 3-7 mm. broad; spikes
2-4, all more or less peduncled, very loosely few-
flowered, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, the bracts elongate
and leafy ; perigynia triangular-ovoid, many-striate,
4-5 mm. long, the strong beak prominently oblique,
shorter than the scales. — Rich woods, Vt. to Ont.,
s. to Ky. and Mo. May-July. Fig. 490.
129. C. oligocarpa Schkulir. Diffuse, 1-5 dm. high; leaves

2-4.5 mm. wide; bracts elongate, spreading ; staminate spike sessile or stalked;

pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, stalked or the uppermost sessile, loosely 2-8-
flowered, erect, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long,

n hard, finely impressed-nerved, abruptly contracted into a con-

\ mS\ spicuous mostly oblique beak, the orifice entire; scales very
j /;''/>;, 1 loosely spreading, longer than the perigynia. — Dry woods and
'\^ ;t 1 copses, Vt. to Ont., la., and south w. May-July. Fig. 491.

130. C. katahdinensis Fernald. Densely
caespitose ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 mm.
broad, with the similar bracts much (2-6
times) overtopping the low (1-6 cm. high)
rough-angled culms; pistillate spikes S ov 4,
approximate, or the lowest remote, short-
pediceled, 8-14 mm. long, d-lO-floivered ;
staminate spike 6-8 mm. long, generally
hidden among the pistillate ; perigynia ellip-
soid, 3^ mm. long, many-nerved, beakless,
mostly exceeding the whitish green-awned
scales. — Gravelly shore of a pond, Mt.
Katahdin, Me. ; rocky bank, Lake St. John,

oligocarpa. Que. (Brainerd). July, Aug. Fig. 492, 492. C. katahdinensis.

131. C. conoidea Schkuhr. Slender but
high; staminate spike long-peduncled or rarely nearly sessile ;

2-3, scattered, short-stalked or the upper one sessile (the
lowest frequently very long-stalked), narrowly ellipsoid, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, rather
closely flowered, erect ; perigynia oblong-conical, 3-4 mm. long, impressed-
nerved, gradually narrowed to a point, the orifice entire ; scales loosely spread-
ing and rough-awned, equaling or exceeding the perigynia. — Moist grassy

490. C. Hitch-
cockiana.

Strict, 1.5-7 dm.
pistillate

244

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

493. C. conoidea.

494. 0. grisea.

places, N. B. to Ont., s. to Pa. and la.; and in the mts. to N. C.
May-Aug. Fig. 41)3.

132. C. grisea Wahlenb. Stout, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-7 nrnk
broad, slightly glaucous ; bracts broad and leaf-
like, diverging, very much exceeding the culm ;
staminate spil^e small and sessile ; pistillate
spikes 3-5, oblong, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 4-7 mm.
thick, the highest two usually contiguous to the
staminate spike and sessile, the others somewhat
remote and peduncled (but not from the lowest
axils), all erect; perigynia oblong, pointless,
marked with impressed nerves, turgid and cylin-
dric, appressed-ascending, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, all
but the lowest longer than the narrow, cuspi-
date or blunt, nerved scale. — Low woods and
meadows, s. Me., westw. and southw. May,
June. Fig. 494. Var. RfoiDA Bailey. Much
more slender ; leaves scarcely half so wide ; the
bracts, especially, much narrower and shorter
and more erect ; spikes slender ; perigynia
scarcely inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a
beak-like point, 2-ranked. (Var. angustifolia Man. ed. 6, not
Boott.) — Local, Mass. and N. Y., southw. Var. glob6sa

Bailey. Very slender ; spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3

t perigynia ; perigynium short, inflated, very blunt, nearly globose or

obovoid ; scale short, not prominently ^cuspidate or
the upper ones wholly blunt. — Mo., Kan., and
southw.

Var. angustifblia Boott. Leaves rather narrow,
495. c. gri3., j^^g ^^^ erect ; staminate spike often peduncled ;
^' ^°^' pistillate spikes very scattered, all more or less
st&lked, the lowest borne from near the base; perigynia tri-
angular-oblong, hard, longer than the cuspi-
date ascending scale. ( 0. amphibola Steud. )
— D. C. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 495.

133. C. glaucbdea Tuckerm. Lax or some-
what strict (1-6 dm. high), densely glaucous ;
leaves flat, thick and firm, 0.5-1 cm. wide ;
spikes as in C. grisea ; perigynia firm, not
inflated, prominently
iuipressed-nerved,
glaucous, 3-4 mm
long, mostly exceed-
ing the short-cuspi-
date or blunt thin 497^ <.. flaccosperma.
and appressed scale.

— Upland woods and rich meadows, e. Mass. and Vt. to
Ont., and southw., local. June, July. Fig. 496.

134. C. flaccosperma Dewey. Similar ; leaves slightly
or scarcely glaucous, thinner ; perigynia 4.5-6 mm. long,
2-3 times exceeding the brownish scales. — Kich woods
and swamps, N. C. to Mo., and southw. May, June.
Fig. 497.

135. C. granul^ris Muhl. Erect or spreading, 2.5-9
dm. high, somewhat glaucous ; leaves flat, the basal 5-12
mm. wide ; bracts broad and long, much exceeding the
culm ; spikes 2-4, scattered, all but the upper peduncled,
erect or ascending, compact, short-ellipsoid to cylindric,
0.8-3 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick; staminate spike small and

granuiaris. usually sessile ; perigynia ovoid to globose^ 2-3.6 mm.

glaucodea.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

245

long, very strongly nerved, the nearly entire short beak vsuallv bent ■ acalP
thin and ponited, about | the length of the perigynia.— Woods and '

meadows, Vt. to Ont., and south w. June, July.

I

C. Crawei.

Fig. 49H.
Var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. Lower and more slender- pis
tillate spikes more slender, 3-5 mm. thick; perigynia obluny.' (C

Shriveri Britton.) —Me. to ISask., s. to Va * ^99. Cgran..
O., Mich., and Wise. Fig. 499. *' v. HaU-aoa.

A }^\ ^' 9y^''"^^\ I^ewey. Low, strict, stoloniferous,
0.5-4 dm. high ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; bracts smrcelv
exceeding the culm; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lovei^t radi-
cal or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile
erect, compact, 1-2.7 cm. long; staminate
spike generally peduncled ; perigynia ovoid,
usually resinous-dotted, nearly nerveless
or few-nerved, very short-pointed, longer

than the obtuse or short-pointed scale.

Moist places, in calcareous districts. Cape
Breton L to Man., locally s. to n. Me.,
n. Pa., the Great Lake region, and Kan.
June, July. Fig. 500.

137. C. EXTENSA Good. Slender but
strict, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves involute ; spikes
2-4, the lowest remote and short-peduncled,
the remainder approximate and sessile,
short (0.8-2.5 cm. long) and compact;
perigynia ovoid, narrowed at the base, very
strongly nerved, ascending, the short stout
beak sharply toothed, longer than the blunt brown-edged scale.
— Sandy shores, Long Island and Coney Island, N. Y. ; Norfolk, 501. 0. exieii.sa.
Va. June-Aug. (^^at. from Eu.) Fig. 501.

138. C. flava L. Tufted, 2-8 dm. high,
yellowish throughout; leaves flat, 2-5 mm,
wide, mostly shorter than the culms, bractn
prominent, divergent; pistillate spikes 2-C,
aggregated, or the lowest distinct, subi^lohose
or short-cylindric, 0.8-1.5 cm.
I 1^^^^ ^ If ^iJT' lo"§ ; perigynia ovoid, yellow-

ilr^^m n II .Will/ brown, produced into a long

deflexed beak, strongly nerved,
twice or thrice longer than the
blunt brown scale. — Damp
places, Nfd. to Sask. and Alb.,
s. to Ct., n. N. J., w. Pa.,
Mich., Minn., and Mont.
(Eu.) Fig. 502. — Hybridizes with C. Oederi.

Var. rectir6stra Gaudin. Low and slender ; leaves
1-3 mm. wide ; the smaller straightish perigynia
greenish or greenish-yellow. (Var. graminis Bailey.)
— Nfd. to R. I. and Mich. (Eu.) Fig. 503.

Var. elatior Schlecht. Pistillate spikes remote.
6-9 mm. thick, the curved perigynia spreading or
usually very retrorse. (C lepidocarpa Tausch.) —
Gasp^ Co., Que., to R. L and N. Y. (Eu.) Fig. 504.
139. C. Oederi Retz. Similar, plant greenish,
0.5-3 dm. high; leaves 1-3 mm. wide; pistillate
spikes 2-4, mostly scattered, 5-15 mm. long, 4-8 mm.
thick ; the plump greenish-brown short-beaked peri-
gynia ascending or wide-spreading, ^ longer than the obtuse scale.—
Bogs, meadows and shores, Nfd. to Hudson Bay and Me. June-
m. C. Oederi. Aug. (Eu.) FiG. 606. — Hybridizes with C. Mva,

502. C. flava

June-Sept.

504. C. tiava,
V. elatior.

246

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

506. C. Oederi,
V. pumila.

507. C. assini-
boinensis.

Var. pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald. Plant 0.5-6 dm,
high; pistillate spikes 3-10, mostly crowded. (C. viridula
Michx. ; C. Jlava, var. viridula Bailey.) — Nfd.
to B. C, s. to N. E., Pa., 0., Ind., etc. (Eu.)
Fig. 506.

140. C. assiniboineusis W. Boott. Tufted,
slender, 4.5-9 dm. high, purplish-hrown at base;
leaves 2-3 mm. wide, the bracts short, rarely-
prolonged ; staminate spike long-stalked, 2-3 cm.
long ; pistillate spikes 2, very remote, peduncled,
with 3-6 remote alternate flowers; perigynia
5-6.5 mm. long, lance-subulate, about equaling
the scales. — Damp thickets and gravelly shores,
Man. and n. Minn. June. Fig. 507.

141. C. longir6stris Torr. Slender but erect, 0.3-1 m. high,
growing in stools, the base dull broiun and re-
taining coarse shreddy tufts; leaves 3-4 mm.
wide, flat, loose ; staminate spikes 1-4, pe-
duncled ; pistillate spikes 2-5, 1-5 cm. long,
loosely flowered, slender-peduncled and mostly drooping ;
perigynia thin, slightly inflated, green, spreading, about the
length of the awned scales. — Rocky woods or dry alluvial
thickets, N. B. to Sask., N. J., Pa., and Neb., local. May-
July. Fig. 508.

142. C. cheroke^nsis Schwein. Rather slender, 2-7 dm
high, the base castaneous ; leaves flat, the
basal 3-6 mm. broad ; staminate spikes 2-4,
'ivhitish; pistillate 2-10, remote, often in
2's or 3's, 1.5-5 cm. long ; perigynia conic-
ovoid, pale green or straw-color, promi-
nently few-ribbed, slightly exceeding the
broad pale scales. — Woods and river
swamps, Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; north w.
in the flat country to Mo. April, May.
Fig. 509.

143. C. castllnea Wahlenb. Slender
but erect, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves, 3-6 mm.
broad, flat, hairy, much shorter than the
rough culm; staminate spike 0.7-2 mm.

508. C. longirostris. i^"/' ^'^^^ short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
2-5, approximate^ widely spreading or

drooping on filiform stalks, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, rather dense, g^g c. cherokeensis.

tawny ; perigynia narrowly conic, the beak \ as long as the

body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than the brown
acute thin scales. — Alluvial woods and thickets, rarely in bogs,
in calcareous districts, Nfd. to Out., locally s. to Ct,, N.Y., and
the Great Lake region. May-July. Fig. 510. — Hybridizes with
C. arctata.

144. C. capillaris L. Densely tufted, very slender but erect,
0.3-2.5 dm. high; culm smooth, longer than the narrow flat or at
length involute leaves ; spikes 2-4, approximate, the lowest rarely
2 cm. apart, all more or less long-peduncled and drooping, borne
in the axils of sheathing bracts, very small (3-12-
flowered) ; perigynium thin, very small, oblong-
obovoid, the beak hyaline-lipped, longer than the
very obtuse white scale. — Alpine or subalpine
regions, Mt. Kineo, Me. ; Mt. Washington, N. H. ;
and high northw. July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 511.
Var. elongata Olney. Loose and tall (1.5-8

610. C. castanea. dm.); the spikes remote, the lowest 2.5-10 cwi. 511. C. capillaris.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

247

618. 0. debilis.

apart. — Wet rocks and mossy woods, in calcareous regions, Nfd. to Alaska
south w. to s. N. B., Me., N. Y., Mich., Col., etc. June, July. ' '

145. C. arctata Boott. Slender, erect, 2.5-10 dm. high ; radical leaves muck
shorter than the culm and very broad, flat ; bracts broad and
short, long-sheathing ; spikes 3-5, usually spreading or droop-
ing on filiform stalks, 1.5-8 cm. long, slender; perigynia
3.5-4.5 mm. long, abruptly and conspicuously stipitate and
abruptly contracted into a beak, S-cornered, j)rominently
few-nerved, green, mostly spreading, slightly
longer than the very sharp or cuspidate scale.
(Including var. Faxoni Bailey, which was
based on pathological material. ) — Woods
and copses, e. Que. to Ont., s. to Pa., Mich.,
and Minn. June-Aug. Fig. 512. — Hybrid-
izes with C. castanea and C. virescens.

146. C. debilis Michx. Eesembling the
last; very slender and lax, 0.3-1.2 m. high;
leaves narrow and lax ; spikes 3 or 4, the
upper approximate, the lower remote, mostly
overtopped by the leafy bracts, slender-pedi-
celed and flexuous, 3-6 cm. long ; perigynia ►.<,
soft and thin, 6-9 mm. long, faititly nerved arctata.

or nerveless, the white-edged scales blunt. — Woods and copsea
D. C. to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Pig. 513.
Var. Riidgei Bailey. Culms 0.1-1 m. high ; spikes 1.5-6 cm. long ; perigynia
4.5-6 mm. long, rusty when ripe, appressed, twice longer than the tawny scales.
(C. tenuis Rudge.) — Open woods, thickets and meadows, Kfd. to
Wise, s. to N. C. June-Aug. Fig. 514. — Hybridizes with C.
virescens. Var. STRfcrioR Bailey. Usually tall, strict ' leaves
broader and firmer; spikes stiffer, simply spreading or even erect •
perigynia mostly shorter and greener, often little
exceeding the scales. — White Mts., N. H.

Var. interjecta Bailey. Perigynia firmer, more
trigonous, scattered; the alternate-flowered spikes A-^
cm. long. — Ct. to 0. and n. N. J., local.

Var. pubera Gray. Perigynia usually more slen-
der, more nerved and minutely pubescent. — Pa. to
N. C, local.

147. C. veniista Dewey, var. minor Boeckl.
Slender but strict, 3-8 dm. higb; basal leaves 4-12 mm. wide,
strict, the upper and the bracts about as long as the culm ;
spikes 2-5, the upper pistillate ones approxi-
mate, usually ascending, the terminal some-
times staminate at top, 1.5-5 cm. long; peri-
gynia ascending, 5.5-8 mm. long, firm, prominently nerved,
the very short and stout beak prominently toothed, thrice
longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C. oblita Steud.) —
Sphagnous swamps and low woods, N. Y. and N. J., southw.,
local. June. Fig. 515.

148. C. verruc5sa Muhl. Glaucous, stout and stiff, 0.6-

1.5 m. high ; leaves long, rough-angled, becoming revolute ;

spikes 3-10, 2-6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, scattered to

loosely aggregated, ascending or pendulous, often somewhat

staminate above, variously peduncled ; scales thin, brown,

emarginate, shorter than the ovoid glaucous perigynia, but

the hispid awn from 2-3 times longer to nearly obsolete;

616. C. verrucosa. t)eak short, entire. — Swamps and wet shores, Va., Mo.,

and southw. July-Sept. Fig. 516.

149. C. macrokblea Steud.- Similar, slender, 4-7 dm. high ; spikes 2-5,

1.6-4 cm. long, ascending, on slender peduncles ; scales lanceolate to ovate,

614. C. deb.,
V. Kudgei.

515. C. ven.
T. minor.

248

CYPEBACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

517.

macrokolea.

short-awned, exceeded by the plump subglobose or obovoid
strongly ribbed abruptly beaked perigynia. ( C. Joorii Bailey.)
— Swamps and wet shores, Mo. to Fla.
and Tex. Aug. Fig. 517.

150. C. scabrita Schwein. Eather stout,
very leafy, 2-8 dm. h.gh ; cuhn sharply and
very roughly angled; leaves 6-18 mm.
broad, flat, vei-y rough; spikes 3-6, scat-
tered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder
often long-peduncled and sometimes nod-
ding, 1-6 cm. long, narrowly cylindrical
and compactly flowered : perigynia broadly
ovoid, prominently few-nerved, rough, the
beak nearly as long as the body and
slightly toothed; scales acute and rough-
tipped, green-nerved, about as long as the
body of the perigynia. — Wet meadows
and glades, e. Que. to Ont., s. to the mts.
of S. C. and Tenn., O., and Mich. June-Aug. Fig. 518. —
Hybridizes with G. crinita.

151. C. filif6rmis L. Tall and very slender but erect,
0.5-1.2 m. high; cuhn obtuse, smooth; leaves very long,
involute-filiform, rough ; spikes 1-3, ses-
sile, somewhat scattered, erect, short and
thick, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick ; peri-
gynia very short-ovoid, the teeth very
short, the few nerves obscur^'d by the dense stiff hairs ; scale%
thin and blunt, about as long as the perigynia.- — Bogs and
shallow water, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Pa. and the Great Lake
region. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 519.

152. C.lanuginbsaMichx. Similar; lower;
culm mostly rough above; leaves flat, 2-5
mm, broad ; spikes usually somewhat slim-
mer, the lowest usually peduncled ; scales
mostly sharper and longer. (C. flliformis,
var. latifolia Boeckl.) — Swales and low
meadows, N. B. to Sask. and B. C, s. to Pa.,
Ill,, Kan., etc. June-July.

153. C. Houghtbnii Torr. Stiff, 1.5-6.5
dm. high, extensively creeping; culm rather
sharply angled, rough, exceeding the leaves ;
leaves flat and very sharp-pointed ; spikes
1-3, sessile or the lowest
short-stalked, erect, varying
from nearly globular to cylin-
dric, 1-4.5 cm. long, 7-12 mm.
thick, compact ; perigynia
short-ovoid, stiffly pubescent,

scales thin-margined, acute or

518. C. pcabrata.

519. C. filiforinis. 520. C. Houghtonii.

prominently nerved and toothed

awned. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to

n. N. E., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. May-Aug. Fig. 520.

154. C. vestita Willd. Stout and stiff, 3-8 dm. high, freely
stoloniferous ; culm sharply angled, smooth or somewhat rough :
leaves narrow and rather short, roughish ; staminate spike 1.
rarely 2, sessile or nearly so, 2-5 cm. long ; pistillate spikes 1-3,
subapproximate, or rarely the lowest subradical, often staminate
at top, ellipsoid or short-cylindric, 0.8-2.8 cm. long, compactly
flowered; pengr?/?2ia ovoid, nerved, stiffly hairy , ^hovt-heokeA, the
beak of ten purple and white-hyaline at the orifice, which becomes
fixore or less split with age ; scales thin and blunt or acute, shorter

C. vestita.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

249

C. oligosperma.

than the perigynia. — In sandy soils, from s. Me. to e. N. Y., and D. C. ; '•» south
to Ga." May-July. Fig. 521. Var. Kknnedyi Fernald. Staminate spike
about \ cm. long, hidden by the pistillate, — Wilmington,
Mass. (^Kennedy).

155. C. striata Michx., var. brSvis Bailey. Stiff, 3-8
dm. high, extensively creeping ; culm sharply angled, smootli
or slightly rough above, mostly exceeding the leaves; leaves
narrow and stiff., becoming involute; spikes 1-2, mostly
clostily sessile, considerably separated when two, short
(1-5 cm. long) and rather thick, erect; perigynia broad-
ovoid with impressed nerves, smooth., ascending, short-
beaked and very short-toothed ; scales thin, obtuse or
acutish, mostly about \ as long as
the perigynia. (C. Walteriana, var.
Bailey.) — Pine-barren swamps, s. e.
Mass., south w., local. June-Aug,
Fig. 522.

156. C. oligosperma Michx.
Very slender, but stiff, 2.5-9 dm.
high ; culms solitary or few from a
slender stoloniferous base; leaves
and bracts very narrow, becoming
involute; staminate spike pedun-
cled ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, rarely
3, sessile or the lowest very short-
peduncled, globular or short-oblong
(0.7-2 cm. long) few-flowered ; peri-
gynia turgid, shining, gradually
contracted into a very short and minutely toothed beak,
, prominently few-nerved, yellowish, nearly twice longer
than the blunt scales. — Bogs and wet shores. Lab and Nfd. to the
Mackenzie, s. to Pa., and the Great Lake region. June-Aug.
Fig. 523.

157. C. HfRTA L. Variable in size (2-6 dm. high), widely creep-
ing ; culm rather slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly
rough above ; leaves soft and flat, generally sparsely hairy arid
the sheaths very hirsute, rarely smooth ; spikes 2-3, distant, more
or less shortly peduncled, erect or nearly so,
1.5-4 cm. long, rather loose; perigynia long-
ovoid, nerved, soft-hairy, the jirominent beak
slender-toothed ; scales thin and green-nerved.
awned, mostly a little shorter. — Groves, fields,
and made-lands, e. Mass. to centr. N. Y. and
Pa. ; local. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 524.

158. C. trichocdrpa Muhl. Stout and tall,
0.6-1.2 m. higu , cidm sharply angled, rough
above ; leaves numerous, flat, 3-6 mm. wide,
very rough, but not hairy, much exceeding the
culm ; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lower stalked
and more or less spreading, 3-8 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. thick, heavy, but loosely flowered
at base ; perigynia ovoid, many-costate, sparsely
short-hairy, about twice as long as the inem-
branaceons, acute or acuminate scales. — «,04. C. biita.
Marshes, s. w. Vt. to Ont., s. to Pa. and 111 ,0,0

June-Aug. Fig. 525. Var. xuRHrxkiA Dewey. Spikes 2-2.5 cm. long, l.-^l.»
cm. thick ; perigynia lance-subuiate. — Dutchess Co., N. Y. • 1 ♦

Var. Dew§yi Bailey. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewliat invomie,
smoother ; spikes short, 1.5-5 cm. long, all but the lowest one sessile ; perigynia

522. C. striata, v. brev.

525. C. trichocarpa.

250

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

526. C. trich.
V. Dewevi.

527. C. trIch.
V. aristata.

smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with age, the nerves impressed;
scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than the perigynia. — la. to
Kan., and northwestw. Fig. 526.

Var. aristata (R. Br.) Bailey. Mostly stouter ; leaves
4-10 mm. wide, more or less hairy on the under surface
and sheaths; perigynia lance-ovoid, smooth, the teeth
longer and more spreading ; scales long and sharp. ( C.
aristata R. Br.) — Ont. to Sask. and B. C, s. to N. Y.,
Mich., Wise, Neb., etc. Fig. 627. Var. imberbis Gray.
Sheaths glabrous. —Ont. to N. Dak. and Mo.

159. C. riparia W. Curtis. Very large and stout,
0.6-1.3 ra. high, stoloniferous ; Zeaves 0.5-1.5 cm. broad, flat, rough,
glaucous, much longer than the sharply angled
culm ; spikes 2-4, scattered and all more or less
peduncled, the lowest often very long-stalked, vary-
ing from almost globular to slender-cylindric, 2-10 cm. long,
erect or the lower somewhat drooping, loosely
flowered below ; perigynia lance-ovoid, cori-
aceous, rather lightly many-nerved, the beak
short and thick; scales varying from blunt to
awned, shorter or longer than the perigynia.
— Swamps and wet shores, N. B. to Man.,
and southw. May-July. (Eu.) Fig. 528.
160. C. ACUTiFORMis Ehrh. Stout, 0.4-
528 C rinaria ^'^ ^- ^^S^ 5 culm thick and sharp, mostly
■ smooth ; leaves broad, flat and glaucous, much
prolonged ; spikes 2-5, all but the uppermost peduncled, spread-
ing or drooping, narrowly cylindric, 2-5.5 cm.
long, loosely flowered below ; perigynia ovoid,
very strongly many-nerved, the short beak
slightly toothed ; scales rough-awn ed and longer
than the perigynia. — Boggy meadow. New
Bedford, and formerly at Dorchester, Mass.
June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 529.

161. C. squarr5sa L. Caespitose, 3-9 dm. high ; culm sharply
angled, more or less rough above ; leaves
2.5-6 mm. broad, weak, roughish, exceeding
the culm ; bracts slender, elongate ; spikes
1-4, thick, the terminal always two thirds
squarrosa. pjg^iijj^^^-g qj. more, the remainder more or less
stalked, erect or slightly nodding, globular or short-cylindric,
L5-3 cm.. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, brown,
exceedingly densely flowered ; perigynia
squarrose, the beak rough ; scale short
and usually hidden. — Swamps and wet
woods, w. N. E. to Neb., and southw.,
local. June-Sept. Fig. 530.

162. C. typhinoides Schwein. Coarser,
the glaucous or pale leaves 0.5-1 cm. broad ;
spikes 1.5-5 cm. long, 1-2.2 cm. thick, pale
brown ; perigynia less squarrose, the beaks
ascending. — Meadows and alluvial woods,
w. Que. and w. N. E. to la. and southw.
June-Oct. Fig. 531.

163. C. Frdnkii Kunth. Stout and very
leafy, 5-8 dm. high ; culm obtusely angled,
very smooth ; leaves 4-9 mm. broad, rough
on the nerves, the upper and the bracts

very much longer than the culm ; terminal spike often pis-
tillate at top ; other spikes 3-7, the uppermost sessile on, the 582. C. Fraukii.

acutiformis,

580. C.

531. C. typhinoides.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

251

534. C. comosa.

533. C. Pseudo-Cyperus.

zigzag rhachis, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, evenly
cylindrical, often staminate at top ; perigynia eery
abruptly contracted into a short but slender toothed
heak. (C. stenolepis Torr.) — Swamps and mead-
ows, Pa. to 111. and south w. June-Sept. Fig.
532.

164. C. Pseudo-Cyplrus L. Tall and rather
stout, 0.5-1 m. high, in clumps ; culm thick and
very sharply triangular, rough throughout ; leaves
very long, rough-margined, 0.5-1 cm. wide ; spikes
3-5, slenderly peduncled and more or less droop-
ing, somewhat contiguous, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, nar-
rowly cylindincnl (8-11 mm. thick), very compactly
floioered ; perigynia strongly reflexed, more or less
2-edged, many-costate, the beak shorter than the
body, with erect short (0.5-1 mm. long) teeth;

scales very rough-awned, about the

length of the perigynia. — Bogs and

shallow water, Gulf of St. Lawrence

to Sask., locally s. to Ct., centr.

N. Y. and the Great Lakes. June-

Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 533.

165. C. combsa Boott. Mostly

stouter (0.5-1.5 m. high), the leaves

broader (6-16 mm. wide) ; spikes

1.3-1.7 cm. thick, more loosely flow-
ered; perigynia longer, the beak mostly longer than the body and the teeth
long (1.2-2 mm.) and spreading. (C. Pseudo-Cyperus, var. amencana Hoch.st.)

— Swamps, N. S. to Wash., s. to Fla., La., and s. Cal.
June-Aug. Fig. 534.

166. C. hystericina Muhl. Slender but erect, 2.5-1 m.
high ; culm very sharply angled and rough, at least above ;
leaves 3-10 mm. broad, roughish ; spikes 2-5, borne neai
the top of the culm, rarely very remote, the upper often
sessile, the remainder on more or less liliform stalks,
spreading or drooping, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 c?)i. thick^ com-
pactly flowered ; perigynia greenish
or straw-colored, strongly 15-20-
nerved^ the very slender beak
strongly toothed ; scale nearly or
quite as long as the perigynium.

— Swales, throughout ; frequent.
June-Aug. (Jamaica). Fig. 535.

— Tall specimens with long pen-
dulous spikes have been separated
as the scarcely distinguishable var.
CooLi:Yi Dewey (var. Dudleyi
Bailey).

167. C. lurida Wahlenb. Vari-
able in size, 0.2-1 m. high, stout ;
culm rather obtusely angled and
smooth ; leaves long and loose,
4-6 mm. wide, rough, the bracts
leafy, elongated ; spikes 2-4, vari-
ously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly erect or often drooping, the
others more or less peduncled, approximate or remote, very densely Howered,
globose to thick-cylindric, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick; perigynia tliin
and turgid, somewhat shining, about lO-nei'ved, the body barely equaling th-;
slender long-conic beak ; staminate spike single ; scales linear, half as lon«.
as the peri^nia or more, — Swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Ont., and southw. ;

535. C. hystericina.

C. lurida.

252

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

abundant eastw. Fig. 636. — Hybridizes with C. lupulina. Very variable,
passing to many scarcely distinguishable forms, and to

Var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey. Slender, 3-7 dm. high ; leaven

2-3 mm. loide ; spikes 1-4 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. thick. (C.

Baileyi Brittou). — Cool woods and meadows, Me. to w. N. Y.,

and in the mts. to Tenn., local. Fig. 537.

168. C. Schweinltzii Dewey. Soft but erect, 2.5-7 dm.

high, yelloioish-green^ becoming straw-colored in drying ; culm

solitary., from creeping rootstock,

flatfish and smooth ; leaves 0.5-1 cm.

broad, the radical longer than the

culm, the others mostly short ; spikes

3-5, the lower one or two short-pe-

duncled, the others subsessile and
^„^ -, , approximate, narrowly long-cylindri-

537. C. lur., V. grac. ^^^(^2.5-7.5 cm. long, 8-13 mm. thick),
ascending ; perigynia thin and somewhat inflated, few-
nerved, the long beak short-toothed, ascending ; scales
awned and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter
than the perigynia. — Swamps and wet calcareous soil,
s. Vt, to Ont., s. to Ct., n. N. J., and Mich. June,
July. Fig. 538.

169. C. retr6rsa Schwein. Stout, 0.4-1 m. high;
culm obtusely angled and smooth or nearly so ; leaves

and bracts 0.4-1 cm. broad,
soft, roughish, much longer
than the culm ; staminate
spikes 1-4, sessile or short-
peduncled ; pistillate spikes
3-8, approximate near the
top of the culm or the lowest
remote, all hut the lowest

1 or 2 sessile or subsessile, 1.5-5 cm. long, 1.7-2 cm,
thick, compactly flowered, erect or spreading ; peri-
gynia very thin and papery, much inflated, promi-
nently nerved, strongly reflexed, conic-ovoid, long-
beaked, 8-10 mm. long, much exceeding the acuminate
scales. — Wet places, e. Que. to the Saskatchewan
and B. C, s. to Pa., the Great Lakes, la., Ida., and
Ore. July-Oct» Fig. 539.—
Hybridizes with C. rostrata.
Var. Robins6nii Fernald.
Spikes slender, 1.2-1.5 cm.
thick. — Local, Me. to Ida.

Var. Hartii (Dewey) Gray.
The remote, often long-pedun-
cled spikes usually more slen-
der, 2-8 cm. long ; perigynia loide-spreading. — Local,
N. H. to Ont. and Mich.

Var. Macounii (Dewey) Fernald. Similar to the last,
but perigynia ascenaing. (C. lupulina x retrorsa Dud-
ley.)— N, Y., Ont., and Mich.

170. C. Halei Carey. Culms solitary, slender, smooth,
2-6 dm. high ; leaves and bracts soft, roughish, 3-6 mm.
broad, over-topping the inflorescence ; staminate spike long-peduncled ; pistillate
2-4, mostly scattered, sessile, or the lowest short-peduncled, short-cylindric to sub-
globose, 2-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick ; the rather few perigynia conic-ovoid,
thin, bladdery, 10-12 mm. long, with a rather abrupt slender-conic beak, twice as
long as the firm ovate acuminate scales. (C louisianica Bailey.) — Swamps,
Fla, to Tex., north w. in the lowlands to Mo. June-Aug. Fig. 540.

538. C. fechweinitzii.

540. C. Halei.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

253

171. C. gigantda Rudge. Loosely caespitose or somewhat stolon if erous, stout
0.5-1.2 m. high ; leaves 0.7-1.5 cm. broad; staminate spiltes 2-4 ; pisliUate 2-4'
scattered, the lowest long-peduncled and remote, rather ' '

loosely flowered, 3-7 cm. long, 2-2.7 cm. thick; peri-
gynia swollen below but very abruptly contracted into
a slender beak 3-4 times as long as the body, spreading

at right angles or nearly so, never

becoming yellow ; scales narrow,

smooth. (C. grandis Bailey.) —

Swamps, Del., Ky., and Mo., south w.

July-Sept. Fig. 541.

172. C. Iupulif6rmis Sartwel..

Stout, tall, 0.0-1.2 m. high ; leaves

0.6-1.3 cm. broad, conspicuously

elongate bracts broad and far ex-
ceeding the culm ; staminate spike

usually peduncled ; pistillate spikes

3-5, 3-8 cm. long, cylindrical (2-3.5 km r^ ■ .

J.1 ' 1 x .. V i ^1 1 ^ 541. C. mgantea.

cm. thick), at least the lower pe-

duncled, erect or ascending, somewhat scattered or the
upper approximate, becoming yellowish brown ; pericynia
542. C. lupuliformis narrowly conic-ovoid, 1.3-2 cm. long, mostly twice exceed-
ing the firm lance-attenuate scales, ascending. (C lupu-
Una, var. polystachya Schwem. & Torr.) — Eich swamps,
meadows, and prairies, Vt. to Minn., s. to Del., 111., and
La. July-Oct. Fig, 542.

173. C. lupulina Muhl. Very stout and leafy, 4-9 dm.
high ; leaves 0.0-1 cm. broad, loose ; bracts broad and
elongate ; pistillate spikes 2-0, approximate at the top of
the culm, all closely sessile or the lower sometimes short-
ped uncled, thick-cylindrical to subglobose, very heavy and
densely flowered, 3-6 cm. long, 2-^ cm. thick; staminate
spike sessile ; perigynia much inflated, rather soft, 1.3-2
cm. long, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike
a hop-like aspect (whence the name); scales firm, lance-
ovate, mostly much shorter than the perigynia. — Swamps

and wet woods N. B., to Ont., la., and southw. July-
Oct. Fig. 543. — Frequently hybridizes with other
species.

Var. pedunculata Dewey. Often taller ; spikes more
or less scattered, some or all prominently peduncled;
staminate spike usually conspicuous, generally pe-
duncled; perigynia more spreading. — Locally more
abundant.

174. C. Grayii Carey. Rather stout, 0.3-1 m. high ;
leaves 6-11 mm. wide, flat, harsh, pale green; pistillate
spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly
globular and compactly 6-30-flowered, the perigynia
firm., much inflated, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long, spread-
ing or defiexed and prominently many-nerved. (C.
Asa-Grayi Bailey.) — Wet alluvial woods and meadows,
w. N. E.'to Ont., la., and Mo., local. June-Oct. Fig.
644.

Var. hispidula Gray. Perigynia hispidulous. — Ct.
to Mo., and southw

543. C. lupulina.

Grayii.

175. C. intumescens Rudge. Slender, 0.3-1 m.

high ; leaves and bracts 3-8 mm. wide, soft, much elongate, dark green ; pistil-
late spikes l-o, subglobose or short-ovoid, loosely 1-12-flowered ; the perigynia
thin, bladdery, green, 1-1.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, spreading, many-
nerved. — SwamDS, meadows, and alluvial woods, throughout ; the typical

254

CYPERACSAE (SEDGB FAMILY)

Rather slender, 0.3-

intumescens.

546. C. folliculata.

form commonest from Mass. sonthw. Jnne-Sept

Fig. 545.

Var. Ferndldii Bailey. Perigynia more slender^

less inflated, 1.2-1.7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick. —

Nfd. to Man., s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich., and Wise;

and on the mts. of N. C. ; the common form

northw.

176. C. folliculUta L.

1.2 m. high ; leaves very

hroad and flat., yellowish-

green, lax ; pistillate spikes

2-5, mostly scattered, all but

the uppermost prominently

peduncled; perigynia conic-

subulate, very slightly in-
flated, many-nerved, 1-1.5

cm. long ; scales awned and

often nearly as long. — Wet

woods, meadows and bogs,

Nfd. to Ont., s. to Md.,

W. Va., and Mich.; locally

abundant. June-Aug. Fig.

546.

177. C. Michauxiana Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 2.5-6 dm. high,
yellowish; leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-4, the lowest
usually remote and short-peduncled,
the remainder aggregated and sessile ;
perigynia lance-subulate, not inflated,
8-13 mm. long, erect or spreading,
twice longer than the blunt scales.
(C. abacta Bailey.) — Bogs and lake-
borders, Nfd. to L. Mistassini, s. to
n. N. E., n. N. Y., and Mich.; local.
June, July. Fig. 647.

178. C. subulata Michx. Green,
very slender but erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ;
leaves soft, 1.5-4 mm. wide, shorter
than the culm ; bracts leafy, sheath-
ing; pistillate spikes 2-5, scattered,
2-6-flowered ; perigynia subulate, 1-1.5
cm. long, deflexed. ( C. Collinsii Nutt.)
— Bogs and white cedar swamps, R. I.
to e. Pa., and southw. ; very local. 543 q subulata.
June, July. Fig. 548.

179. C. saxatilis L. Low, 2-3 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm.
wide, flat, becoming involute, nearly or quite equaling the
culm ; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2); pistillate
1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, subglobose or
short-cylindric, 0.5-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick ;
perigynia purple or purple-tinge 1, usually

nerveless, ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, with a short subentire beak,
slightly exceeding the blunt purple scale; stigmas
usually 2. — By an alpine pond, Mt. Katahdin,
Me.; Lab. and Greenl. July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig.
649.

Var. miliaris (Michx.) Bailey. Slender and taller,
2.5-6 dm. high; leaves nearly filiform; pistillate
spikes mostly paler and more slender, 1-2.5 cm. long,
3-7 mm. thick. (C. miliaris Michx.) — Margins of
rivers and lakes, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, locally s. to 5i9. c. saxatUis.

547. 0. Michauxiana.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

255

Fig. 550. — Apparently

551. C. Grahaml.

6. N. B. and centr. Me. July-Sept,
hybridizes with C. vesicaria.

180. C. Grahimi Boott Slender, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves
Jlat, 1.5-3 mm. wide ; staminate spikes 1-3 ; pistillate 1 3, the
loiBest mostly short-peduncle d, slightly spreading or ascending,
1.2-1.8 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; perigynia straw-colored, thin'
ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, ftw-nerved, with a slender
subentire beak, ascending, twice as long as the
blunt purple scale. — Margin of a pond, Mt.
Katahdin, Me. July, Aug. (Scotland.) Fig.
551. — Much of the American material previ-
ously referred to this species is apparently a
hybrid between C. saxatiUs, var. miliaris and
forms of G. vesicaria. (C. miliaris, ya.r.anrea
Bailey ; C. Raeana Britton, not Boott ; C. main-
ensis Porter.)

181. C. rotundata Wahlenb. Slender, 6 dm.
or less high; leaves soon becoming involute;
staminate spike 1 (rarely 2 or 3); pistiliate
552. C. rotundata. ^ ^^ ^' ^^^^i^^i short and compact, 8-13 mm.
long, 6-8 mm. thick, the lower subtended by a
divergent bract (4-5 cm. long) ; perigynia pale or ferruginous, plump, sub-
globose-ovoid, few-nerved, about 3 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked, the beak
entire or short-toothed, one half longer than the purplish scales. — Outlet of
Moosehead L., Me. Aug. (Greenl., n. Eu.) Fig. 552.

182. C. vesicaria L. Comparatively slender, 0.4-1 m. high ; the culms
sharply angled and generally harsh above, usually overtopped by the bracts;
leaves 4-7 mm. wide, loosely ascending or spreading ; staminate
spikes mostly 2 or 3, peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-3, remote,
sessile or short-peduncled, cylindric, 2-7 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. thick; perigynia slightly turgid, ovoid
to oblong-conic, gradually tapering to the beak,
when mature 7-9 mm. long, twice exceeding the
ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate scales. — Mead-
ows and low ground, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Pa.,
the Great Lake region, etc. June-Aug. (Eu.)
Fig. 553. — A very variable northern species, pass-
ing freely with us into the following arbitrarily
distinguished tendencies. Var. monile (Tuckerm.)
Leaves 2-5 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes as in the
species ; perigynia more turgid, roundish-ovoid, about 6 mm.
long, rather abruptly tapering to the beak. (C.
monile Tuckerm.) — Nfd. to Sask., Ky., and Mo.,
generally common. Fig. 554. Var. jejuna Fer-
nald. Smaller and more slender ; pistillate spikes
thinner, 5-8 mm. thick. — Common north w. Var.
DisTENTA Fries. Slender ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2,
short and thick, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick;
V '^ /If P^^'Wy^'^if^ subglobose or ovoid, abrttptly beaked. — Local, Nfd. and
A \'f ^^^" ^^ ^^' ^"^ ^^' ^^^' ^^^^^^ (Boott) Fernald. Very slen-
i\ w ^^^ ' ^^^'^'^^ 2 '^^^^ "^i^^i tending to become invohite at tip ; pis-
11 1 i tillate spikes slender, 4-8 mm. thick; perigynia scarcely inflated,
WF I narrow and elongate. — Local, Que. to Athabasca, s. to Me.
^ ^ Fig. 555.

183. C. rostrata Stokes. Culm 0.3-1 m. high, rather stout,
thickish and spongy at base, generally smooth and bluntly angled
above ; leaves elongated, flat, usually equaling or exceeding the
culms, pale green or glaucous, 0.2-1 cm. wide, promnieuLiy nodulose, espe-
cially aiter drying; staminate inflorescence peduncled, of 2-4 distinct spikes,
pistillate spikes mostly 2-4, sessile or the lower peduncled, cylindric, denser

Fernald.

553. C. vesicaria.

555. C. ves.,
V. Raeana.

256

CYPEBACEAB (SEDGE FAMILY)

556. C. rostrata.

557. C. rost, v. utrlc.

2-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick; perigynia ascending or slightly spreading,
flask-shaped, 3-6 mm. long, the abrupt cylindric beak somewhat exceeding
the bluntish or acute oblong or lanceolate purple-tinged
scale. (C utriculata, var. minor Boott.) — Wetswarnpa
and shallow water, Nfd. and Lab. to Sask. and B. C,
8. to Ct., N. Y., 111., Utah, and
Cal. ; common northw., local
south w. (Eu.) Fig. 556.

Var. utriculita (Boott) Bailey.
Coarser; mature spikes 1-2 cm.
thick, often longer than in the
species ; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid
to conic-cylindric,
0.5-1 cm. long, taper-
ing gradually to the
beak, ( C. utricu-
lata Boott.) — Ex-
tending s. to N. J.,
O., etc. Fig. 557.

Var. dmbigens
Fernald. Very slen-
der, 3-5 dm. high ;
culms barely 1 mm.
in diameter below the spikes ; leaves 2-5
mm. broad ; staminate spikes 1 or 2 \ pis-
tillate 1-3, 1-2.5 cm. long; perigynia as 558. C. buHata.
in the species. — Que., N. B., and n. Me.

184. C. buUata Schkuhr. Slender, 4-9 dm. high, the long stiff leaves 4-8
yhm. wide ; staminate spikes mostly 2 or 3, long-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
mostly 2, remote, cylindric, densely flowered, 2.5-5
cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick.; ^en^?/m'a strongly nerved,
firm., dull or slightly shining, very turgid, 5-8 mm.
long, spreading-ascending, the usually serrulate or
slightly roughish conic-cylindric beak much exceeding
the acute or bluntish scale. (C. Olneyi Boott; C.
bullata X utriculata Bailey.) — Swales and wet mead-
ows, local, Mass. to Del. June, July. Fig. 658.

Var. Greenii (Boeckl.) Fer-
nald. More slender and lower ;
leaves 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate
spike 1 {or if 2, remote), shorter
and thicker, rather loosely flow-
ered ; perigynia lustrous, 6-9
mm. long. (C. bullata Man. ed.
6.) — Commoner, s. Me. to Pa.
and Ga. Fig. 559.

185. C. Tuckermlini Dewey.
Culms slender, 1 m. or less high,
forming loose stools ; leaves 3-5
mm. wide ; bracts very leaf-like
and usually much prolonged ;
staminate spikes 2 or 3, long-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
2 or 3, slender-peduncled or the upper sessile, thick-
cylindric, 2-6 cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. thick, loosely flowered ;
perigynia glossy, extremely membranaceous and bladder- ggj q Tuckermani
like, strongly nerved, globose-ovoid, 1 cm. long, 5-6.5 mm.
thick, tapering gradually to the slender cylindric beak, much exceeding the
oblong-ovate acute or acuminate scales. — Rich alluvial shores, rarely in swamps,
N, B. to Lake St. John, Que., and Ont., s. to N. J., Ind., and Minn. June-
Aug. Fig. 660-

559. C. bullata, v. Greenii.

ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) 257

ARACEAE (Arum Family)

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves,

and flowers crowded on a spadix, ichich is usually surrounded by a spathe.

Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with
fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy embryo. A large family,
chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rhaphides. — The genuine
Araceae have no floral envelopes, and are almost all monoecious or dioecious ;
but the genera of the third and fourth sections, with more highly developed
flowers, are not to be separated.

* Spadix elongated, enveloped in a spathe; flowers destitute of perianth, monoecious or dioecious.

1. Arisaema. Flowers covering- only the base of the spadix. Leaves not sagittate.

2. Peltandra. Flowers covering the spadix. Leaves sagittate.

* * Spadix short-cylindric, subtended by an open spreading petaloid spathe ; flowers (jxi, least the

lower ones) perfect, without perianth.

3. Calla. Flowers covering the whole spadix.

* * * Spadix globose, enveloped in a very fleshy ovoid spathe ; flowers perfect and perianth present.

4. Symplocarpus. Sepals 4, hooded.

* * * * Spadix cylindrical without obvious spathe ; flowers perfect, perianth present.

5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.

6. Acorus. Spadix cyUndrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.

1. ARISAEMA Martins. Indian Turnip. Bragom Arum

or

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious
by abortion dioecious. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of
almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile
flowers a 1-celled ovary containing 5 or 6 erect orthotropous ovules; in fruit a
1-f ew-seeded scarlet berry. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock
or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or
compound veiny leaves. (Name from dpis, a kind of arum, and al/m, blood, from
the spotted leaves of some species.)

1. A. triphyllum (L.) Schott. (Indian Turnip, Jack-in-the-Pulpit.)
Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix mostly
dioecious, subcylindric or club-shaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe,
which is smooth or corrugated in its tubular part and incurved-hooded at its flat
ovate-lanceolate pointed summit. (^4. pusillum Nash ; A. IStewardsonii Britton.)
— Rich woods. May. — Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an
intensely acrid juice ; spathe with the petioles and sheaths pale green, or often
dark purple or variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots.

2. A. Drac6ntium (L.) Schott. (Green Dragon, Dragon Root.) Leaf
usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets;
spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the
oblong and convolute-pointed greenish spathe. — Low grounds, w. N. E. to Fla.,
w. to Ont., Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. June. — Corms clustered ; petiole 3-0 dm-
long, much exceeding the peduncle.

2. PELTANDRA Raf. Arrow Arum

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above.
Flowers thickly covering the long and" tapering spadix throughout (or only ita
apex naked). Anther-masses sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the
spadix, each of 4-6 pairs o^cells embedded in the margin of a thick and shield-
shaped connective, opening by terminal pores. Ovaries at the base of the
spadix, each surrounded by 4-5 distinct, scale-like white staminodia, 1-celled,
bearing 1-few amphitropous ovules at the base. Berries in an ovoid fleshy

gray's manual — 17

258 ARACEAE (arum FAMILY)

head enveloped by the base of the leathery spathe. — Stemless herbs, with arrow-
shaped or hastate palmately 3-nerved and pinnately veined leaves, and simple
scapes from a thick fibrous or subtuberous root. (Name from ttAt?;, a small
shield, and dj/Tjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.)

1. P. virginica (L.) Kunth. Scape 2-3.5 dm. high, about equaling the
leaves ; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutlsh ; spathe convolute
throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green ; sterile portion of the spadix
several times longer than the pistillate ; ovules several ; fruit green ; seeds l(-3).
(P. undulata Raf.) — Shallow water, s. Me. to Ela., w. to s. Ont., Mich., and
Mo. June.

3. CALLA L. Water Arum

Spathe ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Lower
flowers perfect and 6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Filaments slen-
der ; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-9 erect
anatropous ovules. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. — A low perennial herb,
growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-
petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.)

1. C. palustris L. — Cold bogs, N. S. to N. J., w. to Mich, and Minn., and
northw. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eurasia.)

4. SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. Skunk Cabbage

Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments ;
anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped ;
stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or ovoid
mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, inclosing the spherical
seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent fleshy
sepals and pyramidal styles, — Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of
the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a very thick rootstock, and a cluster
of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the
nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from
^vfiirXoKT], connection, and Kapiros, fruit, in allusion to the coalescence of the
ovaries into a compound fruit.)

L S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 3-6 dm. long,
short-petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green^
ovate, incurved. (Spathijema Raf.) — Bogs and moist grounds, N. S. to N. C,
w. to Ont., Minn., and la.

5. 0R6NTIUM L. Golden Club

Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part
of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Lower
flowers with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments
flattened ; anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with
an anatropous ovule. Fruit a green utricle. — An aquatic perennial, with a
deep rootstock, and long-petioled entire oblong and nerved floating leaves.
(Origin of the name obscure.)

1. 0. aquaticum L. — Ponds, Mass. to Fla. May.

6. ACORUS L. Sweet Flag. Calamus

Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6 ; filaments linear ; anthers kidney -shaped,
1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous
ovules in each cell. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1-few-seeded.
— Aromatic, especially the thick creeping rootstocks (calamus of the shops).
Leaves sword-like ; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation of the scape
may be considered as a kind of open spathe. ("A/copas, the ancient name, of no
known meaning.)

1. A. Calamus L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yellowish-
green) spadix. — Margins of rivulets, swamps, etc. (Eurasia.)

LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED FAMILY) 259

LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family)
Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem
and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers
from the edge or upper surface, a7id commonly hanging roots from underneath •
ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a l-1-seeded utricle. Seed large.
Embryo straight. — The simplest, and some of them the smallest of flowering
plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a new individual from a clett
in the edge or base of the parent frond, also by autumnal fronds in the form of
minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise and vegetate in
spring ; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever
Been. — These plants may be regarded as very simplified Araceae.

1. Spirodela. Frond 5-15-nerved, with several rootlets.

2. Lemna. Frond 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet.

3. Wolffia. Frond thick, ovoid or ellipsoidal, very minute (0.5-1.3 mm. long), without rootlets.

4. Wolffiella. Fronds strap-shaped, thin, without rootlets.

1. SPIRODELA Schleid.

Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovules 2. Rootlets several, with axile vascular tissue. Otherwise as Lemna.
(From (XTreipa, a cord, and 577X0S, evident.)

1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Fronds round-obovate (3-8 mm. long), thick,
purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly
7-) nerved. — Common in ponds and pools, except near our n. limits. (Temp,
and trop. regions.)

2. LEMNA L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat

Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three
together surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen
only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a
single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender; anther 2-celled, didy-
mous ; the cells dehiscent transversely. Fert. Fl. Ovary 1-celled ; style and
truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. Ovules and seeds 1-7. — Fronds
1-5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath (which is destitute of vascular
tissue), proliferous from a cleft in the margin toward the base. (An old Greek
name of uncertain meaning.)

* Fronds oblong, long-stallced at base, remaining connected.

1. L. trisiilca L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate (6-10 mm, long), at-
tenuate at base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, very obscurely .3-nervod,
often without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected ;
spathe sac-like; seeds ovate, araphitropous, with small round operculum. —
Ponds and springy places, N. S. to N, J., Tex., and w. to the Pacific. (Temp,
and trop. regions.)

* * Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon separating.

2. L. yaldiviana Philippi. Fronds elliptic-oblong, small (2.5-4 mm. long),
rather thick, usually somewhat falcate, obscurely \-nerved ; spathe broad-reni-
form ; utricle long-ovate, pointed by the long style ; seed urthotropous, oblong,
with a prominent acute operculum. (L. minor, ya,v. cyclostasa Ell,; L. cyclo-
stasa of auth.) — Pools, Mass. to Fla. and westw. across the continent.
(S. A.)

3. L. perpusilla Torr. Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate, oblique (2-3
mm. long), obscurely Z-nerved ; utricle ovate ; style rather long ; seed ort/iotro-
pous, ovate or oval, obtuse, with scarcely apiculate operculum. — Mass. id Fla.,
and w. to Dak. and Kan. Var. tuinekvis Aust. has larger distinctly
3-nerved fronds, and an equally cordate seed. — N. J. to Kan. and 1. T.

260 ERIOCAULACEAB (PIPEWORT FAMILY)

4. L. minor L. Fronds round- to elliptic-obovate (2-5 mm. in diameter),
rather thick, very obscurely o-nerved; spathe sac-like ; utricle short-urn-shaped,
tipped with a short style ; seed oblong-obovate, amphitropous, with prominent
rounded operculum. — Stagnant waters, except along our n. borders. (Temp,
regions.)

3. w6LFFIA Horkel.

Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in
some foreign species flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2 ; one consisting of a
single stamen with a 1-celled 2-valved anther ; the other of a globular ovary,
tipped with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous,
rather oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds root-
less, proliferous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring
soon detached; no rhaphides. — The simplest and smallest of flowering plants,
floating as little grains in or on the water. (Named for Johann Friedric.h Wolff,
"Who wrote on Lemna in 1801.)

Not dotted ; upper surface strongly convex ,1. W. columbiana.

Dotted.

Upper surface flattish 2. IF. punctata.

Upper surface low-conical , . . 3. TT. papidifera.

1. W. columbiana Karst. Globose or globular, 0.7-1.5 mm. long, very
loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted ; stomata 1-6 ; the opening at
the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the surface
of stagnant waters, Ct. to Fla.. w. to Minn, and La.

2. W. punctata Griseb. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, flattish
and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, brown-dotted
all over, anterior edge sharp ; opening at base circular. ( W. hrasiliensis of
auth., not Weddell.) — Out. to the Gulf of Mex. — Growing with the preceding
but floating on the surface.

3. W. papulifera C. H. Thompson. Lower surface hemispherical, the upper
flattish at the margin, rising at the center to a single low papilla ; flowers
unknown. — Mo. {Bus?i, Thompson).

4. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm.

Flowers and fruit unknown. Fronds (in ours) linear-attenuate or flagellate,
falcate or sigmoid, many times longer than wide, punctate, solitary or cohering
at the base and radiating in a stellate manner. Pouch single, triangular, basal.

— Small genus of imperfectly known plants. (Name a diminutive of IVolffia.)
1. W. floridana (J. D. Sm.) Thompson. Fronds hollow, gradually attenuate

from base to flagelliform apex, 6-8 mm. long. ( Wolffia gladiata, var. J. D. Sm.)

— Mo. to Fla. and Tex.

ERIOCAULACEAE (Pipewort Family)

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous
roots, a cluster of narrow and often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and naked
scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or rarely
dioecious small 2-Z-merous fioicers, each in the axil of a scarious bract; the
perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2-3-
celled 2-S-seeded capsule ; seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; embryo at the apex
of mealy albumen. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate r.egions.

1. Eriocaulon. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate

tlowers. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes (4). Anthers 2-celled.

2. Syngonanthus. Perianth as in the last. Stamens only as many as the corolla-lobes (3). An-

thers 2-celled.

3. Lachnocaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 seyals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. Anthers

1 celled.

ERIOCAULACEAE (PIPEWORT FAMILY) 261

1. ERIOCAl&LON [Gronov.] L. Pipewort

Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i.e. both kinds in the same head either
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spaiuiaie or dilated
upward. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black gland or
spot. Stamens inserted one at the base of each lobe and one. in each sinus
Pistils rudimentary. Pert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from
the rest of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets).
Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked
2-3-lobed ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Capsule membranaceous, hjculicidal'.
— Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid, flat or concave above.
Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, etc., usually white-bearded or wuoUy.
(Name compounded of '4pLov, loool, and Kav\6s, a stalk, from the wool at the
base of the scape. ) — Our species are all stemless, wlioUy glabrous excepting at
the base and the flowers, with a depressed head and dimerous flowers.

1. E. decangulare L. Leaves obtuse, varying from lanceolate to linear-awl-
shaped, rather rigid, 6-40 cm. long ; scapes 10-12-ribbed (3-0 dm. high) ;
head hemispherical, becoming globose (6-14 mm. in diameter) ; scales of the
involucre acutish, straw-color or light brown ; chaff (bracts among the flowers)
pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.

2. E. compressum Lam. Leaves spreading (5-12 cm. long), grassy-avol-
shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribbed scape ; scales of the
involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color; chaff obtuse. (E. gnaphalodes
Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, N, J. to Fla.

3. E. articulatum (Huds.) Morong. Peduncles 1-several ; leaves 2-8 cm.
long, awl-shaped, pellucid, soft and very cellular ; scape 4^-1 -striate, slender, 5-15
cm. high or when submersed becoming 3-20 dm. long according to the depth of
the water; chaff acutish ; head 5-9 mm. broad, at length depressed-globose;
bracts, chaff, etc., lead-colored except where whitened by short but coarse
beard; anthers longer than broad. {E., septangular e With.) — In ponds or
along their borders, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ind., Mich., Minn., and Ont. July,
Aug. (Ireland and adjacent islands.)

4. E. Parkdri Robinson. Leaves lance-linear, 3-6 cm. long, attenuate from
a base 3-4 mm. broad to a very sharp tip ; peduncles 10-22, erect, sliglitly rigid ;
heads small (3-4 mm. in diameter), even in fruit surrounded by a carapanulate
involucre ; chaff and flowers nearly glabrous : anthers as broad as long. —
Banks of the Delaware R. near Camden, N. J. (T. P. James, Parker.)

2. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhland.

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla in
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary.
Petals of the fertile flowers united to the middle. Otherwise nearly as in
Eriocaulon. (Name from a<>^yovos, connate, and &vdos, flower, from the united
petals. )

1. S. flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhland. Tufted, stemless; leaves brlstle-awl-
shaped (2-7 cm. long) ; scapes (1-4 dm. high) very slender, simple, minutely
pubescent, 5-angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those
among the flowers mostly obsolete; perianth glabrous; sepals and |)etals of the
fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious- white. (Paepalanthus Kunth.) — Low
pine-barrens, s. Va. to Fla. and Ala.

3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth. Haibt Pipewort

Flowers monoecious, etc., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla
none ! Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 ; filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped
tube around the rudiment of a pistil, above separate and elongated ; antiiei-s
1-Qeiled 1 Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of

262

XYRIDACEAB (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY)

a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Scape slender, bearing a single head, 2-3-
angled, hairy. (Name from Xdxvos, icool, and Kav\6s, stalk.)

\. L. anceps (Walt.) Morong. Leaves linear-awl-shaped, tufted, villous.
(Z. Michauxii Kuuth.) — Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

XYRIDACEAE (Yellow-eyed Grass Family)

Bush-like herbs, with narroio leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape, which
is terminated by a head of perfect ^-androus flowers, with extrorse anthers, glu-
maceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla; the S-valved mostly l-celled cap-
sule containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the
apex of fleshy albumen.

1. XYRIS [GroDOV.] L. Yellow-eyed Grass

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely-
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral boat-shaped and persistent ; the
anterior one larger, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it.
Petals 3, yellow (rarely white), with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile
stamens 3, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments,
which are cleft and in our species plumose or bearded at the apex. Style 3-clef t.
Capsule oblong, free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae,
3-valved, many-seeded. — Ours apparently all perennials. (^vpls, a name of
some plant with 2-edged leaves, from ^vp6v, a razor.)

Lateral sepals about equaling the subtending' bracts and concealed by them.
Base not bulbous ; keel of the lateral sepals with an erose wing.
Heads ovoid.
Leaf-blades strictly linear or broadest at the base ; scape narrowly 2-
margined.
Heads narrowly ovoid ; flower-bearing scales few (-i-T) at length dark

brown

1. X. inontana.

X difformis.
X. elata.
X. flexuosa.

Heads broadly ovoid ; flower-bearing scales usually numerous, greenish

or pale brown 2. X. caroUniana.

Leaf-blades broadest in the middle ; scape much flattened, conspicuously

2-winged

Heads ellipsoidal or subcylindric (southern)

Base bulbous ; keel of the lateral sepals ciliolate ......

Lateral sepals evident, much exceeding the subtending bracts or exserted
laterally.

Keel of the lateral sepals slightly lacerate or erose

Keel of the lateral sepals conspicuously fringed.

Base neither bulbous nor indurated

Base bulbous and indurated, dark brown

6. X. Smalliana.

7. X.fmbriata.

8. X. arenicolu.

1. X. montana "Ries. Dwarf and very slender, l-(rarely)3 dm. high, some-
what caespitose from a more or less branching rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear,
rarely more than 4 cm. long, about one fourth or one third
the length of the nearly fihform stipes ; heads at maturity
4-6 mm. thick; seeds subcylindric-spindle-shaped. regularly
ribbed. (X flexuosa, var. pusilla Gray.) —Chiefly in peat
bogs, Nf d. to Mt. Desert, Me. , the uplands of
N. Y., and e. Pa. ; also on L. Superior. Fig.
531.

2. X. caroliniana Walt. Varying much
in size ; leaves grass-like, mostly 6-20 cm.
long, one third to two thirds as long as the
slightly ancipital stipe ; roots a tuft of delicate fibers ; root-
stock apparently not developed ; fruiting heads 8-10 mm. in
diameter ; seeds ovoid-spindlu-shaped somewhat irregularly
about 13-ribbed, when ripe claret-colored. — Wet sandy shores Seed x33.
of lakes and pools, centr. Me. to Ind., and southw. Fig. 562.

3. X. diff6rmis Chapm. Rather stout ; leaves lance-linear, 7-12 mm. broad
in the middle, thickish ; scape strongly flattened, conspicuously 2-winged, 2-3

561. X. montana.
Lateral sepal x 3V3.
Seed X 33.

X. caroliniana.
Lateral sepal x 3%.

MAYACACEAE (MAYACA FAMILY)

263

5C3. X. llexuosa.
Lateral sepal x 3%.

mm. broad ; heads subglobose, in fruit about 1 cm. in diameter ; seeds about 26-
fibbed. — Sandy shores, Md. (Canby), and southw.

4. X. elata Chapin. Tall (4-8 dm. high) ; leaves grass-like (2-4 dm. long),
linear or gladiate from -broadened strongly equitant bases ; scape slender, only
moderately compressed, ancipital but not winged ; heads ellip-
soidal or subcylindric, 1.4-3 cm. long ; floriferous scales numer-
ous, suborbicular. — Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. and Miss.

5. X. flexubsa Muhl. Leaves narrowly linear, pale green,
thickish, twisted, from a small bulb-like base ; stipe 3-6 dm.
high, twisted and flexuous, slightly compressed toward the
summit, not winged ; head subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter ;
scales suborbicular, pale brown, the greenish area small and ill-
defined ; lateral sepals ciliolate on the keel. —
Wet places, chiefly in sandy soil, e. Mass. to
Minn., Tex., and S. C. Fig. 503.

6. X. Smalliana Nash. Tall (4-9 dm. high) ; leaves broadly
Imear or sword-shaped, 2.5-6 dm." long, often nearly 2 cm. broad
at the equitant and commonly proliferous base, neither twisted
nor flexuous ; scape rather slender, straight, compressed near
the summit ; heads obovoid or ovoid-ellipsoidal, at maturity
about 10-12 mm. in diameter ; scales broadly ovate, green with
a stramineous or pale-brown border ; lateral sepals long and
narrow, erose-lacerate on the usually narrow wing ; seeds for

the genus long, subcylindric, regularly ribbed, pale in color. — Chiefly on boggy-
shores rich in decaying vegetation, often in water, e. Mass. ./
to Fla. — The northern form, which has the lateral sepals a
little less lacerate on the keel, has been published as X. Cong-
doni Small. Fig. 564.

7. X. fimbriata Ell. Tall, strict; leaves
broadly linear, straight ; scape straight or
nearly so, 5-8 dm. high, compressed and
roughened on the edges toward the summit;
heads ellipsoidal, about 12-15 mm. in diameter,
nearly 2 cm. long ; fringed sepals conspicuous,
nearly twice as long as the bracts. — Pine-
barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Miss, Fig. 565.

8. X. arenicola Small. Base thick and
bulb-like, surrounded by broad chestnut-

566. X. arenicola. Colored scales, the enlarged and hardened persistent bases of
Lateral sepal x 3% former leaves ; slender stipe and very narrow thickish leaves
twisted and flexuous ; head cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish,
8-10 mm. thick; fringed sepals conspicuous. (X. torta of auth., not Sm.) —
Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Miss. Fig. 566,

564. X. Smalliana.
Lateral sepal x 3%.

565. X. fimbriata.
Lateral sepal x 3%.

MAYACACEAE (Mayaca Family)

Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, loith narrowly linear sessile pellucid
leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary perfect o-androus
flower, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a S-valved 1-celled several-seeded
capsule. — A single genus.

1. MAYAcA Aublet.

Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentae ;
style filiform ; stigma simple. — Creeping or floating in shallow water ; leaves
entire, minutely notched at the tip ; peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An
aboriginal name.)

1. M. Aubleti Michx. Peduncles deflexed in fruit ; capsules about 9-seeded.
{M. Michauxii Schott & Endl.) — Va. and O. to Fla. and Tex.

2(54 COMMELINACEAE (^SPIDEKWURT FA^MLLT)

COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family)

Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branching
leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and C^-androus often irregular flowers, with the.
perianth free from the 2-Z-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla ^
viz., 3 persistent commonly herbaceous sepals, and 3 petals, ephemeral, decay-
ing or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, often some of them sterile ; anthers
with 2 separated cells. Style 1 ; stigma undivided. Capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3-
ralved, loculicidal, 3-several-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Leaves entire, paral-
lel-veined, sheathed at base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind
of spathe. — Chiefly tropical.

1. Tradescantia. Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious. Petals equal. Perfect stamens 6;

filaments bearded.

2. Commelina. Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). Petals unequal.

Perfect stamens 3; filaments naked.

1. TRADESCANTIA [Rupp.] L. Spiderwort

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta-
mens all fertile ; filaments bearded. Capsule 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbeled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro-
duced through the summer ; floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for
the elder Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First of England.)

Umbels long-peduneled ; bracts short, subscarious \. T. rosea.

Umbels sessile or nearly so, much surpassed by the leaf-like bracts. „ ^ , . ,,

Dwarf, rarely over 1 dm. high, villous ; pedicels 2-6 cm. long, thread-like . 2. T. brevicaulU,

Taller.'s-Sdm. high. o m i

Stem geniculate, the subsessile umbels axillary as well as termmal . . ». 7. piiosa.
Stem straight, simple or branched ; umbels terminal.
Sepals entirely glabrous, or one or more of them with a tuft of hau^s

near the involute slightly hooded apex 4- T. re^flexa.

Sepals villous with non-glandular hairs . 5. T. mrgimana.

Sepals glandular-villous. /, «, x 4 *

Bracts broader than the leaves &. T.bracteata.

Bracts not broader than the leaves ^' T. occ^dental^s.

1. T. rbsea Vent. Small, slender (1.5-4 dm. high), smooth, erect from a
running rootstock ; leaves linear, grass-like, 1-5 (rarely as much as 11) mm.
broad. —Sandy woods, Md. to Fla., w. to Mo. and "Tex."

2. T. brevicaiilis Raf. Often stemless or nearly so, very hairy ; roots a clus-
ter of dark more or less thickened flbers ; leaves lance-linear ; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, villous; petals large, purplish-blue or more often rose-
colored. (T. virginica. var. villusa Wats.) —Moist sandy soil, centr. Ind. (^M.
H. Bartlett) to Ky., Tex., and Kan. Apr., May. , ^ r.

3. T. pilbsa Lehm. Tall, stout, 4-7 dm. high, zigzag ; leaves large, flat, often
3—1 cm. wide, dark green above, finely pubescent on both surfaces, rarely sub-
glabrous ; sepals pilose or smoothish, ovate-oblong, 6-9 mm. long ; petals blue.
(T.flexuosn Raf.) — Woods and shaded banks of streams, Pa. to Mo. and Ga.

4. T. refl6xa Raf. Slender, glabrous or nearly so, glaucous ; leaves narrow,
linear-attenuate from a lanceolate base, strongly involute; umbels terminal on
the stems and branches, many-flowered ; narrow bracts and glabrous pedicels
soon deflexed; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 8-13 mm. long, glabrous except at the
often tufted tip; petals blue, 10-14 mm. long. — Wet places, O. to Mich.,
Minn., Kan., Tex., and S. C. , ,. ,

5 T. virginiana L. Green; leaves flat, linear or lance-lmear, the upper
more or less pubescent ; bracts leaf-like, elongated, usually ascending; pedicels
and sepals villous, the latter about 1.6 cm. long; petals rich purplish-blue,
1.6-2 cm. long. — Alluvial soil, Ct. to Pa. and S. C. ; also introd. northw.

BROMELIACEAE (PINEAPPLE FAMILY) 265

6. T. bracteita Small. Sordid glandular-villous above; bracts relatively
(arge^ conduplicate, recurved, their bases 2-2.8 cm. broad; flowers large, 2.6-3
cm. in diameter. — Prairies, " Minn.," and la. to Tex. and B. C.

7. T. occidentalis (Britton) Smyth. Slender, 3 dm. high ; leaves narrowly
linear, involute, their bases often enlarged and scarious ; the bracts scarcely if at
all broader than the foliar leaves; sepals glandular-pubescent, about 1 cm. long ;
petals blue (or roseate), about l.-l cm. long. — " la.'" to Neb., Tex., and N. Mex.

T. montXna Shuttlw., not Heyne, a southern species distinguished from
T. virginiana chiefly by its smaller flowers and smoother calyx and from T.
reflexa by its broader greener leaves, is said to extend as far north as Va. and Ky.

2. COMMELtNA [Plum.] L. Day-flower

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly
united. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-shaped, on long claws, tlie odd
one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fertile, one of which is bent inward ;
3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cross-shaped anthers ; filaments
flaked. — Often procumbent and rooting at the joints. Leaves contracted at base
into sheathing petioles ; the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together
or hooded, forming a spathe inclosing the flower's, which expand for a single
morning and are recurved on their pedicel before and afterward. Petals blue.
Flowering all summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking
root from the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and O,
Commelin.)

* Ventral cells 2-ovuled (usually 2-seeded), the dorsal l-ovuled.

1. C. communis L. Slender and creeping, nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceo-
late, 2-5 cm. long; spathe cordate, acute, with margins not united; seeds shal-
lowly pitted, granulate-reticulated. (C. nudiflora auth., not L. ) — Alluvial
banks, Del. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Tex. — A frequent weed of dooryards and
gardens, northeastw. to e. Mass. (E. Asia, Trop. reg.)

2. C. hirtella Vahl. Stout, erect, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves large, lanceolate,
the sheaths brown-bearded; spathes crowded, with margins united; seeds
smooth. — River-banks, Pa. to Fla., w. to I. T. and Tex.

* * Cells l-ovuled, 1-seeded; seeds smooth; spathe cucullate; roots subtuberous.

3. C erecta L. Slender, often low ; leaves linear; cells all dehiscent, — Pa.
to Fla. and Tex.

4. C» virginica L. Slender, usually tall ; leaves lanceolate to linear ; dorsal
cell indehiscent, scabrous. — Damp rich woods and banks, s. N. Y. to Fla., w. to
Mich., Kan., and Tex.

BROMELlACEAE (Pinbapple Family)

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants^ nearly all tropical), the greater part epi-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channeled crowded leaves, sheathing at
the base, usually covered with scurf,

1, TILLANDSIA L. Long Moss

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana-
ceous ; the 3 inner (petals) colored ; all connivent below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous or the alternate ones adhering to
the base of the petals ; anthers introrse. Ovary free; style thread-shaped ;
stigmas 3. Capsule cartilaginous, 3-celled. Seeds several or many in each cell,
anatropous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted ^otalk, like a
coma. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. (Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.)

1. T. usneoides L. (Common Long Moss or Black Moss.) Stems thread-

266 PONTEDERIACEAE (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY)

shaped, branching, pendulous ; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1-flow-
ered ; flower yellow. — K. Va., s. to Fla., and westw. ; growing on the branches
of trees, forming long hanging tufts.

PONTEDERIACEAE (Pickerel-weed Family)

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the
petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the S-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 mostly
unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6
divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together
sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, or the base
thickened-persistent and inclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules anat-
ropous. Style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or incompletely
3-celled many-seeded capsule or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender,
in floury albumen.

1. Pontederia. Spike many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base inclosing

the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6.

2. Heteranthera. Spathe 1-few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. Stamens 3. Capsule

many-seeded.

1. PONTEDERIA L. Pickerel-weed

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable to the base ; tube
after flowering revolute-coiled. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior long-exserted ; the
3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally
inserted lower down ; anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled ; two of the
cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled. — Stout
herbs, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled leaves, and
a 1-leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves
with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor
at Padua in the 18th century.)

1. P. cordata L. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from a spathe-
like bract ; upper lobe of perianth marked with a pair of yellow spots (rarely
all white); calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6-toothed ridges. — N. S. to Ont.,
Minn., and Tex. July-Sept. (Trop. Am.) Var. angustif6lia Torr. Leaves
lanceolate or triangular-attenuate, roundish or truncate at base. — Same range.

2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud Plantain

Perianth with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, ephemeral.
Stamens in the throat, usually unequal ; anthers erect. Capsule 1-celled or
incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the placentae. — Low herbs, in mud or
shallow water, with a 1-few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side
or base of a petiole. (Name from eripa, different, and avdiqpd, anther.^

* Stamens unequal; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; the other
longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther; capsule incom-
pletely S-celled ; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping or floating plants.

1. H. renif6rmis R. & P. Leaves round-kidney-shaped to cordate and acute ;
spathe 3-5-flowered; flowers white or pale blue. — Ct. to Neb., and south w,
(S. A.)

2. H. limbsa (Sw.) Willd. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both
ends; spathe 1-flowered; flowers larger, blue. — Va. to Neb., and southw.
(S. A.)

JUKCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) 267

* * Stamens alike, with sagittate anthers; capsule l-celled, with ^ parietal pla-
centae ; leaves linear, translucejit, sessile ; submerged grass-like herbs, with
only the flowers reaching the surface.

3. H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. The slender branching stems clothed with leaves
and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe (becoming lateral); flowers small, pale
yellow, with a very long thread-like tube. {H. graminea Vahl.) — N. E. to Ont.,
westw. and south w.

JUNCACEAE (EusH Family)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with small regular and hypogynous persistent
■(towers, 3 glumaceous sepals, and 3 similar petals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with
2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary
either S-celled or l-celled with 3 parietal placentae, forming a loculicidal
S-valved capsule. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base
of the fleshy albumen. — Flowers liliaceous in structure, but sedge-like in aspect
and texture.

1. Juncus. Capsule 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded. Plants never hairy.

2. Luzula. Capsule l-celled, 3-seeded. Plants often hairy.

1. JUNCUS [Tourn.] L. Rush. Bog Rush

Capsule 3-celled, or l-celled by the placentae not reaching the axis. Stamens
when 3 opposite the 3 sepals. — Chiefly perennials, and in wet soil or water,
with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and cymose or clus-
tered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer. (The classical
name, from jungere, to join, alluding to the use of the stems for bands.)

a. Inflorescence appearing lateral ; the involucral leaf erect, similar to
and continuing the naked or essentially naked scape ; rootstock
creeping b.

b. Sheaths at base of the scape leafless.

Stamens 3.
Capsule tipped by a crown-like blunt mucro, formed by the

thick base of the style ; inflorescence densely capitate . 17. «7". conglomeratut.
Capsule truncate or emarginate at tip, without a distinct mucro.

Inflorescence loose, the primary branches conspicuous . . 16. J. effusua.
Inflorescence a dense head, the prhnary branches short and

inconspicuous (16) J. efusus, v. cvmpactus.

Stamens 6.
Flowers greenish ; capsule broadly ovoid, barely mucronate,

about equaling the calyx 15. J.filiformis.

Flowers brown ; capsule more or less trigonous, distinctly mu-
cronate.
Calyx 2-2.7 mm. long, much exceeded by the capsule , . 18. J. Smithii.
Calyx 3.5-5 mm. long, nearly or quite equaling the capsule

14. J. balticus, v. litioralia.
6. Sheaths (or at least the inner ones) bearing long terete scape-like
leaves.
Flowers solitary at the tips of the ultimate ramifications of the
cyme ; capsule subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, about equaled

by the spreading sepals 10. J. aelaceua.

Flowers clustered at the tips of the ultimate branchlets ; capsule
trigonous, barely 2 mm. broad ; sepals and petals appressed-
ascending.
Capsule broadly ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; seeds ovoid,

obtuse 19. t/". Hoemerianua.

Capsule ellipsoid, exceeding the calyx ; seeds with long caudate

tips 20. J. maritimua,

a. Inflorescence terminal c.

c. Leaves flat, or somewhat terete, or setaceous and channeled, but

never septate d.
d. Annuals with soft bases and fibrous roots.

Sepals much shorter than the rigid petals ; flowers in dense

clusters ; stamens 3 ; capsule subulate . . . . 42. t/". repens.
Sepals equaling or exceeding the petals; stamens 6; capsule

ellipsoid or ovoid.

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILYj

J. Gerardi.

J. Vaseyi.
J. orcnen.siH.

Sepals and petals all long--attenuate and exceeding the capsule ;
seeds ovoid, apioulate.
Flowers scattered singly along the one-sided usuallj' dichoto-

mous branches . ' \. J. hufoniux.

Flowers clustered {Vt J. bwfonius, v. con genius.

Petals blunt or obtuse, shorter than or only slightl}^ exceed-
ing the capsule ; seeds truncate . . . . (l) J. bt//07iius, V. halophilus.
d. Perennials e.

6. Flowers prophyllate, i.e. subtended bj' bracteoles (2) in addi-
tion to the "bractlet at base of pedicel /.
/. Leaf-sheaths with fimbriate auricles ; flowers l-i, 5-20 times
exceeded by the thread-like subtending leaf.
Basal sheaths with setiform scarcely^ leaf-like blades ; can-
line leaves mostly crowded at the summit ; flowers

usually 2-4 . . . , 2. J. trifidufi.

Basal sheaths bearing long leaves ; cauline leaves scattered ;

flowers usually solitary (2) J. trijidus, x.moiianthoa,

f. Leaf-sheaths with entire (or merely erose) auricles ; flowers
(except in depauperate individuals) numerous g.
g. Leaf-sheaths covering one half the stem or more ; the brown

and greenish sepals obtnse, and incurved at tip
g. Leaf-sheaths covering one fourth the stem or less ; sepals
acute or acuminate h.
h. Seeds with long caudate appendages.

Inflorescence exceeding the erect bracts ; capsule 4.5-G

ram. long, usually exceeding the calyx .
Inflorescence exceeded bj' the bracts; capsule much
shorter than the calyx ... . .

h. Seeds short-pointed or blunt i.

i. Capsule reddish or castaneous, ellipsoid, much exceed-
ing the calyx IZ. J. Greenei.

i. Capsule green or straw-colored (brown in age), shorter
than or about equaling the calyx j.
Q. Leaves flat (or in age becoming involute') k.
k. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths scarious,
whitish, conspicuously extended beyond the
point of insertion ; bracts exceeding the inflo-
rescence I.
I. Capsule at least two thirds as long as the spread-
ing-ascending sepals.
Flowers mostly clustered at the tips of the

branches of the inflorescence
Flowers scattered and secund along the
branches.
Branches of inflorescence loosely ascending,
elongate, the ultimate floriferous branch-
lets elongate and ascending . . (4)
Ultimate floriferous branchlets widely spread-
ing, 0.5-2 cm. long . , . . {A) J.
I. Capsule less than one hali" as long as the closely

appressed sepals

Ic. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths not conspicu-
ously extended beyond the point of insertion.
Bracts" shorter than the cymes ; flowers 2 5—3.5
mm. long, scattered and secund along the as-
cending or incurved branches . . . 1. J. secundum.
Bracts (or at least the lowermost) exceeding the
cymes ; flowers mostly larger, not conspicu-
ously secund.
Inflorescence and basal sheaths straw-colored
or the latter somewhat darker.
Sheaths and auricles membranaceous, pale ;

perianth erect X>. J. interior.

Sheaths and auricles cartilaginous, darker ;

perianth sj)reaiUng . . . . . 8. e/. Dudleyi.
Inflorescence brownish ; inner basal sheaths

strongly purple-tinged . . (9) J. dichotomus, v. platyphyllus.
y. Leaves terete, or at most slightly grooved along the

upper surface &. J", dichotomus.

3. Flowers eprophyllate, i.e. with only the bractlet at the base of

the very short pedicel m.
m. Capsules at most 4 mm. long, rarely exceeding the calyx;
flowers glomerulate. mostly in freely branched cymes.
Leaves terete, scape-like.

Capsule broadly ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; seeds

ovoid, obtuse . • . . . . . . . 19. J. Rocmerinnus.

Capsule ellipsoid, slightly exceeding the calyx ; seeds with

long caudate tips . . , 20. t/". maritimus.

Leaves flat, grass-like.

4. J. tenuis.

J. tenuis, V anthelatus.
tenuis, v. William sii.
6. J. monostichus.

JUNCACEAE (KUSH FAMILY)

Stamens included in fruit.

Petals ovate or oblontr, blunt 43 r —-,-,„,•„_/,,.

Petals lai.ce-attenuate. aristate . . . (43) >. m«4/,m^«? v 1"^«,.
Stamens persistent and exserted in fruit . . . . 44 J arUtulauT
m. Capsules 0-9 mm. long-, much exceeding the calyx ; fiowers

few, in 1-4 terminal glomerules . . . . 4\. J, styaiua
Leaves hollow, nodulose, i.e. with septa at regular intervals n.
. Seeds with definite caudate tips o.

o. Leaves papillose-scabrous ; stamens 6 ; seeds 2-3 mm. long . 21. J. asver
o. Leaves smooth ; stamens 3 ; seeds shorter jy. • /' •

amertcanua.

fruit about 2.5 (rarely 3.5) mm. long ;
ellipsoid, barely 1 mm. long, with

Flowers with the matu
sepals obtuse ;
very short tails
p. Flowers with mature fruit about 4 mm. long ; petals attenu-
ate, acute ; seed spindle-shaped, with conspicuous tails.
Inflorescence (when well developed) ovoid or broader, one
third longer than broad ; the glomerules many-flowered ;
capsule equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx.
Capsule abrujitly short-pointed ; seed i-1.8 mm. long
Capsule gradually tapering to tip ; seed scarcely 1 mm.

lo"? (24) J. canadensis.

Inflorescence elongate, strict, and narrow, 3-6 times longer
than broad ; capsule much exceeding the calvx, gradu-
ally tapering ; seed about 1 mm. long . ". .
n. Seeds merely pointed or blunt, not caudate q.
q. Stamens 3 r.
r. Capsule attenuate to tip or subulate, distinctly exceeding the
calyx s.
6. Heatis 2-T-flowered ; capsule not subulate.

Mature fruit 3.5 mm. long

Mature fruit 5 ram. long

8. Heads densely many-flowered ; capsule subulate.

Leaves flattened, obscurely septate ; sheaths without
auricles at summit ; cyiiie large, with widely divergent

branches and branchlets

Leaves terete, distinctly septate ; sheaths with definite auri-
cles at summit ; branches and branchlets ascending.
Blade of the uppermost leaf much shorter than its

sheath

Blade of uppermost leaf much longer than its sheath .
r. Capsule shorter than or about equaling the calyx, if longer,
abruptly tipped (not subulate) t.
t. Capsule half or two thirds as long as the calyx, tapering
gradually to a conic-subu'ate beak; glomerules spher-
ical; the rigid subulate sepals much exceeding the
petals ; rootstock thick, white, horizontal
t. Capsule nearly equaling or exceeding the calyx, abruptly
tipped ; glomerules hemispherical ; sepals and petals
subequal ; stems tufted or with merely thickened base.
Basal leaves abundant, tufted from a thickened ba^e, often
elongate and floating, obscurely septate; stems lax.
decumbent or repent, 0.5-2.5 dm. high ; petals blunt
Basal leaves few, erect ; plant erect, 3 dm. or more high ;
petals acuminate.
Heads 1-50, on ascending-spreading brancbee ; flowers

3-3.5 mm. long

Heads 200-500, on \videly divergent branches ; flowers

2-2.5 mm. long

**. Stamens 6 ti.
u. Upper cauline leaves bladeless (or essentially so), consisting
of firm tawny or colored sheaths 2.5-5 cm. long; the
middle leaf erect, much overtopping the inflorescence
zc. Up[jer cauline leaves with blades, or. if bladeles.=, very small v.
1). Flowers solitary or in 2's, often accompanied or replaced by
fascicles of small leaves.
Stem erect, from a horizontal rootstock; flowers seciind
on the branchlets of a loose dichotomous cyme ; fas-
cicles of reduced leaves confined to the inflorescence;
anthers much exceeding the filaments
Stem repent or floating, bearing scattered fascicles of re-
duced leaves; roots tufted ; flowers 1 or 2 on axillary
or subterminal peduncles ; anthers about equaled by

the filaments

v. Flowers more numerous, in glomerules ic.
to. Lower leaves elongate, filiform, floating, upper stouter;
glomerules mostly bearing fascicles of small leaves;

capsule blunt

W. Leaves uniform, none floating ; glomerules without fasci-
cles of leaves x.

22. J. brachycephaius.

24. J. canadensis.

auhcaudatuh.

23. J. brevicaudatus.

J", debilis.

J. dijfusissimus.

29. J. poh/cephalus.

84. J. megacephalus.
33. J. scirpoidea.

J. hrachycarpua

27. J. bulbosus.

85. J. acuminaius.
88. J. rohustus.

J. militarise

26. J. pilocarpus.

J. mbtUU.

27. J. bulboswz.

27X)

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

X. Glomerules spherical ; sepals subulate ; capsules subulate or lance-
subulate ; involucral bract usually exceeding the ififlorescence.
Flowers 3-4 mm. long, reddish-brown ; petals equaling or exceed-
ing the sepals 30. t/". nodosus.

Flowers 4-5 mm . long, greenish or dull brown ; petals much shorter

than the sepals 31. J. Torreyi.

(c. Glomerules hemispherical ; sepals blunt or acuminate, at most mu-

cronate-tipped ; cai)sules ovoid or ellipsoid ; involucral bract

much shorter than the inflorescence y.

y. Sepals acuminate ; branches of the inflorescence widely divergent.

Flower brown or brownish ; capsule darlc brown, 3-4 mm. long,

gradually tapering to the mucronate tip .... 40. J. articulatus.
Flower greenish ; capsule pale brown, 2.5-3 mm. long, abruptly

mucronate (40) J. articulatus, v. obtusatus,

y. Sepals blunt, often mucronate-tipped ; branches of inflorescence
erect or strongly ascending.
Branches strictly erect ; glomerules loosely few-flowered. gener-
ally with one or more flowers elevated on slightly elongate
pedicels.

Flowers castaneous 39. J", alpinus.

Flowers greenish or straw-colored (39) J. alpinus, v. insignis.

Branches spreading-ascending ; glomerules compactly and regu-
larly flowered (39) J. alpinus, v. fusee scens.

§ 1. Flowers prophyllate^ i.e. subtended by bracteoles (2) in addition to the
bractlet at base of pedicel.

* Inflorescences mostly terminal ; leaves flat or canaliculate^ rarely terete.

1. J. bufbnius L. Stems low and slender (0.3-3.5 dm. high), leafy, often
branched from the base ; cyme spreading ; flowers remote, greenish (3-7 mm.
long), rarely viviparous, or even converted into leafy tufts;
sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed ; stamens short ;
filaments slightly longer than the anthers ; seeds narrowly ovoid
or ellipsoidal (0.3-0.5 mm. long). — Damp open ground, road-
sides, etc., common. June-No v. (Cosmop.) Fig. 567.

Var. congestus Wahlb. Flowers mostly in glomerules. — In-
frequent. (Eu.)

Var. hal6philus Buchenau & Fernald. More fleshy through-
out; floivers mostly in 2's or 3's; whitish petals obtuse; seeds
short-cylindric, abruptly truncate at one end. —
Brackish shores, Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Mass. ; Neb. to Rocky Mts., etc. June-Sept.
(Eu.) Fm. 568.

2. J. trifidus L. Stems densely tufted from
matted creeping rootstocks., erect (1-4 dm.
high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base.,
2-S-leaved at the summit; flowers brown (3-4 mm. long) ;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equaling or rather shorter than
the ovate beak-pointed deep-brown capsule; anthers much
longer than the filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1.5-2
mm. long), short-tailed. — Alpine summits. Lab. to N. E. and ses. J. buf., v. haU
N. Y. June-Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.) Part of inflorescence

Var. monanthos (Jacq. ) Bluff & Fingerhuth. Taller (2.5-6 x %.
dm. high), the numerous basal leaves often equaling the culms. Seed x 30.
— Local, rats, of s. N. Y. to Va. and N. C. (Eu.)

3. J. Gerdrdi Loisel. (Black Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid (1.5-
8 dmc high) ; cyme contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf ; flowers
3-4 mm. long ; sepals oval-oblong, nearly or quite as long as the ovoid obtuse
and mucronate capsule ; anthers much longer than the short filaments ; style as
long as the ovary ; seeds (0.4-0.5 mm. long) obovoid, delicately ribbed and cross-
lined. — Salt marshes; common along the coast, rarely inland in Me., Vt.,
N, Y., and about the Great Lakes. June-Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr.)

4. J. tenuis Willd. Stem wiry (0.5-6 dm, high) ; cyme 1-8 cm. long, loose,
or barely crowded ; flowers green (3-4.5 mm. long), mostly aggregated at the tips
of the branches ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than

567. J. bufonius.
Part of inflores-
cence X %.
Seed X 50.

JFNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

271

J, tenuis.
Inflorescence x 2,

5T0. J. interior.
Inflorescence x %.

the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed green falsely 1-celled cap-
sule ; anthers much shorter than the filaments ; style very
short; seeds small (3-4 mm. long), delicately ribbed and
cross-lined. — Fields and roadsides, very
common. June-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr.)
Fig. 569.

Var. anthelatus Wiegand. Tall (4-9
dm. high) and loose ; cyme loose, 6-18
cm. long ; flowers usually 2.5-3.5 mm.
long. — Me. to Mo. and Tex.

Var. Williamsii Fernald. Compara-
tively low (2.5-5 dm. high) and slender ;
inflorescence 3-8 cm. long ; capsule about
equaling the calyx. — Gulf of St. Law-
rence to Ct. and N. Y. (Eu.)

6. J. interior Wiegand. Compara-
tively stout, 4.5-9 dm. high ; leaves about
Sheath with auricles one third as long as the scapes ; mflores-
x2. cence 3-10 dm. long, with very ascend-

ing branches, the flowers 3-4 mm. long ;
capsule obscurely 3-celled ; anthers much shorter than the
filaments; seeds 3.5-5 mm. long. — Prairies, 111. to Wyo.
and Tex. Apr.-July. Fig. 570.

6. J. mon6stichus Bartlett. Erect, 3-5 dm. tall ; culms compressed ; leaves
basal, J-| as long as the culms, the blades involute in drying, the auricles as in
J. tenuis; inflorescence 4-8 cm. long, much exceeded by the
lowest bract, finally stramineous, the branches 1-2.5 cm. long,
often incurved, bearing 3-9 secund flowers ; perianth 4-5 mm.
long, the sepals lance-acuminate, entirely concealing the trig-
onous-ovoid falsely 1-celled capsule (2 mm. long) ; seeds
ovoid, coarsely reticulate, with longitudinally oblong areoles.
— Ind. and Ark. Fig. 571.

7. J. seciindus Beau v. Strict (1-8 dm.
high); the short flat leaves mostly tufted,
rarely more than one third as long as the
scapes ; sheaths with rounded membranous
auricles; inflorescence 3-14 cm. long, the
branches closely flowered ; sepals erect, barely
exceeding the distinctly 3-celled capsule ;
anthers exceeding the filaments. {J. tennis,
var. secundus Engelm.) — Sandy or sterile
sofl. Me. to Vt. and N. C. ; also in the Miss.
Val. from Tenn. to 111. and Mo. June-Oct.
Fig. 572.

8. J. Dudldyi Wiegand. Stiff (0.3-1 m.
high) ; leaves about half as long as the inflorescence x %.
scapes; inflorescence 1.5-7 cm. long, the

flowers rather closely aggregated, 4-5 mm. long, the segments spreading-
ascending, yellowish-green, barely exceeding the imperfectly 1-celled trigonous
capsule ; filaments slightly exceeding the anthers; seeds 3.5-4.5 —

mm. long. — Damp or open (mostly calcareous) soil, Que. to
Sask. and the Rocky Mts., s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, Minn., and
Kan. June-Sept. Fig. 573.

9. J. dich6tomus Ell. Stems rigid (0.4-1 m. high) from a
tumid base ; leaves filiform, two thirds as long as the scapes,
the broad brown or purplish sheaths with rounded cartilagi-
nous auricles ; cyme loose or dense (2-8 cm. long), often with
1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral
leaf ; flowers greenish brown (3.5-4 mm. long) ; sepals lance-
olate, sharp-pointed, spreading in fruit, as long as the ovoid

571. J. monostichus
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3

572. J. secundus.

573. J. DudleyL
Sheath wth auri-
cles X 2.

272

JUNCACEAE C^USH FAMILY^

57-4. J, dichotomus.
Inflorescence x %.

575. J. setaceus.
Inflorescence x %
Seed X 25.

beaked light mahogany -colored obscurely 1-celled cap.
sule ; anthers nearly as long as the filaments. — Lovi
sandy grounds, L. I. to Fla. (Trop, Am.) Fig. 574.

Var. platyphyllus Wiegand. Leaves
flat or merely involute as in J. tenuis ;
auricles less cartilaginous, often nearly
scarious ; cyme loose. — Along the
coast, Mass, to Tex.

10. J. setaceus Rostk. Scape slen-
der (0.3-1 m. high) ; cyme loose, rather
few-flowered ; flowers greenish (3-4
mm. long) ; sepals and petals lanceo-
late, sharp-pointed, especially the 3
shining sepals ; capsule beak-pointed,
greenish or light brown ; anthers as
long as the filaments ; style conspicu-
ous ; seeds (0.6-0.8 mm. long) irregu-
larly obconic, long-stipitate, ribbed
and cross-lined. — Low usually brack-
ish ground, Del. and Mo. to Fla. and La. June-Sept. Fig. 575.

11. J. Vaseyi Engelm. Stems rigid (2.5-8 dm. high), densely tufted ; leaves
nearly terete, very slightly channeled on the inner side ; cyme 1-4 cm. long,
often longer than the involucral leaf ; flowers few, often one-
sided; capsule oblong, greenish; sepals lanceolate, acute, ap-
pressed ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ;
seeds slender (1 mm. or more long), the tails half as long as
the dark body. — Damp thickets, shores, etc.,
n. N. B. to Sask., s. to centr. Me., n. N. Y.,
Mich., 111., la., and Col. July-Aug. Fig.
576.

12. J. oronensis Fernald. Similar; of
paler straw-color throughout ; the inflores-
cence elongate, 2.5-9 dm. long, subdichoto-
mous, the flowers secund and distinct along
the secund suberect branches ; capsule oblong-
trigonous, truncate-emarginate, the sides flat
or a little concave toward the tip, much
shorter than the sepals ; seeds 1 mm.
the tails ^ as long as the
body. — Thickets, Me., local.
Fig. 577.

13. J. Grednei Oakes &
Tuckerm. Stems rigid (2-8
dm. high) ; leaves nearly

576. J. Vaseyi.
Inflorescence x ^
Seed X 40.

577. J. oronensis.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3

terete, very deeply channeled (almost involute) on the inner
iide ; cyme 1-6 cm. long, usually much shorter than the prin-
cipal erect involucral leaf, generally dense, the numerous
flowers often one-sided (4-5 mm. long) ; sepals lanceolate,
acute, light brown, appressed ; anthers as long as the filaments ;
style very short ; seeds ovoid (0.5 mm. long), ribbed and deli-
cately cross-lined. — Sandy or barren soil, Me. to Vt. and N. J.;,
locally about the Great Lakes. June-Sept. Fig. 578.

* * Inflorescence appearing lateral ; the involucral leaf erect,
similar to and continuing the naked scape j leaves wanting. 578. J. Greenei.

14. J. bdlticus Willd., var. littoralis Engelm. Scapes rigid geed''?50.°^^ '
(0.3-1 m. high) ; cymes loose or dense (1-9 cm. long) ; flowers
chestnut-brown with green ; sepals ovate -lanceolate, sharp-pointed, petals
obtusish , capsule ellipsoidal, rather tri-M^gular, obtuse and mucronate, deep
brown ; anthers much longer t^an the broad filaments ; style about the ieugttj

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

273

of the ovary ; seeds rather large (ahnnt 1 mm. long), nearly
obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross-lmod. — Sandy (mostly
brackish) shores, Nfd. to N. Y. and Pa.; the Great Lakes, and
westw. Fig. 579.

15. J. filif6rmis L. Scape very slender (L5-C dm. high),
pliant; cyme few-flowered, almost simple; flowens 8 mm.
long ; sepals lanceolate, petals a little shorter and less acute,
mostly longer than the obtuse greenish capsule ; anthers
shorter than the filaments ; style very short ;
seed (0.5 mm. long) short-pointed at both
ends, indistinctly reticulated. — Wet shores
and bogs, Nfd. to Sask., Pa., Mich., Rocky
Mts.,etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia, Patagonia.)
Fig. 580.

16. J. effusus L. (CoMMOx or Soft
Rush.) Scape soft and pliant (3-12 dm.
high) ; inner sheaths awned ; cyme diffusely

much branched, many-flowered ; prophyllum below the indi-
vidual flowers iDroad-ovate ; flowers small (2-2.5 mm. long),
greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, as long as the narrow
triangular-obovoid retuse and pointless greenish-brown capsule ;
anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ; seeds small
(0.5 mm. long), with short pale points. — Marshy ground, very
common. (Cosmop.) Var. compactus Lejeune & Courtois
dense, glomerulate. — Less common, except in N. S., where abundant

17.
high)

5T9. J. bait., V. lit.
Inflorescence X %.
Fruiting flower X 3.

580. J. flliformis.
Inflorescence x %.
Seed X 25.

Inflorescence

581. J, Smithii.
Inflorescence X2/3.
Seed X 20.

J. conglomeratus L. Similar to the last ; scapes more rigid (.3-7 dm,
distinctly sulcate or even costate below the inflorescence ; glomerule 1-2
cm. in diameter ; prophyllum lanceolate ; flowers about 3 mm.
long, brown or greenish ; sepals somewhat exceeding the
short-mucronate capsule ; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments. {J. Leersii Marsson). — Ditches, etc., Nfd. and N. S.
(Eurasia.)

18. J. Smithii Engelm. Scape rather slender (6-9 dm.
high) ; cyme few-flowered, nearly simple ; sepals lanceolate,
acute ; petals a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the
broadly ovoid rather triangular acute deep chestnut-brown
capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds
large (nearly 1 mm. long), obtuse, short-appendaged at
both ends, many-ribbed and reticulated. {J. gymnocarpus
Coville). — Sphagnous swamps and wet woods, very local,
Schuylkill Co., Pa. ; Walton Co., Fla. Fig. 581.

§ 2. Flowers eprophtjUate, i.e. with only the bractlet at base of the very short

pedicel.

* Leaves terete^ scape-like, not septate.

19. J. Roemerianus Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (0.5-1.5 m. high), it.s
apex as well as the leaves pungent ; cyme compound, open and spreading,
brown; .3-6 greenish or light brown flowers (3-3.5 mm. long) in a cluster;
sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, longer than the obtusish petals ; anthers much
longer than tha broad filaments ; styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds (0.7 mm.
long) very delicately ribbed. — Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

20. J. maritimus Lam. Resembling the last, but with a rigid contracted green
cyme, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own length, a greenish acute,
capsule which usually exceeds the acute sepals, and seeds with distinct tails and
stronger ribs. — Coney Island, N. Y. (Widely distr.)

* * Leaves nodulose, i.e. loith septa at regular intervals.

21. J. dsper Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (0.4-1 m. high), terete, stout,
rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough; cyme with rigid slightly spreading

gray's MANUAL 18

274

JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)

582. J. asper.
Part of inflorescence
Seed X 25.

583. J. briichycephalus.
Part of inflorescence x %.
Seed X 18.

branches, bearing scattered few(2-6)-flowered heads ;
flowers greenish with brown (4.5 mm, long) ; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly nerved,
shorter than the similar petals, these a little shorter
than the triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled
brown capsule ; ovary taper-
ing into a conspicuous style ;
seeds large, subcylindric,
with white or often reddish
appendages. (J. caesarien-
sis Coville). — Sphagnous
swamps, s. N. J., very local.
Aug.-Sept. Fig. 582.

22. J. brachycephalus
(Engelm.) Buchenau. Stem
slender (2.5-7 dm. high),
bearing numerous small 3-5-
flowered heads in a large
(0.5-2.5 dm. long) spread-
ing cyme ; flowers green-
ish or light brown ; sepals
shorter than the petals and
the brown abruptly short-pointed capsule. (J. canadensis, var. Engelm.) —

Marshes and wet shores, n. Me. to Wise, s. to Ct., Pa., and

111. July-Sept. Fig. 583.

23. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.)
Fernald. Stem slender (1.5-7 dm.
high), bearing few deep-brown 3-7-
flowered heads in a somewhat erect
contracted cyme (2.5-15 cm. long) ;
flowers 2.5 mm. long ; sepals acute, the
petals rarely obtusish, much shorter
than the prismatic gradually pointed
deep-brown capsule. (J. canadensis,
vars. brevicaudatus and coarctatus En-
gelm.)— Muddy or damp places, Nfd.
to Ont., W. Va., and Minn. June-
Sept. Fig. 584.

24. J. canadensis J. Gay. Stems
tufted, stout and rigid (4-12 dm. high),
bearing in a decompound somewhat
spreading cyme the numerous 5-50-

flowered heads ; flowers greenish or light brown (2.5-3.5 mm. long) ; sepals and
petals awl-pointed, mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsule ; seeds
conspicuously tail-pointed. — Marshy places, Nfd. to
Minn., Ga., and La. Aug.-Oct. (S. A.) Fig. 585.

Var. subcaudatus Engelm. Stem slender, often decum-
bent (3-9 dm, high), bearing in simpler spreading cymes
fewer 8-20-flowered heads ; flowers greenish ; sepals awl-
shaped, but not so rigid ; capsule mostly tapering ; seeds
with short white membranous appendageso— R, I. to Pa.
and Ga, — Perhaps specifically distinct.

25. J. pelocarpus Mey. Stems slender (0.5-5 dm.
high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves,
branching above into a compound spreading cyme ; flow-
ers small (2.5 mm. long), greenish with red; sepals and
petals oblong, obtuse, the petals longer, but shorter than
the slender taper-beaked 1-celled capsule ; style slender ;
seeds (0.5 mm. long) obovoid, short-pointed. — Sandy,
wet or swampy places, Kfd. to N. J., Pa., Minn., and

584, J. brevicaudatus,
Inflorescence x %.
Seed x 16.

585. J. canadensis.
Part of inflorescence x %,
Seed X 18.

586. J, pelocarpus.
Part of inflorescence x %
Same, proliferoMS x %
Flower x 3.

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

275

587. J. subtilis.
Plaut X %. Flower x :

588. J. bnlbosus.
Inflorescence x %.

Ont. Aug., Sept. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger,
with larger diffuse panicles. Fig. 586.

26. J. subtilis Mey. Creeping or floating, capillary, reddish, in water
becoming 4 or 5 dm. long, with elongate capil-
lary leaves, on shore forming rosettes (0.6-2 dm.
broad) with a tuft of primary leaves (2 or 3 cm.
long) and repent branches bearing small fasci-
cles of small leaves and axillary or terminal
flowers either sessile or short-
peduncled ; flowers and capsule
much as in preceding, but fila-
ments longer. {J. pelocarpns,
var. Engelm.) — Margins and
shores of ponds and streams,

Nfd., Que., and Me. Aug., Sept. Fig. 587.

27. J. bulbbsus L. Similar, but with hardened bulbous
bases, coarser habit, several-flowered glomerules, sharper sepals
and petals, and blunt capsule. — Margins and shores of ponds,
streams or pools (generally floating). — Lab., Nfd., and N. S.
(Eu., n. Afr., Pacific I.) Fig. 588.

28. J. militaris Bigel. Stem stout (3.5-9 dm. high), from
a thick creeping rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf
(3-7 dm. long) below the middle, which overtops the crowded
and rather contracted cyme ; heads numerous, 6-12 (rarely 25)-
flowered ; flowers brownish (3 mm. long); sepals and petals

lanceolate, the sepals awl-pointed, as long as the nar-
rowly-ovoid triangular taper-beaked 1-celled capsule ;
anthers longer than the filaments ; ovary attenuate
into a slender style ;
seeds (0.6 mm. long)
globose-obovoid, ob-
tuse, abruptly pointed. ^
— Margins of ponds
and streams, N. S. to
n. N. Y. and Ala. —
Sometimes producing,
in deep water, num-
berless long capillary
submersed leaves from
the rootstock. Fig.
689.

29. J. polycephalus
Michx. Stout (0.5-1.2 m. high), from a stout
horizontal rootstock ; leaves laterally flattened
(3-9 mm. wide) ; cyme large (1-3 dm. long),

spreading, bearing many distant heads (nearly , ^u

1 cm. in diameter); flowers 3.5 mm. long; the subulate sepals longer than the
similar petals ; anthers about as long as the filaments. (J.
scirpoides, var. Engelm). — Swamps, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Fig. 590. , ^

30. J. nodbsus L. Stem erect (1.5-6 dm. high), slender,
from a creeping thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock.
mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves ; heads few or several, rarely
single, 8-20-fiowered (7-11 mm. in diameter), overtopped by
the involucral leaf; sepals nearly as long as the slender
triangular taper-pcinted 1-celled capsule ; anthers oblong,
shorter than the filaments; style very short; seeds (0.5 mm.
long) obovoid, abruptly mucronate. — Swamps and gravelly
banks, e. Que. to Sask., s. to Va., 111., and Neb. July, Aug.
Fig. 591.

J. militaris.
Part of inflorescence X '
Seed X 18.

590. J. polycephalas.
Part of inflorescence x%.
Seed X 80.

691. J. nu.L.Mis.
Influrescence x ^

276

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILYj

592. J. Torreyi.
Inflorescence x 2/3.
Fruiting flower x 8.

593, J. brachycarpua
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3.

31. J. TorrSyi Coville, Similar to the last ; stem stouter (0.4-1 m. high)j
with thick leaves ; heads few and large (1-1.5 cm. in diameter), 30-80-flowered ;
anthers linear, shorter than the filamt;nts. {J. nodosus,
var. megacephalus Torr.) — Low sandy soil, Mass. to Sask.,
westw. and south w. July-Oct. Fig. 592.

32. J. brachycarpus Engelm. Stem erect (4-9 dm.
high), from a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing
about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely flowered spherical heads
(7-11 mm. in diameter) in a slightly
spreading crowded cyme much exceed-
ing the involucral leaf ; flowers pale green
(4 mm. long) ; anthers much shorter
than the filaments ; style very short ;
seeds (0.3 mm. long) abruptly apiculate.
— Damp light soil, Mass. to N. C. ; Ont.
to Miss, and Tex. June- Aug. Fig. 593.

33. J. scirpoides Lam. Stem erect (2.5-9 dm. high),
rather slender, from a thick horizontal rootstock, bearing
about 2 terete leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a cyme
of few or many densely flowered pale green irregularly spheri-
cal heads, much longer than the involucral leaf, its branches
erect and often elongated ; heads (6-13 mm. in diameter)
lo-40-flowered ; flowers 3-4 mm. long; sepals and petals rigid,
awl-shaped and (especially the sepals) bristly-pointed, at
length pungent, as long as the stamens and nearly equaling
the oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule ; anthers
very small ; style elongated or very short ; seeds ovoid,
abruptly pointed at each end (0.5 mm. long.) — Wet sandy soil, N. Y. to Fla.,
Mo-, and Tex. July-Sept.

34. J. megacephalus M. A. Curtis. Stouter ; leaves terete ; branches of the
compact cyme short ; heads larger, spherical, 40-80-flowered ; flowers 4 mm.

long; sepals and petals narrower and more sharply pointed,
the sepals a little longer than the petals ; stamens shorter
and anthers longer than in the preceding, and seeds rather
smaller and more slender. (J", scirpoides^ var. echinatus
Engelm.) — Va. (?) to Fla.

35. J. acuminatus Michx. Stems tufted, erect, slender
(3-7 dm. high), bearing about 2 leaves and a very loose
spreading cyme ; heads rather few and large (0.5-1 cm.
broad), 5-many-flowered, greenish, at length strav-colored
or darker ; sepals and petals lance-awl-
shaped, sharp-pointed, equal, as long as
the ovoid-prismatic short-pomted 1-celled
straw-colored or light brown capsule : an-
thers a little shorter than the filaments;
style almost none; seeds small (0.3-0.4
mm. long), acute at both ends, ribbed and
reticulated. — N. E. to Ga., Minn., and
Tex. May-Aug. — Heads often prolifer-
ous in autumn. (Mex.) Fig. 594.

36. J. debilis Gray. Stems slender
(2-8 dm. long), flaccid, erect, decumbent,

or even rooting at the nodes ; heads green, 2-7-flowered, in a
loose cyme (0.5-2.5 dm. long); flowers small (2.5 mm. long); 595. j. debilis.
capsule oblong-prismatic, short-mucronate. (J. acuminatus, var. inflorescence x %.
Engelm.) — Wet sandy soil, R. I. to Mo., and south w. May- Fruiting flower x 3.
Aug. Fig. 595.

37. J. diffusissimus Buckley. Slender and erect (2. 5-6 dm. high) ; heads very
numerous, 2-7-flowered, in a very diffuse and loosely dichotomous cyme (1-2.5
dm. long), the branches suberect ; flowers greenish or pale brown, 3 mm. long, the

594. J. acuminatus.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3.
Seed X 25.

JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)

2T7

linear-subulate sepals and petals subeqnal ; capsule linear-
prismatic. — Ind. to Ga. and Tex. June, July. Fig. 69(J.

8tem stout,

596. J. diflfusissimus.
Part of inflorescence x ^/^

597. J. robustus.
Part of infloreBcenoe

Seed X 30.

b

38. J. robustus (Engehn.) Coville,
(0.5-1.2 m.), bearing 2 or 3 long
erect distinctly septate leaves, numer-
ous 5-8-flowered light brown heads
in a large much branched cyme ( 1-8
dm. long) ; ovoid-prismatic capsules
scarcely longer than the sepals ; seeds
fusiform-ovoid. (J", acuminatus^ var.
Engelm.) — Deep swamps, 111. to La.
and Tex. June, July. Fjg. 597.

39. J. alpinus Vill. Stem erect
or slightly decumbent (0.5-3.5 dm.
high), from a creeping rootstock, with
1 or 2 slender erect leaves ; cyme
meager (1-15 cm., long), with erect

branches bearing distant dark-brown heads, each of 3-10

flowers (2-2.5 mm. long) and usually with one or more

flowers elevated on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong, obtuse,
mucronate or cuspidate and usually longer than the rounded
oblong petals, as long as or shorter than the obtuse short-
pointed incompletely 3-celled castaneous capsule ; anthers as
long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds (0.5 mm. in length)
spindle-shaped. — Wet shores and marshes, Arctic Am., .s. to
Nfd., N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., Oneida Co., N. Y. (Haberer),
and L. Superior. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 598.

Var. insignis Fries. Similar, usually taller (sometimes
6 dm. high) ; the flowers greenish or straw-color ; the capsule
pale brown. (J. Bichardsonianus Schultes.) — Sandy shores,
etc., e. Que. to B. C, s. to
centr. Me., Pa., O., Ind.,
111., etc. (Eurasia.)

Var. fusc^scens Fer-
nald. Branches spreading-
ascending; glomerules com-
pactly and regularly flow-
ered, only exceptionally
with any of the greenish or
straw-colored flowers raised

on elongate pedicels. — Vt. to B. C. and Mo.

40. J. articulatus L. Stems (1.5-6 dm.
high), tufted from a short creeping rootstock,
with 1-3 slender leaves; cyme short (2-9 cm.
long), spreading, the crowded heads 3-10-
flowered ; flowers brown (2.5-3 mm. long) ;
petals a little longer than the sepals, shorter
than the slender-conic incompletely 3-celled
deep chestnut-brown shining capsule ; anthers
as long as the filaments ; ovary attenuate into
a short style ; seeds (0.5 mm. long) obovoid,
attenuate below, abruptly pointed above. —
Wet grounds, Nfd. to N. J., Ont., and Mich. ., . . ,

Var. obtusatus Engelm. Inflorescence pale, usually larger (sometmies 15
dm. long), the green flowers smaller, the abruptly mucronate pale capsule
shorter and duller. —Me. to N. J. and Vt., oftenest in brackish soil.
* * * Leaves flat and grass-like or filiform, not septate.

41. J. stygius L. Stems (1-3 dm. high) from slender branching rootstocks,
1-3-leaved below, naked above, the leaveb filiform ; heads 1-4, of 1-4 flowers,

598. J. alpinus.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3.

Aug. (Eurasia

articulatus.

Fruitlnp liower x8.

Fig. 599.

278

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

600. J. repens.
Inflorescence x 2

about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; flowers pale and
reddish (3-4 mm. long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals obtusish, f the length
of the trigonous-ovoid acute or acuminate pale capsule (5-6 mm. long), as long
as the slender stamens ; filaments many times longer than the oblong anthers ;
recurved stigmas shorter than the style ; seeds oblong, with a very loose coat
prolonged at both ends (2-2.5 mm. long). — Eurasia.

Var. americanus Buchenau. Often taller (1-4.5 dm. high) ; heads 1 or 2;
flowers larger (4.5-5.5 mm. long); the distinctly mucronate-tipped capsule
longer (6-9 mm. long) ; seeds 3-4 mm. long. — Peat-bogs, Lab.
and Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. S., Me., N. Y., Mich., and Minn., very
local. July, Aug. (E. Prussia.)

42. J. repens Michx. Stems ascending (0.5-2 dm. high)
from a fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating;
leaves short, linear, those of the stem nearly opposite and
fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy cyme, 3-12-flowered ;
flowers green (0.5-1 cm. long) ; sepals and petals rigid, lance-
subulate, sepals as long as the linear triangular obtuse capsule,
the petals much longer; stamens as long as the sepals; fila-
ments much longer than the oblong anthers; seeds obovoid,
slightly pointed, very delicately ribbed and cross-lined. —Miry
banks and ditches, Del. to Fla. and La. June-Oct. Fig. 600.
43. T. marginatus Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous
base (2-7 dm. high) ; leaves linear ; heads 3-12-flowered, in simple or compound
cymes ; flowers purplish and green (3.5 mm. long) ; sepals and
petals oblong, the sepals acute and slightly awned, petals longer,
mostly obtuse, as long as the subglobose scarcely mucronate cap-
sule ; stamens shorter than the sepals, early shriveling ; anthers
shorter than the filaments; style very short; seeds (about 0.5
mm. long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. —
Moist sandy places, Me. to Ont., Neb., and
southw. July-Sept. Fig. 601.

Var. setbsus Coville. Similar to the species,
but with lance-attenuate aristate petals. —
Kan, to Lla. and Tex.

44. J. aristulatus Michx. Coarser (0.4-1 m.
high) ; the larger inflorescence (0. 5-2 dm. high)
with abundant 2-5-flowered brown heads ; stamens equaling or
exceeding the sepals, persistent and usually exserted in fruit. {J. marginatus, var.
Uflorus Engelm.) — Wet sandy barrens, Mass. to Mich., and southw., mostly near
the coast. Fig. 602.

2. LUZULA DC. Wood Rush

Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, 1 seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials,
often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and
spiked, crowded, or umbeled flowers. (From Gramen Luzulae, or Luxulae,
diminutive of lux, light, — a name given to one of the species from its shining
with dew.) Jdncoides [Dill.] Adans. Juncodes Ktze.

a. Flowers solitary at the tips of the ultimate branches of the inflorescence.

Inflorescence an umbel, the filiform peduncles l(rarely 2)-flowered; flow-
ers 3-4.5 mm. long 1- -Z'- saliuemts.

Inflorescence a loose decompound cyme ; flowers 2 mm. long . . . 2. Z parviflora.
t. Flowers crowded in spikes or glomeriiles 6.

6. Flowers white 3- ^- nemorosa.

b. Flowers brown or straw-colored (rarely green in shade) c. t • *

c. Flowers in dense nodding spilce-like panicle 5. Z. spicata.

c. Flowers in mostly peduncled glomerules d.
d. Leaves flat, with blunt callous tips ; bracts at base of the flowers entire
or merely lacerate.

Flowers castaneous (6) Z. campesiris, x.frtgtda^

Flowers ferruginous, pale brown or yellowish.

Eays all strongly ascending Q. L. eampestris, v. rmilti/lora.

Rays (or some of them") strongly divergent . . (o) L. campeatrt-s, v. bulbom,
d. Leaves with involute subulate tips'; bracts at base of flowers ciliate-

fimbriate 4. Zr. confusa.

602. J. aristulatus.
Fruiting flower X 3.

601. J. marginatus
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x b.

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 279

1. L. saltulnsis Fernald. Plant loosely caespitose, often stoloniferons, 1-4
dm. high ; leaves lance-linear, hairy, the basal 0.5-1 cm. wide ; umbel mostly
simple, the peduncles loosely ascending or spreading ; sepals and petals broadly
lanceolate, pale brown or straw-colored, with hyaline margins, shorter than the
conic-ovoid pointed capsule ; seeds with a long curved appendage. (L. vernalis
Man, ed. 6, not DC. ; J. pilosum Coville, not Ktze.) — Woods and banks, Nfd. to
Sask., N. Y., Mich., and Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. Apr., May. (E. Asia.)

2. L. parviflbra (Ehrh.) Desv. Nearly smooth (1.5-9 dm. high);* leaves
broadly linear, the ba.sal 7-13 mm. wide; corymb decompound, loose ;'pfdiceh
drooping; sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed
and brown (tardily black) capsule ; seeds not appendaged. (Z. spadicea, var.
melanocarpa Mey.) — Low woods and mountain slopes, Lab. to Alaska., s. to
N. B., Me., White Mts., w. Mass., n. N. Y., Great Lakes ; and in the Rocky Mts.
June, July. (Eurasia.)

8. L. nemor6sa (Poll.) Mey. Loosely caespitose (4-8 dm. high); leaves
long, linear, erect, more or less hairy, the basal 3-5 mm. wide ; inflorescence
diffusely corymbiform, 3-15 cm. long, the ultimate branchlets terminated b>
3-8-flowered glomerules ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, the sepals dis-
tinctly shorter, about equaled by the apiculate-beaked trigonous-ovoid dark
capsule. — Open woods, Riverdale, N. Y. ; Niagara Falls, Ont. June, July.
(Introd. from Eu.)

4. L. confiisa Lindeberg. Caespitose (0.5-3 dm. high); leaves linear, chan-
neled; spikes 1-5, on unequal ascending or rarely recurved peduncles, ovoid,
chestnut-brown, the largest 5-8 mm. thick ; sepals taper-pointed, longer than
the obtuse capsule; seeds not appendaged. (L. arcuata Man. ed. 6, not Mey. ;
L. hyperhorea R. Br., in part.) — Alpine summits, Me., N. H., and far north w,
July, Aug. (Eurasia.)

5. L. spicata (L.) DC. Densely caespitose (1-5 dm. high); leaves channeled,
narrowly linear ; flowers in sessile clusters, forming an interrupted spiked pan-
icle, brown ; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed
capsule; seeds merely with a roundish projection at base. — Alpine regions,
N. E. and n. N. Y., and far north w. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

6. L. camp6stris (L.) DC. Loosely caespitose and strongly stoloniferous
(0.5-2 dm. high); leaves linear, flat, hairy; spikes 2-6, globose (()-7 mm. thick),
irregularly umbeled, 1 or 2 subsessile, the others on wide-spreading or decurved
peduncles ; flowers castaneous, 3 mm. long ; sepals bristle-pointed, longer than
the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a conical appendage at base. — Eurasia.

Var. multiflbra (Ehrh.) Celak. Densely caespitose (1.5-6 dm. high); spikes
3-12, subglobose or subcylindric (5-6 mm. thick), mostly on ascending or erect
simple or slightly forked peduncles (sometimes congested) ; the ferruginous or
pale brown (rarely green) calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, often equaled by the capsule.
{L. campestris Am. auth., not DC.)— Fields, meadows, and open woods, very
common, Nfd. to the Pacific, s. to Pa., Great Lakes, etc. Apr.-July. (Eur-
asia.)

Var. frigida Buchenau. Similar to var. multif.ora, but with the subglobose
short-peduncled heads castaneous or nearly black. — Lab. and Nfd. to N. B. and
Me. (N. Eu.)

Var. bulbbsa A. Wood. Somewhat resembling var. multiflora, but with some
or all of the rays divergent, and the base sometimes but not always producing
small bulblets. (Juncoides Small.) —Woods, generally near streams, D. C. to
Ind., Kan., and southw.

LILlACEAE (Lily Family)

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always
6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glmnaceous, free from the chiefly 'S-cclled
ovary ; the stamens 1 before each of its divisions or lobes (i e. 6, in one in-
stance 4), ivith 2-celled anthers; fruit a few-many-seeded pod or berry ; the
small embryo inclosed in copious albumen Seeds anatropous or amphitropous

280 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

Corthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the
outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally
similar, except in Trillium.

Tribe I. NARTHECiEAE. Flowers perfect, small, spicate-racemose. Perianth of 6 distinct seg-
ments. 8tyle none ; stigma small, slightly lobed or undivided. Fniit a loculicidal capsule.

1. Narthecium. Filaments woolly. Perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, yellowish. Capsule

short-cylindric, attenuate, many-seeded.

Tribe II. HELONIeAE. Flowers (small) jierfect or dioecious, racemo-spicate. Perianth of 6

distinct segments. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

2. Xerophyllum. Flowers perfect. Seeds 2 in each cell.

3. Helonias. Flowers perfect. Seeds many in each cell, linear and with a tapering appendage

at each end.

4. Chamaelirium. Flowers dioecious. Seeds numerous, somewhat wing-appendaged at the

ends.

Tribe III. VERATREAE. Flowers perfect or polygamously monoecious. Perianth of 6 nearly
or quite distinct segments. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a septicidal capsule.

5. Tofieldia. Flowers perfect. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant.

6. Amianthium. Flowers perfect. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Leaves several-ranked.

Perianth-segments glandless.

7. Stenanthium. Flowers polygamous. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, glandless.

Stem from a bulbous base.

8. Zygadenus. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Leaves several -ranked, linear. Perianth-

segments glandular at the base, ovate or oblong. Stem glabrous.

9. Melanthium. Flowers polygamo-monoecious. Stem pubescent above, from a running root-

stock. Perianth-segments free from the ovary, their long claws adnate to the filaments.

10. Veratrum. Flowers polygamo-monoecious. Stem pubescent above, from a running root-

stock. Perianth- segments without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary.

Tribe. IV. UVULARIeAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style 3-cleft to below
the middle. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Flowers terminal or axillary. Stem leafy.

11. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed.

12. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile but not perfoliate. Flowers appearing opposite the

leaves. Capsule rounded or more or less pointed at the summit, acutely 3-winged.

Tribe V. ALLIeAE. Flowers perfect, umbellate. Perianth-segments 6, nearly or quite distinct,
l-nerved. Style single, long ; stigma uncleft, or only slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a locuUcidal
capsule. Seeds few (1-T) in each cell,

13. Allium. Seeds 1-2 in each cell. Plants with a strong odor.

14. Nothoscordum. Seeds several in each cell. Plants without strong odor.

Tribe VI. HEMEROCALLfDEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments united below the middle
into a funnel-shaped tube, not conspicuously roughened. Style single, long, declined, not
cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

15. Hemerocallis. Flowers large. Perianth yellow or brownish-red.

Tribe VII. LILIeAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct, petaloid. Style single,
elongated, uncleft. Fruit a locnlicidal capsule. Seeds numerous in each cell. Stem from a
scaly bulb or from a corm.

16. Lilium. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb. Seeds flattened.

17. Erythronium. Stem a scape from a sohd bulb. Leaves 2, basal. Seeds obovoid.

Tribe VIII. SCfLLEAE. Flowers perfect. ' Perianth-segments distinct and 3-several-nerved, or
united into an urceolate short-toothed tube, not roughened external!}'. Style single, slender,
uncleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stem scapose from a tunicate bulb.

18. Camassia. Flowers light blue, long-racemose. Filaments filiform. Perianth-segments

distinct.

19. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish-white, subcorymbose. Filaments dilated. Perianth-seg-

ments distinct.

20. Muscari. Flowers blue. Perianth gamophyllous, globose-urceolate ; limb short-toothed.

LILIACEAE (^LILY FAMILY)

281

fribe IX. Y&CCEAE. Flowers perfect, racemo-paniculate. Perianth campanulate ; its segmenu
(large) distinct or somewhat connate near the base. Fleshy 3-lobed 8tigtnatoi)hora nearly or
quite sessile. Fruit a luculicldal capsule. Cells many-seeded.

21. Yucca. Leaves sword-shaped, rigid.

Tribe X. POLYGONATEAE. Flowers perfect. Style single, entire or shortly 3-cleft at the
summit. Fruit a berry.

* Proper leaves reduced to scarious scales, the apparent (phyllodiai) leaves filiform.

22. Asparagus. Stem excessively branched. Flowers small, axillary.

* * Leaves neither scale-like nor filiform.
-«- Perianth-segments distinct.

23. Clintonia. Scapose. Flowers umbellate or subumbellate.

24. Smilacina. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers C-j)artcd, racemose or paniculate.

25. Maianthemum. Low ; stem 1-3-leaved. Flowers 4-parted.

26. Disporum. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers few in terminal umbels.

27. Streptopus. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers axillary on bent pedicels.

-i- +- Perianth-segments connate.

28. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Peduncles axillary, 1-8-flowered. Perianth cylindrical.

29. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose. Perianth bell-shaped.

Tribe XI. PARIDEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth- segments distinct. Style-branches distinct.
Fruit a berry. Cauline leaves whorled.
80. Medeola. CauUne leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Styles filiform.

31. Trillium. Cauline leaves 3 in a single whorl. Styles short, thick, the stiginatic surface

irregular.

Tribe XII. AL^TREAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth (small, white or yellow) gamophyllous,
conspicuously roughened. Style single, slightly cleft at the summit. Ovary partly inferior.
Fru.'t a loculicidal many-seeded capsule.

32. Aletris. Scapose. Flowers in a spicate raceme.

Tribe XIII. SMILAcEAE. Flowers dioecious, umbellate. Fruit baccate. Leaves net-veinea.

Tendrils usually present.

33. Smilax. Periant -segments distinct, deciduous, small, greenish or yellowish.

Artificial Key to Genera

a. Flowers dioecious.

Inflorescence umbellate ; fruit a berry

Inflorescence a spicate raceme ; fruit a pod .....
a. Flowers perfect or monoecious b.

b. Perianth gamophyllous, urceolate or campanulate, with a
toothed Umb.
Stem leafy ; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate .
Stem scapoid, leafy only at the base.
Leaves oblong ; perianth white. ....

Leaves very narrow, lanceolate to linear or terete.

Perianth smooth, blue

Perianth roughened, white or vellow
6. Perianth cleft at least to the middle or divided to the base c
C. Fruit a berry d.
d. Cauline leaves whorled.

Cauline leaves 3, in a single involucre-like whorl

Cauline leaves in 2 whorls

d. Cauline leaves alternate or none.

Leaves all basal

- Leafy-stemmed.

Eeal leaves scale-like ; apparent leaves filiform .
Leaves foliaceons. never filiform.

Flowers 4-parted

•-Flowers 6-parted.

Flowers racemose or paniculate .

Flowers umbellate

Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs .
C. Fruit a capsule e. , ^ , ■

e. Style none or very short and fleshy. (See also Tulipa,
Flowers small ; leaves distichous ....
Flowevs large ; leaves several-many-ranked .

shortly

2S0)

33. Smilax.

4. CltAMAELIRIUM.

28. PoLYCJONATt'M.

29. Co.VVALLARIA.

20. MlSCARI.

32. Aletris.

31. Trillutv.

80. .Medeola.

23. Cl.INTONlA.

22. Asi\\RA(;rP.

25. MAIANTIlEMrM.

24. Smilacina.

26. Disi'oiMM.

27. Stp.eptoims.

L NARTIIKniM.

51. YuocA.

2S2

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

e. Style or styles flllforra /.
/. Style single, entire or more or less deeply parted g.
g. Style 3-parted to below the middle.

Leaves perfoliate

Leaves sessile, not perfoliate ....
g. Style entire or slightly 3-lobed at the summit h.
h. Stem rhizomatose at the base ....
h. Stem bulbous at the base i.

i. Bulb solid (a corm) ; leaves 2, basal .

*. Bulb scaly ; stem leafy ....

i. Bulb tunicate.

Perianth-segments 1-nerved.
Herbage with the odor of onion .
Herbage without strong odor
Perianth-segments 3-several-nerved.
Perianth blue ; filaments thread-like .
Perianth greenish-white ; filaments broad
/. Styles 3, distinct to the base j.
j. Stigmas hnear.

Perianth-segments purplish ; seeds many in each cell
Perianth-segments white ; seeds 2 in each cell
j. Stigmas terminal.

Anthers 2-celled

Anthers confluently l-celled.
Stem pubescent.
Perianth-segments clawed ....
Perianth-segments essentially sessile
Stem glabrous.
Perianth-segments glandular near the base .
Perianth-segments not glandular.

Flowers polygamous

Flowers perfect

11. TT'^TTLARIA.

12. Cakesia.

15. flEMEK<>0ALLI8

17. Erythronium.

16. LiLIUM.

18. Allium.

14. notiioscordum

18. Camassia.

19. Ornituogalum.

8. Helonias,

2. Xerophyllum.

5. Tofieldia.

9. Melanthittm.
10. Veratkum.

8. Zygadenus.

7. Stenanthium.
6. Amianthium.

1. NARTHECIUM [Mohring] Juss. Bog Asphodel

Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Anthers linear, introrse.
Seeds ascendins:, appendaged at each end with a long bristle-form tail. — Root-
stock creeping, bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape termi-
nated by a simple dense bracteate raceme ; pedicels bearing a linear bractlet.
(Name an anagram of Anthericum, from dvdipiKos, supposed to have been the
Asphodel.)

1. N. americanum Ker. Stem 2.5-4 dm. high; leaves 0.7-1.5 mm. wide,
7-9-nerved ; raceme dense (2-5 cm. long) ; perianth-segments narrowly linear
(4-5 ram. long), scarcely exceeding the stamens. {Abama Morong.) — Sandy
bogs, pine-barrens of N. J. June, July.

2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx.

Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, without
glands or claws, 5-7-nerved, at length withering, about the length of the awl-
shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like, stig-
matic down the inner side, persistent. Capsule globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small).
Seeds collateral, 8-angled, not margined. — Herb with the stem simple, from a
thick tuberous rootstock, bearing a simple dense bracteate raceme of showy
flowers, and thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper reduced to
bristle-like bracts ; those from the root in a dense tuft, reclined, rough on the
margin, dry and rigid. (Name from ^rjpos, arid, and cpvWov, leaf.)

1. X. asphodeloides (L.) Nutt. Stem 3-12 dm. high. (X. setifolium Michx.)
— Pine-barrens, N. J. to e. Tenn., and Fla. June.

3. hel6nias l.

Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple segments, persistent, several-nerved,
glandless, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers
2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the
inner side, deciduous. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the
valves divergently 2-lobed. — A smooth perennial, with many oblong- spatulate

LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 283

or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing in
early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (3-6 dm. high), sheathed with
broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme.
Bracts obsolete ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name probably from ?Xos,
a sioamp, the place of growth.)

1. H. bullata L.— Wet places, s. N. Y., and e. Pa. to Va., rare and local.

4. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Devil's Bit

Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading 1-nerved sepals, withering-
presistent. Filaments and (white) anthers, as in Helonias ; fertile flowers
with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner
side. Capsule ellipsoid, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally ;^-valved
from the apex. Seeds linear-oblong. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem
from a (bitter) thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a wand-
like spiked raceme (1-3 dm. long) of small bractless flowers ; fertile plant more
leafy than the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering
into a petiole. (Name formed of x^f^^^^i on the ground^ and Xeipiov, lily, the
genus having been founded on a dwarf undeveloped specimen.)

1. C. luteum (L.) Gray. (Blazing Star.) Stem 3-12 dm. high; fruiting
pedicels 1-B mm. long; capsule 7-10 mm. long. (C. caroliniamim Willd.) —
Low grounds, w. Mass. to Fla., w. to Mich., Neb., and Ark. June.

2. C. obovale Small. Similar ; flowers larger ; fruitrng pedicels about equal-
ing the larger (12-14 mm. long) capsules. — Woods, N. Y., N. J.; and in the
mts. from W. Va. to N. C. and Ala. — Species not seen.

5. TOFIELDIA Huds. False Asphodel

Perianth more or less spreading, persistent ; the sepals (white or greenish)
concave, oblong or obovate, without claws, 3-nerved. Filaments awl-shapea ;
anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped ; stig-
mas terminal. Seeds oblong, horizontal. — Slender perennials, mostly tufted,
with short or creeping rhizomes, and simple stems leafy only at the base, bearing
small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, grass-
like. (Named for Mr. Tofield, an obscure English botanist of the 18th century.)

* Glabrous; pedicels solitary, in a short raceme or head; seeds not appendaged.

1. T. paliistris Huds. Scape leafless or nearly so (6-19 cm. high), slender,
bearing a globular or subcylindric head or short raceme of whitish flowers ; leaves
tufted, 2-4 cm. long. — Gasp6 Co., Que., to Minn., and northw. (Greenl., Eu.)

* * Stem and inflorescence pubescent ; pedicels fascicled in threes; seeds caudate.

2. T. glutinbsa (Michx.) Pers. Stem (1.5-4.5 dm. high) and jiedicels very
glutinous with dark glands; leaves broadly linear, short ; perianth not becom-
ing rigid ; capsule thin ; seeds with a contorted tail at each end. — Moist grounds,
Nf'd. to centr. Me., III., Minn., northw. and westw. ; also s. in the AUeghenies.
June, July.

3. T. racembsa (Walt.) BSP. Stem (.3-9 dm. high) and pedicels roughened
with minute glands; leaves longer and narrower ; perianth rigid about the Arm
capsule : seeds with a short white appendage at each end. {T.pubens Michx.)
— Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. July.

6. AMIANTHIUM Gray. Fly Poison

Perianth widely spreading ; the free white segments oval or obovate, without
claws or glands, persistent. 'Filaments capillary. Anthers, capsnles, etc., nearly
as in 31elanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds 1-4 in each cell.— Glabrous, with
simple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, termi-
nated by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age.
(From iiilavTos, unspotted, and &veos, flower; a name formed with more regard
to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.)

284 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY^

1. A. muscaet6xicum (Walt.) Gray. (Fly Poisox.) Leaves broadly linear^

elongated, obtuse (4-27 mm. wide); raceme simple; capsule abruptly 3-horned,
seeds oblong with a tieshy red coat. ( Chrosperma Ktze. ) — Open woods, L. L
to Fla., w. to Ky. and Ark. June, July.

7. STENANTHIUM (Gray) Kunth.

Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a point from
the broader base, where they are coherent to the base of the ovary, much longer
than the short stamens. Seeds nearly wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like
leafy stem from a bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves,
and numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal
panicle ; flowering in summer. (Name composed of areuds, narrow, and d^'^os,
Jiower, from tlie slender sepals and panicles.)

1. S. gramlneum (Ker) Kunth. Stem leafy (1-1.6 m. high), slender; leaves
4-10 mm. broad; panicle elongated, very open, with slender flexuous branches
or subsimple ; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on short pedicels ; sepals linear-
lanceolate (white), 4-8 mm. long ; capsule mostly reflexed, narrowly oblong-
ovate, with spreading beaks. {S. angustifolium Kunth.) — In the Allegheniea
from Va. to Ga., westw. to Mo. S. robustum Wats., separated on its stouter
habit, dense panicle, broader leaves, and erect capsule, is doubtfully distinct.

8. ZYGAdENUS Michx.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ;
the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1-2-glandular near the more or less narrowed
but not unguiculate base. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length.
Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely at
all margined. — Smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with rather large
panicled greenish- white flowers in summer. (Name composed of fi;y6s, a yoke,
and abriv, a gland, the glands being sometimes in pairs.)

* Stem from a creeping rootstnck ; 2 conspicuous orbicular glands on each divi-

sion of the perianth above the claw.

1. Z. glablrrimus Michx. Stems 3-9 dm. high ; leaves grass-like, channeled,
conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-
flowered ; flowers perfect; sepals nearly free (12 mm. long), ovate, becoming
lance-ovate, with a short claw. — Grassy low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala.

* * Stem from a more or less bulbous base ; glands less obvious, covering the

base of the perianth-segments.

2. Z. chlordnthus Richards. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves flat, carinate ;
raceme simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered ; bracts ovate-lanceolate •
base of the perianth coherent ivith the base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obo-
vate sepals marked with a large obcordate gland, the inner abruptly contracted
to a broad claw. (Z. elegans of auth., not Pursh.) — Calcareous soils, Gasp6 Co.,
Que., to Man.,^ south w. to n. N. B., n. Vt., n. N. Y., n. O., n. Ill, and (?) Mo.

3. Z. Nuttallii Gray. Like the last ; raceme rather densely flowered, with
narrow bracts ; perianth free ; sepals loith an ill-defined gland' at base, not at
all clawed ; seeds larger (6 mm. long). — Kan. to Tex.

4. Z. leimanthoides Gray. Stem 7-15 dm. high, slender ; leaves narrowly
linear ; flowers small (8 mm. in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded pan-
icled racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of each division of
the free perianth. — Low grounds, pine-barrens, L. I. to Ga.

9. melAnthium l.

Perianth of 6 separate and free widely spreading somewhat heart-shaped oi
oblong and halberd-shaped or oblanceolats sepals, raised on slender claws,
cream-colored or greenish. Filaments shorter than the divisions of the perianth,

LII/IACEAE (^LILY FAMILY) 285

adhering to their claws often to near the summit, persistent. Anthers heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped atu-r opening,
extrorse. Capsule ovoid-conical, 8-lobed, of 3 iutlated membranaceous several-
seeded carpels ; seeds fiat, broadly winged. — Stems tall and leafy, from a tliick
rootstock, roughish-downy above, as well as the open and ample i)yramidal pan-
icle (composed chiefly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate or oval, not plaited. (Name coDiposed of /xAaj"
blacky and &vdos, floioer, from the darker color which the persistent perianth
assumes after blossoming.)

* Perianth-divisions with a conspicuous -double gland at the summit of the claw.

1. M. virglnicum L. (Bunch-flower.) Stem 8-1(5 dm. high, leafy, rather
slender; leaves linear (1-3 cm. wide); divisions of the perianth flat, ovate to
oblong or slightly hastate (5-8 mm. long); capsule 1.4 cm. long; seeds 10 in
each cell, 4-6 mm. long. — Wet meadows, " R. L," N. Y. to Minn., Tex., and
Ga.

2. M. latifblium Desr. Leaves more oblanceolate, often 5 cm. broad ; divi-
sions of the perianth undulate (5 mm. long), the very narrow claw nearly
equaling the orbicular or ovate blade ; capsule 12-16 mm. long, on pedicels
8-18 mm. in length ; seeds 4-8 in each cell, 6S mm. long. (3/. racemosum
Michx.)— Ct. to S. C.

Var. longipedicellatum A. Brown. Leaves somewhat narrower; pedicels
2-2.5 cm. long. — Wooded slopes, w. Va. (Judge Brown).

* * Perianth-divisions oblanceolate, without glands.

3. M. parviflbrum (Michx.) Wats. Stem rather slender (0.6-1.6 m. high),
sparingly leafy, naked above ; leaves oval to oblanceolate (5-10 cm. wide), on
long petioles ; perianth-divisions 4-6 mm. long, oblanceolate or spatulate, those
of the sterile flowers on claws ; stamens very short ; capsule 1.5 cm. long ;
seeds 4-6 in each cell, 5 mm. long. (Veratrum Michx.) — In the Alleghenies
Va. to S. C.

10. VERATRUM [Tourn.] L. False Hellebore

Perianth of 6 spreading and separate obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish)
divisions, more or less contracted at the base (but not clawed), nearly free from
the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from and shorter than the sepals,
recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, etc., nearly as in Melanthinm. — Somewhat
pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse
fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked plaited and strongly veined leaves,
and racemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers; in summer. (Name from vere,
truly, and ater, black.)

1. V. viride Ait. (American White Hellehore, Indian Poke.) Stem
stout, very leafy to the top (6-20 dm. high): leaves broadly oval, pointed.
sheath-clasping; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes spre&diug;
perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading, the segments ciliate-serrulate ;
ovary glabrous ; capsule many -seeded. — Swamps and low grounds.

2. V. Wo6dii Bobbins. Stem sleiider, sparingly leafy (8-14 dm. high);
leaves oblanceolate, only the lowest sheathing; panicle very narrow; perianth
greenish-p2irple, with entire segments ; ovary tomentose, soon glabrate ; capsule
few-seeded. — Woods and hilly barrens, s. Ind. to Mo.

11. UVULARIA L. Bell wort

Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous ; the 6 divisions spatulate-
lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a deep honey-bearmg
groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens miu-li
shorter, barely adherent to their base. Capsule truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed,
loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a thm white
aril.— Stems terete, from a short rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at
5, forking above, bearing oblong perfoliate flat and membranaceous leaves

286 LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY)

with smooth margins, and yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary on ter-
minal peduncles. (Name "from the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.")

1. U. perfoliata L. Glaucous throughout, 2-5 dm. high, with l-o leaves
below the fork ; leaves glabrous, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acute ; x>eriantlh-
segments granular-pubescent within (1.8-3.6 cm. long) ; stameiis shorter than
the styles; tip of the connective acuminate; cells of the capsule with 2 dorsal
ridges and 2-beaked at the apex. — Rich woods, e. Mass. to Ont., Dak. and south w.

2. U. grandiflbra Sm. Yellowish green, ?iot glaucous ; stem naked or with
a single leaf below the fork ; leaves whitish-pubescent beneath, usually some-
what acuminate ; perianth-segments smooth within or nearly so (2.5-4.5 cm.
long); stamens exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped; capsule obtusely lobed.
{U/flava Sm.) — Rich woods, w. N. H. to Ga., westw. to Minn, and Kan.

12. OAKESIA Wats.

Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or acutish,
carinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule membranous, elliptical,
acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely winged, very
tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, with a very tumid spongy rhaphe. — Stem
acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock, with sessile clasping leaves
scabrous on the margin, and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender peduncles but
soon appearing opposite the leaves by the growth of the branches. (Dedicated
to William Oakes, New England botanist, 1799-1848.)

1. 0. sessilifblia (L.) Wats. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, pale,
glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping; divisions of the perianth 1.4-2.5
cm. long; anthers obtuse; capsule short-stipitate, 1.2-2 cm. long. (Uvularia
L.) — Woods and thickets.

2. 0. puberula (Michx.) Wats. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green
both sides and shining, oval, mostly rounded at base, with rougher edges ;
styles separate to near the base, not exceeding the acute anthers ; capsule not
stipitate, 2-2.5 cm. long. (Uvularia Michx. ; 0. sessili folia, var. nitida Britton.)
— Pine-barren swamps and mountain woods, N, J. to S. C.

13. ALLIUM [Tourn.] L. Onion. Garlic

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very
base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent ;
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, thread-like ;
Btigma simple or only slightly 3-lobed. Capsule lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved,
with 1-2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds
in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent herbs ; the leaves and usually
scapose stem from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some or all of
them frequently replaced by bulblets ; spathe scarious, 1-2-valved. (The an-
cient Latin name of the Garlic.)

Ovary not crested.
Capsule strongly 3-lobed, cells 1-ovuled ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 2-5 cm.

broad \. A. 1/ricoccum.

Capsule ovoid to obovoid, slightly lobed ; cells 2-several-ovuled ; leaves
linear or terete.
Umbel capitate ; the pedicels shorter than or little exceeding the peri-
anth 2. A. Schoenoprasum,.

Umbel open (except when as in A. cnnadense and A. inneale the
flowers are more or less replaced by sessile bulblets) ; the pedicels
much exceeding the perianth.
Stem leafy to or above the middle ; bulb-coats fibro-membranous, not

strongly reticulated 8.-4. vineale.

Stem leafy only near the base ; bulb-coats in age strongly netted.
Dmbel few-flowered, nearly always converted partially or wholly

into an ovoid inclosed head of bulblets ....'. 6. A. canadense.

Umbel many-flowered ; bulblets none ...... 7. A. mutabile.

Ovary and capsule conspicuously crested.

Umbel nodding 3. J. cervvum.

Umbel erect; stamens and style exserted . ...... 4:. A. stellatum.

Umbel erect ; stamens and style included 5.-4. reticulatum.

LILIACEAE QLILY FAMILY) 287

1. A tric6ccum Ait. (Wild Leek.) Scape (1.5-4 dm. high, from clustered
pomted bulbs 3.5-5 cm. long) bearing au erect many-flowered umbel • have)
10-23 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide; segments ot the perianth obloii<r (.'rcenish
white), equaling the nearly distinct filaments ; capsule strongly -.Uohed— Kich
woods, N. B. to Minn, and la., s. in the mts. to N. C — Leaves appearing in
early spring and dying before the flowers are developed.

2. A. Schoen6prasum L., var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. Scape (2-4 dm. liigh)
bearing a globular capitate 2imbel of many rose-purple flowers ; segments of the
perianth lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila-
ments; leaves awl-shaped, hollow; capsule not crested. — Ledgy shores, Nfd. to
Alaska, s. to N. S., n. N. E., the Great Lake region, etc. (Eurasia.) — Tlie typi-
cal form of the species (the Chives of vegetable gardens) is a lower and more
slender but not sharply separable plant.

3. A. cernuum Roth. (Wild Onion.) Scape angular (2.5-6 dm. high),
nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping few-many-Jloicered xmhel •
leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled (3 dm. long); segments of the perianth
oblong-ovate, acute, rose-color to purple, shorter than the slender filaments
and style ; capsule 6-crested. (? A. allegheniense Small.) — N. Y. to 8. C, and
westw.

4. A. stellatum Ker. Scape terete (3-5 dm. high), slender, bearing an erect
umbel ; bulb-coats membranous ; capsule prominently Q-crested. — Rocky slopes,
Minn, to w. 111., Mo., and westw.

5. A. reticulatum Don. Scape 1-1.8 dm. high ; bulbs densely and coarsely
fibrous-coated; spathe 2-valved ; umbel rarely bulbiferous ; sepals ovate to
narrowly lanceolate, thin and lax in fruit, a third longer than the stamens;
capsule crested. — Sask. to la. and N. Mex.

6. A. canadense L. (Wild Garlic.) Scape 3 dm. high or more ; bulb
small (1.2-1.8 cm. in diameter); bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; umbel densely
bidbiferous, the flowers few or often none; segments of the periantli narrowly
lanceolate, equaling or exceeding the stamens ; capsule not crested. — Moist
meadows, N. B. to Ont., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

7. A. mutabile Michx. Similar in stature, habit, and flowers to preceding ;
umbels not normally bidbiferous, many(16-43)-flowered ; bulbs 2-3 cm. in
diameter. — Prairies and borders of woods, Mo. (Bush.) to Fla., Tex., and Neb,

8. A. "VineXle L. (Field Garlic.) Stem slender (3-9 dm. high), clothed
with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle ; leaves terete and
hollow, slender, channeled above ; umbel often densely bulbiferous ; filaments
much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate on each side of the anther. — Moist
meadows and fields, locally abundant, Mass. to Mo., and Va. June. (Nat. from
Eu.)

14. N0TH0SC6rDUM Kunth.

Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule obovoid, somewhat lobed,
obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells several-ovuled
and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. — Bulb tunicated,
not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from p6dos, false, and <xK6p5iov,
garlic. )

1. N. bivalve (L.) Britton. Scape 1.5-3.5 dm. high; bulb small, often
bulbiferous at base ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers few, on slender jiedicels,
the segments narrowly oblong, about 1 cm. long ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. (iV.
striatum Kunth.) — Prairies and open woods, Va. to O., Neb., and southw.

15. HEMEROCAlLIS L. Day Lilt

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube inclosing the ovary, the
spreading limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in
Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and
ascending ; stigma simple. Capsule (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, locull-
cidallv 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Show^

I

288 LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY)

perennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked
at the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and
large flowers ; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence
the name, from -rifiepa, a day, and /cctXXos, beauty.)

I. H. FULVA L. (CoMMOx D. ) luncr divisions (petals) of the tawny orange
perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (In trod, from
Eu.)

16. LILIUM [Tourn.] L. Lily

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 divisions, spreading or
recurved above, deciduous. Anthers linear, extrorsely attached near the
middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at first included, at
length versatile ; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse line. Style
elongated ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule subcylindric ; seeds densely packed in 2
rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-
scattered or whorled narrow sessile leaves, and from one to several large and
showy flowers in summer. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Xeiptov.)

* Flowers erect ; sepals narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous.

1. L. philadelphicum L. (Wild Orange-red L,, Wood L.) Stem 4-9
dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, chiefly whorled ; flowers 1-3, open-bell-
shaped, reddish-oramje, spotted with purplish inside ; the lanceolate segments
little or not at all recurved at the obtusish or shortly acuminate summit ; pod
somewhat rounded at base. — Dry or sandy ground, N. E. to Ont. and N. C.
— Separated by no constant character from

Var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. Leaves, all but the uppermost, scattered ; peri-
anth divisions mostly deep red ; pod attenuate at the base. (Z. umbellatum
Pursh ; L. lanceolatum Fitzpatrick.) — Rich soil of prairies, and in bogs, Ont.
and O. to Ark., and northwestw.

2. L. Catesbaei Walt. (Southern Red L.) Leaves linear-lanceolate^
scattered ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the large and long-clawed divisions
of the perianth wavy on the margin and recurved at the caudate-attenuate sum-
mit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and yellow inside ; bulb-scales thin, narrow
and leaf-bearing. — Pine-barrens, N. C. to Fla., w. to "Ky.," "s. 111.," and
"Mo."

* * Flowers nodding ; sepals sessile ; bulbs rhizomatous.

3. L. superbum L. (Turk's-cap L.) Stem 9-23 dm. high ; lower leaves
whorled, lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers (3-40) in
a pyramidal raceme ; perianth-divisions (7-8 cm. long) strongly revolute, orange,
with numerous dark purple spots inside. — Rich low grounds, N. B. to Va., w.
to Minn, and Mo.

4. L. carolinianum Michx. Nearly related to the preceding and with very
similar flowers ; stem 4-7 dm. high, 1-3 flowered ; leaves obovate to oblanceo-
late, obtusish or short-acuminate. — Borders of mountain woods, Va. {/Small),
and south w.

5. L. canadense L. (Wild Yellow L.) Stem 6-20 dm. high; leaves
remotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough;
flowers long-peduncled, narrowly bell-shaped, the perianth-divisions (5-8 cm.
long) recurved-spreading above, yellow or orange, usually spotted with brown. —
Moist meadows and bogs, e. Que. to Ga., w. to Mo., Minn., and Ont.

6. L. Grayi Wats. Stems 6-9 dm. high ; leaves in whorls of 4-8, lanceo-
late, acute or slightly acuminate, smooth ; flowers 1 or 2, nearly horizontal, the
perianth-divisions (3.5-6 cm. long) but little spreading above the rather broad
base, rather abruptly acute, deep reddish-orange, thickly spotted within. — Peaks
of Otter, Va. , and south w. in the mts. to N. C.

7. L. TiGRiNUM Ker. (Tiger L.) Tall, pubescent above ; leaves scattered,
narroioly lanceolate, dark green, 5-7-nerved, the dipper axils bulbiferous ; flowers
large, resembling those of L. superbum. — An escape from gardens. (Introd.
from E. Asia.)

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY^ 28b

17. ERYTHRONIUM L. Dog's-tooth Violbt

Perianth lily-like, of 6 lanceolate recurved or spreading divisions, deciduous,
the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the b<ise, and a ^rouve iii
Uie middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped ; anthers oblong-linear. Style elongated.
Capsule obovoid, contracted at base, 3-valved, luculicidal. Seeds rather numer-
ous.— Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering
into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rJKing
from a deep solid scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. ' (The
Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from ipvdpds, red.)

1. E. americanum Ker. (Yellow Adder's-tongue). Scape L5-2 dm.
high ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish
and often minutely dotted ; perianth light yellow, often spotted near the
base (2-4 cm. long); style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Rich ground, N. B. to
Fla., w. to Out. and Ark.

2. E. albidum Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Producing subter-
ranean offshoots from the base of the corm ; leaves elli{)tical-lanceolate, less or
not at all spotted ; perianth pinkish-white ; inner divisions toothless ; style more
slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short spreading stigmas. — Rich ground,
Ont. to N. J., w. to Minn, and Tex.

3. E. mesochbreum Knerr. iVo basal offshoots; leaves narrowly lance-
oblong or linear-lanceolate, not mottled ; perianth-divisions bluish or lavender-
tinted, scarcely or not at all revolute ; stigmas spreading. — Prairies, w. la.
(Burgess) and Mo. to Kan. and Neb.

4. E. propullans Gray. Offshoot arising from the stem, near the middle;
leaves smaller and more acuminate ; flowers bright rose-color, yellowish at base
(12 mm. long); style slender ; stigmas united. — In rich soil, Minn, and Ont.

TtrLTPA sYLVESTRis L. , a wild tulip of Europe, readily recognized by its soli-
tary subscapose large yellow flowers, 6-divided perianth and thickish subsessile
Stigma, is said to be established in e. Pa. {Fretz). (Adv. from Eu.)

18. CAMASSIA Lindl.

Perianth slightly irregular, of 6 blue or purple spreading 3-7-nerved divisions >
filaments flliform. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule short and
thick, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each
cell. — Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb ; the flowers in a simple
raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name
quamash or camass.)

1. C. escul^nta (Ker) Eobinson. (Eastern Camass, Wild Hyacinth.)
Scape 1.5-7 dm. high ; leaves keeied ; raceme elongated ; bracts longer than
the pedicels; divisions of the perianth pale blue, 3-nerved, 10-14 mm. long;
capsule acutely triangular-globose. {Scilla Kev; C. Fraseri Tott.; Qiiamasia
esculenta Covillej Q. hyacinthina Britton.) — Rich ground, w. Pa. to Minn.,
Tex., and Ga. — This species should be carefully distinguished from the larger
flowered plant of the Northwest, which has long passed as C. esculenta Lindl.,
— a name which must be replaced by Camassia quamash Greene.

19. 0RNITH6GALUM [Toum.] L. Star of Bethlehem

Perianth of 6 (white) spreading 3-7-nerved divisions. Filaments 6, flattened-
awl-shaped. Style 3-sided ; stigma 3-angled. Capsule roundish-angular, with
few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, locnlicidal. — Scape and linear chan-
neled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted ; pedicels not
jointed. (A whimsical name from 6pvts, a bird, and yd\a, milk.)

1. 0. umbellXtum L. Scape 1-2.5 dm. high ; flowers 5-8, on long and
spreading pedicels ; perianth-divisions green in the middle on the outside. — Es-
caped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.)

gray's manual. — 19

290 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY^

2. 0. NtiTANS L. Scape 3 dm. high or more ; fiOwers 5-6, large (2-2.5 cm.
long), nodding on very short pedicels; filaments /ery broad. — Rarely escaped
from gardens ; Pa. to D. C. (Introd. from Eu.)

20. MUSCArI [Tourn.] Mill. Grape Hyacinth

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue, rarely pink or white).
Stamens 6, included ; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal,
with 2 black angular seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scape (in early spring)
from a coated bulb ; the small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk,
scented (whence the name).

1. M. BOTRYOiDES (L.) Mill. Lcavcs linear, 6-10 mm. broad ; Jloioers globu-
lar (3-5 mm. long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes. — Escaped from
gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Introd. from Eu.)

2. M. racem6sum (L.) Mill. Leaves 2-3 mm. broad ; flowers oblong-urceo^
late (4-5 mm. long), deep blue, fragrant. — Rare escape, s. N. Y. to Va.
(Introd. from Eu.)

21. YUCCA [Kupp.] L. Bear GrasSo Spanish Bayonet

Perianth of 6 large white or greenish oval or oblong and acute flat with-
ering-persistent segments, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens.
Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat G-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly
6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved
from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened. — Stems woody, in
ours very short, bearing persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an
ample panicle or raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the
root of the Cassava-plant.)

1. Y. glauca Nutt. Leaves very stiff and pungent, 2-6 dm. long, 4-12 ram.
wide, filiferous on the margin ; raceme mostly simple, nearly sessile (3-12 dm.
long); flowers 3.5-6 cm. wide; stigmas green, shorter than the ovary ; capsule
6-sided (7 cm. long); seeds 10-12 7nm. broad. (F. angustifolia Pursh.) — Dak.
to la., Mo., N, Mex., and Wyo. May, June.

2. Y. filamentbsa L. (Adam's Needle.) Caudex 3 dm. high or less, from
a running rootstock ; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering to a
short point, rough on the back, 4-6 dm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, filiferous on the
margin ; panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape^ 1-3 m.
high; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 3.5 cm. long; seeds 6
mm. broad. — Near the coast, Md. (where of the formal var. latif6lia Engelm.
with leaves 5-9 cm. wide) to Fla. and La. July. — Very variable. Occasionally
spontaneous about old gardens.

22. ASpArAGUS [Tourn.] L. Asparagus

Perennials, with much branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, and
small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. The narrow, com-
monly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branchlets, acting as leaves, clus-
tered in the axils of little scales which are the true leaves. (The ancient Greek
name.)

1. A. OFFICINA.LI8 L. (Garden A.) — A frequent escape. June. (Introd.
from Eu.)

23. CLINT6NIA Raf.

Perianth of 6 divisions, lily-like, deciduous. Filaments long and thread-like ;
anthers extrorsely fixed by a point above the base. Ovary ovoid-subcylindric,
2-3-celled ; style long. — Short-stemmed perennials, with slender creeping root-
stocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at the base by the stalks of 2-4
large oblong or oval ciliate leaves ; flowers umbeled, rarely single. (Dedicated
to De Witt Clinton, prominent statesman, several times gjovernor of New York.)

LILIACEAE (JjlhY FAMILY) 291

1. C. boreHlis (Ait) Raf. Scape and leaves 14-25 cm. long ; terminal umljel

3-6-flowered (sessile lateral umbels often present on the same scape) ; perianth
greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (12-18 mm. long) ; berry ovoid, blue ;
ovules 20 or more. — Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C, w. to Man. and Minn.

2. C. umbellulata (Michx.) Morong. Flowers half as large as in the ia.st,
white, speckled with green or purplish dots; umhel many-flowered ; berry
globular, black; ovules 2 in each cell. (C. umbellata Torr.) — Rich woods,
N. Y., N. J., and in the AUeghenies to Ga.

24. SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon's Seal

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent. Filaments 6, slender;
anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short
and thick; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2-seeded, at first
greenish or yellowish-white speckled with madder brown, at length a dull sub-
translucent ruby red. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or
thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile leaves, and white, sometimes
fragrant flowers. (Name a diminutive of Smilax.)

* Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle ; stamens exceed-

ing the small (2 7nm. long) segments; ovules collateral; rootstock stout,
fleshy.

1. S. racembsa (L.) Desf. (False Spikenard.) Minutely downy (4-10
dm. high) ; leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate,
abruptly somewhat petioled. ( Vagnera Morong.) — Moist copses and banks.

* * Flowers larger (4-5 mm. long), on solitary pedicels in a simple feio-floxoered

raceme ; stamens included; ovules not collateral; rootstock rather slender.

2. S. stellata (L.) Desf. Plant (2-5 dm. high) nearly glabrous, or the 7-12
ohlong-lanceolate leaves minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping;
raceme sessile or nearly so. {^Vagnera Morong.) — Moist banks, frequent.
(Eu.)

3. S. trifblia (L.) Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (1.3-2 dm. high) ; leaves 3 (some-
times 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; raceme peduncled. ( Vag-
nera Morong.) — Cold bogs, Lab. to N. J., westw. to B. C. (Siber.)

25. MAIANTHEMUM [Weber in] Wiggers.

Perianth 4-parted, and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma 2-lobed. Other-
wise as in Smilacina. — Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme upon
a low 2-3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name from
Mains, May, and dvde/xov, a flower.)

1. M. canadense Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (6-22 era. high) ; leaves
lanceolate or ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very
shortly petioled ; perianth-segments 2 mm. long. ( Unifolium Greene.) — Moist
woods, Lab. to N. C, w. to la., Dak., and Man.

26. DISPORUM Salisb.

Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 lanceolate or linear divisions deciduous.
Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers. Ovary
with 2 ovules (in our species) suspended from the summit of each cell; style
one ; stigmas 3, short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united into one 1 Berry
ovoid or subcylindric, pointed, 3-6-seeded, red. —Downy low herbs, with creep-
ing rootstocks, erect stems sparingly branched above, closely sessile ovate thin
leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slender terminal peduncles, soli-
tary or few in an umbel. (Name from 8is, double., and airopd, seed, in allusion
to the 2 ovules in each cell.)

1. D. lanuginbsum (Michx.) Nichols. Leaves taper-pointed, rounded or

292 LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY)

slightly heart-shaped at base ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; perianth (18 mm.
long) soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; stigmas 3.—
Rich woods, Ont. and w. N. Y. to O., Tenn., and Ga.

27. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twisted-stalk

Perianth recurved-spreading from a beh-shaped base, deciduous ; the 6 divi-
sions lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-^naped, extrorse,
fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender
entire or 2-cleft point. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with
rather stout stems from a short or creeping rootstock, ordinarily forking and
divergent branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous
leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender
thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contoned near the middle
(whence the name, from o-TpeirTds, twisted, and irovs, foot or stalk).

1. S. amplexifblius (L.) DC. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaves very
smooth, glaucous underneath, strongly clasping; floioer greenish-white (about
1 cm. long) ; perianth-segments wide-spreading or recurved from near the middle;
anthers many times exceeding the filaments, tapering to a slender entire point;
stigma entire, truncate; fruit ellipsoid or globose, 1-2 cm. long, scarlet. — Cold
moist woods, Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E., Pa., O., Minn., and in the mts. to
N. C. and N. Mex. (Eurasia.)

2. S. r6seus Michx. Lower (2-6 dm. high); rootstock short and thick;
leaves green both sides, finely ciliate ; the branches sparingly beset with short
bristly hairs; flower rose-purjple (8-12 mm. long), more than half the length of
the slightly bent peduncle, the perianth-segments with only the tips recurved in
age; anthers ovate, 2-horned, about equaling the filaments; stigma 'S-cleft;
fruit subglobose, 1 cm. in diameter, cherry-red. — Cold damp woods, Nfd. to the
mts. of Ga., w. to Wise, and Man. May, Tune.

3. S. 16ngipes Fernald. Similar; rootstock slender and wide-creeping,
stem ciliate-hispid above, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves ciliate, sessile, pale beneath ;
perianth campanulate, reddish; anthers anc^ stigmas as in no. 2. — Woods, Mar-
quette Co., Mich.

28. POLYGONATUM [Toum.] Hill. Solomon's Skal

Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or
above the middle of the tube, included; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled,
with 2-6 ovules in each cell ; style slender, deciduous by a joint ; stigma obtuse
or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1-2-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping knotted rootstocks,
naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and
axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (Name
from TToXi;-, many, and 76^, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the root-
stock. )

1. P. biflbrum (Walt.) Ell. (Small S.) Glabrous, except the ovate-oblong
or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly minutely pubescent
as well as pale or glaucous underneath; stem slender (3-9 dm. high) ; pednnclfs
1-3- i)ut mostly '1-fiowered; perianth 10-12 mm. long ; filaments papiUose-rough-
ened, inserted toward the summit of the perianth. (? P. borealc Greene ; P.
cuneatum Greene; Salomonia biflora Farwell.) — Wooded hillsides, J>^. B. to
Fla., w. to Out., e. Kan., and Tex.

2. P. commutatum (11. & S.) Dietr. (Great S.) Glabrou throughout,
stem stout (0.6-2 m. high), terete; leaves ovate, partly claspf,,, (12-18 cm.
long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved; peauncles several
(2-8) -flowered, jointed below the flower ; flowers 12-20 mm. long ; filaments
smooth and naked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube. {P.
(jiganteum Dietr. ; ? P. virginicum Greene ; Salomonia commutata Farwell.) —
Meadows and river-banks,' w. N. H. and R. I. to Ga. and w. to the Rocky Mts
tune.

I

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 293

29. CONVALLARIA L. Lily of the Valley

Perianth bell-shaped, white, with 6 short recurved lobes. Stamens 6 in-
duded, inserted on the base of the perianth ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled
capering into a stout style ; stigma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each cell Berrv
few-seeded, red. — Perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender runnin^^ root-
stocks, 2 or 8 oblong leaves, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of
sweet-scented nodding flowers. (From Lilium convallium, the popular name )

1. C. majalis L. — High mountains, Va. to S. C. — Apparently identical
with the European Lily of the Valley of the gardens which occurs as an occa-
sional escape from cultivation elsewhere within our limits.

30. MEDEOLA [Gronov.] L. Indian Cucumber-root

Perianth recurved ; the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike, pale greenish-
yellow, deciduous. Stamens 6 ; anthers shorter than the slender filaments
oblong. Styles stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the
globose ovary, long and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose, dark purple,
3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (3-9 dm.'
high, clothed with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal
white tuber (with taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9
obovate-lanceolate leaves ; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate
ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named
after the sorceress Medea, for its supposed great medicinal virtues.)

1. M. virginiana L. — Rich damp woods, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and Fla.
June.

31. TRILLIUM L. Wake Robin. Birthroot

Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger,
withering in age. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate.
Styles awl-shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stig-
matic down the inner side. Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell.

Low perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a short and prae-
morse tuber-like rootstock, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, com-
monly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a
terminal large flower ; in spring. (Name from tres, three ; all the parts being
in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes petall
changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number.

* Ovary and fruit Q-angled and more or less icinged.

-»- Flower sessile; leaves usually mottled.

1. T. sessile L. Leaves sessile; sepals spreading; sessile petals erect-spread-
ing., narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, dark and dull purple, varying to
greenish ; fruit globose, 1.2 cm. long. — Moist woods. Pa. to Minn, and southw.

2. T. viride Beck. Larger (3-4 dm. higili) ; leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate ;
sepals spreading ; petals linear, 3-5 cm. long, greenish. — Rich woods and open
hillsides, Kan., Mo., and southeastw.

3. T. recurvatum Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate,
oblong, or obovate ; sepals reflexed ; petals pointed, the base narrowed into a
claw, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, dark purple ; fruit ovoid, strongly winged
above, 1.8 cm. long. — Rich woods, O. to Minn., Ark., " Miss.," and Tenn.

+- •<- Flower pediceled ; connective narrow, not produced ; leaves subsessile.
•*•*■ Anthers at anthesis exceeding the stigmas.

4. T. erictum L. Leaves very broadly rhomluc, shortly acuminate ; peduncle
(2-8 cm. long) usually more or less inclined or declinate ; petals ovate to lanceo-
late (18-36 mm. long), brown-purple or often white or greenish or pinkish ;
stamens exceeding the stout distinct spreading or recurved stigmas; ovary
purple; fruit ovoid, 2.5 cm. long, reddish. — Rich woods, e. Que. to Ont.,
■southw. to Pa and in the mts. to N. C. — Flowers ill-scented.

294 LILIACEAE (;lILY FAMILY^

5. T. grandifl5rum (Michx.) Salisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate.

pedicel erect or ascending ; petals oblcmceolate, often broadly so (4-6 cm. long),
white turning rose-color or marked with green ; stamens with stout filaments
(persistently green about the fruit) and anthers, exceeding the very slender erect
or suberect and somewhat coherent stigmas; fruit subglobose. — Rich woods,
w. Que. and w. Vt. to Minn., Mo,, and N. C.

•M- *+ Anthers at anthesis surpassed hy the stigmas.

6. T. c^rnuum L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate ; peduncles (8—33 mm,
long) usually recurved; petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lauceolate (12-
24 mm. long), wavy, recurved-spreading ; filaments nearly or quite equaling
the anthers; ovary white or pinkish ; stigmas stoutish, tapering from the base
to the apex; fruit ovoid. — Moist woods, Nfd. to Man., southw. to Pa., Mich.,
Minn., and in the mts. to Ga.

7. T. declinatum (Gray) Gleason. Leaves broadly rhombic ; peduncles (4-6
cm. long) usually horizontal; petals white, ovate-oblong (2-3.5 cm. long); fila-
ments less than half as long as the anthers ; stigmas sliort, stout, tapering
from the base to the apex ; ovary white or pinkish. {T. erectum^ var. Gray.") —
Woods, O. and s. Mich, to s. Minn, and Mo.

** Ovary and fruit S-lobed or -angled, not winged; filaments slender^ about
equaling the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves petiolate.

8. T. nivale Rlddell. (Dwarf White or Snow T.) Small (5-10 cm. high);
leaves oval or ovate, obtuse (2.5-5 cm. long) ; petals oblong, obtuse (12-30 mm.
long), white, scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base, equaling the
peduncle; styles long and slender; fruit depressed-globose, with 3 rounded
lobes, 6-8 mm. long. — Rich woods, w. Pa. and Ey. to Minn, and la.

9. T. undulatum Willd. (Painted T.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed; petals
ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, loavy, widely spreading, white painted with
purple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle ; fruit broad-ovoid, obtuse,
14-18 mm. long. {T. erythrocarpum Michx.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, e.
Que. to Ont. and Wise, southw. in the mts. to Ga.

32. AlETRIS L. Colic-root. Star Grass

Perianth cylindrical, wrinkled and roughened outside by thickly set points,
the tube adhering below to the base of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit.
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes ; filaments and anthers short,
included. Style awl-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex ; stigmas minutely 2-lobed.
Capsule ovoid, beaked, inclosed in the roughened perianth ; seeds numerous,
minute, costate. — Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with
fibrous roots, and a spreading cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the
small flowers in a spike-like raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (4-10
dm. high). (AXerpls, a female slave who grinds corn; in allusion to the ap-
parent mealiness of the blossoms.)

1. A. farin5saL. Flowers tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong. — Grassy
or sandy woods, s. Me. to Fla., Ark., and Minn. July, Aug.

2. A. aiirea Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow, fewer and shorter than ii?
the preceding; lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, " Va.," S. C. to Fla. and Tex.

• 33. SMILAX [Toum.] L. Green Brier. Cat Brier

Flowers dioecious in umbels on axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yelloW'
ish, regiflar, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, in-
serted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base.,
apparently 1 -celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (I'-celled, with single
stigma in S. laurifolia) ; stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile ; ovules 1 oi
2 in each cell, pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit a small beiTy. — Shrubby or her-
baceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of thf

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 295

ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure
meaning.)

§ 1. Stems herbaceous, not prickly ; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 in each
cell; leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped ; berries bluish-black xcith a
bloom.

1. S. herbacea L. (Carrion-flower.) Stem climbing, 1-5 m. hit,^h ; Z^avea
ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped or truncate at base, abruptly acute to
sliort-acuminate, 7-9-nei'ved, smooth; petioles 1-4 cm. long; ])eduncles 4-20
cm. long, often much exceeding the leaves, 20-40-flo\Yered ; seeds 2-0. — Moist
meadows and river-banks, common, N. B. to Man. and Tex. June. — Varialile.
Var. PULVERULENTA (Mlchx.) Gray. Leaves sparingly to densely pubeiulent
on the veins beneath. (^S. pulverulenta Michx.) — Ta. to Ont., w. to Mont, and
Kan.

2. S. tamnifolia Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves mostly b-nerved,
smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, abruptly
acute to acuminate, some of them hastate with broad rounded lobes; peduncles
longer than the petioles ; berry smaller, 2-3-seeded. — Pine-bai-rens, I'a. and
N. J. to S. C.

3. S. ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Erect, 1.5-9 dm. high, w'thout tendrils
(or only the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing) ; lower leaves reduced to narrow
scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5-7 -nerved, broadly ovate-elliptical to roundish,
^ute, mostly cordate at base, 4-12 cm. long, pubescent beneath; peduncles and
petioles 3-7 cm. long ; umbels 10-20-flowered ; berry 3-seeded. — O. and Md. to
S. C., Wise, "Minn.," and Mo.

§ 2. Stems woody, of ten prickly ; ovules solitary ; glabrous throughout.

* Leaves ovate or rouridish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base,
and b-9-7ierved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more con-
spicuous.

■*- Peduncles (4-13 mm. long) shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, flat-
tened; leaves thickish, green both sides.

4. S. Walter! Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base or
unarmed ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped
or rounded at base (5-11 cm. long); berries coral-red. — Pine-barrens, N. J. to
Fla.

5. S. rotundifblia L. (Common Green Brier, Horse Brier.) Stem as well
as the terete branches armed with scattered prickles ; branchlets more or less
4-angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-
shaped, abruptly short-pointed, obscurely denticulate or entire ; berries blue-
black, with a bloom. — Moist thickets, N. S. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Tex.
— Very variable, passing into var. quadrangulXris (Muhl.) Wood., which has
branches, and especially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common westw.

1- ■*- Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the'length of the short petiole, flat-
tened; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent; berries black, xcith a
bloom.

6. S. glauca Walt. (Saw Brier.) Terete branches and somewhat 4-an-
gular glaucous branchlets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves
ovate ^mveXj subcordate, glaucous beneath 2ir\^ sometimes also above (5-7 cm.
long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. — Dry thickets, e.
Mass. to Fla., w. to Tex.

7. S. B5na-nox L. Branches and the angular (often S(iuare) liranchlets
sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; leaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to tiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped or 3-iobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-jxiinted, the
margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides Man. ed. 6 ;
probably not L- ) — Thickets j Nantucket, Mass.; N. J. to Fla., w. to 111., Mo.,
and Tex.

296 HAEMODORACEAE (^BLOODWORT FAMILY^

-•--»--•- Peduncle 2-4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample (7-12 cm.
lo7ig), thin or thinnish^ green both sides; berries black; stem terete and
branchlets nearly so.

8. S. hlspida Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing high)
below densely beset with long and loeak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering
branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous; peduncles 2-5 cm
long ; perianth-divisions lanceolate, almost 6 mm. long. — Moist thickets, Ct. to
Va., w. to Ont., Minn., Kan., and Tex. June.

9. S. pseudo-china L. Bootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed,
or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets
ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture ;
peduncles flat (5-7 cm. long). — Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., w. to s. Ind.
and Kan. July.

* * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a
short petiole, 'S-b-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many
without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete;
the umbels sometimes panicled ; branches terete, unai med.

10. S. lanceolata L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or
lance-oblong ; stigmas 3 ; berries dull red. — Rich woods and margins of swamps,
Va. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. June.

11. S. laurifblia L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (6-12 cm. long); stigmas solitary and ovary 1-celled;
berries black when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year. — Pine-barrens,
N. J. to Fla., w. to Ark., and Tex. July, Aug.

HAEMODORACEAE (Bloodwort Family)

Perennial stoloniferous herbs with fibrous roots, equitant leaves, and perfect
S-6-androus regular woolly flowers; the tube of the 6-lobed perianth coherent
with the ichole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the ^-celled ovary. —
Anthers introrse. Capsule crowned or inclosed by the persistent perianth,
3-celled, loculicidal, 3-many-seeded. A small family ; chiefly of the southern
hemisphere. Ours with dense compound cymes of dingy yellow flowers.

1. Lachnanthes. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior.

2. Lophiola. Stamens 6. Ovary nearly free.

1. LACHNANTHES EU. Red-root

Perianth 6-paited down to the adherent ovary. Stamens opposite the 3 largei
or inner divisions ; filaments long, exserted ; anthers soon curved or coiled,
attached near the base. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Capsule globular.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Leaves clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, w^hich is hairy at the
top and terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely
woolly flowers (whence the name, from \dxvr], wool, and dvdos, blossom).

1. L. tinctbria (Walt.) Ell. Erect, 3-10 dm. high. (Gyrotheca Salisb.) —
Sandy swamps, near the coast, Cape Cod, Mass., R. I., and N. J. to Fla. July-
Sept.

2. LOPHIOLA Ker.

Divisions of the perianth nearly equal, spreading, longer than the 6 stamens,
which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by the base. Capsule ovoid,
free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with the awl-shaped style,
which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each valve. Seeds numer-
ous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — Slender herb with linear and nearly smooth

AMARVLLIDACBAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY) 29T

(eaves ; inflorescence and upper part of the stem whitened with soft matted
wool. Perianth-lobes naked only toward the tip, each clothed with a woollv tuft
near the base (whence the name, from Xo^id, a crest).

1. L. aiirea Ker. Perianth -sef,^ments dull yellow within. (/.. nmericana
Coville ) — Boggy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June- Aug.

DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam Family)
Plants with tioining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks^
and ribbed and netted-vained petioled leaves, small dioecious i>-androus and
regular flowers, with the (S-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant
to the ^-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous.
Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or -winged capsule.

1. DIOSCOREA [Plumier] L. Yam

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Capsule locullcldally
3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds flat, ^vith a membrana-
ceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.)

1. D. vill5sa L. (Wild Yam-root.) Herbaceous; stems slender, from
knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes ; leaves mostly alternate,
sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy beneath, heart-shaped,
conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in
droojnng panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes ; capsules 1.6-2.5 mm.
long. — Thickets, s. N. E. to Fla., w^ to Ont., Minn., Kan., and Tex. —Ac-
cording to C. G. Lloyd the typical villous-leaved form has a matted rootstock
the divisions of which are scarcely thicker than the stems. He distinguishes, as
var. glXbra Lloyd, a fonn with a thick knotted rootstock and glabrous leaves.
U'his form or possibly state, occurring in Ky. and probably elsewhere, is said
to be inferior for pharmaceutical use. The relation between the smooth foliage
and thickened rootstock does not, however, appear to be definite.

AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryllis Family)

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, loith linear flat
root-leaves, and regular {or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube,
of the corolline Q-parted perianth coherent with the S-celled ovary ; the lobes im-
bricated iti the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Capsule 3-celled, several—
many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight embryo in the axig
of fleshy albumen,

* Fruit a 3-valved loculicidal capsule ; plant glabrous.
+- Perianth with a conspicuous crown in the throat.

1. Hymenocallis. Perianth-tube slender, the lobes narrow, recurved ; a cup-shai)ed crown con-

necting the filaments.

2. Narcissus. Perianth-tube produced at the base of the spreading ovate lobes into a truo

crown. Filaments without a connecting cup.

+- -i- Perianth naked in the throat.
■H- Low bulbous plants with 1-flowered scapes.

3. Zeph3rrailthes. Anthers versatile on filiform somewhat elongated filaments; tube of the

perianth shorter than the throat and hmb.

4. Cooperia. Anthers dorsifixed near the base; filaments short ; tube of the perianth much ex

ceeding the throat and limb.

++ ++ Tall, not bulbous ; flowers spicate.
^. Agave. Perianth equally 6-cleft, without crown ; leaves fleshy.

* * Fruit indehiscent ; anthers sagittate : plant villous.
6. Hypoxis. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent ; bulb solid.

298 AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY^

1. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.

Capsule thin, 2-3-lobed ; seeds usually 2 in eacli cell, basal, fleshy, often like
bulblets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers white, fragrant, large
and showy, sessile in an umbel-like head or cluster, subtended by 2 or more sea-
rious bracts. (Name composed of vix-qv^ a membrane^ and KdXXos, beauty.)

1. H. occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 3-5
dm. long, 18 ^>> mm. broad ; scape 3-6-flow^ered ; bracts narrow, 6 cm. long ;
perianth-tube about 8-10 cm. long, the linear segments scarcely shorter ; the
crown 2.5-3 cm. long, tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin
deltoid and entire, or 2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, wiiich
are twice longer ; anthers yellow ; style green. — Marshy banks of streams, s.
Mo. and s. 111^ to n. Ga., and Ala.

2. NARCiSSUS [Toum.] L.

Capsule thin, 3-celled ; seeds numerous in each cell, affixed in 2 series to the
axile placenta. Flowers (in our species) solitary on leafless scapes subtended
by a deciduous or marcescent spatlie. (Name of the youth who, according to a
Greek myth, was changed into this flower.)

1. N. PsEtjDO-NARcfssus L. (Daffodil.) Crown at least as long as the
perianth-segments, yellow. — Established in meadows, Pa. and N. J. (Introd.
from Eu.)

2. N. poETicus L. (Poet's Narcissus.) Crown less than half as long as the
perianth-segments, white edged with pink. — Established in meadows, N. E.,
L. I., and Pa. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. ZEPHYRAnTHES Herb

Perianth funnel-fonn, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and
similar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat. Pod
membranaceous, 3-lobed. (From ^i(pvpos, a wind, and dvdos, flower.)

1. Z. Atamasco (L.) Herb. (Atamasco Lily.) Leaves bright green and
shining, very narrow, channeled, the margins acute ; scape 2-3.5 dm. high ; pe-
duncle short ; spathe 2-cleft at the apex ; perianth wliite and pink, 6-9 cm. long ;
stamens and style declined. (^Atamasco Greene.) — Pa. to Fla. June.

4. COOPERIA Herb.

Perianth-tube very long and slender, the limb widely spreading, 6-parted, the
short stamens borne en the throat. Spathe single, membranaceous. Capsule
depressed-globose ; seeds numerous. — Leaves grass-like from a tunicate bulb.
(Named in honor of Daniel Cooper^ an English botanist of the early part of the
19th century.)

1. C. Drumm6ndii Herb. Scape slender, 2-5 dm. high; perianth white or
rose-tinged, the stalk-like tube often 1 dm. in length. — Prairies, s. Kan. and
southwestw.

5. AGAvE L. American Aloe

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded ;
seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny
teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrons-
rooted cro^vn. (Name from d-yav-q, noble^ — not inappropriate as applied to
A. americXna, the Century Plant.)

1. A. virginica L. (False Aloe.) Herbaceous ; leaves entire or denticulate ;
scape 1-2 m. high ; flowers scattered in a loose w^and-like spike, greenish-yellow,
fragrant ; perianth 18-24 mm. long, its narrow tube twice longer than the
erect lobes. — Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., w. to s. O., s. Ind.,
Mo., and Tex.

IRIDACEAE ^IRIS FAMILY^ 299

6. HYP6x1S L. Star Grass

Perianth spreading. Fruit crowned witli the withered or closed perianth
Seed globular. — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and
slender few-flowered scapes. (An old name for a plant having sourish leaves,
from vTTo^v^, sub-acid.)

1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the um-
bellately 1-4-flow^ered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and gTeetiish out-
Bide, yellow (rarely whitish) within. (H. erecta L.) — Meadows and open
woods, s. w. Me. to Fla., Assina., e. Kan. and Tex.

IRIDAcEAE (Iris Family)

Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flowers ;
the 3 petals and 3 petal-like sepals convolute in the bud, the tube adnate to
the ^-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous stamens, alternate with the
petals, with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or
bracts, usually showy. Style single, usually S-cleft ; stigmas 3, opposite the
cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule 3-celled,
loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight in fleshy albu-
men. Rootstocks, tubers, or conns mostly acrid

* Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers.

1. Iris. Sepals spreading or recurvea. Petals spreading or erect. Stigmas petal-Hke.

* * Branches of the style alternate with the anthers ; flower regular.

2. Nemastylis. Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches 2-cleft.

3. Belamcanda. Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. Stigmas dilated.

4. Sisyrinchium. Eoot fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like.

1. iRIS [Tourn.] L. Fleur-de-lis

Tube of the flower more or less prolonged beyond the ovary. Stamens dis-
tinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the over-arching petal-like
stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of
a thin lip or plate under the apex); most of the style connate with the sepals
and petals into a tube. Capsule 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-
flattened, usually in 2 rows in each cell. — Perennials, with sword-shaped or
grassy leaves, and large showy flowers ; ours with creeping and more or less
tuberous rootstocks. (^Ipts, the rainbow.)

* Stems leafy and rather tall, from usually thickened rootstocks, often branch-
ing; tube much shorter than the sepals, which are usually much larger
than the petals.

t- Sepals neither bearded nor crested.

•M. Spathes all terminal or at the tips of elongate peduncles.

fc= Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yelloic, or white, and purple-veined,

a. Ovary and capsule obtusely angled.

1. Seeds in 2 roics in each cell.

1. I. versicolor L. (Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout, angled on one side,
1.5-9 dm. high; leaves sword-shaped (0.5-2.5 cm. wide), giancotis; ovary ob-
tusely triangular, with flat sides ; flowers (5-8 cm. long) sliort-pediceled, varie-
gated with green, yellow and white toward the center, the funnel-form tube
shorter than the ovary ; petals flat, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, half an
long as the sepals; style-branches with slightly overlapping petaloid lobes :^ cap-
sule firm, subcylindric, turgid, with rounded angles, stout-beaked ; seeds 4-0 mm.

300 IRIDACEAE (^IRIS FAMILY^

broad, flattened on the sides, the rhaphe not apparent. — Wet places, Nfd. to Man.
and southw. May-July.

2. I. set5sa Pall., var. canadensis Foster. Stems slender, terete, 1.5-5 dm
high, mostly flecked at base with purplish ; leaves bright green, strongly nerved
0.5-1 cm. broad ; flowers short- pediceled, strongly marked with white toward
the center; the inconspicuous involute or tubular pointed petals \ as long as th€
sepals; style-branches with spreading lobes; cajt).sM?e subcylindric or ovoid, blunt
or barely mucronate, the thin elastic walls pale, flecked with purple, the angles
obtuse or rounded; seeds 2-8.5 mm. broad, idth plump sides and prominent
rhaphe. (/. Hooken Fenny.) — Seabeaches and headlands, Lab. and Nfd. to
the lower St. Lawrence ; and along the coast to e. Me. June, July.

2. Seeds in 1 row in each cell.

3. I. carolinillna Wats. Tall (1 m. or less high); leaves bright green, soft,
1-3 cm. broad; flowers subsessile or short-pediceled, "lilac, variegated with
yellow, purple and brown;" petals more than half the length of the sepals;
seeds, with flattened sides, 8-10 mm. broad. — Swamps, s. Va. to Ga. and La.
June.

a a. Ovary and capsule sharply angled.

4. I. prismdtica Pursh. (Slender Blue Flag.) Stem very s?ew(7'?r, terete,
2.5-9 dm. high, from a slender rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear (^3-7 mm.
wide); flowers slender-pediceled (4-6 cm. long), the tube extremely short;
ovary 3-angled. — Marshes near the coast, N. S. to Ga. June, July.

= = Floivers brown or yellow.

5. I. fiilva Ker. Stem and leaves as in no. 1 ; flowers copper-colored or dull
reddish-brown, variegated with blue and green ; petals widely spreading ; tube
cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary ; style-branches narrow. — Swamps,
s. 111. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May.

I. pseudAcorus L., the Yellow'Iris of European marshes, with several very
iong linear leaves, bright yellow beardless flowers, and erect petals^ is becoming
established in N. E., N. Y., and N. J.

I. orientXlis Mill. (7. ochroleuca L.), an Asiatic species, with stem-leaves
few and reduced, and pale-yellow or whitish flowers, is freely cultivated, and
tends to become naturalized in marshes on the coast of Ct. (Mrs. M. E.
BusselV).

*-<■ ++ Spathes mostly suhsessile or on inconspicuous peduncles in the axils of the
upper conspicuous leaves ; flowers large, blue-violet.

6. I. hexdgona Walt. Stem terete, flexuous, 3-9 dm. tall ; leaves green, not
glaucous, the upper very elongated and much overtopping the flowers, 1-3 cm.
broad ; flowers mostly axillary, resembling those of no. 1, but larger ; capsule
very firm, 6-angled, short-beaked ; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. (7. foliosa
Mack. & Bush.) — Rich low woods and shores, local, O. to Mo., and southw.
to S. C, Fla., and Tex. May, June.

•»- -H- Claw and lower part of blade of sepals beaded.

7. i. GERMANicA L. (Fleur-de-lis. ) Lcavcs broad, glaucous ; spathcs 2-3-
*iowered ; perianth-tube greenish, cylindrical ; sepals dark violet-purple, pendent
with bright yellow beard ; petals equaling the sepals in length and breadth, lilac ;
capsule trigonous. — Established in Va. and W. Va. (Introd. from Eu.)

* * Stems low (0.5-1.5 dm. high), from tufted and creeping slender {or here and
there tuberous-thickened) rootstocks, l-^-floivered ; tube of the perianth
long and slender; the violet-blue sepals and petals nearly equal.

8. I. virna L. (Dwarf Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like (3-10 mm. wide),
rather glaucous ; the thread-like tube about the length of the sepals and petals,
which are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, the sepals slightly hairy down
the orange-yellow base, crest! ess ; capsule obtusely triangidar. — Wooded hill-
sides. Pa. to Ky., und southw. Apr., May. — Flowers sometimes white with
yellowish center.

IRIDACEAE (iris FAMILY) 301

9. I. cristata Ait. (Crested Dwarf Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (1-2 dm
long when grown, 1-2 cm. broad); those of the spathe ovate-lannolate. shorter
than the thread-like tube, which is 4-5 cm. long and much longer than the light-
blue obovate short-clawed sepals and petals; sepals crested but beardless ; cap-
sule sharply triangular. — Rich woods, Md. to Ga., locally w. to O., Ind.', and
Mo. Apr., May. — Flowers fragrant.

10. I. laciistris Nutt. (Lake Dwarf Iris.) Tube rather shorter than the
sepals and petals (yellowish, 1-2 cm. long), dilated upward, not exceeding the
spathe ; otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes
Huron, Michigan, and Superior. May.

2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt.

Sepals and petals similar and nearly equal, spreading. Style short, its slen-
der 2-parted branches exserted between the anthers ; stigmas minute, terminal.
Capsule obovoid, truncate, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds globose or angled.
— Stems terete, with few plicate leaves, and few fugacious flowers from 2-bracted
spathes. (Name from vrnxa, a thread, and arvXis, style, for the slender style-
branches.)

1. N. acuta (Bart.) Herb. Stem 1-6 dm. high ; spathes 2-flowered ; flowers
pale blue-purple, 4-7 cm. broad, the divisions oblong-obovate ; capsule 1-1.3 era.
long. (iV. geminiflora Nutt.; — Prairies and barrens, Mo, to Tenn., La., and
Tex. Apr.-June.

3. BELAMCANDA Adans. Blackberry Lilt

Sepals and petals widely and equally spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with
a narrowed base, naked. Stamens monadelphous only at base ; anthers oblong.
Style club-shaped, 3-cleft. Capsule pear-sliaped ; the valves at length falling
away, leaving the central column covered with the globose black and fleshy-
coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name). — Terennial,
with rootstocks, foliage, etc., of an Lns; the branching stems (0.5-1 m. high)
loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow flower mottled with crimson-purple
spots. (An East Indian name for the species.) Gemmingia Fabricius.

1. B. CHiNENSis (L.) DC. — Roadside thickets, open woods, etc., near
towns, Ct. to KaUc and Ga. ; common southw. June, July. (Nat. from Asia.)

4. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass

Sepals and petals (perianth) alike, spreading. Capsule globular, 3-angled.
Seeds globular. — Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo-
late leaves, 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbeled-clustered small
flowers from a usually 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.)

a. Spathes sessile and terminal &.
b. Spathes 2, with a single outer leaf-Uke bract.

Stems subterete, scarcely wing-margined ; filaments free above ;

anthers 4.5 mm. long 1. S. haNiile.

Stems flattened, distinctly wing-margined ; filaments united to the

summit ; anthers at inost 2.5 mm. long 2. aS". albuium.

5. Spathes solitar\\

Flowers yellow 3. S..n,tviJlorum.

Flowers blue, violet, or white.
Outer elongate bract with the margins free to the base ; cap-
sules pale -4, 5. cavipentre.

Outer bract with the margins united above the base.
Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract ;

capsules 2-i mm. high 5. S. mucrotuitum.

Pedicels suberect, scarcely exceeding the inner bract; cap-
sules 4-6 mm. high. ^ >• ,•
Capsules drab oi dull brown 6. S. av(jus(i/<,/iu7n.

Capsules whitish-green or straw-color 1. S. montanum.

802

lEIDACEAE (iris FAMILY)

a. Spathes peduncled from the axil of the leaf-like bract c.

c. Old leaf-bases persisting as tufts of straight bristle-like fibers.

Capsules pale straw-color or whitish, 3-4 mm. high ....

Capsules dark brown, 4-6 mm. high

C. Old leaf-bases soon deciduous, or, if persisting, merely loose irregular
soft shreds d.
d Capsules pale straw-color or whitish ; peduncles and pedicels strictly

erect 10. <S. stHctum.

d. Capsules brown or drab.

Inner bract of the spathe 1.5-3 cm. long ; stems broadly winged.
Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract
Pedicels strongly ascending, rarely exceeding the inner bract .
Inner bract of the spathe 1-1.5 cm. long ; stems slender and nar-
rowly margined.

Capsules not beaked

Capsules tipped by a short stout mucro .....

11.

S. Farwellii.
S. arenicola.

S. gramineum.
S. angustifolium.

S. atlanticum.
S. apiculatum.

603,

S. albidum

1. S. hastile Bicknell. Stiff and erect, dull green, about 4 dm. high, the
stem (1-1.5 mm. wide) narrowly margined hut not loinged; leaves firm and stiff,
slender and conduplicate, barely 1 mm. broad, except at the flat-
tened base ; the 2 spathes closely sessile, each 4-bracted, the lance-
attenuate strongly nerved inner bracts 1.5-2.5 cm. long, much
exceeded by the linear outer bract ; pedicels barely exserted
beyond the inner bracts. — Sandy shores, Belle Isle, Detroit R.,
Mich. May, June.

2. S. dlbidum Raf. Erect, pale green or glaucous, 1.5-4.5 dm.
high ; stems 1-3 mm. wide, usually twice exceeding lYvejlat leaves ;
spathes with lance-acuminate pale or purple-tinged inner bracts
(1.3-2.3 cm. long), usually twice exceeded by the erect outer
bract ; pedicels with slightly spreading exserted tips ; flowers about
1 cm. long, white to violet; capsules subglobose (2.5-4 mm. high),
pale straw-color. — O. and w. Ont. to Wise, and south w ; locally
introd. in Ct. May, June. Fig. 603.

3. S. flaviflbrum Bicknell. Erect (2-2.5 dm. high), pale green or glaucous ;
stems flat, wing-margined, 1.5-3 mm. broad, usually exceeding the flat slightly
broader leaves ; bracts of the spathe pale green with conspicuous

narrow hyaline margins, the inner bract 2-3 cm. long, twice
exceeded by the outer ; pedicels shorter than the inner bract. —
Open woods, borders of prairies, w. Mo. May, June.

4. S. campestre Bicknell. Caespitose, glaucous, slender (1-5
dm. high); the flat stems (1-3 mm. broad) winged, somewhat
exceeding the leaves ; spathes gibbous, green or tinged with pink,
the outer bract (2.5-4.5 cm. long) with margins free to the base,
rarely twice exceeding the inner; pedicels with curved tips,
equaling or exceeding the inner bract; perianth pale blue or
white; capsules 2-4 mm. high. — Prairies, Wise, to N. Dak.,
and southw. Apr.-June. Fig. 604.

5. S. mucronatum Michx. Similar but greener; stems 0.5-1.5 mm. broad,
narrowly winged, usually twice longer than the slightly broader leaves ; spathes

usually purple-tinged, not gibbous, the outer bract with the mar-
I gins united a little above the base, 2-7 cm. long, the inner 1-2 cm.

long; perianth violet (rarely white) ; capsules straw-color or
greenish-yellow. — Meadows, fields, and open woods, w. Mass. to
Va. and Mich. May, June. Fig. 605.

6. S. angustifblium Mill. Erect or ascending,
stiff, glaucous, 1-5 dm. high ; the simple (rarely
forked) stems 1.5-3 mm. wide, distinctly winged,
exceeding the scarcely broader leaves ; spathes green,
rarely purplish, the outer bract with margins united
3-6 mm. above the base, 2-6.5 cm. long, the inner 1-3 cm. long ;
perianth violet (rarely white) ; capsules dull brown or purple-
tinged. — Meadows, fields, and damp sandy soil, Nfd. to B. C,
s. to Va., Pa., Mich., Minn.; and in the Rocky Mts. May-July. 606. s. angustr-
Fig. 606. foli^^™ ^ Vs-

604. S. campestre
xVa-

605. S. mucro
natum x Vs-

IRIDACEAE (iris FAMILY)

303

7. S. montanum Greene. Similar, pale green or glaucescent ; spalhes pale
green or straw-color, the outer bract 3.5-8 cm. lonjr, the inner 1.5-3.0 r-...

Gaspd Penins. , Que. ; Mich, ; Minn. ;

long ; capsule whitish-green to straw-color.
Rocky Mts. June, July.

S. INTERMEDIUM Bickncll appears to include inconstant and not very clearly
marked forms nitermediate between S. mucronatum, S. angustifolium and
>S'. gramineum. '

8. S. Farw611ii Bickuell. Loosely tufted, from a fihrous-sheathed base •
stems Jlexuous, branched, slightly glaucous, 2-3 dm. hi^h, 1-2 mm broad
winged, twice exceeding the slightly broader leaves; bracteal leaf loosely
claspmg, shorter than the (4-11 cm. long) curved slender xteduncles ; spath/s
1.7-2 dm. long, the bracts subequal, yellowish-green, thin and membranous-
flowers pale blue, on flexuous exserted pedicels. — Local, s. e. Mich. '

9o S. arenicola Bicknell. Similar, but usualhj blackening in drying, and

rixtheY stouter, the violet flowers on erect or
only slightly curved pedicels. — ^yiwdy eoW,
near the coast, JMass. to N. J.

10. S. striatum Bicknell. Bright green,
3 dm. high; the winged stems 1.5-2 mm.
wide, slightly exceeding the scarcely broader
leaves ; bracteal leaf ahout equaling the strict
peduncles, 6-9 cm. long; spathes 1.5-2 cm.
long, pale green, tinged with purple, the
bracts subequal, or the inner longer ; pedi-
cels strict, barely exserted ; flowers violet. —
Montcalm Co., Mich.

11. S. gramineum Curtis. Loosely tufted,
bright green or glaucescent, 1-6 dm. high,
the ascending flexuous or even geniculate
broad-winged flat stems 2-G mm. wide, usu-
ally exceeding the grass-like leaves ; bracteal
leaf broad, usually shorter than the flat
peduncles ; spathes green, erect, the bracts
subequal, 1.5-2 cm. long, or
the outer somewhat elon-
gated; flowers blue; cap-
sides subglobose, 4-(3 mm.
high. {8. anceps IMan.
ed. G ; 8. graminoides Bick-
nell.)— Wet meadows and
damp woods, N. 11. to Minn.,
and south w. Apr. -June.
Fig. G07.

12. S. atlanticum Bick-
nell. Loosely tufted, pale

and glaucous, 2-7 dm. high ; stems wiry and slender, flexuous
or geniculate, narrowly margined, 1-3 mm. wide, much exceed-
ing the narrow leaves ; bracteal leaf usually shorter than tl;e
slender peduncles ; spathes often oblique and tinged with pink,
the subequal bracts thin, 1-1.5 cm. long, the outer acute, the
inner obtuse; pedicels erect, scarcely exserted; perianth violet;
capsules slightly higher than broad, '6-A.^ mm. high. — Damp
soil. Me. to Vt. and Fla., mostly on the coastal plain. Fig.
608,

13. S. apicul^ltum Bicknell. Similar; stems 3 dm. high,
nearly or quite twice as long as the narrowly linear grass-like basal leaves ;
the pedicels (1-1.8 cm. long) distinctly exserted, and the rather smaller capsules
tipped by stout short beaks. — Lake shores, etc., Muskegon Co., Mich. Fio.
609.

607. S. gramineum

GOO. S. ai)Iculfltum

1

304 MAKANTACEAE (ARROWROOT FAMILY)

MARANTACEAE (Arrowroot Family)

Herbs with distichous pinnately veined commonly asijmmetricalleaves^ irregu^
lar perfect flowers, and strongly reduced asymmetrical androecium, only one half
of one anther polleniferous, the other haif as well as the anthers of the remain-
ing stamens sterile and petaloid. — Ovary interior ; cells 3 or by abortion fewer,
1-ovuled. Style single, more or less unilateral or declined. Seeds arillate ;
embryo curved in copious albumen.

1. thAlia l.

Erect scapose aquatic herbs with ovate-lanceolate long-petioled leaves, col-
ored caducous bracts, and open panicles of showy usually purple flowers.
Sepals 3, equal or nearly so, usually much shorter than the 3 nearly or quite
distinct petals. Staminodia somewhat connate, petaloid, one of them enlarged,
deflexed and lip-like. (Named for Johann Tlial, a German physician and nat-
uralist who died in 1583.)

1. T. dealbata Roscoe. White-powdery ; scapes 1-2 m. high; leaf -blades
ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, rounded or subcordate at base ; corolla and
bracts pale blue, the staminodia purple or violet. — Marshes, Mo. to S. C. and
Tex.

BURMANNIACEAE (Burmannia Family)

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the
root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, with a Q-cleft corolla-like perianth, the tube
of which adheres to the 1-celled or S-celled ovary; stamens 3 a7id distinct, oppo-
site the iymer divisions of the perianth; capsule many-seeded, the seeds very
minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family.

1. BURMANNIA L.

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender ; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist. )

1. B. biflbra L. Slender (7-12 cm. high), 1-several-flowered ; perianth
(5 mm. long) bright blue, 3-winged. — Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla. and La.

ORCHIDAcEAE (Orchis Family)

Revised by Oakes Ames

Herbs, distinguished by perfect zygomorphic gynandrous flowers, iinth (S-merous
(sometimes apparently 5-merous) perianth adnate to the l-celled ovary, with
innumerable ovules on^ parietal placentae, and with either 1 or 2 fertile stamens,
the pollen cohering in masses. Perianth usually of 6 divisions ; the 3 outer
(sepals) mostly of the same texture as the 3 inner (petals). Of the inner
series, one, termed the lip, differs from the rest in shape, and is sometimes
prolonged at the base into a spur. The lip is really the posterior petal, but
by a twist of the pedicel or ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed
downward and becomes apparently anterior. At the base of the lip, in the
asxis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single fertile stamen, or, in

I

I

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 305

Oypripedium, of two stamens and the rudiment of a third, variously coakscent
with the style. Anther 2-celled, each ceil containing one or more masses oi
pollen (pollinia), or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium) . Stigma visciil or
(in Cypripedium) rough. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule. Flowers solitary,
racemed, or spiked, often showy, each flower usually subtended by a bract!
Leaves parallel-nerved, solitary, or several and alternate, sometimes api)areiitly
opposite or whorled. Perennials, often with corms or with tuberoid roots ;
sometimes rootless saprophytes. —A cosmopolitan family comprising about 7000
species largely dependent on insects for pollination.

I. Fertile anthers 2.

Tribe I. CYPRIPEDIeAE. Perfect anthers lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy append-
age above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses.

1. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading ; lip an inflated sac.

IL Fertile anther solitary.

* Anthers persistent.
Tribe n. OPHRYDEAE, Pollinia prolonged at the base of the anthers into filaments or caudicles
•which are attached to viscid disks or glands.

2. Orchis. Viscid disks contained in a pouch, or bursicule, of the rostellum.

8. Habenaria. Viscid disks naked, not contained in a pouch, or bursicule, of the rostellum.
* * Anthers caducous or readily detachable.
Tribe III. NEOTTIeAE. Pollen-masses usually soft or granulose.

-J- Anther terminal.

4. Pogonia. Lip without hypochil, free. Column not winged.

5. Calopogon. Lip without hypochil, free. Column winged at apex.

6. Arethusa. Lip without hypochil, united to the base of the gynostemium. Column winged

to the base.
1. Serapias. Lip provided with a hypochil.

•«- -t- Anther dorsal.
++ Upper sepal and petals connivent or lightly adherent.

8. Spiranthes. Pollen waxy or powdery, not divided into a large number of definite masses.

Lip with appendages at the base ; not saccate.

9. Epipactis. Pollen divided into a large number of definite masses. Lip sa<Jcate, unappendaged.

++ ++ Sepals and petals free.

10. Listera. Lip retuse or cleft.

Tribe IV. EPID^NDREAE. Pollen-masses smooth and waxy.
«= Pollen-masses 4, unappendaged.
a. Leafless plants.

11. Corallorrhiza. Plants brownish or yellowish, with coralline rhizome*

5. Plants with leaves.

12. Malaxis. Lip not saccate, cordate at base. Leaves several

13. MicrostyliS. Lip not saccate. Leaf solitary on the stem.

14. Liparis. Lip not saccate, obovate. Leaves several.

15. Calypso. Lip saccate. Leafsohtary.

16. Aplectrum. Lip not saccate. Leaf solitary from a tuber.

= = Pollen-masses 4, each attached by a very short filament to the viscid disk or gland.

17. Tipularia. Flowers small, greenish, in a many-flowered raceme. Lip 8-lobed.

«= «= = Pollen-masses 8.

18. Hexalectris. Leafless plants.

gray's manual — 20

306 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)

Artificial Key to Genera

a. Two fertile anthers ; lip an inflated sac 1. Ctpeipedittm.

a. One fertile anther b.

b. Flowers with a distinct slender spur (this at least 2 mm. long).
Leaves present at flowering time.
Caudicles of pollinia divergent, not contained in a special pouch or

bursicule 3. Habenaria.

Caudicles of pollinia convergent, contained in a special pouch or

bursicule 2. Orchis.

Leaves absent at flowering time 17. Tipulaeia.

h. Flowers without a conspicuous spur, the hp sometimes saccate c.
c. Leaves one or more (in Spiranthes, Arethusd, and Aplectrum some-
times absent or inconspicuous at flowering time); plant green d.
d. Perianth at least 15 mm. across ; sepals and petals more or less
spreading, not strongly recurved e.
e. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, grass-like, sheathing the scape
near the base.
Flowers several, resupinate, with one floral bract ... 5. Calopogon.
Flowers solitary, rarely 2, not resupinate, with 2 floral bracts,

one posterior, the other anterior, subtending the ovary . 6. Arethusa.
e. Leaves elliptic-oblong, ovate, or cordate, sometimes whorled.

Lip saccate, bearded 15. Calypso.

Lip not saccate, with a longitudinal more or less tuberculate

crest or beard 4. Pogonia.

Lip saccate, not bearded 7. Serapias.

d. Perianth less than 15 mm. across; sepals and petals con nivent or
spreading.
Petals joined to the upper sepal but not coalescent with it.
Lip saccate at base, devoid of basal callosities ; leaves variegated 9. Epipactis.
Lip not distinctly saccate, with a horn -like callosity within on

each side at base ; leaves not variegated .... 8. Spiranthes.
Petals and sepals free.
Petals filiform or linear, less than 2 mm. broad.

Leaf solitary 13. Microstylis.

Leaves 2, near the middle of the stem 10. Listeka.

Leaves 2, basal ; lip not pointed 14. Lipakis.

Leaves basal ; lip pointed 12. Malaxis.

Petals not filiform, at least 2 mm. broad 16. Aplectrum.

C. Leaves wanting ; scaly saprophytes with yellowish or purplish stems.

Lip with a callus on each side of the mid-nerve at base . . . 11. Corallorrhtza.
Lip with 5 or 6 longitudinal crests 18. IIexalectris.

1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower

Sepals spreading, all three distinct or in most cases two of them united into
one under the inflated sac-like lip. Petals mostly spreading, linear or oblong.
Column declined, on each side a fertile stamen with its short filament bearing
a 2-celled anther ; pollen loose and pulpy or powdery-granular, the face of the
anther converted into a viscid film ; on the upper side of the column a dilated
petaloid, but thic]j:ish staminode, or infertile stamen ; stigma terminal, obscurely
3-lobed, moist and roughish. — Roots coarsely fibrous. Leaves many-nerved and
plaited, sheathing at the base. Stems pubescent. Flowers solitary or few,
large and showy. (Name incorrectly Latinized from Ki^Trpts, Ve7ius, and wediXoVj
a shoe, therefore by some authors spelled Cypripedilum.)
§ 1. The three sepals separate.

1. C. arietinum R. Br. (Ram's Head L.) Stem slender, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves 3 or 4, elliptic-lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate,
acute, lower sepals and the petals linear, similar, madder-purple, 1.5-2 cm. long,
exceeding the whitish crimson-veined lip, which is silky pubescent within,
(Criosanthes borealis Raf.) — Swamps and rich woods, rare and local. Que.
to Man., s. to Me., Mass., N. Y., and Minn. May, Jmie. (China.)

§ 2. The two lower sepals united.

* Stem elongated, leafy to the top, 1-S-flotvercd ; lip slipper-shaped, not fissured

in front., but with a rounded open orifice.

•»- Sepals and linear twisted petals acute, longer than the lip.

•M. Lip yellow.

2. C. parviflbnim Salisb. (Smaller Yellow L.) Stem 19-f^O cm. high;
petals and sepals greenish, much suffused with madder-purple, 'o-5 cm. long:

I

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 307

lip 2-3 cm. long. — Mostly in swampy or boggy places. — Frequently indis-
tinguishable from the following variety, into which it seems to pass. Hoih th'»
species and the variety widely distributed throughout our range. May-July.

Var. pub^scens (Willd.) Knight. (Lakgeh Yellow L.) Stem "2;i-7U cm
high ; leaves oval, acute, 11-20 cm. long, 5-11 cm. wide, mostly distant on the
stem at anthesis ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, greenish-yellow, dotted and streaked
with madder-purple markings, usually exceeding 5 cm. in length ; Up golden-
yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long. (C. pubescois Willd. ; C. hirsutum auth,, nut Mill.)
— Mostly in woods.

++ ++ Lip white.

3. C. cdndidum Muhl. (Small White L.) Stem 16-28 cm. high, l-flowered ;
leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, mostly crowded at anthesis ; petals and sepals
greenish, spotted with madder-purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip 18-20 mm.
long, striped with purple inside at base. — Swamps, N. Y. and N. J. to s. Miim.,
n. e. Neb., s. to Mo. and Ky. May, June.

•t- -t- Sepals and petals not twisted, shorter than the lip, or nearly equaling it.

4. C. hirsutum Mill. (Shoavy L.) /S^f^m 4-8 dm. ^t*;;^, hirsute ; leaves ovate,
acute ; sepals round-ovate, or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip
much nitlated, white, crimson-magenta in front, about 4 cm. long. (C. spectabile
Salisb.) -Svi^amps and wet mossy w^oods, Nfd. to Ga. and Wi.sc. June, July.

5. C. passerinum Richards. Stem about 2 dm. high, villous-pulx'scent ;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; upper sepal yellowish, nearly orbicular, about
1.5 cm. long ; lip spherical, pale magenta, spotted with deep magenta at the base
within. — Woods, n. Ont. ; L. Superior, westw. and northwestw.

** Stems short, 2-leaved; leaves basal, next the ground; scape terminated
by a solitary bract, l-flowered ; sepals and petals greenish-brown, shorter
than the drooping lip, which is fissured in front.

6. C. acaiile Ait. (Stemless L.) Leaves oval; scape 16-38 cm. high;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the linear-lanceolate petals ; lip obovoid,
crimson-pink (rarely white, and petals yellow-green), nearly 5 cm. long, veiny ;
staminode rhomboid. (Fissipes Small.) — Dry woods, Nfd. to Minn., Win-
nipeg, and northwestw. ; s. to N. C. and Tenn. May, June.

2. 6RCHIS [Tourn.] L.

Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward,
coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous
and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are col-
lected on a cobwebby elastic tissue into two large masses (one filling each
anther cell) borne on slender stalks, the bases of which are attached to the
glands or viscid disks of the stigma ; the two glands contained in a conunon
little pouch, or bursicule, placed just above the orifice of the
spur. Flowers magenta-pink, showy, in a loose raceme. Leaves
one or two. ("Opxis, the ancient name.)

1. 0. rotundifblia Banks. Leaf solitary, varying from altiiost
orbicular to oblong, 3-8 cm. long ; scape naked, 12-23 cm. high ;
flowers magenta; lip white, spotted with magenta, 3-lobed (the
lateral lobes oblong and the larger middle lobe dilated and notched
at the apex), 6-8 mm. long, exceeding in length the ovate-oblong
petals and sepals and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria Gio. o. rotundi-
Richards.) —Damp woods and swamps, local, e. Que. to N. Y., folia x i.
Wise, northw. and northwestw. June, July. Fig. 610. _

2. 0. spectabilis L. (Showy 0.) Leaves two, basal, oblong-obovate, shmmg,
7-15 cm. long; scape 4-5-angled, 4-17 cm. high; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate;
floral bracts exceeding the flowers ; sepals and petals contiguous, fornung a
vaulted galea behind the column ; lip ovate, white, or rarely magenta-pink,
undivided. (Galeorchis Rydb.)— Rich woods, N. B. and N. E., s. to Oa-,
westw. to Mo. and Dak. ^May, June.

308

ORCHIDACEAE QORCHIS FAMILY)

3. HABENArIA Waid. Rein Orchis. Fringed Orchis

Flowers usually small, in loose or dense racemes. Sepals spreading, mostly
similar ; petals erect, connivent with the upper sepal. Lip entire, toothed or
fringed laterally, or tripartite, the divisions wedge-shaped and variously toothed
or fimbriate. Spur shorter or longer than the lip. Glands or viscid disks (to
which the pollen masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes
widely so. In some of our species the stigma has two or three appendages.
— Glabrous plants with one or more leaves. Tuberoids elongated, fusiform, or
(in no. 1) somewhat palmate. (Name from habena, a thong or rein, in allusion
to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.) An amphigean genus often
separated by authors into numerous genera.

* Lip not fringed.

-*- Leaves caidine^ several^ at least more than two.

++ Lip ^-touthed at the apex.

1. H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Stem 15-60 cm. high, rather stout; lower
leaves oblanceolate to obovate, the upper oblong to lanceolate, acute ; floral
bracts 2-4 times the length of the green flowers ; raceme 10-30-
flowered ; petals linear ; lip oblong or slightly spatulate, 2-3-
toothed at the apex, more than twice the length of the saccate
whitish spur ; tuberoids somewhat palmate, the divisions elon-
gated, tapering. {Coeloglossum Pari.)- — Damp woods and
thickets, N. S. to Alaska, s. to Wash., Minn., and Pa.; and
along the mts. to N. C. May-Aug. (China and
Japan.) Fig. 611.

•M. ++ Lip hastate^ icith a tubercle at the base.

2. H. flava (L.) Gray. Stem 25-55 cm. high;
leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the upper-
most linear-lanceolate, passing into the bracts of ^he elongated
raceme ; petals ovate ; lip truncate, sometimes retuae, v'ith a tooth
or protuberance on the median line near the base; spur slender,
4-6 mm. long. (H. virescens Spreng. ; Perular>a flava Farwell.) — Wet places
N. S. to Minn., and common south w. June July Fig. 612.

++++++ Lip lanceolate, entire.

3. H. hyperbbrea (L.) R. Br. Stem leafy, leaves oblong-lanceolate; raceme
loose or dense ; flowers greenish ; upper sepal ovate, lateral sepals somewhat
lanceolate; petals lanceolate, erect ; lip lanceolate, deflexed, or curved upwards;
spur about as long as the lip, slender, or clavate at the apex ;
glands of the stigma orbicular. {Limnorchis Rydb.) — Peat bogs
and wet cold woods, Nfd. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Neb., and
westw. .June- Aug. (Iceland.) — A species variable in height, in
the length and brea<lth of the leaves, in the size of the flowers,
and in the relative length of the lip and spur; therefore
supposed oy some authors to include several species.

4. H. dilatata (Pursli) Gray. Similar to the pre-
ceding ; flowers white, more delicate in texture ; lip
lanceolate with a dilated rhomboidal base ; stigma narrow. {Lim-
norchis Rydb.) — Meadows, bogs, and wet woods, Nfd. to Alaska,
N. J., Minn., and westw. May-Aug. (Iceland.) Fig. 613.

Var. media (Rydb.) Ames. A greenish-flowered form of the
species distinguishable by the rhomboidal base of the lip from
H. hyperborea.

5. H. nivea (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. long ; leaves
numerous, the lower ones lance-linear, 10-16 cm. long, the others passing into
linear bracts; raceme lax or dense; flowers white, numerf)us ; petals and lip
narrowly oblong ; spur lender, ascending ^ as long as the white untwisted ovary ;

613. H. dilatata
xl.

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)

309

615. H. clavellata.

Flower X 1. Lijt x 1%.

Column X 2.

appendages of the stigma oblong. (Gymnadeniopsis Kydlj.) —Swamps alone
the coast, Del. to Fla., westw. to Ark. and lex. June-Aug. Fig. tJ14.
•♦- •*- Leaves cauline, one or two.
** Lip crenulate.

6. H. Integra (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem about 37 cm. high, several-leaved • the
lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, the others becoming smaller and
bract-like; raceme densely many-fiowered, cylindrical; flowers 'Imall. yelloir •
lip ovate, entire or sliglitly crenulate, or short-toothed along the mar-in. shorter
than the awl-shaped descending spur ; appendages of the stigma t\V(n lateral
oblong, fleshy. {Gymnadeniopsis Kydb.) — Wet pine-barrens, N.J. to F'a. w!
to Tenn. and Tex. July, Aug. ''

++ ++ Lip ^-toothed at the apex.

7. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Stem 19-40 cm. high, slender, with one
or two oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves, and two

or three linear-lanceolate bracts above ; raceme
3-16-flowered, sabcylindric ; flowers greenish -white ;
lip wedge-oblong, truncate, with three short apical
teeth or lobes ; spur slender, slightly clavate, curved
upwards, longer than the ovary ; appendages of the
•stigma 3, oblong, clavate-tuberculate, one outside each
orbicular gland, and one between them rising as high
as the anther-cells. {H. tridentata Hook.; Gymna-
deniopsis clavellata Rydb.) — Hogs and moist soil,
Nfd. to Minn, and south V7. July, Aug. Fig. 615.

^- •»- •«- Leaves radical.

++ Lip less than 5 mm. long.

H. unalasc6nsis (Spreng.) Wats. Plant slender, 3-5 dm. high, leafy at
leaves oblanceolate, withering before the flowers open ; sepals slightly
gibbous at base, 1-nerved, narrowly oval, lateral ones adnate at base to the lip;
petals lanceolate, obtuse ; lip oblong-hastate ; spiir filiform or slightly clavate,
shorter than the ovary. (Piperia Kydb.) — Damp woods, Anticosti I., Que.-,
Ont., westw. to Alaska and Cal. June-Sept.

++ ++ Lip more than 5 mm. long.

= Spur about equal to the lip.

9. H. obtusata (Pursh) Richards. Plants 10-26 cm. high ; leaf solitary,
basal, obovate or spatulate-oblong ; flowers greenish or whitish, 5-15 in a loose
raceme at the summit of a naked scape ; upper sepal broad and
rounded, lateral sepals and the petals lance-oblong ; lij^ entire,
linear-lanceolate, deflexed, 0 mm. long, about the length of the
tapering curved spur. (Lysiella Rydb.) — Swamps and rich
woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N, Y., Minn, and Col.
July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 616.
= = Sp7ir two or more times longer than the lip.
10. H. Hookeri Torr. Leaves orbicular or
elliptical, near the ground, 3.5-10 cm. broad :
scape usually ebracteate, 12-16 cm." high, having 8-20 upright
yellowisli-green flowers in a strict raceme 2-4 cm. through ;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, the upper sepal dilated at base, acumi-
nate; lip lanceolate, pointed, about 1 cm. long ; sptir slender, acut«, 2 cm. long.
(Lysias Hookeriana Rydb.)— Dry or damp woods, e. Que. to Pa., w. to Minn
June, July. Fig. 617.

11. H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Leaves orbicular or elliiitical, 6-10 cm.
broad, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath ; scape with
one or more lanceolate bracts, 6-32 cm. high, having 10-20 or more greenish-
white flowers in a loose raceme 4-6 cm. through ; upper sepal orbicular, lateral

8.

81U

ORCHIDAUEAH; ^^URCHIS FAMILY^

618. H. cristata

ones ovate; lip oblong-linear, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long; spur 1.5-2.5 cm. long,
anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base ; glands nearly 6 mm.
apart. (Lysias Kydb.) — Kich deep woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to S. C, Minn.,
and Wash. July, Aug. . „ .

12. H. macrophylla Goldie. Similar to the preceding, but larger in all ita
parts; sjmr 3-4 cin. long. — Moist coniferous woods, Kfd. to Ont., s. to Ct. and
Mich. June-Aug.

* * Lip fringed, not divided or tripartite. {Blephariglottis Eaf .)

13. H. cristata (Michx.) R. Br. Stem 2-6 dm. high ; lower leaves lineai'-
lanceolate, elongated, the upper becoming gradually reduced to acute bracts ;

floral bracts nearly as long as the orange-yellow flowers;
raceme 2-3 cm. through ; sepals elliptical ; petals oblong,
fringed at the top ; lip ovate, copiously fringed, 5 mm. long ;
spur slender, 5-9 mm. long, longer than the lip. — Bogs, N. J.
to Ark., and south w. July, Aug. Fig. 618.

14. H. ciliari5 (L.) R. Br. (Yellow Fringed O.) Stem
4-6 dm. high ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, the upper
ones passing into pointed bracts shorter than the ovaries;
raceme 4-6 cm. through ; flowers orange-yellow ; lateral sepals
orbicular ; petals linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, toothed
at the apex ; lip oblong, 1 cm. long, copiously fringed, the basal segments often
branched; spur 2-2.5 cm. long. —Peaty bogs and meadows, Vt. and Mass. to
Mich., Mo., and south w. July, Aug.

15. H. blepharigl6ttis (Willd.) Torr. (White Fringed 0.)
Similar to the preceding in habit ; flowers white ; lateral sepals
orbicular, upper sepal elliptical, concave ; petals linear-oblong,
somewhat pointed, cristate above or toothed ; lip narrowly ovate-
lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, fringed, the segments once divided
or simple ; spur about 2 cm. long. — Bogs and peaty land, Kfd.
to Fla., w. to Mich, and Miss. July, Aug. Fig. 619. Var.
coNSPfcuA (Nash) Ames. Racemes lax; spur 4 cm. long. —
Occurring south w. Var. holopetala (Lindl.) Gray. Petals
narrower, with the toothing obsolete and the lip less fringed.

X H. Canbyi Ames. (^H. hlephariglottis x H. cristata.) Lip
about 7 mm. long, deeply fringed ; spur 12 mm. long. — Swamp
near Lewes, Del., July, 1878 {Canby). Intermediate in color
and size of flowers between the parent species.

* * * Zip S-parted, divisions toothed or fringed,

•♦► Flowers greenish or ichitish.

*■*■ Petals entire.

16. H. Ucera (Michx.) R. Br. (Ragged Fringed O.) Stems 8-6 dm. high ;
leaves oblong or lanceolate ; raceme loose or dense, many-flowered ; petals

oblong, divisions of the lip narrow, deeply incised, the segments
capillary; spur about the length of the ovary, L5 cm. long;
glands oblong-linear, as long as the stalk of the pcUen-masses. —
Wet or moist open ground, Nfd. to Minn., southw. to Mo. and
Ala. July, Aug. Fig. 620.

** *+ Petals minutely cut-toothed.

17. H. leucophaSa (Nutt.) Gray. Stem 6-12 dm. high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate ; raceme commonly elongated, loose ;
the large flowers fragrant ; petals obovate ; divisions of the lip
17-20 mm. long, many cleft to the middle into a copious fringe ;
spur 3.5 cm. long; glands transversely oval. —Wet meadows and prairies,
N. S. and Me. to Minn., southw. w. of the Allegheny Mts. to I^ June,
July.

619. H.blepharl
glottis X 1.

620. H. lacera x 1.

OKUHIDAUEAE (^ORCHIS FAMILY^

'611

1. IT. psy codes
X 1.

■»- H- Flowers pale or deep magenta (purplish).

18. H. psycbdes (L.) Sw. Usually about 5 dm. high; lower leaves 2-4,
oval to l?iiceolate or oblanceolate, passing into the linear-lanceolate bracts'
raceme cylindrical, about 3-3.5 cm. through, often densely many- '
flowered ; lower sepals rou)id-oval ; petals variable, mostly
wedge-obovate to spatulate, more or less denticulate : lip spread-
ing, 3-parted, usually 1-1.2 cm. broad, the three divisions mostly
fringed less than i their depth. — Wet open meadows and
swamps, Nfd. to Minn., south w. to N. C. July, Aug. Fig. 021 .

X H. Andre wsii White. (H. lacera x H. psycodes.) Lower
leaves as in II. lacera; raceme loosely flowered; flowers white,
rose-tinted ; petals cuneate-spatulate, obtuse or slightly retuse,
denticulate above ; divisions of lip narrowly cuneate, deeply
cleft as in H. lacera. — Pownal, Vt. ; S. Chesterville, JNIe. Jul}^,
Aug.

19. H. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. Usually a little taller than the preceding
species; lower leaves 3-5, oval to lanceolate and oblanceolate, pa.s.'^ing into
lanceolate bracts ; spike usually subcylindrical, mostly 6-6 cm. through, loosely
flowered; lower sepals ovate ; petals more or less oblong, denticulate ; lip usually
1.8-2 cm. wide, 3-parted ; the divisions mostly fringed to ^ of their depth or
more. (H. grandiflora Torr.) — Rich wet deciduous woods and borders, Kfd.
to N. Y. ; southw. in the mts. to N. C. Late June to early Aug. — Most obvi-
ously distinguished from H. psycodes by the larger paler flowers and greater
diameter of the raceme ; leaves broader ; generally blooming somewhat earlier
than H. psycodes.

20.^ H. peramoena Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ;
spike cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-
obovate, raised on a claw; divisions of the large lip very broadly loedge-shaped,
irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones
truncate., the middle one 2-lobed. — Moist meadows and banks. Pa. and N.J.
to 111., s. to Mo.; and in the mts. to Ala. June-Aug. — Flowers large and
showy (violet-purple) ; lip 16-20 mm. long, variably toothed, but not fringed.

4. P0G6nIA Juss.

Sepals and petals free. Lip papillose-crested. Column free, slender below
the summit; anther terminal, operculate, with a distinct stalk, fleshy, thick;
pollen-masses 2, powdery-granular, without caudicles or gland. (nw7u;»'/aj,
bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

* Lip lacerate-toothed, otherwise not lobed.

1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Plants 1-3 dm. or more
high, glabrous, bearing a single oval or lance-ovate leaf near
the middle and a bract below the usually solitary terminal
flower; sepals narrowly oval, about 2cm. long; petals similar,
but broader ; lip spatulate, inclosing the column at base ; crest
yellow to white, otherwise the flowers magenta-pink, very rarely
white. —Bogs, Nfd. to Minn., southw. to Fla. June, July.
Fig. 622.

* * Lip three-lobed, merely fimbrillate-margined.
-t- Leaves several, distinctly alternate, not whorled.
2. P. trianth6phora (Sw.) BSP. Plants 3-20 cm. high, from ovoid or sub-
cylindrical tuberoids ; leaves 1-4, broadly ovate, about 1 cm. long; flowei-s
several, drooping, transitory, borne in the axils of the upper leaves, on
slender pedicels; perianth about 15 mm. long; lip ovate, slightly papillose
along the middle, lateral lobes obtuse. (P. pendula Lindl. ; Triphora pendula
Nutt.) —Woods, Me. to Wise, and Mo., southw. Aug.

312

OECHIDACEAE (^ORCHIS FAMILY^

4- *- Leaf solitary.

3. P. divaricita (L.) R. Br. Plants 3-6 dm. high, bearing above the middle
an oblong-lanceolate leaf 6-18 cm. long, and next the flower a leafy bract ;
sepals brownish, ascending, linear-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long,
exceeding the spatulate magenta-pink or whitish petals ; lip
wedge-oblong, the lobes apical and rounded, with a linear-
grooved partly papillose crest along the middle. — Swamps and
moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Ga. May, June. Fig. 623.

•t- -•- 4- Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top of the stem.

4. P. verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. Plants 2-3 dm. high, naked
except for a few scales at base and a whorl of five obovate or
lanceolate sessile leaves at the summit ; flow-
ers solitary, rarely 2 ; sepals madder-purple,
linear, conduplicate, 4.5 cm. long ; petals ob-
long-lanceolate ; lip wedge-oblong, 3-lobed near
the apex, with a linear partly papillose crest
down the middle ; leaves about 4 cm. long at flowering time,
larger when the erect fruit matures. {Isotria Raf .) — Woods,
N. E. to Fla. w. to Wise. ; not common. May, June.
Fig. 624.

5. P. affinis Aust. Plants about 2 dm. high; leaves nar-
rower than in the preceding, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellow-
ish or greenish ; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsules; sepals as»
long as or longer than the petals, somewhat narrowed at base ; lip crested ove^
the whole face and on the middle of the lobes. {Isotria Rydb.) — Woods,
very local, Vt. {Mrs. Henry Holt) and Mass. to N. J, and Pa.

P. verticillata

5. CAL0p6G0N R. Br.

Flowers in a loose raceme, resupinate. Sepals and petals spreading, distinct.
Lip linear-oblong at base, tlilated and bearded above with numerous clavate
hairs, papillose at the apex. Column free, slender, winged at the summit;
anther terminal, operciilate; pollen-masses 4 (2 in each anther-cell); pollen-
grains connected by filaments. Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the
base of the solitary grass-like leaf, naked above. (Name composed of /caX6s,
beautiful, and irihyuiv, heard, from the bearded lip.) Limodorum L., in part.

1. C. pulch^Uus (Sw.) R. Br. Plant 15-40 cm. high ; raceme 4-12-flowered;
flowers magenta-crimson, rarely white ; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, falcate,
upper sepal narrower ; petals lanceolate, obtuse, constricted near the middle ;
lip as if hinged at base, its hairs yellow and magenta-crimson. — In open bogs
and meadows, Nfd. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Mo. July (in our range).

6. ARETEtrSA [Gronov.] L,

Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly alike, erect, united at base, arch-
ing over the column. Lip partly erect, the apical half abruptly recurved. Col-
umn adherent to the lip, dilated above, petal-like ; anther lid-like, attached by
a well defined membrane, 2-celled ; pollen-masses 2 in each cell of the anther,
powdery, granular. — Scape smooth from a solid white or greenish bulb. Leaf
solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after
the flower opens. (Named for the nymph Arethusa.)

1. A. bulbbsa L. Plant 10-25 cm. high from an ovoid bulb ; scape termi-
nated by a solitary flower 2.5-5 cm. long, rarely 2-flowered ; sepals and petals
magenta-pink, rarely white, the former oblong, acute or obtuse, the lateral ones
falcate, the petals oblong, obtuse or obscurely pointed ; lip oblong, narrowed
toward the base, with 3-5 fringed yellow or white crests ; margin of lip fimbril-
kite, spotted and striated with magenta-crimson or plain ; column denticulate ox

ORCHIDACBAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 318

toothed at the dilated apex ; stigma protuberant, turned down. — Bogs Nfd to
Ont. and Minn., Pa., and mts. of S. C. May, June. '

7. SERApIAS L.

Flowers in a loose or somewhat dense bracteose raceme. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, strongly keeled. Petals sliorter, ovate, acute. Lip strongly saccate
at base, the apical part broadly cordate, acute, with a raised acallus inl^lie middle
and two inconspicuous nipple-like protuberances on each side near the point of
union with the sac. Column broad at the top, the basal part narrower ; anther
sessile, behind the broad truncate stigma on a slender-jointed bas^ • itollen
farinaceous, becoming attached to the gland capping the small
rounded beak of the stigma. — Stem leafy. (Named for the
Egyptian deity Serapis.) Epipactis of auth., not Boehm.

L S. Helleborine L, Plants 25-60 cm. high; leaves clasp- /35iS\^^
ing the stem, conspicuously nerved, broadly ovate to lanceolate,
acute; perianth about 8 mm. long, green suffused witli madder-
purple; lip similarly colored, but darker within, the apical por-
tion as if jointed with the sac, bituberculate at base, (Epipactis ^^^- S. Helleborine
Crantz ; E. latifoUa All. ; E. viridiflora Reichenb.) — Rare and ^ ^^3-

local, Que. and Ont. to Mass., N. Y., and Pa. —Probably introduced from Europe
in early times on account of supposed medicinal value. July-Aug. CEu )
Fig. 625. j ^ k j

8. SPIRANTHES Richard. Ladies' Tresses

Perianth somewhat ringent. Lateral sepals lanceolate, the upper sepal united
with the oblong petals. Lip short-stalked, with a callus protuberant within on
each side of the base, the somewhat dilated summit spreading or recurved, ciisped,
wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, bearing the ovate stiiana on
the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled
erect anther on the back ; pollen-masses 2 (1 in each cell), narrowly obovoid,
each 2-cleft and split into thin and tender plates of granular pollen united by
elastic filaments, coherent to the narrow viscid gland, which is set in the slender
or tapering thin beak which terminates the column. After the removal of the
gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or forked tip. — Roots clustered. 8tem
bracted above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, white, yellow-
ish- or greenish-white in a more or less spirally twisted raceme (whenre the
name, from a-rreipa, a coil or curl, and dpdos, a flower). Gyrostachys Pers. ;
Ibidium Salisb.

* Flowers in a single rank, often secund.

-«- Leaves fugacious, ovate or elliptic.

•M- Boot solitary ; lip white.

1. S. BIckii Lindl. Plants with a solitary subcylindrical or spindle-shaped
root, and bearing a small slender raceme of white flowers; perianth 2-3 mm.
long. {S. simplex Gray.) — Dry soil, near the coast, Mass. to
Fla. and Tex., inland in the Miss. Valley to Ky. and Ark. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 626. — Root ot preceding year often persistent.

++ ++ Boots fasciculate ; Up green.

2. S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. Plants from a cluster of thickened
roots, slender, 2-8 dm. high, bearing a slender many-flowered
mostly one-sided or spirally twisted raceme ; pt-rianth about 5 nun.
long ; lip greenish, with a white crisped margin. — Dry soil, N. S.
to L. Winnipeg and Tex. July-Sept.
•«- ••- Leaves persistent, ohlong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate.
++ Lip ovate to ovate-oblong, pubescent beneath.
3. S. vernalis Engelm. & Gray. Plant 15-56 cm. high ; roots elongated,
fusiform ; leaves 7-15 cm. long, 8^9 mm. wide, tapering to both ends, mostly

314 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY j

basal, the lower ones usually withering before flowering-time ; scape smooth
below, densely pubescent above ; floral bracts longer than the ovaries, with dis-
tinct hyalins margins; raceme elongated, slender, 1-ranked, 8-15 cm. long;
perianth 8-10 mm. long, yellowish. (S. praecox Man. ed. 6, in part.)— Dry
soil along the coast, Mass. to Fla. and N. Mex. ; northw. through the Miss.
Valley to 111. and Kan.; rare. Aug., Sept.

X S. intermedia Ames {S. gracilis x S. vernalis.) Resembling *S'. vernalis,
but slenderer throughout, with shorter narrowly elliptic-lanceolate leaves ; lip
nearly oblong, greenish with green callosities. — Dry fields, Easton, Mass.
(A A. Eaton).

-*■*■ ++ Lip ohlong, smooth beneath.

4. S. pra&cox (Walt.) Wats. & Coult. Scape 4-8 dm. high, slender, glabrous
below, slightly pubescent above ; roots clustered, fleshy; leaves linear, grass-
like, 1-2.5 dm. long, upper ones passing into acute sheathing hyaline-margined
bracts; perianth 6-9 mm. long ; flowers white, often veined with green, in more
or less one-sided racemes. — A southern spedes, extending along the Atlantic
coast from N. J. to Tex. Spring; Aug., Sept. at the North.

* * Flowers apparently in several ranks.

^ Lip not constricted^ or only rarely so.

•4H- Lip quadrate, yellow (3Iaij-July).

5. S. liicida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. Scape 7-20 cm. high : leaves oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 9 cm. long, 1 cm. wide on the average, 3-5-nerved, contracted
into a sheathing base ; raceme slender, 2-7 cm. long ; perianth 5-7 mm. long ;
liD yellowish. (S. latifolia Torr. ; Neottia lucida H. H. Eat^n.) — Moist banks.
Me. to Ont. and Wise, s. to Va. May-July.

•w. ^-f Lip ovate (Sept., Oct.).

6. S. ovalis Lindl. Similar to the preceding in habit; perianth 4-5 mm.
long; lip few-nerved, membranaceous. (S. cernua, var. parviflora Chapm.)
— fn shady moist woods and on high wooded hills, rare, 111. and Mo. to Ga., Miss.,
and Tex. Sept., Oct.

++++++ Lip ovate-oblong.

= Leaves mostly radical, lowermost longest.

7. S. cirnua (L.) Richard. Plants 14-38 cm. high, from slender fleshy
roots, leafy below; leaves linear-lanceolate, variable, sometimes distinctly
petioled ; cauline bracts 4 or 5, usually closely appressed to the scape ; scape
pubescent above ; floral bracts exceeding the ovaries by about half the length of
the perianth ; flowers in two or three spiral or vertical ranks ; racemes 3-12 cm.
long ; perianth 7-10 mm. long; lip ovate-oblong, about as long as the sepals,
apical margin crisped or erose. — Bogs and wet land, Nfd. to Ga., Minn., and
Neb. Sept., Oct. — Very variable in size and foliage, often losing the root-leaves
at flowering time. Var. ocHROLEtcA (Rydb.) Ames. Growing in dry ground
and blooming somewiiat later, having greenish, cream-colored, or white flowers
and longer floral bracts. —Me. to S. Dak., s. to Ga. and N. Mex. Sept., Oct.

= = Leaves extending up the stem.

8. S. odDrata (Nutt.) Lindl. Plant 4-10.5 dm. high ; roots coarse, fleshy ;
leaves several, mostly basal, lanceolate, acute, about 12 cm. long, 2 cm. wide ;
perianth 8 mm. long, yellowish-white, often white, fragrant ; basal half of the
lip dilated, rhomboidal, tapering to the obtuse erose-margined apex, veined and
suffused with greenish-yellow, callosities prominent. — Swamps and wet ground.
Coast States, Va. to Tex. Sept. -Dec.

+- •»- Lip constricted at the middle or near the apex.

9. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Plants 8-47 cm. tall, from roots 5-8 mm. thick,
leafy below and leafy-bracted above ; leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to
linear ; scape glandular-pubescent above ; cauline bracts 2-3 ; raceme dense,
cylindrical, variable in length ; perianth yellowish or whitish, 6-12 mm. long ;

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)

315

bracts of the raceme often much longer than the flowers ; sepals and pt-tals all
connivent, forming a galea above the column ; lip panduratp, apex strongly
recurved, callosities minute, globular. (Includes Gyrostachys strirta Hydb.f—
Swamps and moist soil, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Ct., N. Y., the Great Lake region
S.D., Col., Utah, and Cal. July-Sept. (Ireland.) "^ '

9. EPIPACTIS [Haller] Boehm. Rattlesnake Plantain

Lip saccate, ^vith a straight or recurved tip, sessile, entire, without callosities
at base. Upper sepal and the petals united into a hood over the lip. Anther
borne on the back of the short column ; pollen-masses 2, the narrow gland to
which they are attached held between the forked or 2-toothed beak which
terminates the column. — Root of thick fibres from a somewhat fleshy creeping
rootstock. Leaves all basal, dark green, or reticulate-veined with white. Scape*^
raceme, and the whitish flowers glandular-downy. (Ancient Greek name of
Helleborus.) Peramium Salisb. Goodyera, R. Br.

* Baceme loosely flowered; saccate lip with an elongated tip and' flaring or

recurved margin.

H- Flowers in a 1-sided raceme; anther short, blunt, or icith a short blunt tip;
beak shorter than the body of the stigma.

1. E. repens (L.) Crantz. Stem 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 5-nerved with subhorizontal dark veins ;
raceme about 4.5 cm. long; perianth 4 mm. long; lip strongly
saccate, inflated, with a recurved tip. {Goodyera R. Br.) —
An old world species, represented in eastern N. A. by the follow-
ing variety.

Var. ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton. Generally a little
lower than the species ; veins of the leaves conspicuously bordered
with white. — Cold mossy woods, Nfd. to Man., s. to N. E., N. Y.,
and Mich., and in the mts. to S. C. July, Aug. Fig. 627.

H- t- Flowers mostly in a loose spiral ; anther acuminate ; beak as long as, or
longer than, the body of the stigma.

2. E. tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton. Stem averaging 2 dm. high ; leaves
3-8 cm. long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, extremely variable, faintly or some-
times conspiciiously penciled with white ; raceme about (> cm.
long; perianth 5 mm. long. (Goodyera Lodd.) — In upland
coniferous w^oods, iSfd. to Ont., s. to N. E. and N. Y. July, Aug.

* * Baceme rather densely flowered, 1-sided; lip scarcely saccate,
elongated, with the margin involute.

3. E. decipiens (Hook.) Ames. Stem stout, 3.5-4.5 dm. high ;
leaves 5-10 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, dark green, plain or i>artly
reticulate-veined with white; raceme about 10 cm. long; peri-
anth 8-9 mm. long, anther ovate, long, acuminate ; slender beak
longer than the body of the stigma. — (Spiratithes Hook. ; Good-
yera Menziesii Lindl.) — Dry woods, e. Que. to B. C., s. to
N. S., N. B., n. Me., L. Hiu'on, and Ariz, and CaL July, Aug.
Fig. 628.

* * * Baceme densely many-flowered; lip strongly saccate, with

a short blunt tip, the margin not recurved or flaring.
4. E. pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. Stem stout, 1.5-4
dm. high ; leaves dark green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-6.5 cm.
long with 5 or 7 white nerves and many fine white reticulating
veins; raceme about 7 (3-11) cm. long; perianth 4-5.5 mm.
long ; lip globose, ventricose ; anther blunt ; stigma with 2 short
teeth. {Goodyera R. Br.) —Common ; generally in dry coniferous woods, rarer
In deciduous woods, N E. to Fla. and Minn. Aug., Sept. Fig. 629.

627. E. repens,
V. ophioides xl Vs.

628. E. decipiens
X 12/3.

E. pubescens
X 1%.

i

316

OKCHIDACEAE (OKCHIS FAMILY)

10. LISTERA R. Br. Twayblade

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed ; lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft at the summit. Column wingless.
Stio-ma with a rounded beak ; anther borne on the back of the column at the
summit, erect, ovate ; pollen powdery, in two masses, joined to a minute gland.

Roots fibrous. Stem bearing in the middle a pair of nearly opposite sessile

leaves. The small flowers greenish or madder-purple in a terminal raceme.
(Dedicated to 3Iartin Lister, 1638-1711, a celebrated English naturalist.)
* Column very short (0.5 mm. or less) ; Up not dilated above.
■*- Lip with a tooth on each side at base ; raceme glabrous.
1. L. cordata (L.) E. Br. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped,
12-25 mm. long ; stem pubescent just above the leaves ; flowers about 3 mm.
across, on pedicels not longer than the ovary ; lip narrowly oblong,
2-cleft. — Mossy woods and swamps, Lab. to N. J., w. to Mich.,
Col., and Cal., north w. to the Arctic coast. (Greenl., Iceland,
Eu., and Japan.) Fig. 630.

H- -f- Lip not toothed at base ; raceme glandular.

2. L. australis Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slen-
der; flowers small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels which
equal or exceed the glabrous ovaries; lip linear, 6-10 mm. long,
cleft one third to two thirds the w^ay down into linear-setaceous divisions. —
Shady woods, La. and Fla. to N. Jo ; Oswego Co., N. Y. ; Ottawa, Ont.

* * Column 2-3 mm. long.

•«- Lip auriculate at base, more or less ciliate,

3. L. auriculata Wiegand. Leaves elliptic-oval or elliptic-ovate, 35-50 mm.
long, inserted above the middle of the stem ; flowers numerous, in a loose raceme ;
rhachis pubescent ; pedicels glabrous, mostly shorter than the
glabrous ovaries ; lip 6-8 mm. long, slightly ciliate, oblong, cleft
one third to one fourth of its length, auricles incurved. — Cedar
swamps and mossy banks, e. Que. to n. N. Ho and m Vt.
i'lG. 631.

-«- -I- Lip not auriculate at base.

4-f Ovary glandular.

4. L. convallarioides (Sw\) Torr. Leaves oval or roundish and sometimes
slightly heart-shaped, 3-5 cm. long ; raceme many-flowered, loose ; rhachis
densely glandular-pubescent ; pedicels glandular, slightly longer than the ovaries ;

lip 9-11 mm. long, ciliate on the margin, narrowly cuneate,
retuse, lobes rounded, on each side of base a short triangular
tooth. — Moist woods, Nfd, to n. N. E., Mich., and the Rocky
Mts., westw. and north w. Fig. 632.

++ ** Ovary glabrous.

5. L. Smdllii Wiegand. Leaves borne at or below the middle
of the stem, 15-25 mm. long, ovate-reniform, mucronate, often
apiculate ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; rhachis glandular ; pedicels glabrous,
equaling or exceeding the ovaries in length ; lip 9 mm. long, not ciliate, broadly
obovate, cleft at the apex, on each side of base a curved oblong obtuse tooth. —
Daiip woods in the mts.. Pa. to N. C. (E. Asia.)

L. auriculata

632. L. convalla-
rioides X 1.

11. CORALLORRHIZA [Haller] R= Br. Coral Root

Perianth somewhat ringent, gibbous or obscurely spurred at base. Sepals
and petals oblong-lanceolate, nearly alike, l-.3-nerved ; lateral sepals ascending,
forming with the lip the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the

ORCHIDACEAE (^ORCHIS FAMILY) 317

ovary. Lip slightly adherent to the base of the compressed column. Anther
terminal; pollen-masses 4, soft-waxy, free.— lirowni.sh or yellowish lu-rbs des-
titute of green foliage, with much branclied and tootlied coral-like underground
rootless stems, sending up a simple scape which has slieaths in i)lacf of leaves
and a raceme of lurid flowers. Fruit retiexed. (Name composed of KopdWiop
coral, and pi^a, root.) '

* Lip o-lobed, or with a curved tooth on each side of base.

•i- Lip icfiite, not spotted.

1. C. trifida Chatelain. Plant slender, yellowish, 4-19 cm. high, 4-12.flowered •
perianth 5 mm. long ; lip white, somewhat hastately 8-lobed above the ba.se*
with thick rather short lamellae ; spur a very small protuberance ; '

capsule ovoid or ellipsoid, green until mature. (C. innata K. Br. ■
C. Corallorrhiza Karst.) — Wet shaded situations, Nfd. to Alaska'
s. to N. J., Pa., O., Mich., Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. May-
July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 633.

I

-I- +- Lip white, spotted with magenta-crimson.

2. C. maculata Raf. Plant stout, madder-purple or yellow-
ish, 2-4 dm„ high, 10-]0-flowered ; perianth 5-18 mm. long; lip .„„ „ ...
deeply 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, middle lobe rather square, <-• J"^^a
rounded at the apex ; two narrow longitudinal lamellae near

middle of lip; column yellow, with magenta spots on the inner surface; cap-
sule smooth, inflated, compressed. (C muWflora Nutt.) — Woods. July, Aug.
— Pale forms, without spots on the lip, petals or sepals, occur rarely.

* * Lip entire or margin denticulate.

H- Up without striations or conspicuous veins.

3. C. Wisteriana Conrad. Plant 1.5-4 dm. high, yellowish or madder-purple;
flowers 12-16 in a loose raceme ; perianth about 7 mm. long; sepals and petals
more or less spreading; lip 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, oval or suborhicular,
refuse, margin denticulate or undulate ; callosities linear. (C. maculata Greene,
not Raf.) — Woods, Pa. and southw. Spring.

4. C. odontorhiza Nutt. Plant slender, bulbous- thickened at base, light
brown or madder-purple, about 16 cm. high, 6-20-flowered ; perianth about
4 mm. long; sepals and petals scarcely spreading, one-nerved; lip 2.5-^^ mm.
long, white, spotted with magenta-crimson, oval or broadly ovate, abruptly con-
tracted at base, with two short inconspicuous lamellae ; capsule glol)ular or
ovoid ; column nearly as long as the petals. (Includes C. micrantha Chapm.)
— Woods; a southern species extending sparingly northw. to s. Me., s. Ont.
and 111. Aug., Sept.

•t- -1- Lip conspicuously striate-veined icith madder-purple.

5. C. striata Lindl. Plants stout, madder-purple, 15-40 cm. high, 16-25-
flowered ; perianth about 8 mm. long ; sepals and petals with three madder-
purple nerves ; lip somewhat concave, ovate, with two short lamellae near the
base ; capsule cylindrical. — Woods; a northwestern .species, rare and local as
iar east as Mich, and Ont. May, June.

12. MALAxIS Soland.

Sepals lanceolate, spreading. Petals much smaller. Lip 3-nerved, lanceolate,
apiculate, shorter than the lateral sejials. — Small plants with minute tlowers in
elongated racemes. (MtiXa^ts, a softening, perhaps in allusion to the tender
nature of the plant.)

1. M. paludbsa (L.) Sw. Scape filiform, 7-10 cm. high ; leaves 2-5, basal,
ovate, obtuse. — New York Mills, Otter Tail Co., Minn. (H. L. Lyon), the only
American station known. (Eurasia.)

318

ORCHIDACEAB (OECHIS FAMILY)

13. MICROSTYLIS (Nutt.) Eaton. Adder's Mouth

Sepals oblons;, spreading. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip aiiricled
or ovate at base, narrowing toward the summit, entire or nearly so. Column
very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the
erect anther between them ; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each
anther-cell) , cohering in pairs, waxy, without stalks, filaments, or
gland. — Low herbs from solid bulbs producing simple stems which
bear a single leaf and a raceme of ntunerous minute greenish
flowers. (Name composed of ixiKpbs, small, and arvXis, a column
or style.) AcHROAXxniiS Raf. (without description) .

1, M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. Scape slender, 10-15 cm. high,
with a sheathing, ovate-elliptical leaf above base ;
raceme spiked, long and slender, about 7 mm. in
diameter; pedicels nearly equal to the ovaries in length; lip
roundish at base, terminating in a long point. — In damp shady
woods or swamps, occasional from Que. to Man., s. to Pa., Ind.,
and Minn., rare south w. June, July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 634.

2. M. unifblia (Michx.) BSP. Plant 7-22 cm. high; leaf
near the middle, ovate, clasping ; raceme short, 8-20 mm. in
diameter; pedicels much longer than the ovaries; lip truncate,
S-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe small. (3/. ophioglos-
soides Eaton.) — Occasional in bogs and woods, Nfd. to Man., and 635. M. unifoUa
south w. July, Aug. Eig. 635. xsyg.

634. M. mono
phyllos X 314.

14. LIPARIS Richard. Twayblade

Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals linear or filiform. Lip entire. Column
2-3 mm. long, curved, stout at base, with narrow wings above ; anther termi-
nal, operculate ; pollen-masses 4 (2 in each anther-cell), slightly united in pairs,
without stalks, filaments, or gland. — Low herbs, with solid
bulbs, producing two root-leaves and a low scape which bears
a few-fiowered raceme. (Name from '\nrap6s, fat or shining,
in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. L. Iiliif51ia (L.) Richard. Plants 10-17 cm. high ; leaves
elliptical or ovate, acute or obtuse, glossy ; scape angled ;
flowers 5-15 ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, similar ; petals pendent,
madder-purple ; lip wedge-ohovate, translucent, madder-purple ;
column with 2 gland-like tubercles on the inner face at base. — Woods, N. H.
and Mass. to Minn., Mo., and Ala. June, July. Eig. 636.

2. L. Loeselii (L.) Richard. Plants 8-22 cm. high ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
or oblong, keeled ; Up ohovate or oblong, 5 m7n. long, yellowish-green ; column
about 2 mm. long. — Swamps, damp fields, and moist thickets, rather local, be-
coming rare south w. June, July. (Eu.)

15. CALYPSO Salisb.

Sepals and petals similar, ascending, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
magenta-crimson, rarely white. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, saccate,
with three longitudinal rows of yellow (or white) glass-like hairs in front and
with a translucent apron-like appendage (formed by the overlapping of the lip)
spotted with madder-purple, the sac (bearing two conspicuous horns at its base)
whitish, with irregtilar purple-madder markings. Column winged, having the
operculate anther just below the apex ; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted,
all sessile on a square gland. — Leaf solitary. Scape one-flowered. (Named
for the goddess Calypso.)

1. C. bulbbsa (L.) Oakes. Plant 6-18 cm. high ; leaf oval or ovate, vemy,
its margin wavy, the petiole triangular; scape smooth, with membranaceous
sheathing bracts ; both leaf and scape produced separately from the summit of
a rounded or elongated corm ; pedicel of the flower subtended by a petaloid

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 319

bract. (C. borealis Salisb.) — Deep mossy woods, across the continent north w
very locally south to n. N. E., Mich., Miun., Ariz., and Cal. May-July. (Eu.)

16. APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torr. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve

Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at base Lip
free, 3-lobed, with three longitudinal crests. Column compressed ; pollen-
masses 4. —Scape about 4 dm. high, from near the summit of a globular bulb
Leaf solitary ; petiole distinct. The slender naked rootstock produces each year
a globular solid bulb or corm, often 2.5 cm. in diameter (tilled
with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in sum-
mer a large oval many-nerved plaited leaf lasting through the
winter ; early in the succeeding summer the scape appears, ter-
minated by a loose raceme of lurid flowers. (The name is com-
posed of a- privative, and irXiJKTpov, a spur, from the total want
of the latter. )

1. A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Flowers about 10 ; sepals ob-
long, greenish or yellowish, tinged with madder-purple ; petals
shorter, arching over the column, oblong, obtuse, yellowish,
tinged with madder-purple above ; lip white or nearly so, spar-
ingly marked with magenta. (A. Shortii Rydb.) — Rich woods, Vt. to Sask.,
and southw., local. May, June. Fig. 637. —Pale forms occur devoid of mark-
ings on the perianth.

17. TIPULArIA Nutt. Crane Fly Orchis

Flowers greenish, tinged with madder-purple, numerous in an elongated
loose bractless raceme. Sepals oblong-oval, obtuse, upper sepal narrower.
Petals oblong, obtuse. Lip with a slender spur, 8-lobed ; lateral
lobes obtuse, obscurely toothed ; apical lobes broad at base, margin
deflexed at the middle, apex expanded. Column wingless ; anther
operculate, terminal ; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con-
nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Corms
connected in a horizontal series, producing in autumn a single ovate
slender-petioled nerved and plaited leaf, purplish beneath, and
in summer a long slender scape. (Name from a fancied resem-
blance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipiila.)

1. T. discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Leaf green above, purpli.sh
beneath, disappearing before the flowers are produced ; scape
25-45 cm. high ; spur about 2 cm. long, twice longer than the
ovary. (T". unifolia BSP.) — A southern species, extending
uorthw. to N. J. ; reported but unverified from farther north. Fig. 638.

638. T. discolor

18. HEXALECTRIS Raf.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, free, somewhat spreading, several-nerved ;
perianth not gibbous or spurred at base. Lip obovate, 3-lobed, with 5 or 6
prominent ridges down the middle, the middle lobe somewhat concave.
Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. — Leafless plants
with stout or somewhat coralline annulated rootstocks. (Name
probably derived from e|, six, and iXeKrpvcop, a cock, from the
crest of the lip.)

1. H. aphylla (Nutt.) Raf. Plants 3-6 dm. high, with
short sheathing purplish scales ; flowers racemed, bracteate,
madder-purple, about 2 cm. long ; sepals narrowly oval, obtuse ; cno. 11. aphylKi x »/g
petals shorter, similar. (Arethnsa spicata Walt.?) — Rich p'lower.
Woods, Ky., Mo-, and southw. July, Aug. Fig. 639. Eipunded Ui>.

320 PIPEKACEAE (^PEPPER FAMILY^

PIPERACEAE (Peppek Family;

Herbs, with joined stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in spikes^
entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with ;->-5 more or less separate or united
ovaries; ovules few, orthotropous. — The characters are those of the Tribe
Saurureae, the Piperaceae proper (wholly tropical) differing in having a 1-celled
and 1-ovuled ovary.

1. SAURtTRUS [Plum.] L. Lizard's Tail

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat
fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas recurved.
Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped
converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flowers (each with
a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a slender wand-like
and naked-peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the
name, from aavpos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail).

1. S. cernuus L. Flowers white, fragrant ; spike nodding at the end ; bract
lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps and shallow water, near the
coast, R. I. to Fla. ; and from s. Ont. and O. to Minn, and southw. June-Aug.

SALIC ACEAE (Willow Family)

Dioecious (or by exception monoecious) trees or shrubs, loith both kinds of
flowers in catkins, one to each bract (scale), without perianth ; the fruit a l-celled
and -I-i-valved pod, with 2-^ parietal or basal placentae, bearing numerous seeds
furnished with long silky down. — Stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds ascending,
anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. Leaves alternate, undi-
vided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules.
Wood soft and light ; bark bitter.

1. Salix. Scales entire or merely toothed. Flowers with small glands at base ; disk none.

Stamens few. Stigmas short. Buds with a single scale.

2. Populus. Scales lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens numerous.

Stigmas elongated. Buds covered by several scales.

1. SAlIX [Tourn.] L. Willow. Osier

Sterile flowers of 3-10, mostly 2, distinct or united stamens, accompanied by
1 or 2 small glands. Fertile flowers also with a small flat gland at the base of
the ovary ; stigmas short. — Trees or shrubs, with mostly terete and lithe
branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandular-toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner usually adherent membrane.
Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.)
Species largely wind-pollinated and very freely hybridizing.

N. B. — In this genus, unless otherwise noted, the figures of the leaves are on
a scale of \, while those of the fruit are on a scale of 3|.

§1. Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets ; scales yellowish, falling
before the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free; style very short
or obsolete ; stigmas thick, notched.

* Stamens 3-5 or more.
*- Leaves with no petiolar glands; sterile aments elongated, slender-cylindri-
cal ; flowers somewhat remotely subverticillate ; scales crisp-villotts on the
inside.
I. S. nigra Marsh. (Black W.) Shrnb, or, when well developed, a rough-
barked tree 6-30 m. high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, very long-attenuate from

SALICACEAE (^WILLOW FAMILY)

321

S. Ward!.

I

near the roundish or acute base to the tip, often downy when
young, at length green and glabrous except the short (2-tj mm
long) petiole and midrib, closely serrulate
with tine incurved teeth ; stipules large,
semicordate, pointed and persistent, or
small, ovate and deciduous ; scales soft-
pubescent outside ; fruiting aments (3-7 cm.
long) more or less dense ; capsules ovoid-
conical, gibbous below, glabrous, 8-5 mm.
long, the wide-spreading slender pedicels
1-2 mm. long, much exceeding the gland. —
Banks of streams and lakes, N. B. to Ont.,
Dak., and south w. Fig. 640. Var, fal-
CATA (Pursli) Torr. Leaves narrower and
scythe-shaped. — Commoner northeastw.

2. S. Wardi Bebb. (Ward's W.) Simi-
lar ; small tree ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
"'°"'' lanceolate, conspicuously glaucous andveined
; petioles 2-7 mm. long ; stipules large, round-reni-
form, persistent; aments long, loosely
flowered, 5-11 cm. long ; scales glabrous
outside except at base; capsules globose-
conical, 4.5-0 mm. long, glandular-
granulose. {8. nigra, var. Bebb ; S. longipes Britton, not
bhuttlew.) — Rocky and gravelly shores, Md. to Va., Ky.,
and Mo. Fig. 641.

3. S. amygdaloides Anders. (Peach-leaved W.) Leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or
glaucous beneath; petioles slender, 1-3 cm. long ; stipides
minute, very early deciduous; fertile aments becoming very
loose in fruit, 4-10 cm. long; capsule globose-conical, gla-
brous, 4-6 mm. long, slender-pediceled. — W. Que. and
centr. N. Y. to B. C. and Tex. ; common westw. Fio.
642.

-f- •»- Petioles glandular at apex; sterile aments thick, short-
cylindrical or ellipsoid-ovoid, densely flowered; haves
642. s. amygdaloides. lustrous above, glandular-serrate ; branchlets lustrous.

++ Leaves green on both surfaces ; fruit mature in early summer.
— Capsule conic-subulate; pedicel twice exceeding the gland; mature leaves

short-acuminate.

4. S. PENTANDRA L. (Bay-leaved W.) Lcttvcs ovate or oblong-ovate,
rounded at base, finely and closely glandular-serrate, glabrous
from the first, in maturity 3.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad;
staminate aments 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, the fertile
becoming 2.5-5 cm. long ; the mature straw-colored or pale
brown slightly lustrous capsule rounded or cordate at base,
5-8 mm. long ; shrnh or small tree. — Cultivated and rarely
escaping, N. E. to O. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 643.
= = Capsule conic-ovoid ; pedicel 3 or 4 times exceeding the

gland; mature leaves with long-acuminate curved tips.

5. S. lucida Muhl. (Siinfixo W.) Leaves ovate-lance-
olate or narrower, finely serrate, ivhen young pubescent with
crisp rufescent or sordid caducous hairs, in maturity cori-
aceous, shining on both sides, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad;
stipules small, oblong or semicircular : staminate aments 2-5
cm. long; fertile becoming 3-5 cm. long; the strav^-rnlored
or pale-brown or greenish dull capsides rounded at base,
4.&-6.5 mm. long; 'shrub or small tree. — Wet ground and

gkay's manual — 21

pc'itaiidra

822

SALIC ACEAE ( WILLOW FAMILY)

644. S. luclda.

banks of streams, Nfd. to Man., s. to Pa., 111., and Neb. Fig.
644. Var, angustif6lia Anders. Leaves glabrous, elongate-
lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. broad. — Nfd. and e. Can.

Var. int6nsa Fernald. Branchlets of the first year and under
surfaces of the elliptic-lanceolate attenuate-based leaves per-
manently puhescent with sordid or rufous hairs. — Que., N. B.,
and n. and w. N. E.

^ ++ Leaves pale or white heneath ; fruit
mature in autumn.

6. S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. (Au-
tumn W.) Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, short-acuminate, in maturity
coriaceous, 4-8 cm. long, 1-8 cm. broad, closely
serrulate; staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long,
1-1.2 cm. thick ; the fertile becoming loosely
flowered, 2-3.5 cm. long ; the olive- or brown-
tinged finally lustrous indurated capsule conic-
subulate, 7-10 mm. long, the pedicel twice
exceeding the gland ; tall shrub. — Mossy
swamps, mostly in calcareous regions, e. Que.
to Alb., s. to w. Ct., n. N. J., w. N. Y., and
the Great Lakes. Fig. 645.

* * Stamens 2.

645. S. serissima.

-)- Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, closely serrate.

7. S. FRAGiLis L. (Crack W.) I^eaves glabrous from the first, green both
sides, or only slightly paler beneath, in maturity 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-4 cm. broad^
rather coarsely undulate-serrate, with about 5 (4-7) teeth
to each cm. of the margin ; stipules when present half-
cordate ; aments slender ; the staminate
3-5 cm. long ; the fertile becoming 5-7
cm. long ; capsule subulate-conical, 5 mm.
long, short-pediceled. — A large tree, early
planted, and now established. Que, to Ky.
— Freely hybridizing with S. alba. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 646.

8. S. ALBA L. (White W.) Leaves
pale icith silky pubescence on both sides,
in maturity 5-12 cm. lonr, 1-3 cm. broad,
finely serrulate, with about 9 (6-12) teeth
to each cm. of margin ; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, deciduous ; capsule ovoid-coni-
cal, 3-5 mm. long, sessile or nearly so. —
The typical tree, with greenish branch-
lets and leaves permanently silky, is sometimes planted and
rarely established in Am. Fig. 647. Var. vi-
TELLiNA (L.) Koch, with yellow or reddish
branchlets and the old leaves glabrous, white
beneath, is a familiar large tree of rapid growth,
commonly planted and freely spreading. Var.
CAERtJLEA (Sm.) Koch is similar, but with
olive-green branchlets and bluish-green leaves. — Hybridizes with
S. fragilis, S. lucida, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. S. BABYLONiCA L. (Weeping W.) Lcttves at first silky,
quickly glabrate, pale beneath, in maturity 6-12 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm.
broad, very slender-attenuate, sharply toothed ; aments 1.5-2 cm. long ;
the sessile plump capsules 1-1.5 mm. long. — Planted for ornament,
and locally spread along river-banks and lake-shores, particularly
from Ct. westw. and southw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 648.

S. alba.

fragilis.

SALICACEAE QWILLOW FAMILY^

323

•- -*- Leaves linear- or ohlong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, remotely denticulate
with projecting teeth.
10. S. longifblia Muhl. (Sand Bar W.) Leaves ?>-lo cm
long, 4-15 mm. broad, tapering at each end, nearly sessile more
or less silky when young, at length smooth and grten both' sides
with 2-3 teeth to each cm. of margin; stipules small, lanceolate'
deciduous ; aments slender-cylindric, often clustered at the ends
of the branchlets ; capsule short-pediceled, blunt ; stigmas lar-^e
sessile. (S.fluviatilis auth., not Nutt. ; S. interior Rowlee )
— A shrub or small tree, spreading extensively in alluvial deposit!
and forming dense clumps, e. Que. to Man., s. to Del. and La. •
common and characteristic inland. Fig, 649. ' *

§ 2. Aments lateral or terminal, with or witho7tt bracts; 8cale$

persistent, colored at the tip; stamens 2 (jisually 1 in no. 17).

* Filaments glabrous and distinct.

■•- Capsules glabrous,

•M. Erect or ascending shrubs or small trees.

8. longifolla.

«= Leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate ; sterile aments very
silky, with a few bracts at base^ becoming 2-4 cm. long, the fertile in fruit
2.5-10 cm. long.

a. Leaves glabrous or quickly glabrate; capsules distinctly pediceled.

1. Stipules persistent, usually conspicuous.

O Leaves dull above, the young pubescent with early-deciduous soft hairs,

+ Fruiting aments 2.5-6 cm. long ; mature capsule i-7 mm. long,
11. S. cordata Muhl. Twigs glabrous or soon glabrate ;
leaves oblotig-lanceolate or narrower, on the flowering
branches often tapering at base, sharply serrulate, green both
sides or slightly paler beneath, on vigorous shoots mostly
rounded, truncate, or cordate at base, not turning black in
drying; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large;
aments rather slender; capsules green-
ish or rufescent. — In wet places, along
streams, etc. ; a widely distributed
shrub, freely hybridizing. Fig. 650.
Var. MYRicoiDEs (Muhl.) Carey. Twigs
cinereous or canescent with permanent
pubescence ; leaves elongate, even those
of the most vigorous shoots tapering
and rather acute at base, glaucous or
glaucescent beneath and sparsely ap-
pressed-hairy ; stipules small, ovate,
pointed ; capsules often silky when
young, becoming glabrate, short-pedi-
celed ; twigs brittle at base. — Mass.
to Wise, and Kan. — Perhaps a hybrid with S. sericea.

+ + Fruiting aments 6-10 cm. long ; mature capsules

8-10 mm. long,
12. S. missourilnsis Bebb. Tree or large shrub (3-16
m. high), with black bark and permanently pubescent
twigs ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, rarely obovate, glaucous beneath. —
Mo. to Neb. and I. T. — A poorly understood tree, said to flower earlier than
S. cordata; perhaps a variety (var. vestita Anders.) of that species. Fig. 651.

O O Leaves glossy above, glabrous from the first.
13. S. glaucophylla Bebb. Leaves from ovate or obovate to oblong-lanceo-

650. S. cordata.

651. S. missouriensis.

324

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY^)

late, with a broadly rounded base, 4.5-12 era. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, short-acumi-
nate, glandular-serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green and
shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black;
stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate ; aments dense, thick-
cylindrical, very silky, the staminate 3.5-5 cm. long, the
pistillate becoming 4-7 cm. long ; capsules attenuate-rostrate,
9-11 mm. long, greenish, drying brown. — Shrub or shrubby
tree (1-5 m. high), forming extensive thickets on sandy or
alluvial shores of rivers and lakes,
e. Que. to Alb., s. to N. B., Me.,
and the Great Lakes. Fig. 652.
Var. angustif6lia Bebb. Leaves
narrower (8 cm. long, 2 cm. wide),
pointed at both ends. — Same range.
Var. brevif6lia Bebb. Leaves
obovate or oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long,
strongly veined. — Mich.

2. Stipules obsolete or minute.

652. S. g-laucophylla

balsamifera.

14. S. balsamifera Barratt.

Leaves short-oval to oblong-lance-
olate, broadly rounded and usually
subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid and
of a reddish color, balsamic-fragrant, at length firm but
thin, dark green above, paler or glaucous and promi-
nently reticulate-veined beneath, slightly glandular-ser-
rulate ; petioles long and slender ; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the
long slender pedicels 6-8 times the length of the gland ; style short. — Low
woods and thickets, Nfd. and Lab. to Mackenzie and B. C, s. to n. N. E., N, Y.,
Mich., and Minn. — A much-branched shrub, rarely a tree 7 m. high, with
shining reddish-castaneous or olive twigs. Fig. 653.

6. Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both
sides, lohich is finally deciduous j capsule subsessile.

15. S. syrticola Fernald. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspi-
date-acuminate, dull green both sides, very closely serrate with tine projecting
gland-tipped teeth ; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, ex-
ceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the
obtuse silky buds ; aments leafy-peduncled, the fer-
tile not rarely becoming 1 dm. long,
densely flowered. (*S'. adenophylla
Am. auth., not Hook.) — Shores of
the Great Lakes. — A large strag-
gling shrub, with stout tomentose
twigs and crowded leaves. Fig. 654.

= = Leaves oblong -linear to eUiptic-
obovate, entire; sterile aments
sparingly piibescent or glabrate,
1-2 cm. long, the fertile in fruit
1-3 cm. long ; stigmas sessile or
„^, r, .. 1 nearly so.

654. S. syrticola. -^

16. S.pedicellarisPursh. Leaves C55. S- pedicoilam.
1.5-7 cm. long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, acutish at base,
smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated,
pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile aments thick-cylindric, loosely few-flowered,
borne on long leafy peduncles ; capsules reddish-green ; pedicels slender, twice
the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow scale. (S. myrtilloides Man.
ed. 6, not L.) — Cold bogs and wet meadows, e. Que. to B. C, N. J., Fa., and
n. la. Fig. 655.

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

325

657. S. herbacea.

Fig. 657.

(Eu.)

++ ++ Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs.

17. S. Uva-iirsi Pursh. Leaves elliptical and pointed, or obovate and obtuse,
0.5-2.5 cm. long, tapering at base, sliglitly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and

shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; aments home
on slender lateral leafy peduncles^ thick-cylindric, the fertile
lengthening to 2 or 3 cm. and becommg narrowly cylindric,
densely Jloioered above, often loose below ; scales obovate, rose-
red at the tip, covered with long silky hairs ;
stamen 1 (rarely 2); capsule ovoid-conical,
brownish at maturity ; pedicel scarcely
exceeding the gland; style distinct. — Lab.
to Alaska, s. to alpine summits of n. N. E.
and N. Y. — Closely prostrate, spreading
656 s Uva-ursi. ^^'^m a stout central root over an area 3-9
dm. broad. Fig. 656.

18. S. herbacea L. Leaves roundish ova?, heart-shaped,
obtuse or retuse, 1-3 cm. long, serrate, smooth and shining,
reticulately veined ; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets,
small, ovoid., 4~10-Jlo'ioe7'ed ; scales concave, obovate, obtuse,
glabrous or sliglitly pubescent ; capsule subsessile. — Arctic
Am., s. to alpine regions of Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt.
Washington, N. H. — A very small herb-like species, the
half-underground stems creeping and rooting in moss or
humus, the branches seldom rising 0.5 dm. from the ground.

t- -t- Capsule pubescent.

t-v Fruiting pedicel 3-6 times the length of the gland ; style short or none (elon-
gate in no. 25).

= Mature leaves glabrous or glahrnte beneath, or at most icith a few scatterra
hairs. {Extreme forms o/S. rostrata may be looked for here.)

a. Aments sessile on the old wood, naked at base, appearing before the leaves;
scales dark red, brown, or blackish; mature capside 7-12 mm. long.

10. S. discolor Muhl. (Glaucous W.) Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, smooth
and bright green above, soon smooth and glaucous beneath, irregularly crenate-
serrate, the serratures remote at base, closer, finer and bece»m-
Ing obsolete toward the point ; stipules 1 cm. or more long and
sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire; aments thick,
cylindrical, 2.5-7 cm. long, appearing in earliest spring ; sales
copiously clothed ivith long glossy hairs; style short but
distinct. Eig. 658. Var. ehiocephai. v (Michx.) Anders.
Aments more densely flow-ered and more silvery-silky ; leaves
sometimes retaining a ferruginous pubescence beneath even
when fully grown. {&'. eriocephala Michx.) Var. pkixoIdes
(Pursh) Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, le.«s silky ;
capsules more thinly tomentose ; style longer; stigma-lobes
laciniate ; leaves narrower. {S. prinoides Pursli.)
Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and
others which are probably hybrids with iS. cor-
ciata. — Large shrub or small tree of low mead-
ows and river-banks, coT-.imon. — The just
expanding leaves are often overspread with evan-
escent ferruginous hairs.

b. Aments short-stalked, leafy-bracted at base,
appearing with the leaves ; scales pale brown
C58. S. discolor. or yellowish ; mature capsule 4-6 mm. long.

20. S. petiolaris Sm. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, taper-
pointed, finely and evenly serrate, slightly silky when young. -^
90on smooth ; stipules linear or semicordate, deciduous ; fertde 66». S. poth.iaria

826

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

aments ovoid-cylindric, at first 1-2 cm. long, in fruit broad and loose from the
lengthening of the pedicels, becoming 2-4 cm. long ; capsule rostrate from an
ovoid base, blunt. — Low shrub of damp soil, N. B. to the Great Lake region
and Man., s. to Tenn. Fig. 659.

= = Mature leaves pubescent at least beneath.

a. Aments sessile on the old wood., naked at base., appearing before the leaves,

1. Leaves dull., grayish-toinentose, nndiilate-crenate or sub entire ; capsules slen-

der-beaked.

21. S. humilis Marsh. (Prairie W.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, rarely obovate, 5-15 cm. long, above downy becoming glabrate, beneath
glaucous, rugose-veined and softly tomentose, the margin revo-
lute, undulate-entire ; stipules medium-sized., semi-ovate, entire
or of tener toothed ; petioles distinct ; aments ovoid or ellipsoid,
often recurved, 1.5-i cm. long. — Dry plains and barrens, Nfd.
to Minn, and N. C. — A shrub, 1-3 m. high, vary-
ing much in the size and shape of the leaves.
Fig. 660.

Var, rigidiuscula Anders. Leaves narrowly
oblanceolate to lan^e-ublong, 0.5-1 dm. long, rigid,
strongly ascending, very rugose and glabrescent
beneath. — 0. to Ga. and Kan. — Shrub or small
tree.

22. S. tristis Ait. (Dwarf Gray W.) Leaves
similar to those of the last, small (1-5 cm. long),
crowded, linear-oblanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; 661. s. tristis.
stip7des minute, deciduous; aments very small, globular or ovoid,
1-1.5 cm. long in fruit. — Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets,
N. E. to Minn, and southw., mostly near the coast. — A tufted shrub, 0.5 m.
high^ Fig. 661.

2. Leaves lustrous beneath with minute silky jyubescence, fine-serrate ; capsules

blunt.

23. S. sericea Marsh. (Silky W.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 0.4-1 dm,
long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, finely serrate, at first (principally beneath) very silky
turning black in drying ; stipules narrow, deciduous ; aments nar
rowly cylindrical, the fertile densely flowered, in maturity 2-3 cm
long ; capsule sericeous, ovoid-oblong, round-tipped, its pedicel
about equaling the short-hairy scale and twice exceeding the gland.
— Large shrub of wet places, N. B. to N. C. and Mich. Fig. 662.

660. 8. humilis.

b. Aments leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves.

1. Leaves strongly rugose in age, grayish-pub es-
cent or glabrate beneath; capsule gray-pubes-
cent, its p)edicel several times exceeding the
subtending scale.

24. S. rostrata Eichards. Leaves obovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acumi-
nate, diill green and minutely downy above, serrate,
crenate, or subentire, thin, becoming rigid ; stipules when pres-
ent semi-cordate, toothed, acute ; sterile aments narrowed at
base, the /e)ti7e loosely flowered, 2-6 cm. long; capsules tapering
to a very long slender beak ; pedicels thread-like, much exceeding
the pale rose-tipped linear thinly villous .scales ; style scarcely
any ; stigma lobes entire or deeply parted. (S. Bebbiana Sarg.)
— Shrub or small tree of moist or dry ground, Nfd. to Alaska,
s. to N. J., Pa-, 111., la., etc. Fig. 663,

S. rosti'ata

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

827

2. Leaves scarcely rugose, lustrous-ichite beneath; capsule white-pubescent, its
pedicel scarcely exceeding the subtending scale.

26. S. argyrocdrpa Anders. Zeaves 2.5-5 cm. long, repand-crenate, tapering
evenly to both ends, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at len^^li ri^id, ilie

margin slightly revolute ; petiole short ; stipules minute, fugaceous ;
fruiting ament short (1.5-2.5 cm. long), lax; capsule tapering'
densely silky-silvery, style elongate ; gland of the staniinaie flower
variously doubled. — Moist ravines and alpine slopes, Lab. to the
highest mts. of Que., Me., and N. H. — A bushy-branched slirub,
erect or depressed at base, rarely 0.5 m. high. Fig. 604. —
Hybridizes with S. phylicifolia.

26. S. coactilis Fernald. Leaves oblong or lance-ovate, long-
acuminate, at first reddish-white beneath with \\x^iroM?> felt-like pubes-
cence, later velvety with distinct hairs, in maturity 0-18 cm. long,
2-0 cm. broad, remotely and coarsely glandular-dentate; .stipules
semi-ovate, gland-toothed, 4-5 mm. long, persistent; aments in an-
thesis 2-3.5 cm. long, in fruit 4-5.5 cm. long, 7 mm. thick ; scales
oblong or obovate, dark brown or black, very long-hairy ; capsule conic-suhulate,
6 mm. long, white-villous ; the pedicel about five times as long as the gland. —
Banks of the Penobscot R. , Me. — A large shrub with coarse dark branchlets,
the younger ones puberulent.

HH. ++ Fruiting pedicel at most twice the length of the gland.

= Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath.

a. Pubescence of the leaves and branchlets a dull white floccu-

lent tomentum.

27. S. Candida Fliigge. (Sage W., Hoary W.) Leaves oblong
to linear-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, rather rigid, downy above,
becoming glabrate, beneath covered with adense white tomentum,
the revolute margin subentire ; stipules lanceolate, about as long
as the petioles; aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 8-5 cm.
long in fruit ; anthers red ; the dark gland elongated ; capsule
densely white-woolly ; style dark red ; stigmas short, spreading,
notched. — Cold bogs, Nfd. and Lab. to Athabasca, s. to N. J.,
Pa., O., la., etc. — A hoary shrub, 0.5-2 m. high ; young shoots
white-woolly, the older red. Fig. 605. Var. dencdXta Anders.
Leaves dark green and glabrate above, sparingly pubescent or glabrate beneath.
— Gasp6 Co., Que. to Wise, and Ct.

6. Pubescence of the leaves lustrous.

1. Leaves pubescent beneath with minute satiny hairs.

28. S. vijiinXlis L. (Osier.) Large shrub or small tree;
branchlets greenish or pale brown ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, taper-pointed, green and glabrous above, 6-15 cm. long;
aments sessile or subsessile on the old wood, the pis-
tillate becoming 5-7 cm. long ; capsule subsessile,
minutely puberulent, 6-8 mm. long. — Cultivated and
occasionally established. (Introd.from Eu.) Fig. 60').

2. Leaves, at least when young, lustrous beneath
with velvety pubescence.

29. S. pellita Anders. Large shrub or small tn e
with dark reddish or olive branchlets ; leaves lance-
linear to oblanceolate, subentire, green and glabrous
above, white-velvety to pale green and glabrate be-
neath, 4-1 2 cm. long ; aments leafy-bracted at base, the fertile 2-5 cm.
long ; capsule 4-5 mm. long, densely white-hairy ; style yellowish,
turning bmwn. — River banks and swamps, Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Iiake St. John, Que., and Lake Winnipeg, s. to Me. and Vt. Fig. 667. 667. 8. pellita.

Candida.

828

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

= = Leaves glabrous^
30. S. phylicifblia L.

or the youngest occasionally ivith arachnoid hairs.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolaie to oblong, somewhat equally

668. S. phylicifolia.
Leaf X %
Fruit X 6

pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand-
toothed, 2.6-7 cm. long, very smooth on both sides, dark green
and shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous ;
stipules obsolete ; aments sessile with a few small bracts at
base, 1.5-3 cm. long, rather densely flowered, short-cylindric,
the fertile becoming in fruit somewhat stalked, 0.5-4.5 cm.
long; scales dark, silky-villous ; capsule conic-rostrate from
an ovoid base ; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow, drying black.
{S. chlorophylta Anders.) — Lab. to Alaska, s. to alpine dis-
tricts of Que., Me., N, H., and Vt, — A divaricately much
branched shrub 0.5-3 m. high ; twigs glabrous, purplish, some-
times covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.) Fro. 06S

* * Hairy filaments and often the reddish anthers

united so as to appear as one.
31. S. PURPdREA L. (Purple W.) Leaves oblance-
olate or tongue-shaped, slightly serrulate, very
smooth, glaucescent, subopposite ; stipules obsolete ;
aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the
sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base ;
scales small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple ; capsules
grayisli-tomentose, ovoid-conical, obtuse, sessile, 2-3 mm. long. —
Low grounds ; originally cultivated for basket rods ; now established.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 669.

2. p6PULUS [Tourn.] L. Poplar. Aspen

Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Sta-
mens 8-30, or more ; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2-4. Capsules 2-4-valved. — ■
Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and
often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of
uncertain origin.)

§ 1. Styles 2, loith 2-3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, slender-conical,
2-valved, small, on very short pedicels; scales silky; stamens 6-20; leaves
ovate, on laterally flattened petioles; terminal buds small, slightly glutinous.

1. P. ALBA L. (White P., Silver-leaved P., Abele.) The younger
branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute
leaves white tomentose ; scales crenate, fringed. — Frequently cultivated for
shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Introd.
from Eu.)

2. P. tremuloides Michx. (American A.) Tree 0-20 m. high, with smooth
greenish-white bark ; bud-scales glabroiis or merely ciliate ; leaves roundish-
heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth
on both sides, with serrulate margins, downy when young, on long slender peti-
oles ; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. — Light
soils. Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Mo., etc.

3. P. grandidentata Michx. (Large-toothed A.) Tree often 20 ra. high,
with smoothish gray bark ; bud-scales tomentose; leaves roundish-ovate, \oith
large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky
wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 uneqiial small divisions,
slightly fringed. — Rich woods and borders of streams, N. S. to the mts. of N. C.
w. to Ont., Minn., and la.

§2. Styles 2-4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose ta
ellipsoid, 2-i-valved ; scales mostly glabrous; terminal buds large an4
very glutinous.

MYRICACEAE (SWEET GALE FAMILY) 329

* Petioles terete or channeled, hut little if at all laterally flattened.
•»- Young leaves and petioles white-tomentose ; capsule slender-pediceled.
4. P. heterophylla L. (Downv P.) Tree 10-25 in. high ; leaves ovate with
a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, at le]i«;th nearly sniooth
except on the elevated veins beneath ; fertile catkins t'ew-tiowered ; stamens
12-GO; capsules 1-1.3 cm. long, equaling the pedicels. — Borders' of river
swamps, Ct. to Ga. ; also from O. to Ark. and La.

•«- •*- Young leaves and petioles not white-tomentose ; capsule stout-pediceled.
6. P. balsamifera L. (Balsam P., Tacamahac.) Tree 0-80 m. liinh, the
large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
to cordate-ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on b(jth
sides, silvery and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy •
stamens 20-;>0 ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved. — Borders of rivers and swamps, Lab.*
to Alaska, s. to n. and w. N. E., Mich., Minn., etc.

6. P. CAXDICANS Ait. (Balm OF GiLEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-shaped, petiole and lower surface hairy. (P. balsamifera, var. Gray.)
— Common in cultivation and freely escaping; perhaps of Asiatic origin.
(Introd.)

* * Petioles laterally flattened.

7. P. deltoides Marsh. (Cotton-\vood, Necklace P.) Tree 15-30 m. high;
leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute
acuinination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated petioles ; scales
iacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stamens 60 or more; capsules on slender i)edicels,
6-10 mm. long, in long catkins, ellipsoid-ovoid, o-i-valved. (P. moniUfera
Ait.) — Borders of streams, w. Que. and N. H. to Fla., w. to the Rocky Mts.

P. NIGRA L., the Black P. of Ku., a pyramidal tree somewhat resembling the
preceding but with the less lustrous rhombic-deltoid smaller leaves broader
than long, more finely crenate, and its var. italica Du Koi, the Lombahdv P.,
with strictly ascending branches, are spreading from cultivation. (Introd.
fiom Eu.)

MYRICACEAE (Sweet Gale Family)

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with each Jcind of flowers in short scaly cat-
kins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birches
chiefly in the I-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropus ovule, and the drupe-
like nut. Involucre and perianth none,

1. MYRICA L.

The only genus. — Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a paij
of bractlets, the sterile in ellipsoid or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globulai
catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; stamens 2-8 ; filaments somewhat united
below ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit small, globular or shorr-cylindric, dry, coated
with resinous grains or wax. (Mi/pixr?, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or
some other shrub ; pei'haps from /j.vpi^eii', to perfume.)

^Mostly dioecious; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with 2-4 scales at base; nut
globular , leaves entire or somewhat serrate.

1. M. Gllle L. (Sweet Gale.) Shrub 1-1.5 m. l)igh ; leaves wedge-Ian-
ceolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins
closely clustered; nuts imbricated in heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovale
scales which coalesce with its base. — Borders of ponds, and in swamps, Lab. to
•N. E., along the Great Lakes to Minn., and north west w. ; .s. in the mts. to Va.
April, May. (Eurasia.)

2. M. cerifera L. (Wax Myrtle.) Leaves (Wi.C} cm. broad) lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, entire or shakily toothed toward the acute apex, shining
and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant, sterile

i530 JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY)

catkins scattered, oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and
naked, bony, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, and incrusted with white wax. — Sandy
soil, Md. to Fla., Tex., and Ark. March, Apr.

3. M. carolin^nsis Mill. (Bayberry.) Shrub 1-2 m. high ; leaves oblong^
entire or somewhat crenately toothed, thinner and more flaccid than in the pre-
ceding, mostly obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. broad, green and resinous-dotted on both sides;
fruit 3.5-4 ?w?7i. in diameter. (31. cerifera Man. ed. 6, in great part.) —Sandy
or sterile soil, chiefly near the coast, P. E. I. and N, B. to Fla. and La. ; also on
L. Erie.

* * Frequently monoecious; fertile catkins globular; ovary surrounded by 8 long
narrowly awl-shaped i^ersistent scales; nut ovoid- sub cylindr ic ; leaves pin-
natijid ivith many rounded lobes.

4. M. asplenifblia L. (Sweet Eerx.) Shrub 3-6 dm. high, with sweet-
scented fern-like linear-lanceolate leaves ; stipules half heart-shaped ; scales of
the sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia Ait. ; G. pere-
grina Coult.) — Sterile soil, N.B. and N. S. to N. C, Ind., and the Saskatchewan.
Apr., May.

LEITNERIACEAE (Cork Wood Family)

Dioecious shrubs or small trees, with each kind of flowers in catkins opening
before the leaves; the sterile catkins many- the fertile few-flowered; calyx and
corolla none; stamens 3-12, whorled, the filaments short, distinct, hypogynous;
ovary l-celled with solitary ascending amphitropous ovule and thickish terminal
style with lateral groove. Leaves simple, entire, alternate ; stipules obsolete
or none. Flowers solitary in the axils of ovate pubescent scales, sessile. Fruit
an obovoid somewhat compressed leathery drupe.

1. LEITNERIA Chapm.

Characters of the family. (Named in memory of Dr. E. T. Leitner, a German
naturalist who traveled and was killed in Florida.)

1. L. floridana Chapm. (Cork Wood.) Stout arborescent shrub 1-7 m.
high ; leaves oblong or obovate, somewhat canescent-tomentose on the lower
surface; sterile catkins about 3 cm. long, the fertile half as long j drupe 1-2
cm. long. — Swamps, s. Mo. and south westw. ;. also Fla. March.

JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family)

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules; flowers monoecious, tht
sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract; the fertile
solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regidar S-5-lobed calyx adherent
to the incompletely 2^-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry
drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nutshell, containing a large 4:-lobed ortho-
■ tropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous or corru-
gated, 2-lobed ; radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes present in the fertile
flowers. — A small family of important trees, consisting chiefly of the two
following genera.

1. jtGLANS L. Walnut

Stamens 12-40 ; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several
together on a peduncle at the end of the branch, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing
4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas 2, somewhat ciub-
shaped and fringed. Fruit with a tibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a
mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nutshell. — Trees, with odd-

[

JUGLATSTDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) 881

pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates. (Name contracted
from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J. cinerea L. (Butternut, White W.) Leaflets 7-17, oblong-lanceo-
late, pointed, rounded at base, downy especially beneath, the petioles and
branchlets downy with clam7ny hairs; fruit ellipsoid, clammy, pointed, the nut
deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich

woods, N. B. to the mts. of Ga., w. to Ont., " Dak.," e. Kan. and Ark. Trunk

16-30 m. high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and lighter brown
wood than in the next.

2. J. nigra L. (Black W.) Leaflets 11-17 (-" 23 "), ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, the lower
surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the
nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods, w. Mass. to Fla., w.
to Ont., Minn., and Tex. — A large and handsome tree, with rough dark bark
and valuable purplish-brown wood.

2. CArYA Nutt. Hickory

Stamens 3-10 ; filaments short or none, free. Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster or
short spike, on a peduncle terminating the shoot of the season ; calyx 4-tootlitd ;
petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fmit with a
4-valved firm and at length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the
smooth and crustaceous or bony cndocarp or nutshell, which is incompletely
2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-celled. — Fine timber-trees with hard and
very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in spring are put forth usually
both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts
ripen and fall in October. (Kapi^a, an ancient name of the Walnut.) Scoria
Raf. (1808); Hicorius Raf. (1817); Hicoria Raf. (1836).

§ 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one)
from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding
year; bud-scales few ; fruit elongated ; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below;
seeds sweet ; leaflets shore-stalked, numerous.

1. C. illinoSnsis (Wang.) K. Koch. (Pecan.) Minutely downy, becoming
nearly smooth ; leaflets 9-17, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen-
der point, falcate, serrate; nut olive-shaped. (C. olivaeformis Nutt.; Hicoria
Pecan Britton.) — River bottoms, s. Ind. to la., e. Kan., Tex., and Ala. —
A large tree (25-50 m. high), with delicious nuts.

§ 2. Sterile catkins in threes (rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil
of an inner scale of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of
the season, ivhich, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile
flowers; fruit globular or ovoid; nut 4-ceUed at base; leaflets sessile or
nearly so.

* Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively inwrapping, the inner ones accres-
cent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous ;
husk of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 more or less thick and ichen dry
hard or woody valves ; seed sweet and delicious. (The Hickory Nuts of
the market.)

2. C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (Shell-bark or Shag-bark H.) Bark of tmnk
shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming large
and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets 5-7,
when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-
lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ;
fruit globular or depressed ; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mucronate. the
shell thinnish. (C. alba Nutt.; Hicoria ovata Britton.) — N. E. and w. Que.
to north shore of L. Huron, e. Minn., Tex., and Fla. —A large and handsome
tree (20-28 m. high, or more), yielding the principal Hickory Nut of the
markets. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe appears to be merely a small-
fruited extreme of this species.

332 BETULACEAE QBIRCH FAMILYJ

3. C. lacinibsa (Michx. f.) Loud. (Big Shell-bark, King Nut.) Bark,

etc., as in no. 2; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath; fniit ovoid, 4-ribbe(i
above the middle, the husk very thick ; nut large Qi-o cm. long) and usually
angular, dull ivhite or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both
ends. {G. sulcata Nutt.; Hicorid laciniosa !Sarg.) — Centr. IS. Y. and Pa, to
s. Ind., la., e. Kan., and I. T. — Trunk 2U-30 m. high, or more, in rich soil of
bottom lands.

4. C. Alba (L.) K. Koch. (Mocker Nut, "White-heart H.) Barh close^
rough, but not shaggy nor exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins, shoots, and lower
surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented ; leaflets 7-9,
lance-oljovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit globular or ovoid,
with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, A-ridged toward
the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, 2.5 cm. in diameter
or smaller. (C tomentosa Nutt.; Hicoria alba Britton.) — E. Mass. to n.
shore of L. Erie, e. Neb., and s. to the Gulf. — Tree 20-30 m. high, usually on rich
upland hillsides. A species not to be confused with C. alba Nutt., which is
now to be called G. ovata.

5. C. microcarpa Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovoid buds, and the
glabrous foliage, etc., of no. 7 ; fruit small, subglobose, with rather thin husk;
nut thin-shelled, not angled. (Hicoria Britton ; H. glabra, var. odorata Sarg.;
H. borealis Ashe ?) — '^ Que." and e. Mass. to Del., Mich., and Mo.

* * Bud-scales numerous or few ; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable at
maturity, A-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base; seed more
or less bitter.

H- Bark of trunk exfoliating in long strips.

6. C. aquatica (Michx. f.) Ntitt. (Bitter Pecan.) Bud-scales few, sub-
valvate ; lenflets 9-15, falcate-lanceolate, attenuate, serrate, of firm texture ;
nut strongly compressed and sharply angled; seed very bitter. (^Hicoria
Britton.) — River swamps, Va. to s. 111., Mo., Tex., and Fla.

••- ••- Bark not exfoliating.

7. C. glabra (Mill.) Spach. (Pignut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly
as in no. 4, but smaller, caducous ; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly
so ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate ; fruit
pear-shaped to ovoid; nut (3-5 cm. long) with thick bony slu^l ; the oily
seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish. (G. porcina Nutt.; Hicoria glabra
Britton.) — Dry woodlands, s. Me. to Fla., w. to Ont., Minn., e. Neb., and
Tex. — Tree 20-30 (rarely 37) m, high. Passing to

Var. villbsa (Sarg.) Robinson. Petioles, rhachises, and peduncles sordid-
villous ; the lower surface of the leaflets mostly paler, covered with broader and
more numerous peltate scale-like glands. (Hicoria glabra^ var. Sarg. ; H. viU
losa and H. pallida Ashe.) — Va. to Mo. and south w.

8. C. cordif6rmis (Wang.) K. Koch. (Bitter Nut or Swamp H.) Scales of
the small yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing ; catkins
and young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ;
leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit turgid-ellipsoid, narrowly
6-ridged ; nut turgid, smoothish, shallowly reticulate-sulcate, globular^ short-
pointed, white (barely 2.5 cm. long), thin-umlled, with slender-conical beak and
persistent expanded stigma ; seed at fir<t sweet-tasted, soon extremely bitter.
(G. amara Nutt. ; Hicoria minima Britton.) — Rich woods, w. Que. and N. E. to
Fla., n. shore of L. Huron, Minn., e. Neb., and Tex. — Tree 15-30 m. high ;
husk and shell thinner and le.ss hard than in other species. Koch, who first
transferred Juglans cordiformis Wang, to Garya^ confus<^d other material with it,
but the binomial technically rests on the plant of Wangenheim.

BETULAcEAE (Birch Family)

Monoecious (rarely dioecious) trees or shrubs, ivith alternate simple straight-
'reined leaves and deciduous stipules; the sterile flowers in catkin^, the fertile

BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)

Clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins; the 1-celled and 1-seeded mit icith or
without a foliaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous aii.itropoua
ovules in each cell ; fruit seemingly 1-celled and 1-ovuled ; styles 2. Seed with
no albumen, filled with the embryo, and with 1 integument.

Tribe I. CORtLEAE. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx ; stamens 8 or more to each bract
and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled). Fertile Howers In a
short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each with one or more bractlets which form a folla-
aceous involucre to the nut.
* Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside ; fertile flowers few.

1. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, inclosing the large acorn-lii<e nut.

* * Bract of staminate flower simple ; fertile flowers in short catkins; nut small, achene-like.

2. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.

3. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged spreading leafy bractlet.

Tribe II. BETtlLEAE. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins pendulous.
Stamens 2^, and calyx usually 2-4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no Involucre
to the small compressed and often winged nut.

4. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with or soon after the nuts.

5. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, becoming woody, long-persistent.

1. c6rYLUS [Tourn.] L. PIazelndt. Filbert

Sterile flowers consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with 1-celled anthers, theii
short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering more or less with the innei
face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers several from a scaly bud ; ovary
tipped with the short limb of the adherent calyx, one of the ovules sterile ; style
short ; stigmas 2, red, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or subglobose, inclosed
in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre consisting of tlie two bractlets
enlarged and often grown together and lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very
thick (raised to the surface in germination), swMvt and edible ; the sliort radicle
included, — Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves (folded
lengthwise in the bud), flowering in early spring ; sterile catkins single or fas-
cicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terniiiiating
early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from Kopvs, a helmet, from
the involucre.)

1. C. americana Walt. (Hazelnut.) Timgs and petioles often glandular-
bi'ifftly ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, pointed; involucre open alove down to
the globose nut, of 2 broad foliaceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their
bases coriaceous and downy or with glandular bristles intermixed ; pericarp
bony. — Thickets, N. E. to Sask., and south w.

2. C. rostra ta Ait. (Beaked H.) Tioigs and petioles not glandular-bristly ;
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, p()int( d ; iiirolncre of
united bracts, much prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narroio tuhuJar beak,
densely bristly; pericarp thinnish and membranaceous, — Que. to B. C, s. to
Del,, Mich., Mo., and westw.; also in the mts. to Ga.

t

2. 6STRYA [Mich.] Scop. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood.

Sterile flowers consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract ; fila-
ments short, often forked, bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers ; their tips hairy.
Fertile flowers a pair to each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled
2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx,
tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and inclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in
fruit becomes a closed bladdery ellipsoid bag, very much larger than the .«^mall
smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely iinbrieat(>d to form a sort of stro-
bile, in appearance like that of the Hop. —"slender trees, with very hard wood,
brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that (^f Birch ; leaves ojien and
concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers appear-
ing with the leaves ; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from scaly buds at the tipe

I

334 BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)

of the branches of the preceding year ; the fertile single, terminating short leafy
shoots of the season. (The classical name.)

1. 0. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. (American Hop H,, Leverwood.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply double-serrate, downy beneath,
with 11-15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the
base. (0. virginica Willd.) — Rich woods, N. S. to Man., Minn., Neb., and
southw.

3. CARpiNUS [Tourn.] L. Hornbeam. Ironwood

Sterile flowers similar to those of Ostrya. Fertile flowers several, spiked in
a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a
pair of flowers ; the single involucre-like bract open, enlarged in fruit and foli-
aceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut. — Trees or tall
shrubs, with close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined
leaves resembling the Beech ; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The
early Latin name. )

1. C. caroliniana Walt. (American H. ; Blue or Water Beech.) Leaves
ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply double-serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets
3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, acute. — Along
streams, N. S. to w Out., and southw.

4. BETULA [Tourn.] L. Birch

Sterile flowers 3 (the bractlets 2) to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the cat-
kins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short tilaments with 1 -celled
anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an anther-
cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx,
each a naked ovary, becoming a winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara)
crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer bark often separable in sheets,
that of the branchlets dotted. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkins terminal and
lateral, sessile, formed in summer, remaining naked through winter, and expand-
ing in early spring, with or preceding the leaves ; fertile catkins ovoid to cylin-
drical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season.
(The ancient Latin name. )

* Trees or sJunibs ; the leaves with the 8 or more pairs of nerves impressed
above ; fruiting catkins thick (1 cm. or more), short-cylindric to ovoid, their
scales rather persistent ; loing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body.

+ Bark and twigs siceet-aromatic ; leaves membranaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate,
with rounded or cordate bases, regularly serrate, green both sides ; fertile
catkins sessile, erect.

1. B. lentaL. (Cherry, Sweet, or Black B.) Bark of trunk dark bi'own,
close, in age becoming ashy-brown and furrowed, very sweet-aromatic ; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply
and finely double-serrate, when mature bright green above and glabrous except
on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins short-cylindric (1.5-2.5 cm. long) ; the
scales firm and smooth, \^T^h short and divergent lobes. — Rich woods, Nfd. to
Ont., s. to Del., Ind. and centr. la. ; also along the mts. to Fla. and Tenn.

2. B. lutea Michx. f. (Yellow or Gray B.) Bark of trunk yellowish- or
silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, less aromatic ; leaves slightly or
not at all heart-shaped and often narrowed toward the base, duller green above
and usually more downy on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins narrow-ovoid
to subglobose, the more foliaceous scales mostly longer, pubescent and with nar-
rower barely spreading ciliate lobes. — Rich moist woods, Nfd. to Man., s. to Del.,
111., and Minn. ; also along the mts. to Tenn. and N. C. — Trees with character-
istics somewhat intermediate between this and B. lenta have been called B.
alleghaniensis Britton.

t- t- Bark not aromatic; leaves firm, rhombic-ovate, cuneate to subtruncate at
base, irregularly dentate-serrate, whitish beneath; fertile catkins peduncled^
soft-downy.

BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) 835

S. B. nigra L. (River or Red B.) Tree with greenish-brown somewhai
iR,mmate bark and reddish twigs ; leaves acutish at both ends, when v<nin"
downy underneath ; petioles, peduncles, and thick-cylindric catkins tomentose"
bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes. — Banks of streams and in swunn.s
e. of the Alleghenies from e. Mass. to Fla., thence w. to Tex.; and throu-h the
bottom-lands of the Mississippi R. system. °

* * Trees or shrubs loith slender cylindric fruiting catkins, their scales readily
deciduous ; leaves {of the fruiting branches) with 7 or less pairs of
prominetit veins. ''

w Wing distinctly broader than the body of the fruit ; trees or stout shrubs with
white, whitish, or brown papery bark.

«. Bark dull, chalky- or ashy-white, smooth and close, the layers not readily
exfoliating ; staminate catkin usually solitary.

4. B. populif5Iia Marsh. (White, Gray or Old Field B.) Trunk usually
ascending, rarely 10 m. high; leaves triangular (deltoid), ve^y taper-pointed
(usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, smooth and shilling
both sides, except for the resinous glands when young, tremulous on \ery slender
petioles ; fruiting catkins slender-stalked, ascending, 1-3 cm. long, fj-T mm. thick ;
the drab or ashy-brown wide-spreading scales 2.5-4 mm. long, the'w lobes puheru-
lent. — Poor sandy or rocky soil, commonest near the coast, P. E. I. to Del w
to L. Ont. ■ ' *

•w. 4H. Bark lustrous, creamy- or pinkish-white to bronze, freely splitting into
paper-like layers; staminate catkins mostly 2 or 3.

= Branchlets and leaves strictly glabrous from the first.

5. B. p^ndala Roth. (White or Canoe B.) Branches slender and flexuous,
often drooping, the branchlets usually verrucose with resiniferous atoms ; leaves
glutinous when young, firm, rhombic-ovate to deltoid or broad-ovate, subcuneate,
truncate, or subcordate at base, long-acuminate, slender-petioled ; fertile catkins
pendulous, 1.5-3 cm. long, 6-9 mm. thick ; the ascending brown or stravj-colorea
scales 3-5 mm. long, glabrous except for the ciliate margin. (B. verrucosa
Ehrh.) — Rocky upland woods and slopes. Que. to Alaska, locally s. to Me., Vt.,
111., Man., etc. (Eurasia.) — A polymorphous boreal species, of which the N. E.
phase has recently been designated as B. caerulea Blanchard (Blue B.).

= = Brarichlets puberulent or pubescent ; young leaves (except in var. minor)

pubescent beneath.

6. B. dlba L. (Paper, Canoe or White B.) Branches and branchlets ascend-
ing ; resiniferous atoms, if present, mixed with long hairs ; leaves ovate, taper-
pointed, from rounded to cuneate at base, in maturity 3-6 cm. long, smooth and
green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins leneath, sharply
and unequally double-serrate; fruiting catkins 1.5-4.5 cm. long, 0.5-1.6 cm.
thick, spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; the mostly ciliate-margined
ascending scales 3-7 mm. long. {B. pubescens Ehrh.) — Large shrub or medium-
sized tree, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. E., the Great Lake region, etc. (Eurasia.)
Passing to the commoner American

Var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. Usually a larger tree, with mature leaves
6-9 cm. long. (B. papyrifera Marsh.) — Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Ind., n. la..
Neb., Wyo., and Wash.

Var. glutinbsa (Wallr.) Trautvetter. Branches pendulous ; leaves 3-5 cm.
long, pilose on the veins beneath ; catkins on straight peduncles. — Wassataquoik
Valley, Me. (Eu.)

Var. cordif51ia (Regel) Fernald. Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, pilose on the
veins beneath. — Cool woods and mts., Lab. and Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. E., L.
Superior, la., and westw. — Becoming a dwarf shrub on alpine slopes.

Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fernald. Stout dwarf shrub; leaves elliptic- or
truncate-ovate, ghitinous, glabrous, 1.5-4 cm. long; staminate catkin ofte/i soli-
tary; fiTiiting catkins mostly ascending, 1 .3-3 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick. iR

336 BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)

papyracea, var. Tuckerm.) — Alpine regions and cold bogs, Lab. to Sask., s. to

n. N. E. and JMinn. (Greenl.)

^_ H_ Wings narrower than or rarely as broad as the body of the fruit, or want-
ing ; shrubs loith dark scarcely papery bark, subsessile or short-petioled
thickish or coriaceous small leaves, and narrowly ovoid or cylindric mostly
erect sessile or short-peduucled catkins.

++ Young branchlets pubescent with long soft hairs.

7. B. putnila L. (Low or Swamp B.) Stems 0.5-3 m. high, erect or ascending,
not glandular; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft-
downy; leaves obofate, orbicular, or reniform, l-;].5 cm. long, not resiniferous,
pale beneath, veinlets on both faces ^finely reticulated; fruiting catkins 0.7-3 cm.
long, 5-9 mm. thick.— Bogs, Lab. and Nfd. to Ont., s. to n. N. J., O., Ind., 111.,
and Minn. (Eurasia.)

Var. glandulif era Regel. Young branchlets and leaves resiniferous or glandu-
lar-dotted.— Oat. and Mich, to Minn, and Sask.

++ ++ Young branchlets glabrous or at most minutely puberulent, conspicuously
dotted with resinous wart-like glands.

8. B. glandulbsa Michx. (Dwarf B.) Stems erect or depressed, 0.3-2 m.
high, or when alpine procumbent; leaves wedge-obovate, 0.5-3 cm. long, green
and glabrous both sides, slightly reticulated ; fruithig catkins 0.5-2.5 cm. long,
3-7 mm. thick. — Arctic barrens, s. to mts. of N. B., Me., and N. H. ; L.
Superior, Minn., etc. (Asia.) Var. rotundif6lia. (Spach) Regel.. Very
dwarf ; leaves orbicular or reniform. — Arctic regions to mts. of Me. anfl N. H.
(Alaska; Asia.)

6. ALNUS [Tourn.] Hill. Alder

Sterile catkins with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely 6) flowers upon each short-
stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with a 3-5-parted calyx and
as many stamens ; filaments short and simple ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins
ovoid or ellipsoid ; the fieshy scales each subtending 2 flowers and a group of
4 little scalelets adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are woody
in fruit, wed:i;e-obovate, truncate, or 3-5-lobed. — Shrubs or small trees with
few-scaled leaf-buds and solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins. (Ihe
ancient Latin name. )
* Flowers developed with the leaves; the sterile catkins from naked buds formed

the preceding season; the fertile from scale-covered buds; fruit with a

conspicuous thin wing.

1. A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh. (Green or Mountain A.) Shrub with yoimg
branches and peduncles sparingly puberulent or glabrate ; leaves round-oval,
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, in maturity 3-0 cm. long, glutinous and smooth,
or slightly pubescent on the principal veins beneath, irregularly serrulate or
biserrulate with very fine and sharp closely set teeth, the margins often puck-
ered ; fertile catkins slender-stalked, loosely racemose, in maturity 1-1.5 cm.
iong. {A. viridis Man. ed. 6, in part, not DC. ; A. Alnobetula Am. auth., in
part, not K. Koch.) — Cool shores and mts., Lab. to N. B. ; Mt. Katahdin, Me. ;
Mt. Washington, N. FL; Whiteface Mt., N. Y. ; and on the mts. to N. C.

2. A. m611is Fernald. (Downy Green A.) Shrub or small tree; young
branches and peduncles permanently soft-pubescent ; leaves permanently covered
beneath with dense soft hairs, in maturity 4.5-11 cm. long ; mature fertile catkins
1.2-2 cm. long. (A. viridis Man, ed. 6, in part, not DC. ; A. Alnobetula Am.
auth., in part, not K. Koch.) — Damp thickets and exposed rocky banks, s. Nfd.
to L. Winnipeg, s. to s. Me. and N. PL, w. Mass., N. Y., and L. Superior.—
Ordinarily distinct, but possibly an extreme variation of A. crispa.

* * Flowers developed iyi earliest spring before the leaves ; the catkins all from
naked buds formed the preceding season ; fruit wingless or with a narrow
coriaceous oiarQin.

FAGACEAE (^ BEECH FAMILY^ 337

3. A. incana (L.) Moench. (Speckled or Hoary A.) Shmlj or small
tree (rarely (> m. high); leaves broadly elliptical to ovate, mostly rounded at
base, sharply and doubly serrate, the upper surface dark green and uith impressed
nerves, the lower mostly downy at least on the nerves and ferruginous to -lau-
cous; stipules lanceolate; fruit (samara) orbicular. — Swamps and borders of
streams, ^fd. to Sask., s. to Pa., ii. la., and ^eb.; the common Alder alon^' our
northern borders. (Eurasia.) *

4. A. rugbsa (Dufiui) bprtiig. (Smooth A.) Shrub or small tree ; Zeaves
obovate, acute at base, sharply and almost regularly serrate with minute teeth,
thickish, green both sides, rarely impressed-iierved, smooth or sparingly jniben'-
cent beneath; stipules oval ; fruit ovate. {A. serrulata Willd.) — Me. to Fla.
and Tex., rarely inland to Minn.; mostly on the coastal plain noithw., more
general southv7. —Many shrubs near the n. limits of this range appear inter-
mediate between this and the last species.

0. A. VULGARIS Hill. (Black A. of Europe.) Tree with dark green
Jlabellate-obovate or suborbicular coarsely dnitate glutinous ?<?avr's. — Escaped
from cultivation and locally established, Nfd. to N. J. and Pa. (Introd. from'Eu.)
* * * Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertHle mostly

solitary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later; fruit

wingless.

6. A. maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. (Sea-side A.) Glabrous ; leaves oblong,
ovate, or obovate, with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate,
bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or ellipsoid
(1.6-2.6 cm. long). — Del. and Md., near the coast; also I. T. — A small tree.

FAGACEAE (Beech Family)

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves,
deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins or capitate clusters, the fertile
solitary or slightly clustered, the 1-celled and 1-seeded nut inclosed (or partly
inclosed) in a cupule consisting of more or less consolidated bracts, which
become indurated. Ovary 8-7-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell (only 1
ripening); styles 3. Seed with no albumen, filled by the embryo, and with
2 integuments.

* Sterile flowers in a small head on drooping- peduncles.

1. FagUS. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts.

* * Sterile flowers in slender catkins.

2. Castanea. Cupule 2-4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2-4-valved when ripe.

3. Quercus. Cupule l-flowered, scaly and without valves ; nut terete.

1. FAGUS [Tourn.] L. Beech

Sterile flowers with deciduous scale-like bracts ; calyx bell-shaped, 6-7-cleft *
stamens 8-1(5; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in
pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by numerous awl-shaped braci-
lets, the inner coherent at base to form the 4-lobed involucre ; calyx-lobes H,
awl-shaped ; ovary o-celled with two ovules in each cell ; styles thread-like,
stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-
prickly coriaceous involucre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves.
Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat united, but rising and expanding in
germination. — Trees with a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal
spray, and undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, wliich are open and convex
in the tapering bud and plaited on the veins. Flowers apjiearing with the
leaves, the yellowish staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the
upper axils of the leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from
(payeip, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.)

okay's manual — 22

338 FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)

1. F. grandifblia Ehrh. Large tree ; leaves oblong-ovate, mostly cuneate at
base, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, light green ; petioles
and midrib soon nearly naked ; prickles of the grayish or yellowish fruit subu-
late-filiform, elongated, recurved or spreading. {F. ferruginea Ait. ; F. ameri-
cana Sweet.) — Rich uplands, N. B. to w. Out., s. to* Va., Mich, and Minn.

Var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fernald & Kehder. Leaves ovate to short-obo-
vate, darker green, mostly rounded or subcordate at base and often less coarsely
toothed; prickles of the rufescent fruit short, subulate. — Coastal plain, N. J.
to Fla. and Miss. ; also from O. to Mo. and Tex.

2. CASTAnEA [Tourn.] Hill. Chestnut

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins ;
calyx mostly 6-parted ; stamens 8-20 ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled.
Fertile flowers usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre ; calyx
■with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled 6-14-ovuled ovary ; abortive sta-
mens 5-12 ; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary ; stigmas
small. Nuts coriaceous, inclosed usually 2-3 together or solitary in the
involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering, remaining
underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided.
Flowers later than the leaves, cream-color ; the catkins axillary near the ends
of the branches, wholly sterile or the upper androgynous with the fertile flowers
at the base. (The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.)

1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (Chp:stxut.) A large tree ; leaves ohlong-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at base, w^hen mature
smooth and green both sides; nuts 2 or 3 (rarely even 7-9) in each involucre,
flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (0. sativa, var. americana Sarg.) —
Kocky woods and hillsides, s. Me. to Ont., and southw.

2. C. pumila (L.) Mill. (Chinquapin.) A spreading shrub or small tree;
leaves oblong^ acute, serrate with pointed teeth, whitish-downy beneath; in-
volucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid pointed mit scarcely half as large as the
common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not flattened. — Dry woods and thickets,
N. J. to Ind., and southw. ; introd. northw.

3. QUERCUS [Tourn.] L. Oak

Sterile flowers in naked catkins ; bracts caducous ; calyx 2-8-parted or-lobed ;
stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat clus-
tered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed stigma,
inclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule)
around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground
in germination; radicle very short, included, — Flowers greenish, yellowish, or
reddish. Sterfle catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly bud,
filiform and hanging in all our species. All the species inclined to hybridize
freely. (The classical Latin name.)

§ 1. Bark pale, often scaly; leaves and their lobes or teeth obtuse (rarely with sharp teeth"), never
bristle-pointed; stamens 6-8; scales of the cup more or less woody and knobby at base;
stigmas sessile or nearly so ; abortive ovules at the base of the perfect seed ; inner surface
of shell of nut glabrous; fruit maturing the first year; kernel commonly sweetish.—
LepidobIlanus Endl. a.
a. Leaves deciduous, sinuate-toothed or lobed b.
b. Leaves lyrate or sinuate-pinnaiihd c.

c. Mature leaves glabrous beneath . 1. ^. alba.

e. Mature leaves tinely pubescent beneath d.
d. Scales of the cup naked, not awned.

Fruit nearly sessile ; the fine-scaled saucer-shaped cup one

third to half as high as the ovoid acorn .... 2. Q. stellata.
Fruit peduncled ; the coarse-scaled cup nearly covering the

depressed-globose acorn . 3. ^. lyrara.

d. Upper scales of the cup long-awned 4. Q. macrocarpa.

h. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed (except slightly in
no. 5). — Chestnut Oaks e.
e. Fruiting peduncle 2.5-6 cm. long, much exceeding the petioles . 5. Q. bicolor.

FAG ACE AE (BEECH FArllLY)

339

Muhlenbergii.

?rinoiileH.
'rinuH.
rirgininvn.

«, Fruit sessile or on verj' short peduncles.

Cup 2.5-3 cm. broad ; scales free to the base ... 6. ^. MichatMli.

Cup at most 2.5 cm. broad, only the small tips of the scales
distinct.
Leaves with acute or pointed teeth.

Leaves with 8-18 teeth on each margin . . 1,

Leaves with 3-7 teeth on each margin . . 8.

Leaves with somewhat rounded teeth 9.

a. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed . . 10.
2. Bark dark, furrowed; leaves deciduous, their lobes and teeth acute and bri.stle"i.oint<Mi (at
least in youth) ; stamens mostly 4-6 ; cup-scales membranaceous ; stvles long and spread-
ing ; abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of shell tomentose;
fruit maturing the second year. — ERYXiiRoiiALANUS Spach. (Kku
or Black Oaks.) /.
/. Leaves pinnatitid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes
or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed ff.
g. Mature leaves green on both sides ; species closely related and
freely hybridizing h.
h. Longest lobes of the leaf about equaling (never twice as long as)

the breadth of the broadish middle portion of the leaf . . 11. Q.vubr9,
h. Longest lobes of the leaf 2-6 times as long as the breadth of the
narrow middle portion of the leaf i.
i. Scales of the cup closely appressed j.
j. Expanded saucer-shaped portion of the cup 3-5 mm. high,

1-1.5 cm. broad 12. Q. palustris.

j. Cups larger.

Cups brown or castaneous, the scales finally glabrate and

lustrous 13. C- coccinea.

Cups ashy with persistent dull pubescence.

Cup 2-2.6 cm. broad ; acorn l.S-2.3 cm. thick . . . 14. Q. iexana.
Cup 1.2-1. S cm. broad ; acorn O.S-l.T cm. thick . . 15. Q. ellipnoidalis.
i. Upper scales of the cup loosely imbricated . . . .16. Q. relutina.

g. Mature leaves whitish or grayish beneath with close down.

Lobes elongate, at least the terminal falcate 17. Q.falcnta.

Lobes broadly triangular 18. ^. ilicifolia.

f. Leaves entire or with few teeth (or somewhat 3-5-lobed at summit),
commonly bristle-pointed ; acorns globular, small (rarely over
13 mm. long) k.
k. Leaves widening or often much dilated upward and more or less
sinuate or 3-5-lobed.
Leaves glabrous ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical . . .19. Q. nigra.
Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath ; cup turbinate . . . 20. Q, marilandica.

k. Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire.

Leaves permanently stellate-pubescent beneath . . 21. Q.imhricaria.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate beneath 22. Q.phellos.

1. Q. alba L. (White O.) Leaves when young
white-lanate beneath, when mature pale or glaucous
beneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, ohliquehj
cut into 5-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly fntire
lobes; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or tuber-
cled at maturity, puberulent, much shorter than the
ovoid or ellipsoid (2-3 cm. long) acorn.— Dry i.sh or
upland woods, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw.
Fig. 670.

2. Q. stellata Wang. (Post
O., Iron O.) Leaves grayish-
or brownish-downy under-
neath, dark green and rough
above, thickish, sinuately cut
into 5-7 rounded divergent
lobes, the upper ones much
larger and often l-?>- notch ed ;

acorn 1-2 cm. long. (Q. minor Sarg.) — Sandy or
sterile soil, Mass. to la., Neb., and southw. Fu;. 671.

Q. Margaretta Ashe, with narrower small leaves
glabrate and with lobes merely rounded at tip, is pos-
sibly a hybrid of Q. stellata and Q. alba.

3. Q. lyrata Walt. (Over-cup O., Swamp Post 0.)
Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-
oblong, acute at base, more or less deeply 7-9-lobed, 671. Q. stellata.

340

FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)

white-tomentose beneath or at length smoothish^
the lobes triangular to oblong^ acute or obtuse,
entire or sparingly toothed ; cup round-ovoid,
thin, with rugged pointed scales ; acorn about 2
cm. long. — River swamps, N. J. to Ind., Mo.,

/nd southw. Fig. (372.
4. Q. macrocarpa Michx. (Bur O., Over-
cup or Mossv-cup O. ) Leaves obovate or oblong,
lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or
nearly parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular,
downy or pale beneath / the lobes sparingly and
obtusely toothed,
or the smaller ones
entire; cup deep,
thick and woody
(2—5 cm. across),
ivith hard and thick
pointed conspicu-
ously imbricated
scales, the upper
6T2. Q. lyrata. ^^^^ aicned, usu-

ally making a mossy-fringed border ; acorn broadly
ovoid, half immersed in or entirely inclosed by the
cup. — Rich soil, N. S. to Man., s. to w. Mass.,
Ky., and Tex. — A large and valuable tree ; ex-
tremely variable in the size and frnige of the
cups. Fig. 673. Var. olivaefokmis (Michx. f.)
Gray is a narrower-leaved form with small sub-
cyiindric acorns.

5. Q. bicolor Willd. (Swamp White 0.) Leaves
obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, g^g^ q macrocarpa.

coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pinnati-
fid than toothed, usually soft-downy and ichite-hoary beneath, the primary veins
lax and little prominent ; cAip l-h as long as the acorn, vmody, the upper scales
awn-pointed, sometiui^^o forming a mossj-f ringed
/T\ margin ; acorn 2-3

cm. long. (Q.
plntanoides Sud-
worth.) — Borders
of streams and
swamps, s. Me. to
Ont., Minn., and
southw. — A large
tree, with flaky
bark. Fig. 674.

6. Q. Michauxii
Nutt. (Basket O.,
Cow O.) Leaves
oval or obovate,
acute, obtuse, or
even cordate at
base, regularly
dentate (seldom
deeply), rather
rigid, commonly
tomentose beneath; stamens usually 10; fruit
short-peduncled ; cup shallow, tuberculate with
hard and stout acute scales, tips of the inner
most often forming a stiff fringe ; acorn ovoid-
subcylindric, twice as high as the cup, about

674. Q. bicolor.

675. Q. Michauxii.

PAGACEAB (^BEECH FAMILY^

341

3 cm. long. ~ Borders of streams and swamps, Del.
to Mo., and southw. Fig. 675.

7. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. (Yellow O., Chkst-
Nur ().) Leaves (1-2 dm. long) slender-petioled,
often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or
pointed, mostly obtuse or rounded at base, almost
equally and rather sharply toothed; cup subsessile,
shallow, thin, of small oppressed scales; acorn glo-

{Q. acuminata

67G. Q. Muhlenbergii.

pnii

>idfs.

bose or obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long.
Houba.) — Dry limestone hillsides
and rich bottoms, Vt. to Del., along
the mts. to n. Ala., w. to Minn.,
e. Neb., and Tex. — A tall tree,
with thin eventually flaky bark.
Fig. 676.

8. Q. prinoides Willd. Like the
last, but of low stature (usually
1-3 m. high), with smaller more
undulate leaves on shorter petioles
(rarely 1 cm. long), and deeper
cups with more tumid scales. — Dry
soil, N. H. to Minn., and southw.
— Branchlets glabrous; leaves cov-
ered beneath with a close white tomentum. Fig. 677. Var.
KUFESCKNS Rchdcr differs in having the young branchlets
pubescent and some tawny wool mixed with the white to-
mentum on the under surface of the leaves. — Damp woods
and pine-barrens, e. Mass. to N. C.

9. Q. Prinus L. (Chestnut O.) Leaves thick, obovate or oblong to lanceo-
late, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-

toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath, the
primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent
beneath ; fruiting peduncles shorter than the
petioles, often very short ; cup thick, mostly tu-
berculate with hard and stout scales. — Rocky
banks and hillsides, s. Me. to Ont., and southw.

— A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed
bark. Fig. 678.

10. Q. virginiana Mill. (Live O.) Leaves
small, oblong or elliptical, hoary beneath (as well
as on the branchlets) ; peduncle
usually conspicuous, 1-o-fruited ;
cup top-shaped ; acorn subcylin-
dric ; cotyledons completely united
into one mass. (Q. virens Ait.)

— Along the coast from Va. to Fla.
and Tex. — Becoming a large tree,
or in sterile soil dwarf. Fig. 67!).
i^ll. Q. rubra L. (1^:dO.) Cup
saucer-shaped or flattish, with a
narrow raised border, 1.8-2.5 cm.
broad, of rather fine closely ap-
pressed scales, sessile or on a very
abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter
than the narrow-ovoid or ellipsoid acorn, which

is 2-3 cm. long; leaves rather tiiin, turning dark red after frost, moderately
(rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from abroad base, with a
few coarse teeth ; bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in noli
and poor soil. — Timber coarse and poor. Fig. 680. Along our northern
borders passing to Var. amb^gua (Michx. f.) Fernald. (Gkay O.) Cups

virgin lana.

678. Q. Prinus.

842

FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)

tending to be deeper and somewhat turbinate (Q.
ambigua and borealis Michx. f.; Q. coccinea, var.
anibigua Gray.)

12. Q. paliistris Muench. (Swamp Spanish or Pin
O.) Cup flat-smicer-shaped, sometimes contracted into
a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled, very much
shorter than the usually glo-
bose or dejJressed acor7i, which
is 1-1.5 cm, long; leaves
deeply pinnatifid with diver-
gent lobes and broad rounded
sinuses.— Low grounds, chiefly
on the coastal plain and in
the Miss, basin ; Mass. to Va.,
w. to Kan. and Ark. Fig. 681.

13. Q. coccinea Muench.
(Scarlet O.) Cup top-
shaped, or hemispherical
with a conical base (1.5-2.2 ggj^ Q. palustris.
cm. broad), coarsely scaly,

covering half or more of the subglobose or short ovoid
acorn (1.3-2 cm. long), the scales brown, oppressed
and glabrate; leaves, at least on full-grown trees,

_ bright green, shining above, glabrous beneath, turning

bbO. Q. rubra. ^^^ .^ autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes

divergent and sparingly cut-toothed ; buds small; bark of the trunk gray, the

interior reddish. — Dry light soil, s.
Me. to Out., Minn., and Neb., s. to
N. C. and 111., chiefly eastw. Fig.
682.

14. Q. texana Buckley. (Red
0.) Cup deei)ly saucer-shaped or
somewhat turbinate, 2-2.6 cm. broad,
the light brown or ashy scales per-
manently tomentulose, except on the
margin, covering one third to one
half of the ovoid large (1.5-4 cm.
long) acorn; leaves in maturity
bright green and glabrous above,
paler and icith axillary tufts of hairs
beneath, turning dark red or brown
in autumn, the 5-9 oblong lobes

682. Q. cocdnea.

slightly broadened upward and toothed at
summit ; bark gray, becoming in old trees
reddish-brown and broken into plates. —
Bottom-lands and limestone hills, Ind. to
la., s. to N. C, Fla., and Tex. — A
large tree with conspicuously buttressed

15. Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. (Yel-
low or Black O.) Cup turbinate or
deeply saucer-shaped, 1.2-1.8 cm. broad,
the pale brown or ashy scales puberulent,
covering from one third to more than one

688. Q. ellipsoid&lls.

FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)

343

684. Q. velutina.

half of the dark-brown puberulent often
striped ellipsoid to subglobose small (1.2-2
cm. long) acorn; leaves smooth and hus-
trous in age, with axillary tufts beneath,
becoming yellow or pale brown in autumn,
the 5-7 oblong lobes coarsely tootlied at .sum-
mit ; bark gray, close and smooth, or in age
shallowly fissured, light yellow within. — Clsiy
or gravel, s. Mich, to Man. and la. —A me-
dium-sized tree, in habit said to resemble the
eastern Q. palustris. Fig. G83.

16. Q. velutina Lam. (Quehcitkon, Yel-
low-barked or Black 0.) Cup turbinate,
or hemispherical icith a conical base, 1.8-
2.3 cm. broad, its upper pubescent thin light-
chestnut scales loosely imbricated or s<iuar-
rose when dry ; acorns ovoid to hemispherical,
1.2-2 cm. long, light-brown, often pubescent ;
leaves variously divided, ordinarily with hairy
tufts in the axils beneath, turning brownish,
orange, or dull red in autumn ; bark dark-
brown and rough^ internally orange. (Q.
coccinea, var. tinctoria

I

tinctoria Bartr. ; Q.
A. DC.) — Dry or gravelly uplands, s. Me. to w. Ont.,
and south w. — The bark is largely used in tanning.
Fig. 684. Var. missouriensis Sarg. Leaves with
permanent rusty pubescence beneath, and cup-scales
tomentose. — Mo. and Ark.

17. Q. falcata Michx. (Spanish O.) Leaves gray-
ish-downy or fulvous underneath, 3~^-lobed above
(sometimes entire); the lobes prolonged, mostly nar-
row and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the
terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed ; acorn
globose, 8-10 mm. long ; cup saucer-shaped with a
somewhat top-shaped base and about half the length
of the acorn. ( Q. digitata Sudworth ; Q. pagodae-
folia Ashe.) — Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. ; and
from s. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. — A large or small tree,
extremely variable in foliage ; bark excellent for tan-
ning. Fig. 685.

18. Q. ilicif51ia Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub
O.) Dwarf (1-3, rarely 6, m. high), straggling;
leaves (5-10 cm. long) thickish, obovate, wedge-
shaped at base^ angularly about 5(S-l)-lohpd,
white-downy beneath; lobes short and triangular,

spreading; acorn 10-12 mm.

long. ( Q. nana Sarg. ) — Sandy

barrens and rocky hills, N. E. to O,

686.

19. Q. nigra L. (Water 0. ) Leaves
glabrous and shining, obovate-spatnlate
or narrowly wedge-form, with a long
tapering base and an often obscurely
3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate.
(Q. aquatica Walt.) — Wet ground,
around ponds, etc , Del. to the Gulf ;
and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex. —Tree
8-12 m. high ; running into many vari-
eties, especially southw. ; the leaves on
686. Q. iiicifolia. Seedlings and strong shoots often in-

6S5. Q. falcata.
and Ky.

Fio

Q. nigra.

B44

URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY)

6SS. Q. marilandica.

used or sinuate-pinnatifid (then mostly
bristle-pointed). P'ig. 687.

20. Q. marilandica Muench. (Black
Jack or Barren O.) Leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely
cordate at the base, widely dilated and
somewhat 8 (rarely
5)-lobed at the
summit, occasionally
with one or two
lateral conspicuously
bristle-tipped lobes
or teeth, rusty-pubes-
cent beneath^ shin-
ing above, large,
1-2.5 dm. long. (^.
nigra Man. ed. 6,
not L.) — Dry sandy

barrens, or heavy clay soil, L. I. to s. Minn., e. Neb.,
and southw. — A small tree of little value. Fig. 688.

21. Q. imbricaria Michx. (Laurel or Shingle O.)
Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong^
thickish, smooth and shining above,
downy beneath, the down usually
persistent; cup between saucer-
shaped and top-shaped. — Rich wood-
lands, Pa. to Ga., w. to s. Wise, e.
Neb., and Ark.; locally, e. Mass. {Kennedy).— l^ree ^-21 m.
high. Fig. 689.

22. Q. phlllos L. (Willow O.) Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, narrowed to both ends, soon glabrous, light green
(about 1 dm. long) ; cup saucer-shaped. — Bottom-lands or
rich sandy uplands, Staten I., N. Y. to Fla., w. to Ky.,
Mo., and Tex. Fig. 690. Var. laurif6lia (Michx.)
Chapm. (Laurel O.) Leaves oblong, usually larger. {Q.
laurifolia Michx.) — N. J. to Fla. and La. 690, Q. phelios.

Q. imbricaria.

URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious or rarely (in the Elm Tribe)
perfect flowers, furnished with a regidar calyx free from the l{rarely 2)-celled
ovary which forras a 1-seeded fruit; the embryo in the albumen when there is
any, its radicle pointing upward; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and
opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons usually broad. Stipules often de-
ciduous. — A large family (far the greater part tropical).

Tribe I. ^LMEAE. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's branches. Anthers erect
in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed suspended. Embryo straight. — Trees, with
alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves and fugacious stipules.

1. Ulmus. Ovary 1-2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around.

2. Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like.

Tribe II. CELTIdEAE. As in Tribe I., but the monoecious-polygamous flowers upon branches
of the same year. Anthers introrse. Fruit a drupe. Embryo curved.

3. Celtis. Ovary 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves 3-nerved at base.

Cribe III. CANWABfNEAE. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile In
clusters or catkins, the calyx of one sepal embracing the ovary. Filaments short, erect in the
bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule, forming a small glandulw

URTICACEAB QNETTLE FAMILY^ 545

achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled. — Herbs with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed
or divided leaves and persistent stipules.

4. Cannabis. Fertile dowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5-7-divided. Erect.

5. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin In fruit.

Leaves 3-5-lobed. C limbing.

Tribe IV. m6REAE. Flowers unisexual ; calyx becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers in-
flexed in the bud. Ovule pendulous. Fruit an achene. Embryo curved. — Trees or shrubs
with milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules.

6. Madura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes ; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entire.

7. Broussonetia. Sterile flowers in dense catkins ; the fertile in globose heads. Leaves serrate,

often lobed.

8. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-ncrved.

Tribe V. URTfCEAE. Flowers unisexual. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Style or stigm*
simple. Ovary 1 celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Embryo straight. —
Herbs with watery juice.

* Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals.
4- Plant beset with stinging bristles.

9. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, inclosed by

the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.

10. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma long-

subulate, Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate.
+- +- Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles ; loaves opposite.

11. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small. Achen*

partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining.
* * Fertile calyx tubular or cup shaped, inclosing the achene ; unarmed.

12. Boehmeria. Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and thread-shaped, stig-

matic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate.

13. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alternate,

entire.

1. ULMUS [Tourn.] L. Elm

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments.
Ovary 1-2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of
each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. Fruit a
1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara. Albumen none ; cotyledons large.
— Flowers purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters. Leaves strongly straight-
veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shapiil at base.
Stipules small, caducous. (The classical Latin name.)

* Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular^ not ciliate ; leaves very rough above.

\. U. fulva Michx. (Slippery or Red E.) Buds before expansion soft-
downy with rusty hairs ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate, 1-2
dm. long, sweet-scented in drying, soft-downy beneath or slightly rough down-
ward ; branchlets and pedicels downy ; calyx-lobes and staniens A-U ; fruit (1.6-
L8 cm. wide) icith the cell pubescent. — Kich soil, w. Que. and N. E. to L. Huron,
the Dakotas, and southw. Mar., Apr. — A small or middle-sized tree (15-20 m.
high), with tou2:h reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.

2. U. CAMPE^TRis L. (ExoLisn E.) A large irregularly branch'-d tree with
glabrous pedicels B,nd large suborbicular alabrous fruit. —Commonly planted for
shade, and tending to escape. — Variable ; some forms with corky-wmged
branchlets. (Introd. from Eu.)

» * Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, lohich are jointed above the middle;

fruit ovate or oral, fringed-ciliate ; leaves snmoth above or nearly so.

-I- Flowers vernal, appearing bifore the leaves.

3. U. americana L. (American or White E.) Buds glabrous; branches
not corky; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply ond often ^

34t) URTICACEAE (^NETTLE FAMILY)

doubly serrate (5-10 cm. long), soft-pubescent beneath or soon glabrate ; flowers
in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the
margins (1.2 cm. long), its sharp points incurved and closing the notch. — Moist
woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. Apr. — A large and well-known
ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spreading branches and droop-
ing branchlets.

4. U. racembsa Thomas. (Cork or Rock E.) Bud-scales doiony-ciliate smd
somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with corky
ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ;
flowers racemed ; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. ( U. Thomasi
Sarg.) — River-banks and calcareous ridges, w. Que. and w. Vt. to Ont. and
Minn., s. to Mo. and Ky. — A large and very valuable tree.

5. U. alata Michx. (Wahoo or Wixged E.) Bud-scales and branchlets
nearly glabrous; branches^ at least some of them, corky-winged \ leaves downy
beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (3-6 cm. long);
calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face when young. — Va. to s. Ind., s.
Mo., and southw. Mar. — A small tree.

•I- -t- Flowers autumnal^ appearing long after the leaves.

6. U. ser5tina Sarg. Tree of moderate size ; leaves narrowly obovate, acumi-
nate, doubly serrate, paler and soft-pubescent beneath ; flowers racemose ; calyx
cleft nearly to the base, its divisions very narrow ; fruit rhombic-ovate, 2-horned,
5 mm. broad. — Limestone hills and bottoms, s. Ky. to n. Ala. and Ga.

2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. Planer Tree

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with"2 spreading styles which are stigmatose down the
inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous. — Trees with small leaves, like those of
Elms, the flowers appearing with them in small axillary clusters. (Named for
J. J. Planer, 1743-1789, a German botanist and professor at Erfurt.)

1. P. aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. (Water Elm.) Nearly glabrous;
leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough
projections. — Coastal swamps, N. C. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in the Miss, basin
to Mo. , s. 111. and Ky. Apr. — A rather small tree.

3. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. Nettle-tree. Hackberry

Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single
suspended ovule ; stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Cotyledons folded
and crumpled. — Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs,
peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower usually staminate only, fascicled
or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (A name of Pliny's
for an African species of Lotus, transferred to this genus perhaps on account
of the sweet berries) .

1. C. occidentalis L. (Sugarberry.) Leaves reticulated, ovate, cordate-
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicuously and sharply so,
more or less oblique at base, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or only
toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft-pubescent
beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellowish, turning dark purple at
maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole. (O. canina Raf.)

— Woods and river-banks, w. Que. and N. E. to Man., and southw. Apr., May.

— A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and
edible fruits as large as bird-cherri.*s, at first obovoid, ripe in autumn ; the flesh
thin. Variation as to stature, foliage, form and color of fruit, etc., great in
extent but withomt clear correlation. Var. ptJMiLA Muhl. is a dwarf form, being
merely a low straggling shrub. Var. crassif6lia (Lam.) Gray is a tree and
may often be distinguished by its pubescent branchlets and large (9-13 cm.
long) commonly cordate leaves scabrous on the upper surface.

2. C. mississippi6nsis Bosc. Leaves entire (rarely few-toothed), very long-

UBTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) 347

taper-pointed, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small.

— Ciiiefly in rich bottom-lands, s. Ind. to Mo. (Biish), and s. to Fla. and Tex!

— A small tree with warty bark. (Mex., Bermuda.)

4. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L. Hemp

Flowers green ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 5
sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved.

— A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7 linear-lancooliitc cnarsoly
toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of very tough libers. (The
ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.)

I. C. SATivA L. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Asia.)

5. HtTMULUS L. Hop

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and
5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins ;
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort oi mem-
branaceous strobile. Achene invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Em-
bryo coiled in a flat spiral. — Twining rough perennials, with stems almost
prickly downward, and mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmateiy 3-7-lobed
leaves. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.)

1. H. Liipulus L. (Common H.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, commonly longer
than the petioles ; bracts, etc., smoothish ; the fruiting calyx, achene, etc.,
sprinkled ^vith yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness and aroma to
the hop. — Alluvial banks, rubbish heaps, etc., common. July. (Pkirasia.)

2. H. JAPONicus Sieb. & Zucc, with smaller more deeply 5-lobed leaves and
herbaceous bracts ivithoiit glandular atoms, occasionally escapes from frequent
cultivation. (Introd. from Japan.)

6. MACLtfRA Nutt. Osage Orange, Bois d'Arc

Flowers dioecious ; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx,
and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with
a 4-cleft calyx inclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted ; ovule pen-
dulous. Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albu-
men none. Embryo recurved. — Trees with entire pinnately veined leaves,
axillary peduncles, and stout axillary spines. (Named for the early American
geologist, William Maclure.)

1. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. A tree 10-15 m. high; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining; syncarp
globose, yellowish-green, 7-10 cm. in diameter. {loxylon llaf. ; Toxylon Sarg. ;
M. aurantiaca Nutt.)— Rich soil, s. Mo. to n. Tex.; extensively used for
hedges and sometimes spontaneous eastw. — Wood bright orange.

7. BROUSSONETIA L'H^r.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in flexuous aments ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4 ;
filaments inflexed in bud ; fertile flowers in dense globular tomentose luads.
Leaves alternate, ovate, often irregularly lobed, pubescent and more or less
scabrous. (Named for Auguste Broussonet, of Montpellier, pliysician and
naturalist.)

1. B. PAPYRfFERA (L. ) Vcut. (Paper Mulberry.) Often cultivated and
said to escape in the Middle Atlantic States and south w. (Introd. from Asia.)

8. MdRUS [Toum.] L. Mulberry

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 ■
filaments elastically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and
disappearing ; styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate,

348 URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY^

compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole spike thus
becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. (Tlie classical
Latin name.)

L M. rubra L. (Red M.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downv
beneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently dioecious ;
fruit dark purple, long. — Rich woods, w. N. E. to s. 'Jtit., the Dakotas, e. Kan.,
and south w. May. — Large tree, ripening its blackbeny-like fruit in July.

2. M. ALBA L. (White M.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate,
sometimes lobed, smooth and shining; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous neai
houses. (Introd. from Eu.)

9. URTiCA [Tourn.] L. Nettle

Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, clustered, the clusters mostly in
racemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted
around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in "pairs ; the
2 outer smaller and spreading ; the two inner flat or concave, in fruit mem-
branaceous and inclosing aehene. — Stipules in our species distinct. Flowei-s
greenish ; in summer. (The classical Latin name ; from urei'e, to burn.)

* Perennials ; Hower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious.

-t- Petiole more than half as long as the leaf-breadth.

1. XT. gracilis Ait. Slender (0.6-8 m. hiuh), sparingly bristly and often with
some short grayish pubescence ; leaves iiarroLoly lance-oblong, 1-5 cm. broad,
pointed, serrate, 3— 'j-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base,
almost glabrous, with relatively small teeth (25-35 on eacn side the middle leaves) ;
spikes slender and loosely panicled. — Fence-rows and moist ground, common.

2. U. Lydllii Wats. Sparingly bristly and sometimes grayish pubescent ;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly 3-7 cm. broad, usually cordate, with
fewer and coarser teeth (15-23 on each side) ; otherwise n)uch like the pre-
ceding.— Alluvial thickets and waste places, Nfd. to Ct. and w. N. Y. ; also
Rocky Mts. and westw.

•»- -^ Petioles less than half as long as the leaf-breadth.

3. U. DiofcA L. (Stingixg N.) Very bristly and stinging, 6-9 dm. high ,
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy beneath as well as
the upper part of the stem ; spikes much branched. — Waste places and road-
sides, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole,

androgynous.

A. U. tiRExs L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate
with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones ;
flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. — Waste grounds, near dwellings,
eastw. ; scarce. — Plant.1-3 dm. high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. U. chamaedryoides Pursh. I^eaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; floicer-clusters globular, 1-2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. — Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky. to the
Gulf States ; casual northw. — Slender, 2-7 dm. high, sparsely beset with stings.

10. LAP6rTEA Gaud. Wood Nettle

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. Fl.
Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. Fl. Calyx of 4
sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much
larger. Stigma hairy down one side, persistent. Aehene ovate, flat, reflexed
on the winired or margined pedicel, nearly naked. — Perennial herbs with large
serrate leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for FranQois L. de Lapoi'te,
Count of Castelnau, Entomologist of the IQth century.)

SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) ^49

1. L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Stem 6-9 dm. high; leaves ovate, pointed
strongly feather-veined (7-15 cm. long), lou.u-petioled ; ftTiile cymes divergent-
stipule single, 2-cleft. {Urticastrum divaricatum Ktze.)— Hich woods, i^. B.'
to Ont., Minu., and south w. July-Sept.

11. PfLEA Lindl. Richweed. Ci.earweed

Flov^rers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert
Fl. Sepals 3, more or less unequal, a rudiment of a stamen commonly before
each in the form of a hooded scale. — Stingless, mostly glabn.us and low
herbs, with united stipules ; the staminate flowers often mixed with the fertile.
(Named from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower in ihe original
species, which partly covers the achene, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the
Romans.)

1. P. pumila (L ) Gray. Low (1-5 dm. high); stems smooth and shining,
pellucid; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, 8-ribbed and veiny; flower-
clusters much shorter tlian the petioles; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate,
scarcely unequal. {Adicea Raf.) — Cool and moist shaded places July-Sept.

12. BOEHMERIA Jacq. False Nettle

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ;
the fertile with a tubiilar or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx inclosing
the ovary. Style elongated-awl-shaped, stigmatic and pai)illose down one
side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persL^tent compressed
calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. B. Boehmer, professor at Wittenberg in
the 18th century.)

1. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. Perennial, smoothish or somewhat pubescent ; stem
(3-9 dm. high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved ; stipules distinct ; petioles
mostly elongated; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small
clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile
interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at the apex. —
Moist or shady ground, centr. Me. to Ont., and south w. — Very variable.

Var. scabra Porter. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, less sharply pointed, smaller,
and scabrous-pubescent. — N. J. and Pa., and southw. and westw.

13. PARIETARIA [Tourn.] L. Pellitory

Flowers monoeciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect
intermixed in the same cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile much as in the
last ; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved calyx inclosing
the ovary and the ovoid achene. — Homely diffuse or tufted herbs, not, stinging,
with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin
name, because growing on old walls.)

1. P. pennsylvdnica Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched,
minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish, with opaijue
dots ; flowers shorter than the involucre; stigma sessile. —Shaded rocky banks,
Little Cranberry I., Me. {Bedfidd) ; e. Mass. and Vt. to Ont., Minn., and
southw. June- Aug.

P. DEBiLis Forst., with small ovate leaves (8-11 mm. long), few-flowered
axillary clusters, and short involucres {about equaling the flowers), has been
found once on Pautuckaway Mt., s.e. N. H (Eaton), where probably of casual
introduction. (Eurasia, Pacific N. Am., S. Am.)

SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4-5-cleft calyx valvate in the
bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary; ovules 2-4, suspended from the

350 SANTALACEAE QSANDALWOOD FAMILY^

apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, hut
the {indehiscent) fruit always \-seeded. — ^eQ^ destitute of any proper seed-coat.
Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them
into the edge of a fleshy disk. Style 1. A small family, chiefly tropical.

1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials.

2. Pyrularia. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Shrub, with alternate leaves.
8. Westronia. Flowers dioecious. Shrub, with opposite leaves.

1 . COMAnDRA Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell- or urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an
adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Anthers connec«-ed by a tuft of
thread-like hairs to the calyx-lobes. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned
by the persistent calyx-lobes. Smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, with
herbaceous stems from a rather woody base, alternate and almost sessile leaves,
and sreenish-white flowers. (Name from Kbixt], hair, and avf)p, a man, in allu-
sion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.)

1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Rootstock underground ; flowering stems
1.5-4 dm. high, branched, very leafy ; leaves oblong, thin, pale betieath, 1-3.5
cm. long, the pale midrib prominent beneath ; inflorescence an ellipsoid
panicle with many cymules of small flowers on divergent branches ; calyx-tube
conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the
lobes oblong ; style slender. —Dry ground, centr. Me. to Wise, and Ga. May,
June. —Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees and shrubs.

2. C. Richardsiana Fernald. Rootstock superficial, very elongate and freely
branching ; flowering stems 0.5-2.5 dm. high, very leafy ; the strongly ascending
green leaves lanceolate to ovate, /nn, not paler beneath, obscurely veiny ; inflo-
rescence corymbose, 1-3 cm. broad, of 1-6 few-flowered cymules on ascending
branches. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, e. Que. to Assina., s. to the Great Lakes,
Mo., and Kan. May-Aug.

3. C. pallida A. DC. Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acute, linear to
narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or some-
what cuspidate ; fruit ovoid, larger (6-10 mm. long), sessile or on short stout
pedicels. — Minn, to N. Mex. and westw.

4. C. livida Richards. Peduncles slender, axillary, S-5-flowered, shorter than
the oval leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ;
style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Bogs, sterile soil, etc.. Lab. to Mac-
kenzie, s. to s. N. B., mts. of n. N. E., Mich., and B. C. June, July.

2. PYRULArIA Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut

Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved, hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers.
Stamens 4 or 5, on very short filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands.
Fertile flowers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the
calvx, naked at the flat summit; style short and thick. Fruit fleshy, pear-
shaped. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled deciduous leaves and
small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. (Name a diminu-
tive of Pi/rus, from the shape of the fruit.)

1. P. pubera Michx. Shrubby, straggling (1-4 m. high), minutely downy
when young ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed at both ends, soft, very
veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike few-flowered, terminal ; calyx 5-cleft ;
fruit 2.5 cm. long. — Rich woods, mts. of Pa. to Ga. May. — Whole plant,
especially the fruit, imbued with an acrid oil.

3. NESTRdNIA Raf.

Calyx 4-5-lobed. Staminate flowers in 3-8-flowered slender-peduncled um-
bels ; the pistillate solitary, jointed upon short peduncles springing from opposite

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTH WORT FAMILY) 351

axils. Leaves oval, thin, deciduous, short-petioled. (Name said by its authoi
to be derived from a Greek word for Daphne.) Dauby a Gray.

1. N. umb^llula Raf. Low shrub, 3-8.5 dm. high; leaves 3-(3 cm. lone,
mostly acute ; flowers small, greenish; drupes at length globo.se, 1-1.3 cm. fa
diameter. (Darbya umbellulata Gray.)— Parasitic on roots of trees, Va. to S, C.
and Ala. Apr., May.

LORANTHAcEAE (Mistletoe Family)

Chiefly shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish^ yellowish^ or olive-brown
foliage^ parasitic on trees,

1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves follaceous.

2. Arceuthobium. Anthers 1-celled. Berry compressed. Leaves scale-like, connate.

1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. False Mistletoe

Flowers small, dioecious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several
to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular.
3(rarely 2-4)-lobed ; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the
base of each lobe ; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary ;
stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. — Yellowish-green woody para-
sites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched stems and thick
firm persistent leaves. (Name composed of 0wp, a thief, and d^pdpov, tree; from
the parasitic habit.)

1. P. flav^scens (Pursh) Nutt. (American Mistletoe.) Leaves obovate,
glabrous. — On various deciduous trees, chiefly at low altitudes, N. J. and e. Pa,
to Fla. and N. Mex., inland in Miss, basin to Mo., s. Ind., and centr. O.

2. ARCEUTH6bIUM Bieb.

Calyx mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate
2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry
compressed, on a short recurved pedicel. — Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with
rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves. (From &pKev6os, the juniper,
and ^los, life.)

1. A. pusillum Peck. (Dwarf Mistletoe.) Very dwarf, the slender scat-
tered or clustered stems 6-20 mm. high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut ;
scales obtuse ; flowers solitary in most of the axils ; fruit narrowly ellipsoid,
2 mm. long. (Basoumofskya Ktze.) — On Picea and Larix, Nfd. and e. Que.
to Pa. and n. Mich. ( Wheeler). Apr., May. — Often causing " witch's brooms "
on the host-plant.

ARISTOLOCHIAcEAE (Birthwort Family)

'Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid
calyx valvate in bud and coherent {at least at base) with the 6-celled ovary,
which forms a many-seeded 6-celled capsule or berry iji fruit. Stamens b-\'2,
more or less united with the style ; anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled,
mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe,
and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of bitter-tonic oi
stimulant, sometimes aromatic, plants.

1. Asarum. Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments.

2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers odntte to

the stlsrmft.

352 ARISIOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWOKT FAMILY^

1. As ARUM [Tourn.j L. Asarabacca. Wild Gingek

Calyx regular; the limb o-cleft or -parted. Petals 0-3, when present rudi
oientary, awl- shaped, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Tips of the filaments
usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globu-
lar, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds large, thick. — Stemless perennial
herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one
or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-
peduncled flower close to the ground in the lower axil ; in spring. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. Calyx-tuhe icholly adnate to the ovary, the tips injiexed in hud; filaments
slender, much longer than the short anthers; style barely 6-1 obed at the sum-
mit, with 0 radiating thick stigmas; leaves a single pair, unspotted.

1. A. canadense L. Soft-pubescent ; leaves membranaceous, kidney- shaped,
more or less pointed (1-1.5 dm. wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the
upper part of the short-pointed lobes more or less spreading, brown-purple inside.
— Rich woods ; common, especially nonhw. Var. reflex um (Bicknell) Robin-
son. Calyx-segments short, deltoid, early and rather abruptly reflexed. {A.
refiexum Bicknell.) — Ct., southw. and westw. Var. acuminatum Ashe.
Calyx-segments caudate-acuminate, {A. acuminatum Bicknell.) — From Ct.
westw. ; the commonest form in the prairie states.

§ 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell- or flask-shaped, its base adnate to the lower half of
the ovary ; limb '^-cleft, short; anthers sessile or nearly so, oblong -linear ;
styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the
cleft ; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one each year, often whitish-
mottled; peduncle very short; rootstocks clustered, ascending. — Hexastylis
Raf. (§§ 1 and 2 connect in foreign species.)

2. A virginicum L. Nearly glabrous ; leaves round-heart-shaped (about 6
cm. wide) ; calyx short, campanulate, about 2 cm. long, reticulated within ; anthers
pointless. {A. minus Ashe ; Hexastylis virginica Small.) — W. Va. and Va. to
Ga., in the mts.

A. HETKROPHYLLUM Ashc (witli " campanulatc " calyx and "oval" seed)
and A. Memmingeri Ashe (with "urceolate" calyx and " sharply triangular "
seed) cannot be satisfactorily distinguished in the material at hand.

3. A. grandiflbrum (Michx.) Small. Closely similar in habit and foliage ;
calyx very large, open-campamtlate, 2.5-5 cm. long. (A. macranthum Small ;
A. Shuttleworthii Britten; Hexastylis Shuttleworthii Small.)— Mts. of Va.,
Tenn., and N. C.

4. A. arifblium. Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (6-15 cm. long) ; calyx
short-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-pointed.
{Hexastylis Small.) — Va. to Fla. and La. A form (not always distinguishable)
with a more flask-shaped calyx has been described as A. Buthii Ashe.

2. ARIST0L6CHIA [Tourn] L. Birthwort

Calyx tubular ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted ;
sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short and fleshy 3-6-lobed or -angled sty-le.
Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very flat. — Twining, climbing, or
sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or
axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named from reputed medicinal proper-
ties).

* Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small
limb obtusely S-lobed; low herbs.

1. A. Serpentaria L. (Virginia Snakeroot.) Stems ^1.2-4.5 dm. high)
branched at base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped base
or halberd -form, mostly acutt or pointed ; flowers all next the root, short-
oeduncled. — Rich woods, Ct. to Fla., w, to Mich., Mo., and La. July. — The
tibrous aromatic-stimulant root is well known in medicine.

Ir^OLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY; 855

Var. hastata (Nutt.) Duchartre. Leaves narrow, lanceolate or linear-
oblong, sagittate or auricula te-hastate. {A. hastata Nutt. ; A. Nashii Kearney ^
— tt. C. to Fla. and La. ; said to reach our southern limit in Va.

* * Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth the

short limb obscurely S-lobed ; very tall twining shrubs.

2. A. macrophylla Lam. (Pipe Vine, Dutchman's JMpe.) Nearly gla-
brous; leaves round-kidney-shaped (sometimes 4 dm. broad); pedunchs with a
clasping bract ; calyx (8 cm. long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border (A
Sipho L'H^r.) — Rich woods, Pa. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Kan. May.

3. A. toment5sa Sims. Downy or soft-hair)^; leaves round-hmrt-shaped
very veiny (8-16 cm. long) ; ccciyx yellowish with an oblique dark purple clo.sed
orijice and a rugose reflexed limb. — llich woods, N. C. to ila., w. to s. 111. and
Mo. June.

* * * Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample Q-Tobed limb, the lobes appendaged,

anthers equidistant; erect herbs; flowers in axillary cymose fascicles.

4. A. Clematitis L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, sometimes cultivated
has become locally established in the Atlantic States from N. Y. to Md. (Introd
from Eu.)

POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ocreae,
these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly
perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles
or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Fruit usually an achene, com-
pressed or 8-4-angIed or -winged. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the
3-6-cleft calyx.

* Flowers involucrate ; stamens 9 ; stipules none.

1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft,

* * Flowers without involucre ; stamens 4 to 8.

•<- Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the base of the cell.

++ Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fhilt.

2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform.

3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 8-angled.

++ ++ Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit ; achene triangular or lenticular.

4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Achenes inclosed by

the somewhat enlarged fi-uiting calyx (or exserted in a few species with lanceolate or
linear leaves).

5. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. Fruit much

exserted from the scarcely enlarged calyx. Leaves deltoid, sagittate or hastate.

6. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves linear. Plant

heath-like.

+- -8- Stipules obsolete ; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk.

7. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrenton the pedicel. Tendril-climber

1. ERIOGONUM Michx.

Flowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre 4-8-tootlied or -lobed, usually many-
flowered ; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious
bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens
9, upon the base of tl)e calyx. Styles .■■> ; stigmas capitate. Achene triangular.
Embryo straight and axial, with foliaceous cotyledons. — Leaves entire, without
stipules. (Name from epiov. loooL and 761'^, knee.)

I. E. longifblium Nutt. Perennial, erect ; leaves oblanceolate, acute 01
acutish, canescent beneath, the lower cuneate at base ; sepals linear, caudate

GtRAY'S MANUAL— 23

354 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

attenuate, villous-canescent. — S2indy woods and barrens, " s. Mo." to Fla.
and Tex.

2. E. Alldni Wats. Perennial, erect ; leaves oblong, canescent-tomentose
beneath, flocculent or glabrate above, the lower rather abrupt at base; inflores-
cence leafy; sepals elliptical, yellow, nearly glabrous. — Y>ry soil, mts. of W.
Va. and Va.

2. OXYRIA Hill. Mountain Sorrel

Outer sepals smaller and spreading, the inner broader and erect (but un-
chano-ed) in fruit. Stamens 0. Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Achene lenticular,
thiii,°flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing.
Embryo straight, in center of the albumen, slender. — Low alpine perennial,
with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the rootstock,
obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish to crimson flowers clustered in
panicled racemes on a stoutish 1-2-leaved stem. (Name from d^iis, sour, from
the acid leaves.) ^.-r tx j r

1. 0. digyna (L.) Hill. Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H., and far
northw. ; Rocky Mts. (Eu.)

3. RITMEX L. Dock. Sorrel

Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spread-
ino- in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored (in fruit called valves) and
convergent over the 3-angl^d achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle
on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved,
lying along one side of the albumen, slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and
honiely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in
panicled racemes; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient
Latin name ; of unknown etymology.)

a. None of the leaves halberd- or arrow-ohaped 6.
b. Valves entire or denticulate, 3-27 mm. broad c.
0. Grains of fruiting calyx 0, or single and minute, not one third as

long as the %-alves. . „

Valves very large, 15-27 ram. broad i- ^- 'venosus.

Valves 4-7 mm. broad.

Pedicels with tumid joints

Pedicels obscurely .jointed ••••,•;••
c. Grains 1-3, well developed, mostly one half to three fourths as
long as the valves d.
d. Pedicels filiform, curved or flexuous e.
e. Leaves crisped on the margin.

Grains chiefly plump and rounded at both ends . . . 5. Ji. ertspus.
Principal grains tapering at summit 6. Ji. elongatus.

' f. Pedicels with tumid joints, rarely exceeding the coriaceous
greenish, straw-colored, or dull brown calyx.

As broad as or broader than the wings of the valves . 7. R. pallidus

Narrower than the wings 8- ^- mexicanus.

Grain 1 . . . 9. ^. altissimus.

f. Pedicels obscurelv jointed, mostly exceeding the membra-

rr°a?nsl°'"^'^'''^^^'^''^^''' . • • ^. R- Britannica.

2. R. Patientia.

3. R. occidentalis.

Grain solitary ,. •, ^i • • • i" o o

Pedicels clavate, deflexed, straightish and slightly rigid, 2-3

R. occidentalis.

times as long as the subacuminate valves • •. • • }?• ^'^'^^^^^'^^'^l^t!,- o

h. Valves entire or nearly so, scarcely 2 mm. broad, grain-bearing . 11. i?. conglomeratus.

I. Valves with long sharp salient teeth at least near the base. ,r> « i,^ •.<• 7- .

Perennial; pedicels filiform, longer than the subherbaceous valves 12. R. oUusifoUus.
Perennial: pedicels thick, shorter than the thickish indurated

valves 13. ^. p^dcher.

Annual; teeth of the valves bristle-form \^. R. persvcarioi^es.

., Some or all the leaves halberd- or arrow-shaped. ik t> A„^-,^on

Valves much exceeding the fruit ; leaves arrow-shaped . . . ^^ "» fw ,/»;.,o
Valves much exceeding the fruit; leaves halberd-shaped . . .16. -«• ^«f/'™f •

Fruit exserted from the minute scarcely changed calyx . . . '7. K. A.ceioseua.

POLYGONACEAB (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

855

summer.)

K. venosus.
Fruiting calyx x 1.

C>»2. i:. Putientia.
Fruiting calyx x 1.

§1. LApATHUM [Tourn.] DO. (Dock.) Flowers perfect or monoeciously
^^!li?lT^^^' ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^arcely so. {Flowcrimj through the

1. R. venbsus Pursli. Stems from running
rootstocks, eruct (2-6 dm. high or less), with
conspicuous dilated stipules; leaves on short
but rather slender petioles, ovate or ol)long to
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, only the low-
est obtuse at base ; panicle nearly sessile, short,
dense in fruit ; valves entire, without grains,
cordate with a deep sinus, rose-color. — Sask,
to centr. Mo., and westw, Fjg. 691.

2. R. Patientia L. (Patience D.) A very
tall species, green and glabrous or nearly so, with
ovate-oblong and lanceolate
leaves (broadest above the
base), those from the root

6-9 dm. long and 1-1.5 dm. broad ; pedicels with tumid
joints; one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves
(6 mm. broad) usually bearing a very small grain, or its
midrib merely thickened at base. — Rich open soil, Nfd. to
N. Y. and Pa. (Nat. from Eurasia.) Fig. 692. Var. kur-
Dicus Boiss. Grain conspicrious, 2-3 mm. long. — Mich, to
Mo., and westw. (Nat. from Eurasia.)

3. R. occidentalis Wats. Smooth, stout, erect, usually purple-tinged ; leaves
large, flattish; pedicels obscurely jointed ; valves broadly ovate
or orbicular, somewhat obtusely pointed, often denticulaie,
6-9mm. broad, all naked or one of them grain-bearing. — Hich
(often brackish) soil. Lab. to Alaska, s. to e. Me., Minn., N.
Dak., Col, and Cal. Fig. 693.

4. R. Britannica L. (Great Water D.)
(1-2 m. high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather
acute at both ends, transversely veined, and
with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, mcluding
the petiole, 3-6 dm. long, the middle rarely truncate or ob-
scurely cordate at base) ; racemes upright in a large com-
pound panicle, nearly leafless ; whorls
crowded ; pedicels obscurely jointed ; valves
orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, ob-
scurely heart-shaped at base, finely reticu-
lated, eiitire or repand-denticulate, all
grain-bearing o — Wet places, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ont., Minn.,
and Kan. Fig. 694.

5. R. crispus L. (Yellow D.) Smooth, 0.9-1.6 m.
high ; leaves with strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate,
acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at base ;
whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless
above; pedicels with tumid joints; valves round-heart-
shaped, obscurely denticiilate or entire, 4-6 mm. broad,
mostly all grain-bearing; the grains very plump, subglobose
to ellipsoid, with rounded ends. — \x\ cull ivated and waste
ground, very common. (Nat. from Eu.) Fio, 69').

6. R. elon'gXtus Guss. Resemblinix R. crispus, and per-
haps a variety of it ; grains lance-ovoid, attenuate. — Widely
distr., and becoming common. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. R. pdllidus Bigel. (White!).) Depressed or ascen.l
ing ; root white ; leaves glaucous, narrowly lanceolate, or

J5. Pv. crispus. the lowest oblong; the lotcest branches of the dense panicle
Leafxys* " spreading at nearly right angles; pedicels much shorur tlian

Fruiting calyx X 1V«. the wMtish-brown fruiting calyx; valves deltoid-ovat«, 3-4

Tall and stout

693. E. occidentalis.
Fruiting calvx x 1.

K. liritannica.
Fruitiig calyx x 1.

S56

POLYGONACEAE ^^BUCKWHEAT FAMILY^

696. E. pallidas.
Leaf X 1/3.
Fruiting calyces x 1%.

mm. long, the tips but slightly exceeding the conspicuous
whitish ovoid or lance-ellipsoid large grains; achenes 2-3
mm. long. {B. salicifolius Man. ed. 6, in part, not Wein-
mann.) — Salt marshes, beaches and rocks, coast of N. S.,
N. B., and N. E. Fig. 696.

8. R. mexicanus M^eisn. Upright; leaves linear-lance-
olate to narrowly oblong, pale green or glaucous ; panicle
very dense, its branches strict or strongly ascending; pedi-
cels shorter than or sometimes exceeding the olive- to
ruddy-brown deltoid-ovoid calyx; valves 3.5-6
mm. long, the tips much exceeding the narrowly
ellipsoid to subulate brown grains; achenes
1.7-2.3 mm. long. {B. salicifolius Man. ed. 6,
in part, not Weinmann.) — Rich (often brack-
ish) soil, Lab. and Nfd. to Assina. and B. C,
locally s. to centr. Me., Mich., and Mo. ; and
abundant along the Rocky Mts. to centr. Mex.
Fig. 697.

9. R. altissimus Wood. (PaleD.) Rather
tall (1-2 m. high); leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cau-
line, 7-15 cm. long, contracted at base
into a short petiole); racemes spike-like
and panicled, nearly leafless ; whorls
crowded ; pedicels nodding, shorter than
the fruiting calyx; valves broadly ovate
or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acut-
ish, entire, loosely reticulated, one with a conspicuous grain,
the others with a thickened midrib or naked. — Alluvial
soil, Ct. to Neb., and southw. (Mex.) Fig.
698.

10. R. verticillatu3 L. (Swamp D.) Rather
tall (1-1.6 m. high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale green,
the lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes
nearly leafless, elongated, loose, the whorls
crowded or the lower ones distant ; fruit-bear-
ing pedicels slender^ dHub-shaped, abruptly re-
Jlexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting
calyx; valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely some-
what pointed, strongly rugose-reticidated, each
bearing a very large grain. — Wet swamps,
w. Que. and Vt. to w. Ont., and southw. Fig.
699.

11, R. conglomeeXtus Murr. Smoothish;
leaves oblong ; panicle leafy ; pedicels short ;
valves obtuse, subentire, all grain-bearing, the

callosities relatively large and conspicu-
ous. — Va. (Curtiss according to Tre- 69». k- 'fer-
lease) to S. C. ; also Cal. (Adv. from ticiUat'is.

Eu.) Leaf X 1/3.

12. R. OBTUSIF6LIUS L. (Bitter D.) ^JJces" x i!*"
Stem roughish ; loicest leaves ovate-heart-
shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins beneath,
somewhat wavy-margined, the upper oblong-lanceo-
late, acute; imhorls loose and distant; valves jvate-
700 R obtusifolius halberd-shaped, loith some sharp aid-shaped teeth

Base of leaf xV, ^^ ^«^«' Strongly reticulated. — Fields, roadside

Two whorls of infloresence x 1. ditches, etc., very common. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.

Fruiting calyx x 2^^. 700.

698. R. altissimus.
Leaf x i/g.
Fruiting calyces x 1"%.

POLYGON ACE AE ^BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

857

701. R. pulcher.
A bit of infloi-es

ceiice X 1.
Fruiting calyx x 2

Ont. to 111..

K. p«i.

-joiiles.

702.

bicarx:

Fruitlnj,'

calvx X V5.

Fruiting calyx x :
the lowermost.

13. R. PULCHER L. Leaves oblong, frequently constricted

above the base, mostly acute ; valves ovale, iiuiiiy-t(joilH'd
sooii coriaceous, very slronyly reticulated. — Bnlliiiii -rounds'
etc., Va. to La. ; Cal. (Adv. iiom Eu.) Fig. 70 L '

U. R. persicarioides L. ((jIolden D.) Mi-
nutely pubescent, dillusely branched, 2-0 dm. high ;
leaves lance-linear, wavy-marghied, the lower au-
ricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls excessively
crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ;
valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing
2-3 lo)ig awn-like bristles on each side, and a large
grain on the back. (E. maritimus ALan. ed. 6, not
L.)— Sea-shore, Que. to N. C. ; also in brackish or saline places,
and westw. Fig. 702.

§ 2. ACET6sA [Tourn.] DC (Sorrel.) Flowers dioecious,
small, in a terminal naked panicle ; herbage sour; somi
leaves arrow- or halberd-shaped; smooth perennials^
spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring.

15. R. Acet6sa L. (Garden S.) Erect,
3-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong or broadly
lanceolate, arrow-shaped; valves rounded at
the apex, 4 mm. broad. — Lab. to Pa., and
westw. ; frequent near Quebec, compara-
tively local southw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
703.

16. R. hastatulus Baldw. Stem simple,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear or lanceolate,
some of them hastate with divaricate basal
lobes ; valves ovate, 2.5 mm. broad. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, e. Mass. to Fla. and
Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to 111., Mo., and
Kan. Fig. 704.

17. R. AcKTOSELLA L. (FiEi.u or Sheep
S.) Low (1-3 dm, high) ; leaves narrow-
lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least

the narrow lobes entire, widely spreading ;
pedicels jointed at the summit; sepals
scarcely enlarged in fruit, exceeded by the naked achene.
— A common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 705.

704. R. hastatulus.
Leaf X Va-
Fruiting calyces x 2.

705. E. Acetosella.
Leaf X 1.
Fruiting calyx X 2.

4. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Knotweed

Calyx 4-6(mostly 5)-parted ; the divisions often petal-
like, all erect in fruit, withering or persistent. Stamens
3-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3; achene accordingly lentic-
ular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove cm the
outside of the albumen and curved halfway around it ; the radicle and usually
the cotyledons slender. Pedicels jointed. — Ours all herbaceous, w'th librous
roots (except in P. viviparum), flowering through late summer and early
autumn. (Name composed of iroXv-, many, and ybw, knee, fn^n the numerous
joints.)

§ 1. AVICULArIA Meisn. Flowers in axillanj fascicles or spicate tcith foUa-
ceous bracts ; leaves and bracts jointed upon a very short petiole adnate to
the short sheath of the 'I-lobed or lacerate scarious stipules ; stems striate ;
calyx [)-(5-parted, usually more or less herbaceous ; stainens 3-8, the 3 inr tr

35$

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

filaments broad at base; styles 3; cotyledons incumbent; albumen horny;
glabrous annuals, except nos. 1 and 2.

lonf

A.chenes conspicuously exserted.
Prostrate, maritime ; achene broadly ovoid-pyramidal.
Calyx-lobes petaloid, broadly obovate ; foliage nearly white
Calyx-lobes subherbaceous, oblong ; foliage pale green .
Erect ; achene elongated, lanceolate-pyramidal .
Achenes nearly or quite included by the fruiting calyx.
Branches terete or nearly so. x < o ^ c

Flowers small; sepals (normally 5) white or roseate, 1.3-1. b
pedicels included. .

Erect much branched ; leaves Unear-oblong, slightly rigid ; flowers

much surpassed by the bristle-like remnants of the stipules
Prostrate or rarely erect ; leaves not firm, bluish green ; flowers
mostly exserted bevond the hyaline flaccid torn stipules
Flowers larger, the pedicels exserted ; sepals (often 6) 2-3 mm. long.

Leaves elliptical, yellowish green, obtuse

Leaves lanceolate, acute

Branches rather sharply angled.

Leaves strongly plicate ; flowers erect . . _

Leaves flat with revolute margins ; flowers nodding ....

1. P. maritimum.

2. P. Foicleri.

3. P. exsertum.

4. P.prolificum.

5. P. aviculare.

6. P. erectum.

T. P. rantosissimum,

8. P. ienue.

9. P. Douglasii.

706. P. maritimum.
Flowering branch x %
Fruiting calyx X 3.
Stem-leaf x 1.

707. P. Fowled.
Upper part of stem

X %•
Fruiting calyx x 3.

1. P. maritimum L. Prostrate, very
glaucous, nearly white; leaves mostly
small, linear-oblong, very thick, usually
exceeding the short internodes ; stipules
silvery ; sepals broadly obovate, petaloid,
contracted at the base, the broad ro-
seate tips inclining to spread in fruit.
— Sandy sea-coast^ Mass. to Fla., local.
(Eu.) Fig. 706.

2. P. Fowleri Robinson. Prostrate,
pale green; leaves narrowly elliptic,
about equaling the full grown inter-
nodes; sepals oblong, herbaceous with
white or roseate margin, not con-
tracted at the base, rather closely ap-
pressed to the achene. (P. Bayi Am.
auth., not Babington.) — Sea-coast, e.

Canada and Me.; also Wash, to Alaska. Fig. 707.

3. P. exsertum Small. Erect much branched annual, 3-8
dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, rather light or pale green, 1-3
cm. long, usually exceeded by the internodes ; sepals oblong,
green, normally 5, unequal, closely appressed to the base
of the much exserted chestnut-colored ovate-lanceolate achene.

— Brackish meadows, N. B. to N. J. ;

and on sand-bars and prairies. 111., Mo.,

and Neb. to the Saskatchew^an. Fig.

708.

4. P. prolificum (Small) Robinson.
Erect or nearly so, much branched,
slightly rigid, 3 dm. high ; leaves linear-
oblong, obtuse or acute, firm, in a dried
state veiny ; stipules soon frayed to
bristle-like remnants surpassing considerably the small
sessile roseate 5-parted flowers. (P. ramosissinium, var.
Small.)— Sea-shore, e. Que. to Va. ; also Mo., Neb., and
Kan. Fig. 709.

5. P. aviculare L. Slender, mostly prostrate or ascend-
ing, bluish-green ; leaves lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, usually
acute or acutish ; sepals hardly 2 mm. long, green with
pinkish margins ; stamens 8 (rarely 5) ; achene dull and
minutely granular-striate, mostly included.— Common every-

xy, where in yards, waste places, etc. (Eurasia.) Fig. 710 a.

708. P. ^xsertum.
Fruiting calyx x 3.
Stem leaf x i^.

709. P. prolificum.
Flowering branches

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

359

710, P. aviculare.
a. Typical form x %.
6. V. littorale x %.

c. Stem-leaf of V. vegetum x %.

d. Stem-leaf of V. angust. X24.

doubtless elsewhere.
6. P. erectum L.

Var. littorHle (Link) Koch. Leaves
thick, often obtuse ; achenes slii^htiy
shining, obscurely i)unctate or jiunctate-
striate. (P. littorale Link.) — A mari-
time and littoral form sometimes char-
acteristic, but passing to the tyj ileal
form and separated by no constant
character. (Eu.) Fig. 710 6.

Var. vegetum Ledeb. LarL^er, erect
or nearly so ; the leaves (often ."> cm.
long) oblong or narrowly elli}.tic, thin,
the margins crisped. — Rich soil and in
shade. (Eu.) Fig. 710 c.
Var. angustissi-
« mum Meisn.
Leaves linear, 5-9
times as long as
broad. — Summit
of Mt, Monad-
nock, N. H., and
(Eu.) Fig. 710 d.

Stout, erect or ascending, yellowish-
green ; leaves elliptical^ 1.3-6 cm.
long, usually obtuse ; flowers yel-
lowish-green, about 3 mm. long,
on more or less exserted pedicels;
stamens 5-^ ; achene dull, included.
— Waysides, waste places, etc. Fig.
711.

7. P. ramosissimum Michx.
Erect or ascending, O.G-1.9 m. high,
yellowish-green; leaves lanceolate (2-5 cm. long),
acute; sepals 6, the 3 outer 2-3 mm. long, carinate,
cucullate at the summit, drying green with yellow mar-
gins ; the inner sepals smaller, yellow; stamens 3-6;
achene smooth, shining, included. (P. camporum of
Bit of flowering branch x %. ^^^^i. in part, not Meisn.) —Sandy soil, Me. and Mass.,
Stem-leaf X 2/3. j^^^^ . ^^ p^^ . jj^^ ^^ Minn., Tex., and westw. Fig.

712. Forma atlAnticum Robinson. Sepals 5 or rarely 6, roseate, not dning
yellow, nor even yellowish. — Frequent on the coast, Me. to R.I. In habit
identical with the typical western form.

8. P. tenue Michx. Stem angled, erect (1.5-4 dm. high),
glabrous, or slightly scabrous at the nodes ; leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate to linear, 2-5 cm. long, acute at each end,
A strongly plicate; flowers usually solitary, nearly

sessile, erect; stamens 8; achene included, dull
black.— Dry soil, s. Me. to S. C, w. to Man., Minn.,
Neb., and Tex. Fig. 713.

9. P. Douglasii Greene. Stem angled, erect; . . ^^
leaves lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, slightly -* '3-

^ rigid, the margins revolute but the surface not plicate ; pedicel!

714. P. Doug- short but slender; flowers soon deflexed. — Rocky or sterile soil
^^^^^' w. Me. to n. N. Y., Ont., and westw., local; common in Rockj

Stem-leaf X 2/3. ^^^^ Fig. 714.

§2. BISTORTA [Tourn.] L. Glabrous alpine perennials, with tldclchulh-Ukt
caudex and simple stems; flowers in a spike-like raceme; calyx colored,
deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, long.
10. P. viviparum L. Smooth, dwarf (4-35 cm. high), bearing a linear erect

spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place) ; leave >

711. P erectum.
Flowering branch x %.

712. P. ramosissimum
Fruiting calyx x 3.

713. P. tcnur.
Stem-leaf (cii*.
to sht)\v plicat )

360 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

lanceolate. — Alpine summits of N. E., shores of L. Superior, Col., and Utah to
Alaska and Greenl. (Eurasia.)

§ 3. PERSICAUIA [Tourn.] L. Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious
bracts; leaves not jointed on the petiole ; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, entire,
naked or ciliate-fringed or margined ; calyx colored, b-parted, appressed to
the fruit; stamens -i-S ; filaments filiform ; cotyledons accumbent.

Sheaths nearly or quite free from ciliation.
Annual ; achene compressed.
Faces of the achene umbonate ; style or stamens exserted • 17. P. longistylum.

Faces of the achene concave ; stj'le and stamens included.
Achene '2.0—2.9 mm. broad.

Leaves glabrous beneath 16. P. pennsylvanieum.

Leaves more or less flocculent-tomentose beneath, or tardily

glabrate . . . *. 12. P. tomentosum.

Achene 1.5-2 mm. broad 11. P. lapathifolium.

Perennial.

Spikes several in pedunculate panicles 13. P. dejisiflorum.

Spikes solitary or in pairs.
Leaves elliptical, obtuse or acute ; spikes 1.2-2A cm. long- ; pe-
duncles glabrous or nearly so 14. P. amphibium.

Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate ; spikes 3-10 era. Jong ;

peduncles hispid, often glandular 15. P. Muhlenhergii.

Sheaths bristly-ciliate.

Stem and peduncles glandular-hispid . 18. P. Careyi.

Stem and peduncles not glandular-hispid.
Sepals dotted with dark glands.

Achene dull 19. P. Hydropiper.

Achene shining 20. P. acre.

Sepals not dark-dotted.
Annual.
Leaves ovate; sheaths often with an herbaceous border . 21. P. orientale.

Leaves lanceolate ; sheaths without herbaceous border . , 22. P. Persicaria.
Perennial.
Sheaths with a spreading herbaceous border (14) P. amphihium, v. Ilariwrightii

Sheaths without herbaceous border.
Appressed-bristly ......... 23. P. setaceum.

Finely strigose or smoothi-jh 24. P. hydropiperoides.

11. P. Iapathif51ium L. Annual, branching, 0,6-2.4 m. high, glabrous or
the peduncles obsoletely glandular; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward from
near the cuneate base and acuminate, somewhat scabrous with short appressed
hairs on the midrib and margin ; sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate ;
spikes slender (1-5 cm. long), somewhat panicled, den^e, erect or nodding;
flowers white or pale rose-color ; stamens (5 ; achene ovate, rarely 2 mm. broad.
(P. incarnatum of auth. and ? Ell., the latter merely a robust large-leaved form
with long drooping spikes.) — Wet places, common and variable. (Eu.) Var.
nod6sum (Pers.) Weinmann is a stout form with strongly nodose stems spotted
with red dots.

12. P. tomentbsum Schrank. Annual, simple or moderately branched, 1-5
dm, high ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, acute or barely acuminate, at least
the lower retaining more or less flocculent tomentum on the under suiface;
peduncles distinctly glandidar ; spikes thickish, the lateral scarcely peduncled;
flowers larger and mostly paler than in the last. — Moist ground, Nfd., e. Canada,
and N. E. to Cal. and B. C, (Eu.) Passes to the usually dwarf var. ixcAnum
(Schmidt) Giirke with leaves all permanently white-woolly underneath. (P.
lapathifolium, var. Koch.) — Sandy shores, sphagnum bogs and occasionally on
rubbish heaps, N. E, to N. J, and w^estw., chiefly along the Great Lakes. (Eu.)

13. P, densifl5rum Meisn. Perennial, very stout ; leaves lanceolate, atten-
uate at each end, 2-3 dm. long, 3-6 cm. broad ; spikes several, slender, densely
flowered, rather rigidly erect, paniculate ; sheaths turbinate, much exceeded by
the slender pedicels ; styles 2 ; achene dark brown, strongly biconvex, smooth
and shining, 1.5 mm. broad. (P. portoricense Bertero.) — S. Mo, to S. C, La.,
and Tex. (Trop. Am.)

14. P. amphibium L. Perennial, aquatic or rooting in the mud, glabrous oi
nearly so, rarely branching above the rooting base ; leaves usually floating
smooth and shining above, mostly long-petioled, elliptical to oblong or some

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY> 36)

times lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base
(5-12 cm. long); peduncles glabrous: spike terminal, dense, ovoid or short-
cylindric (1.2-2.4 cm. long); flowers bright rose-color, 8-0 mm. loni,' ; the 5 sta-
mens and 2-cleft style exserted. — Lakes and pools, e. Que. to N. J., and westw •
widely distributed and rather common. (Eurasia.) Var. teukesthe Leers is
an erect terrestrial state with narrower acutish shortly petioled leaves scabrous
on the margin and often strigose-pubescent ; sheaths without herbaceous bor-
der. — Occasional with the typical form (also Eu.), and passing in Am. to Var.
Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell with spreading foliaceous borders on the stipular
sheaths. (P. Hartwrightii Gray.) — An ambiguous plant, sometimes clearly a
mere terrestrial and mostly sterile state occurring on the same rootstock as the
typical form ; but elsewhere seemingly a normal and well marked fertile variety.

15. P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Perennial, in muddy or dry places,
rarely in shallow water, decumbent or suberect, scabrous with short appressed
hairs; leaves lanceolate to ovate, narrowly acuminate (1-2 dm. long); peduncles
hispid and often glandular; spikes 3-10 cm. long, often in pairs; flowers and
fruit nearly as in the last. {P. emersum Britton.) — Que. and Me. to Fla"., and
westw. — Exceedingly variable in foliage and pubescence ; aquatic states often
have essentially glabrous and cordate leaves, while in plants of drier situations
these are sometimes narrowly lanceolate, acute at base, and conspicuously ap-
pressed-pubescent on both surfaces.

16. P. pennsylvanicum L. Annual; leaves lanceolate ; branches above and
especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands; flowers uniform, bright
rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted pedicels; stamen's usually 8;
achene nearly orbicular, over 2 mm. broad, at least one surface concave. — Moist
soil, in open waste places, centr. Me., westw. and south w. — Neither the stamens
nor style conspicuously exserted.

17. P. longistylum Small. Very like the preceding in habit and foliage;
flowers dimorphous, either the stamens or style conspicuously exserted; achenes
orbicular, shining, both surfaces convex in the middle. — From s. 111. and Mo. to
w. Kan. (Meehan), and southw.

18. P. Careyi Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (0.6-1.6 m. high) and pedun-
cles glandular-bristly ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to both ends,
roughish ; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined ; spikes slender, loose and nod-
ding ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly 5. — Swamps and recent clearings, Me.
to N. J., Ont., and Mich.

19. P. Hydr6piper L. (Common Smartweed or Water Pepper.) Annual,
3-6 dm. high, smooth ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, very acrid and peppery;
spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted ; flowers mostly greenish ; stamens
6; style 2-3-parted ; achene dull, minutely striate. — Moist or wet grounds;
apparently introduced southeastw., but indigenous northw. and westw. (Eu.)

20. P. acre HBK. (Water Smartweed.) Perennial, nearly smooth-,
stems rooting at the decumbent base, 0.6-1.6 m. high ; leaves lanceolate, atten-
uate, 7-12 cm, long, taper-pointed ; spikes erect, rather dense, distinctly pedun-
cled; flowers white or flesh-coior ; stamens 8; style mostly Z-parted ; achene
smooth and shining. (P. punctatumYA\., including var. robustius Small.) —
Wet places; e. Mass., westw. and southw. (Trop. Am.)

Var. leptostachyum Meisn. Annual, erect or slightly repent at the base,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, smaller, thinner, and lighter green than in the
type ; spikes elongated and very loosely flowered, not distinct} y peduncled, the
widely scattered flowers commonly extending down to the upper leaf-axils. (P.
punctatum, var. Small.) — Moist ground, common ; sometimes well marked, at
other times passing imperceptibly into the typical form.

21. P. orientXle L. (Prince's Feather.) Tall branching annual, soft-
hairy; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; sheaths ciliate or
often with an abrupt spreading border; flowers large, bright rose-color, in dense
cylindrical nodding spikes; stamens 7. —Sparingly escaped from gardens into
waste grounds. (Introd. from India.)

22. iP. PersicXria L. TLadv's Tuumb.) "Si^.wvXy smooth and glabrous {^-b
dm. high) ; sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,

362 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ;
spikes ovoid or short -cylindric, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular)
peduncles; stamens mostly 6 ; styles half 2-S-cleft ; achene gibbous-flattened or
sometimes triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places, very
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

23. P. setaceum Baldw. Perennial, stout, erect from a decumbent and
somewhat repent base, appressed-hirsute ; sheaths fringed with very long coarse
bristles ; inflorescence and flowers as in the next, the achenes slightly larger,
black, shining. —Mo. to S. C, Fla., and Tex. (Asia.)

24. P. hydropiperoides Michx. (Mild Water Pepper.) Perennial, not
acrid' stem smooth (3-9 dm. high), branching; the narrow sheaths hairy;
leaves' narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes
filiform, often interrupted at base (3-6 cm. long) ; flowers small, flesh-color or
nearly white ; sepals not dotted; stamens 8; achene sharply triangular, smooth
and shining. (P. opelonsamim Riddell.) — AVet places and in shallow water,
centr. Me., westw. and south w. Var. strig6sum Small (var. Macouni Small)
has the stem strigose, and is less frequent throughout our range.

§4. TOVARA (Adans.) Gray. Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and
slender spikes; calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally ^-parted,
stamens 5 ; styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular
achene.

25. P. virginianum L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (6-12 dm.
high) ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate
(7-15 cm. long) ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles
deflexed in fruit, minutely hooked. — Thickets in rich soil, N. H. to Ont., Minn.,
and southw. (Asia.)

§ 5. ECHINOCAULON Meisn. Erect or reclining annuals, armed with reflex
prickles on the angles of the stem, petioles, etc. ; flowers capitate or few in
a raceme ; leaves arrow- or halberd-shaped.

26. P. arifblium L. (Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem grooved-
angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat
racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ;
styles 2, very short ; achene lenticular (large). — Low grounds, N. B. to Ont., s.
to Ga., O., and Mich. (Asia.)

27. P. sagittatum L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem A-angled ;
leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens
mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; achene sharply 3-angled.—I^ow grounds, common.
— Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are
armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.)

§ 6. TINIArIA Meisn. Twining (except dwarf var. of no. 29), unarmed;
leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; flowers in panicled racemes; outer calyx-lobes
keeled or winged.

28. P. Convolvulus L. (Black Bindweed.) ^wmm?, twining or procum-
bent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, pointed;
flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled or nar-
rowly winged ; achene minutely roughened, dull, black. — Cultivated and waste
grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

29. P. cilinbde Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at
the base with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped,
taper-pointed ; racemes panicled ; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled ; achene very
smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills, e. Que. to mts. of N. C, w. to
Minn, and Athabasca. Var. erectum Peck (var. breve Peck) is a dwarf erect
form with the compound racemes chiefly terminal.

30. P. scdndens L. (Climbing False Buckwheat.) Perennial, smooth;
sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed;
racemes interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

363

broadly winged, 10-15 mm. long ; the wings often crisped, subentiie ; achene
smooth and shining, 4 mm. long. (P. dumetorum, var. Gray.) — Moist tliickets,
common except on our northern borders, — Twining 2-4 ni. over bashes!
(Japan.)

31. P. dumetbrum L. Similar to the preceding; fruiting calyx smaller,
5-7 mm. long; wings subentire ; achene black, shining, 2.0-8 mni. long.—
Woods and rich open places, Mass. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast ; inlaiid in
Miss, basin. (Eu.) Forma ciustXtum (Engelm. & Gray) Kobinson (P. cristatum
Engelm. & Gray) differs only in having the calyx-wings toothed. — Not rare
with and often scarcely distinguishable from the typical form.

§ 7. PLEUR6PTERUS (Turcz.) B. & H. Erect perennials, unarmed; leaves
round-ovate ; flowers in panicled racemes.

32. P. cuspidXtum Sieb. & Zucc. Stout and tall, glabrous except in the loose
axillary panicled racemes ; leaves round-ovate, shortly acuminate, truncate or
cordate at base ; outer sepals broadly winged in fruit. (P. Zuccarinii Small.)
— Occasionally escaped from gardens. (Introd. from Japan.)

5. FAGOPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Buckwheat

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted. Stamens 8. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate.
Achene 3-sided. Embryo large, in the center of the albumen, which it divides
into 2 parts, with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledoiLs. —
Annuals, with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical
sheaths, and corymbose racemes of white, greenish, or rose-colored flowers.
(Name from fagus, the beech, and irvpos, wheat, from the resemblance of the
grain to the beech-nut ; so the English name Buckwheat, from the German Buche,
beech.)

1. F. ESCULEXTUM Moeuch. (Buckwheat.) Smoothish ; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; achene acute and
entire, smooth and shining. (F. Fagjopyrum Karst.) — Old fields, remaining as
a weed after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June-Sept. (Introd, from
Eu.)

2. F. tatAricum (L.) Gaertn. (India-wheat.) Flowers very small, on
shorter pedicels ; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate. — An occa-
sional escape from cultivation, especially in n. N. Yj. and adjacent Canada.
(Introd. from Asia.)

6. POLYGONELLA Michx.

Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, loosely persistent about the achene, the 3 inner
divisions often enlarging in fruit, in which case the outer are usually spreading.
Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene 3-angular. Embryo slender,
straight or nearly so, toward one side of the albumen. — Slen-
der glabrous annuals or perennials, with
alternate mostly linear leaves jointed at the
base, and rather rigid truncate or oblique
naked sheaths or bracts. Flowers on solitary
pedicels (nodding in fruit) jointed near the
base, borne in slender panicled racemes.
(Diminutive of Polygonum.)

1. P. articulata (L,) Meisn. Annnal,
erect, branching, glaucous, 1-3 dm. high ;
leaves linear-filiform, deciduous ; flowers rose-color or white,
nodding, in very slender racemes, sepals subajual, all erect
and connivent about the fruit; achene exserted, smooth,— 7,^, i>. nmericana.
Dry sandy soil, Me. and n. N. H. to N. J. and scnithw. ; also branch x 1.
in the interior, chiefly in the region of the Great Lakes. — An bj^ ^,f f,.,iiting ra-
anomalous species with the calyx of a Polygomim. Fig. 715, ceme x 1,
2, P. americana (Fisch. & May.) Small. Perennial, frutes- Fruiting calyx x s.

715. P. articulata,.
Branch X 1,
Bit of fruiting raceme
xl.

364 CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)

cent; leaves linear, persisting; flowers larger; fruit 4 mm. long; the 2 outef
sepals small, at lemjth rejiexed. (P. ericoides Engelm. & Gray.) — S. Mo.
{Bush) to Ga. and Tex. Fig. 716

7. BRUNNICHIA Banks

Calyx-divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong,
connivent and coriaceous in fruit, the base and
almost the whole length of the pedicel winged
on one side. Stamens 8 ; filaments capillary.
Styles 3, slender ; stigmas depressed-capitate.
Ovule pendulous on a slender erect funiculus ;
seed erect, 6-grooved. Acheue obtusely trian-
gular, partly 8-celled, inclosed in the indurated
calyx. — Somewhat shrubby, with grooved
stems, climbing by tendrils from the ends of
the branches. (Named for M. T. Brunnich^ a
Norse naturalist of the 18th century.)

1. B. cirrh5sa Gaertn. Leaves ovate, pointed,
entire ; petioles dilated at base, but with no dis-
tinct sheath or stipules ; flowers greenish, 2-5
717. B. cirrhosa. " In a fascicle, crowded in axillary and terminal

Leaf xl^. racemes; fruiting calyx with the wing 2.4-2.7

Bit of fruiting raceme X 1. cm. long. — Thickets, s- 111. and Mo. to Tex.,

Fla., and S. C. Fig. 717.

CHENOPODlACEAE (Goosefoot Family)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, loith mostly alternate
leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute usually greenish flowers, with
the free calyx imbricated in the bud, the stamens as many as its lobes, or occa-
sionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the \ -celled ovary
becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a
ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduplicate, or
spiral. Calyx persistent, mostly inclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2,
rarely 3-5. — Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants ; several are pot-herbs,
such as Spinach and Beet.

* Embryo coiled into a ring about the usually copious central albumen ; leaves flat, not spiny ;

stem not jointed.

"t- Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled ; calyx S-5-toothed

or -parted, obvious, persistent; seed-coat crustaceous.

1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membranaceous

wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.

2. Kochia. Like no. 1, but wing 5-Iobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.

3. Roubieva. Calyx 3-5-toothed, becoming saccate and reticulated. Leaves pinnatifid.

4. Chenopodium. Calyx 3-5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.

«- -J- Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in clusters, mostlj^ spiked, the calyx 3-5
parted ; the pistillate without calyx, inclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts.
6. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.

-i- -i- ^- Flowers polygamous, clustered in the axils, l-sejialed, ebracteolate.

6. Monolepis. Annual herb with lanceolate-hastate leaves ; fruit a utricle.

-I- -»- -i- -i- Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves.

7. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, fattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear.

•* Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate ; no albumen ; stem fleshy, jointed ; leaves
reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth ; flowers densely spiked, perfect.

CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)

965

8. SaliCOrnia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utrlcle-lIke,

* * * Embryo coiled into a spiral ; albumen mostly none ; leaves fleshy, alternate.

9. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.

10. SalSOla. Embryo couical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves epinescent.

1. CYCLOLOmA Moq. Winged Pigweed

Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx with the concave lobes
r^^^ ^^^"^"S'y keeled, at length ai)pei)daged witli a broad
-S^^ and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens
6. Styles o (rarely 2). — A much branched coarse
annual, with alternate sinuate-toothed i)eli«»led
leaves, and very small scattered sessile tluwers in
open panicles. (Name composed of kvkXos, a circle,
and \Qfxa, a border, from the encircling wing of the
calyx. )

1. C. atriplicifblium (Spreng.) Coult. Diffuse

n-,0 r^ <. ■ V -^ V (1.3-5 dm. high), more or less arachnoid-pubes-

718. c atnphcifo mm. ^^^^ ^^ glabrate, light green or often deep purple.

Flowering branch x %. ^ ^_ platyphyllum Moq.) - Sandy soil, Man to s.

Mature flower from above X 11/3. ^nd.,"^ Ark., and westw. across the plkins ; locally

introd. eastw. Fig. 718.

2. k6CHIA Roth.

Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and
the albumen wanting. (Named for W. D. J. Koch, a German botanist, 1771-
1849.)

1. K. ScoPARiA (L.) Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate,
branching ; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear ; flowers in sniall axillary
clusters, sessile ; each sepal at length developing a narrow thickish dorsal wing
or appendage. — Frequently cultivated for its bright autumnal color ; locally
established as a weed. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. ROUBIEVA Moq.

Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils.
Calyx urceolate, o-5-toothed, contracted at the apex and inclosing the fruit.
Stamens 5, included ; styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed,
glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo annular. — Perennial glandular herb,
with alternate pinnatifid leaves. (Dedicated to Prof. G. J. Boiibieu of Mont
pellier.)

1. R. MULTiFiDA (L.) Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy
leaves lanceolate to linear (1.2-1.8 cm. long), deeply pinnatifid witli narro\A
lobes ; fruiting calyx obovate. — Sparingly introduced in the Atlantic States.
(Adv. from S. A.)

4. CHENOPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Goosefoot. Pigweed

Flowers all bractless. Calyx 5 (rarely 4) -parted or -lobed, more or less en«
veloping the fruit. Stamens mostly 5 ; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3.
Seed lenticular, horizontal (i.e. with its greatest diameter at riglit angles to the
floral axis) or vertical ; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albuiiicn.
— Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in
small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from x^?"' « goose, and
irovs, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are mostly
annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn.

366 CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)

a. Glandular, more or less aromatic. « ^ i • -^
Flowers glomerate ; glomerules in bracteate or almost naked spikes 1. C. amOrosioideii.
Flowers solitary, sessile in open forking cymes, these in loose spikes.
Flowers pubescent ; lobes of leaves angled, obtuse . . . 1. C. Botrys.
Flowers merely pulverulent-glandular ; lobes of leaves not an-
gled, acutish 3. C. incisum.

a. Not glandular or aromatic, often mealy and heavy-scented h.

b. Seeds all vertical ; styles filiform, one fourth to one half as long as
the diameter of the utricle.
Flowers in glomerules becoming red and berry like ia fruit. . 4. C. cnpitatum.

Flowers spicate, not succulent in fruit 5. C. Bonus-Henricui,

b. Seeds vertical and horizontal in the same inflorescence ; style-
branches short.
Leaves bright green, chiefly acute. ^ ^ x

Flowers in leafy spikes ; seed 1 mm. broad . . . , 6. C. ■niOrum.

Flowers in axillary glomerules ; seed 0.5 mm. broad. . . 7. C. humile.

Leaves pale at least beneath, obtuse 8. C. glaucum.

b. Seeds all horizontal ; style-branches short c.
c. Pericarp coherent to the surface of the seed d.
d Leaves large, green, sharply few-toothed, abrupt or usually

cordate at base 9- C.hybridum,

d. Leaves small, entire, ovate, about as broad as long, very fetid . ID. C. Vulvaria.
d. Leaves longer than broad, cuneate at the base.

Seeds 1.3-1.5 mm. in diameter; flowers glomerate, usually

mealy ; leaves rhombic, irregularly few-toothed . . 11. C. album.
Seeds about 1 mm. in diameter ; inflorescence generally loose.
Leaves small, conspicuouslv mucronate, all entire or the
lower 1-3-toothed on each side ; plant flowering at the

summit 12. (7. Berland%er%.

Leaves rhombic-ovate with several to many acuminate
teeth on each side.
Seeds dull ; inflorescences short, spreading, axillary,

rather loose 13. (7. murale.

Seeds (not pericarp) shining ; inflorescences suberect,

moniliform 14. (7. urbicum.

Leaves ovate-oblong, entire, not mucron. te ; plant flower-
ing from the base to the summit 15. C. jjolyspermum.

C. Pericarp loose, readily detached from the seed.

Leaves thin, entire or somewhat toothed, scarcely at all mealy 16. C. Bowianum.
Leaves entire, linear or nearly so, very mealy at least beneath IT. C. leptopliyllum.

1. C. AMBROSioiDES L. (MEXICAN Tea.) Annual, smoothish ; Imms sUghthj
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper
tapering to both ends ; sjyi/ces densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ;
fruit perfectly inclosed in the calyx. — Waste places, throughout our range,
especially south w. (Nat. from Trop Am.)

Var. ANTHELMiNTicuM (L.) Gray. (Wormseed.) Perennial (at least south-
ward) ; leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-
pinnatifid ; spikes more or less elongated, mostly leafless. — Same range,
sometimes appearing distinct, but all differential characters inconstant. (Nat.
from Trop. Am. )

2. C. iNcisDM Poir. Annual, glandular-pulverulent and aromatic ; leaves
sinuate-pinnatifid or -toothed, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or nearly so,
acutish ; flowers minute, nearly smooth, in open forking cymes borne in elon-
gated mostly leafy inflorescences. —Thoroughly established and abundant in
cultivated fields, North Berwick, Me. (Parlin). (Adv. from Trop. Am.)

3. C. B6TRYS L. (Jerusalem Oak, Feather Geranium.) Glandular-
pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnatifid,
the lobes angled and obtuse; racemes cyme-like, spreading, loose, leafless; fruit
not perfectly inclosed. — Widely introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. capitatum (L.) Asch. (Strawberry Elite.) Stem ascending,
branching ; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed ;
clusters simple {large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1-5;
calyx berry-like in fruit ; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow
margin. {Blitum L.) —Light soil and newly cleared land, e. Que. to Alaska,
s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts.— The calyx becomes pulpy
and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters look like strawberries. (Eu.)

5. C. B6Nus-HENRicus L. (Good-King-Henry.) Stout, erect (0.8-3 m.
high), mostly simple ; leaves broadly triangular-hastate (5-12 cm. long), sub-

CHENOPODIACEAE ("GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) 367

sinuate or entire; flowers somewhat densely paniculate-spiked ; seed with obtu».
edges. — Sparingly in waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. C. rubrum L. (Coast Elite.) Stem angled, much branched; leave?,
thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base and
above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear-
lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather
fleshy; stamens 1-2 ; seed shining, 1 mm. broad, the margin acute. — Salt niar.sbes,
Nfd. to N. J., and in saline places to Minn, and the Pacific coast. (Ku.)

7. C. humile Hook. Similar, dwarf ; leaves lanceolate or Lipatulatp, occa.sion-
ally hastate ; flowers in axillary glomerules ; seed 0.5 mm. broad. — Brackish or
saline soil, coast of Me. (Miss Furbish); Man. to the Pacific.

8. C. GLAUCUM L. (Oak-lkavedG.) Low, spreading, glaucous-mealy ; leaves
sinuately pinnatifid-toothed^ oblong, pale green above, lohite beneath ; clusters
in axillary spikes, small ; seed sharp-edged. — Waste places. "(Nat. from Ku.)

9. C. hybridum L. (Maple-leaved G.) Bright green throughout ; stem
widely much branched (6-12 dm. high); leaves thin (5-15 cm. long), somewhat
triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extending
into a few large and pointed teeth; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled,
leafless; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled. — Woods; also
frequent in waste places and about cities, centr. Me., westw. and south w.

10. C. VulvAria L. Low and spreading, branched from the base ; leaves
entire, broadly ovate, acutish (1 cm. long), on slender petioles nearly their own
length, very fetid when rubbed or crushed; inflorescences small, scattered. —
Waste places, chiefly about cities. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. C. Album L. (Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed.) Erect, more or less
mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even
linear, acute, all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed ; clusters
spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (2-2.7 mm. broad) with strongly carinate
lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed. — Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from
Eu.) Var. viride (L.) Moq. is less mealy and has a less dense inflorescence. —
Frequent, especially eastw.

12. C. Berlandi§ri Moq. >S'?e?2(?er, 3-6 dm. tall ; leaves rhombic and somewhat
hastately 1-several-toothed upon each side ; the upper leaves elliptical, entire,
mucronate ; inflorescence a loose pyramidal panicle; flowers smaller and less
glomerate than in C. album. — Ottawa, Ont. (Macoun) to Ela. and Mex. — A
doubtful species, perhaps only a variety of the preceding.

13. C. mcrA-le L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched
(3-6 dm. high); leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, coarsely, sharply, and unequally
toothed, thin, bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somexchat corymbed ;
calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ; seed sharp-edged. — Waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. C. URBicuM L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness,
with erect branches (3-9 dm. high); leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and
sharply many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose
panicle; calyx-lobes not keeled; s'>,ed with rounded wmr^iws. —Apparently
throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. C. POLYSPERMUM L. Low, oftcu Spreading, green and wholly destitute
of mealiness ; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles ; flowers
very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very
incompletely inclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged. — Sparingly naturalized in
the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. C. Boscianum Moq. Erect, slender (6-9 dm. high), loosely branched,
often nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate (3-5 cm. long),
attenuate into a slender pcdole, acute, the lower siimato-dentatc or often all
entire ; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlet* ;
calyx not strongly carinate. — Ct. {Bissell) to the Great Lakes, s. to N.C.
and Tex.

17. C. leptophyllum Nutt. Densely mealy or sometimes nearly glabrous (2-7
dm. high), simple or branched, often strict; leaves linear (1.5-2.5 cm. long),
entire, rather shortly petioled ; flowei-s closely clustered, in dense or interrupted
spikelets; calyoo-lobes strongly carinate. (C. album-. ^^. Mou.^- Near the

368 CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEB^OOT FAMILY)

coast, Me. to N. J. and Pa.; n. shore of L. Erie; and from w. Wise, to Col.,
N. Mex., and westw. Var. oblongif6lium Wats, is a form with somewhat
broader oblong or oblong-lanceolate leaves. — S. Me. {Farlin) ; Mo. {Bush)y
and south westw.

5. ATRIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Orach

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Cheno-
podium, but sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; tlie fertile consisting simply
of a naked pistil inclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which
are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled
into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orach,
there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without
stamens, and with horizontal seeds. —Herbs (ours annuals), usually mealy or
scurfy with bran-like scales and with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, drpdcpa^Ls.)

1. A. r6sea L. Hoary-mealy ; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile,
rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed;
fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils ; fruiting bracts broad, often cut-
toothed and warty. — Sparingly introduced at the East. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. A. patula L. Erect or prostrate (:3-12 dm. high), glabrous ov somewhat
scurfy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate (2-10 cm. long), the lower sometimes
opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-dentate, petioled, the upper lanceolate to
linear ; flowers clustered in rather slender spikes, the two kinds together or
separate ; fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, entire or toothed,
often muricate on the back, united to near the middle. — Nfd. to N. J., Mo., and
B.C. (Eu.) Very variable; the marked extremes are: Var. hastXta (L. )
Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-
hastate, often coarsely and irregularly toothed. — Nfd. to Va., Mo., and north-
westw., chiefly in saline places and along the Great Lakes. (Eu.) Var. litto-
rAlis (L.) Gray. Slender; leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate
or toothed. — P. E. L to N. J., and westw. along the Great Lakes.

3. A. arenaria Nutt, Silvery -mealy, diffusely spreading ; leaves oblong^ nar-
rowed at base, nearly sessile ; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-shaped, united,
3-nerved, 2-5-toothed at the summit, and usually strongly muricate and reticu-
late on the sides. — Sandy beaches, along the coast, Mass. to Fla.

4. A. argentea Nutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy, leafy ; leaves
deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate ; staminate flowers in terminal spikes ;
fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the free margins more or less
dilated and deeply toothed, the sides variously appendaged. — Red River Valley,
Minn,, south w. and westw.

6. M0N6lEPIS Schrad.

Flowers small, glomerate in the upper axils. Sepal 1, green, entire, bract-
like, fleshy, obtuse. Utricle moderately flattened. Seed vertical, nmch com-
pressed. Embryo annular about copious albumen. (Name from /xouos, one,
and Xeirls, scale.)

1. M. Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Wats. Branched from the base, 0.7-8 dm.
high, somewhat fleshy, rather pale green, scarcely or not at all mealy ; leaves
narrow, slender-petioled, hastate, passing gradually into foliaceous bracts. —
Saline and alkaline soil, from the Great Plains westw., extending east to Man.,
and Minn. ; and introd. in Mo.

7. CORISPtRMUM [A. Juss.] L. Bug-seed

Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5.
Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner con-
cave, sharp-margined, seed vertical. Embryo slender, coiled around a central
albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved

CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAxMlLY) 3tJ9

leaves. (Name formed of KSpis, a bug, and
(Tir^pfxa, seed.)

1. C. hyssopif51ium L. Somewhat hairy

when young, pale ; floral leaves or brads

719. C. hyssopi. awl-shaped from a dilated ba.se or the upper

folium. ovate and pointed, scarious-margined ; fruit

Part of inflorescence ^ing-margined. — Sandy beaches along tlie

xi. Great Lakes; Mo. to Tex., and northwesiw

Fruit x2. Fig. 719.

8. SALICORNIA [Touni.] L. Glasswort. Samphire

Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Stamens 1 or 2
Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick the
cotyledons incumbent upon the radicle. — Low saline plants, with succulent
leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing braiichlets
forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn : saline
plants with horn-like branches.)

Annuals ; middle flower higher than the lateral ones.

Scales mucronate-pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry . . . \. S mucronuta

Scales blunt or bluntish, inconspicuous.
Joints much longer than thick, conspicuously exceeding the middle flower 2 S. europaea
Joints about as thick as long, scarcely exceeding the middle flower . .35 rubra
Perennial ; flowers nearly equal in height '. i. S. ambigua.

1. S. mucronata Bigel. Unbranched or with strongly ascending simple or
slightly forked branches, rather stout (0.5-3 dm. high), turning red in aue ;
spikes thick, blunt, closely jointed ; the joints thicker than long; middle flower
half higher than the lateral ones or less, occupying nearly the whole length of
the joint; fruit pubescent ; seed 1-1.5 mm. long. {S. Bigelowii Torr.) — Salt
marshes, N. S. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Cal.

2. S. europaea L. Erect (1-4.5 dm. high), from simple to freely branched,
the branches ascending, green, turning red in autumn ; scales obscure and very
blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the long joints of the
stem or elongated slender (1.5-2.5 mm. thick) tapering spikes; middle flower
much higher than the lateral ones, shorter than the joint ; fruit pubescent ; seed
1.3-2 mm. long. {8. herbacea L.)— Salt marshes of the coast, N. B. to Ga. ;
interior salt springs, N. B. and N. Y. ; and on the Pacific coast. (Eurasia.)
Var. pachystAchya (Koch) Fernald has the spikes much thicker (3-4.6 mm.
thick). — Similar range, less common. (Eu.)

Var. prostrata (Pall.) Fernald. Branches horizontally spreading or droop-
ing, very soft and lax, the lowest much elongated and decumbent ; or tlie whole
plant depressed and matted. — Brackish or alkaline shores, e. Que. to e. Me. ;
Sask. (Eurasia.)

3. S. rubra Nelson. Bushy -branched (0.5-2 dm. high), the abundant simple
or forking branches ascending, turning red in autumn ; scales broadly triangu-
lar, blunt or subacute ; spikes slender-cylindric (2-3.5 mm. thick), blunt, rather
closely jointed ; flowers crowded, the middle one higher than the others and
usually reaching the tips of the joints ; fruit pubescent ; seed 1 mm. long. — Low
alkaline places, Man. and w. Minn, to centr. Kan., and westw. to the Rocky .Mts.

4. S. ambigua Michx. Numerous tufted stems (1-3 dm. long) decumbent
or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock, gree?iisli.
turning lead-colored ; spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short, acutish or
acute; flowers nearly equal in height and equaling the joint; seed pubescent,
0.7 mm. long. — Sea-coast, Mass. to Fla. ; also Pacific coast .

9. SUAEDA Forskal. Sea BLrrE

Flowers sessile in the axils of leafy braets. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, inclosing
the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3.
gray's manual — 24

370 CHENOPODIACEAE QGOOSEFOOT FAMILY^

Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albu^
men (when there is any) into two portions. —Fleshy salme plants, with alternate
nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.) Dondia Adans.

Leaves linear or slender-cylindric, not broadened at base ; plants of Atlantic coast.

Seed 2 mm. broad 1- S.marxUma.

Seed 1.2-1.5 mm. broad. , , o e T>i^j,is

rounded (not carinate) on the back ^- ii. liichti.

Sepals (or some of them) carinate on the back. o o •

lor 2 sepals more cucullate-carinate than the others .... 8. S. amerieana.

Sepals equally carinate f- S ItneariH.

Leaves strongly dilated at base; plants of western plains o. b. aepreasa.

1 S maritima (L.) Dumort. Comparatively low, 0.5-4 (rarely 5 or 6) dm.
hio-h ascending or depressed, subsimple or with spreading-ascending or decumbent
fiubsimple branches, or even forming depressed mats ; leaves usually glaucous,
acutish, semicylindric {flat above, convex beneath), 5 cm. or less Icmg ; those of
the flowering branches shorter, and much exceeding the 1-4 axillary flowers ;
sepals pale green, rounded or obscurely keeled on the back ; seed red-brown or
black. (Dondia Druce.) — Common on salt marshes, e. Que. to Ct., and oc&a-
eionally southw. to La. Fr., June-Sept. (Eu.)

2. S. Richii Fernald. Stems procumbent, forming mats 5 dm. or lees across
(sometimes fruiting when 1 cm. long); leaves dark green, not glaucous, subcylin-
dric, dorsally compressed, obtuse, the lower 1.5 cm. or less in length ; those of
the flowering branches broader and shorter (4-5 mm. long) ; seed black.—
Salt marshes and wet sand, coast of N. S. and Me. Fr., July-Sept,

3. S. amerieana (Pers.) Fernald. Stems procumbent, the branches 2 or 3
dm.' long, only the abundant densely flowered spiciform ultimate branches as-
cending! leaves linear, thickish {flat above), acute, the lower about 2 cm. long,
those subtending the crowded flowers broader and shorter ; sepals very irreg-
ular, 1 or 2 strongly keeled. {Salsola salsa, var. Pers,) — Salt marshes, lower
St. Lawrence R. to s. Me. Fr., late Sept.-Nov. — Mature plant purplish through-

4. S. linearis (Ell.) Moq. Erect or ascending, 2-9 dm. high, profusely
branched; the slender branches ascending or wide-spread, not procumbent;
leaves narrowly linear, acute, deep green, not glaucous, the lower 4 cm. or less
lonf^, the upper similar but shorter ; sepals equally carinate. {Dondia amerieana
Britton, not Salsola salsa, var. amerieana Pers.) — Sandy coast, Me. to Tex.
Fr., Sept.-Nov. , ^_. x *i,

5. S. depressa (Pursh) Wats. Decumbent or erect, branching from the
base ; leaves broadest at base, the cauline 1-4 cm. long, the floral lanceolate to
ovate ; one or more of the calyx-lobes very strongly carinate or crested. {Don-
dia Britton.)— Saline soil, Man. and w. Minn, to Neb., and westw. across the
plains.

10. SALSOLA L Saltwort

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, its divisions at length
horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad scarious border.
Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen. — Herbs or
slio-htly shrubby branching plants with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped
leaves and sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of salsus, salty, alluding to the
saline habitat of most of the species. )

1. S. Kali L. (Common S.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, pubes-
cent (rarely glabrous) ; leaves all alternate, aiol-shaped, stiffish, prickly-pointecl ;
flowers single ; calyx with converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit,
the yellowish to lead-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy
sea-shore, Nfd. to Ga., and saline places inland. Aug. (Eu.) Var. cakolin-
iXna (Walt.) Nutt. Glabrous throughout (rarely pubescent); the wings
iarger, roseate. — Similar range. (Eu.)

Var. tbnuif6lia G. F. W. Mey. (Russian Thistle.) Erect or ascending,
very bushy ; leaves especially on the young and vearetative stems longer (3-7 cm.

AMARANTHACEAE ([AMARANTH FAMILY) 371

in length), more slender, filiform; flowers somewhat variable but apparently
showmg no constant difference from those of the typical form. {S. Tragus ol
auth., but scarcely of L.) — A weed of recent introduction, exceedingly abundant
and pernicious in the Northwestern States; also locally established eastw. (Nat.
from Asia.)

AMARANTHAcEAE (Amaranth Family)

Weedy herbs, loith nearly the characters of the preceding family, but the
flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these often
colored^ commonly 3 in number. — The greater part of the family tropical.

* Anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate.

-J- Ovary 1-ovuled ; filaments separate and distinct.

1. AmaranthUS. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 5 or sometimes 8 dia-

tinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.

2. Acnlda. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.

-»- -»- Ovary 2-8-ovuled ; filaments united at base.
8. CelOSia. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted.

* * Anthers 1-celled ; leaves opposite.

4. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers p«iiculate.

5. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.

6. Gomphrena. Calyx of 5 sepals or 5-cleft. Filaments united into an elongate tube. Flowers

capitate.

1. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Amaranth

Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate ;
anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked
at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes
bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Coarse
annual weeds, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and
small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late
summer and autumn. (Afidpavros, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts
do not wither.)

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid ; flowers polyga-
mous.

* Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikPfi ; stem erect
(0.3-2 m. high) ; leaves long-petioled ; stamens and sepals 5.
•t- Sepals spatulate.

1. A. Palmeri Wats. Erect; leaves ovate, long-petioled ; spikes, especially
the terminal, very long (1-3 dm.) ; sepals somewhat unguicnlate ; bracts pun-
gent,—By railroads and about towns, Mo. and Kan,; and locally, e, Mass.
(Adv. from the S, W,)

4- -^ Sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong.

2. A, RETROFLExus L, (Green A,, PiGWEED,) Roughish and moie OT less
pubescent; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate;
the thick spikes crowded in a stift" glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid,
exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals. — Cultivated grounds, common ; indigenous
south westw. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)

3. A. HYBRiDus L, (Green A., Pigweed,) Similar, but smoother and
deeper green, with more slender-cylindric more or less flexuons spikes, the
lateral ones spreading; bracts rather long-awned, and sepals acute or aoumniate.
{A. chiorostachys Willd.)— Cultivated grounds, common. (Nat. from Trop.
Am.) Forma hypochondriacus (L.) Robinson. (Prince's Feather.)
Leaves, bracts, and flowers purple-tinged or livid. {A. hypochondriacus L.) —
Sometimes cultivated, and occasionally found on waste ground. — It is to bo

372

AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY^

distinguished from the following species chiefly by its smoother character, thicker
spikes, and longer-awned bracts.

4. A. paniculAtus L. (Purplk A.) Stem mostly pubescent; leaves
oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes long, numerous and slender, panided,
spreading; bracts merely awn-pointtd ; flowers small, green tinged with red, or
sometimes crimson ; fruit 2-S-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. \a.
hybridus, var. Uline & Bray.) — Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
* * Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters; stems low, spreading
or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.

5. A. graecizans L. (Tumble Weed.) Smooth, pale
green ; stems whitish, erect or ascending, diffusely branched ;
leaves small, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or
retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals
acuminate, half the length of the
rugose fruit, much shorter than
the subulate rigid pungently pointed
bracts ; seed small, 0.8 mm. broad.
(^A. albus L.) — Waste grounds,
common. Fig. 720.

6. A. blitoides Wats. Like the
last, but prostrate or decumbent;
spikelets usually contracted ; bracts
ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate ;

sepals obtuse or acute ; fruit not rugose; seed about
1.5 mm. broad. — From Minn, to Mo., Tex., and
westw. ; also introduced eastw. , chiefly on railroad
ballast. Fig. 721.

720. A. graecizaift

721. A. blitoides.
Tip of branch X Vg. Seed x 4.

§3.

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile ; flowers monoecious.
7. A. spiNosus L. (Thorny A.) Smooth, bushy-branched ; stem reddish ;
leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their
axils ; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes ; the fertile globular
and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. — Waste grounds. Me.
to Minn., and south w. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)

EUXOLUS (Raf.) Gray. Utricle remaining closed or bursting irregu-
larly ; no spines; bracts inconspicuous.

* Leaves relatively large (2-3 cm. in breadth').

8. A. LiviDus L. Stem fleshy, red ; leaves emarginate, ovate
or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, on petioles two thirds as long; bracts
very short ; utricle thin, smooth. — About Atlantic ports, not very
common. Fig. 722. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)

9. A. vfRiDis L. Similar, but with a warty
utricle. — About Atlantic ports; also reported in
O. Fig. 723. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)

* * Leaves smaller.

722. A. lividus.

Calyx and utricle

X3.

A

72.3. A. viiidis.
Calyx and utricle

10. A. pumilus Raf. Low or prostrate ; leaves fleshy and

obovate, emarginate, strongly nerved; Jlower-clusters small and axillary;
stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit.
— Sandy beaches, R. I. to N. C.

11. A. DEFLExus L. Low, Spreading; leaves ovate, thin, flat; spikes chiefly
terminal, thickish, bluntly cordate ; utricle ovoid, smooth, 5-nerved, much
longer than the sepals. — Waste land near the larger Atlantic ports. (Adv.
from Eu.)

12. A. CRfspus (Lesp. & Th^v.) A. Br. Very slender, procumbent, pubes-
cent; leaves small, light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin
crisped and undulate ; flowers in small axillary clusters ; bracts and sepals
scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse ; utricle about as long, roughened, neithet

AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) 373

nerved nor angled. — Streets of Albany, New York City, and Brooklyn ; doubt-
less introduced, but the native habitat unknown.

2. ACNIdA L. Water Hemp

Habit of Amaranthus. Bracts 1-3, unequal, Starninate calyx of 5 thin
oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts; stamens o, the anlher-
celis united only at the middle. Stigmas 2-5, often long and plumose-hispid.
Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin HKinbranous utricle
dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3-5-angled. (Name Irow
a- privative, and KvlSrj, a nettle.)

* Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp; salt-marsh plants.

1. A. cannabina L. Usually stout, 1-2 m. high or more, glabrous; leave.s
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled ; sepals of sterile flowers
ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish ; bracts usually thin, lax, and much shorter than
the fruit, souietimes more rigid and longer; fruit about 3 mm. long, obovoid ;
seed usually less than 3 mm. long, shining. (^A. rusocarpa Michx.) — Salt or
brackish marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla.

* * Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually rougheiu d ;
not salt-marsh plants.

2. A. tuberculata Moq. Tall and erect, with flexuous branches ; leaves
lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, acute or acutish ; sepals of sterile flowers lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate ; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less
dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate);
bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equaling or exceeding the fruit ; utricle about
1 mm. long ; seed shining, 0.7 mm. in diameter. {A. tarnariscina, var. Uline &
3ray.) — Vt. and Mass. {Amynidown) to Dak. and La.

Var. subnuda Wats. Often decumbent ; leaves smaller, obtuslsh ; flowers
aggregated into distinct globose glomerules (7-15 mm. in diameter). (A. tama-
riscina, var. concatenata Uline & Bray, not A. cannabina, var. concatenata
Moq.) — Sandy bottom lands, w. Que. to Wise, and Mo. — Passing into the
typical form.

Var. prostrata (Uline & Bray) Robinson. Prostrate, much branched; leaves
(1-2 cm. long, 3-10 mm. broad) and glomerules (4-6 mm. in lianitter) small.
(A. tarnariscina, var. Uline & Bray.) — Similar situations, w. Que. to Minn., and
south w.

* * * Fruit regularly circumscissile ; western.

3. A. tarnariscina (Nutt.) Wood. With the habit of the preceding species
but readily distinguished by the fruit. (^Amaranthus Nutt.) — Prairies, etc.,
" Dak." to Tex. and N. Hex. ; said to occur as far e. as IlL

3. cel6sia l

Flowers subtended by a bract and two bractlets. Calyx scarious, in fruit
erect and (in our species) concealing the utricle. Stamens 5. Fruit a thm
membranaceous utricle, circumscissile or dehiscing irregularly, ovoid (.rsubglo-
bose. (Name from /ciJXeos, a burning, on account of the seared appearance of
the flowen?.) , ,, , , , ^

1. C. ARGENTEA L. Ercct glabrous herb, 3-12 dm. tall ; leaves lanceolate,
short-petioled, acute ; inflorescence a simple dense cylindrical spike ; sepals
white or roseate-tinged, much longer than the bracts; style conspicuous,
exserted. — Montgomery Co., Pa. (.Porter). (Adv. from the Tropics.)

4. IREStNE P. Br.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioeciotis, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly 5. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers crowded mto clusters 07

574 PHYTOLACCACEAE QPOKEWEED FAMILY^

spiked and branching panicles ; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence
the name, from elpecujovr]^ a ^\Teath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).

1. I. paniculata (L.) Ktze. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (6-12
dm. high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles very slender, often broad and
diffuse, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer
than the broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base. (/. celosioides L.) —
Dry banks, 0. to Kan., and far southw. Sept. (Trop. regions.)

5. FROELICHIA Moench.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5-
crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, inclosing the indehiscent
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers,
and as many .«terile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with
opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for Joseph
Aloys Froelich, a German botanist, 1766-1841.)

1. F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Root annual ; stem leafless above (0.3-1.5 m.
high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an inter-
rupted spike ; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregu-
larly toothed. (Including F. campestris Small.) — Dry sandy places, Del. to
Fla. ; and from 111. to Minn., southw. and westw.

2. F. gracilis Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller,
and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes. — Prairies
of Kan. and Neb. to Col. and Tex.

6. GOMPHRENA L.

Flowers perfect, subtended by a bract and two bractlets. Calyx often lanate
at the base, its segments more or less unequal, sessile between the bractlets.
Fruit a compressed ovoid 1-ovuled utricle. Seed inverted, suspended by a
long funicle from the apex of the utricle. — Erect or prostrate herbs, generally
rough-pubescent and with swollen nodes. (Altered from Gromphaena, the
classical name of some related plant, probably Amaranthus tricolor^ from ypdcpeiv,
to xm-ite or to painty in allusion to the variegated leaves.)

i. G. glob6sa L. (Globe Amaranth, Immortelle.) A low branching
pubescent annual with oblong nearly sessile leaves ; flowers in dense round
heads, crimson, rose-color, or white. — Common in cultivation, and occasionally
escaping to roadsides, etc., O. (Gleason). (Introd. from Trop. Asia.)

PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeweed Family)

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general
characters of Chenopodiaceae, hut usually a several-celled ovary composed of as
many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit.

PHYTOLACCA [Tourn.] L. Pokeweed

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12 carpels
united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed-
globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo
curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, with
large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and opposite
the leaves. (Name compounded of 4>vt6v, plant, and the French lac, lake, in
allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.)

1. P. decdndra L. (Common Poke or Score, Garget, Pigeox Berry.)
A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous
root (often 1-1.5 dm. in diameter) sending up stout stalks at length 2-3 m.
high ; calyx white ; stamens and styles 10 ; ovary green ; berries in long racemes,

NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY) 375

dark-purple, ripe in autumn. —Low grounds and rich soil, s. Me. to Ont., Minn,
and soutliw. July-Sept. *'

NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o'clock Family)

Herbs {or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire
leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is
colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the \ -celled l-seeded
ovary and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender,
and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, with
broad foliaceous cotyledons (in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion). Rep-
resented in our gardens by the Four-o'clock or Marvel of Peru (MirAbilis
JalXpa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like
involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx.

1. OXtBAPHUS L'H^r.

Flowers 3-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre,
which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube
and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens
mostly 3 (3-5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit achene-
like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours). — Herbs, abounding on the
western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and
mostly clustered small flowers. (Name 6^v^d(pov, a vinegar-saucer, or small shal-
low vessel; from the shape of the involucre.) Allionia Loefl.

* Leaves all petioled except the uppermost reduced ones.

•^1. 0. nvctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem becoming re-
peatedly forked, 0.3-1.5 m. high; leaves broadly ovate, cordate; inflorescence but
slightly pubescent ; pedicels slender, becoming 1 cm. in length, the lower axillary,
solitary, the upper crowded upon short floral axes ; involucres at length very
large, 2 cm. in diameter ; fruit cylindric-obovoid, 4 mm. in length, rather acutely
angled. — Man., Minn., and Wise, to Tex. and La. ; also introd. eastw. — The
leaves vary to oblong or ovate-lanceolate and abrupt or even cuneate at the base.

2. 0. floribiindus Chois. Similar but with mostlj'^ narrower ovate to oblong
leaves (not cordate) ; involucres smaller and more numerous, glomerate upon
the elongated branches of an open cymose panicle ; pedicels short, seldom over
6 mm. in length. ( 0. nyctagineus, var. oblongifolius Gray ; Allionia ovata
Pursh, not 0. ovatusVahl.) — "0.," Mo. (Bush), southwestw. and northwestw.

* * Leaves sessile or nearly so.

3. 0. hirsiitus (Pursh) Sweet. More or less glandular-hirsute, especially
about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a
short petiole; stamens often 5 ; fruit with thickened obtuse angles. (Allionia
Pursh; A. br acte ata Bjdh. ; Calymenia pilosa Nutt. ?) — Plains^ of the Sask. to
Tex., Wise, O. (Louth), and casual eastw. in N. Y. and Ct.

4. 0. dlbidus (Walt.) Sweet. Similar but S77ioo^^fr; stem whitish ; leaves
oblong, elongated, obtuse; flowers in weak individuals few, axillary, in stronger
ones numerous in a terminal panicle. (Allionia Walt.; A. lanceolata Rydb.) —
Kan. and Mo., S. C. and Tex ; occasionally adventive northeastw.

5. 0. linearis (Pursh) Robinson. Often tall, glabrous except the more or
less hirsute peduncles and involucres ; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, often
elongated, 5-15 cm. long. (0. angustifolius Sweet; Allionia linearis Pursh;
also A. Bushi Britton, a low form.) — Minn, to Mo., Tex., westw. and north-
westw. : established on sandy ground, North Haven, Ct. (Evan8\.

376 ILLECEBRACEAE (KNOT WORT FAMILY;)

ILLECEBRACEAE (Knotwort Family')

Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules (except m
Scleranthus) , a 4:-5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent calyx^
stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer,
styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Seed upon a basal
tunicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen. — Small diffuse
or tufted herbs, ^^ith small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters, or dichoto-
mous cymes, with petals minute or none.

1. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft; and pointless calyx.

Styles 2. Stipules none.

2. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calj^x. Styles hardly any.

3. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx ; the sepals hooded at the summit

and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.

1. SCLERANTHUS L. Knawel

Sepals 6, united below into an indurated cup, inclosing the utricle. Stamens
10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, ob-
scure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from a-KXrjpds, hard,
and dvdos, floicer, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

1. S. ANNUus L. Much branched, spreading (7-12 cm. high); flowers sessile
in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places and roadsides.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2, ANYCHIA Michx. Forked Chickweed

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Sta-
mens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the caly:^ Radicle
ttirned downward. — Small many times forked annuals, with small stipules; the
minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (A contracted derivative of
Paronychia.)

1. A. polygonoides Raf. More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and
spreading ; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate ; flowers nearly sessile and somewhat clustered. {A. dichotoma Man.
ed. 6, not Michx.) — Mostly in open places, N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Ark.

2. A. canadensis (L.) BSP. Smooth, lotiger-jointed, slender and erect ; leaves
thinner, broader and longer (1—3 cm. long) ; flowers more stalked and inflores-
cence diffuse. (^A. dichotoma Michx.; A. capillacea DC.) — Dry woodlands
through nearly the same range; more abundant north w., and extending w. to
Neb.

3. PARONYCHIA [Tourn.] Adans. Whitlow-wort

Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or staminodia)
bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex.
Utricle inclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs (ours peren-
nial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a
whitloio, and for a plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. argyr6coma (Michx.) Nutt. Forming broad tufts, freely branched,
feio of the branches fertile ; leaves linestr, flat, permanently silky ; inflorescence
densely cymose, surrounded by conspicuous large silvery bracts; calyx hairy,
short-avmed, the ai'ms flattish and usually hairy ; petals mere teeth between
the stamens. — Rocky slopes among the mts., w. Va. to Tt^nn. and Ga.

Var. albimontana Fernald. Branches mostly floriferous; leaves glabrate,
the margins involute; cymes mostly lax; calyx usually longer, the o.wns subu-
late, glabrescent. — Bare mountain slopes, w. Me. and N. H. ; and locally by the
Merrimac R., Newburyport, Mass.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 377

2. P. dich6toma (L.) Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (1.5-3 dm. high) ascend-
ing from a rather woody base; leaves (1.2-3.6 cm. loiii^) and hrarts narroichj
awl-shaped; cymes open, repeatedly forked; sepaLs "short-poiined ; minute
bristles in place of petals. — Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July-Sept.

AIZOACEAE

A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly oppo-
site leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllaceae and Portnlaraceae
by having the ovary and capsule 2-several-celled, and the stamens and petals
sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceae (but the latter wanting in m(».st of the
genera). Seeds with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our
genera apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary.

1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5-60. Capsule circumscisslle. Succulent

2. MoUugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule ;3-valved. Not succulent.

1. SEStrVIUM L. Sea Purslane

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5-
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3-5-celled, many-seeded,
circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Usually prostrate maritime
herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers,
(An unexplained name.)

1. S. maritimum (Walt.) BSP. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect :
leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; flowers sessile ; stamens 5. (S.pen-
tandrum Ell.) — Sea-coast, L. 1. to Fla.

2. MOLLUGO L. Indian Chickweed

Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals,
or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled,
3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.
— Low homely annuals, much branched ; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin
name for some soft plant.)

1. M. verticillXta L.^ (Carpet Weed.) Prostrate, forming mats ; leaves
spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, road-
sides, and cultivated grounds. June-Sept. (Immigrant from farther south.)

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical A-^)-merous flowers, with or
without petals; the distinct stamens no more than twice the numher of the sepals,
either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 {or rarely united into one); seeds
several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central column of the
l-celled (rarely S-5-celled) pod, icith a slender embryo coiled or curved around
the outside of mealy albumen, in Dinnthus nearly straight. — Bland herbs ; the
stems usually swollen at the joints ; uppermo.st leaves rarely alternate. Leaves
often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside.
Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous.

Tribe I. ALSfNEAE. Sepals distinct or nearly so, Imbricated In the bud. PetAls when prosi-nt
without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile'
ovary, or into a little disk. Styles separate to the base. Stamens opposite the sej)al8, when not
more in number. Low herbs.

378 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)

* Stipules present ; pod short.

1. Spergularia. Styles 3. Pod 8-valved. Leaves opposite,

2. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.

* * Stipules none.

•*- Styles alternate with the sepals ; stamens as many, or twice as many.

8. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, 4-5-valved.

♦- -f- Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.

++ Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles ; valves often bifid or 2-parted.

4. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid, or 2-partecL

5. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted.

++ ++ Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles.

6. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise.

7. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the face.

Tribe II. SILfeNEAE. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in the bud)
and stameus (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the
base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere. Seeds numerous. Stipules none.
Flowers often large and showy.

* Calyx naked ; seeds globular or kidney -shaped ; embryo curved or coiled.

8. Agrostemma. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, opposite the unappendaged petals.

9. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, alternate with the often appendaged petals.
10. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3,

1) , Saponaria. Calyx ovoid or sub-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. Pod shortly
4-valved. Styles 2.

12. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved. Styles 2.

* * Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base ; seeds flattened on the back, attached by

the face ; embryo nearly straight ; styles 2.

13. Tunica. Calyx top-shaped or prismatic, with 5 strong nerves ; flowers small.

14. Dianthus. Calyx cylindric or nearly so, with many fine nerves ; flowers showy.

1. SPERGULArIA J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurret

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many-
seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals ! Em-
bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, ours annuals or biennials,
mostly on or near the sea-coast, with filiform or linear opposite leaves, and
smaller ones often clustered in the axils ; stipules scaly-mem branaceous ; flow-
ering all summer. (Name a derivative of Spergula.) Tissa & Buda Adans.
Lepigonum Wahlb.

* Not fleshy ; stipules lanceolate^ attenuate.

\. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Nearly glabrous below the summit of the pros-
trate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually glandular-pubes-
cent ; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft ;
pedicels longer man the bracts; pods and pink-red corolla small (3 mm. long),
about equaling the calyx; seeds rough with projecting points^ semi-ohovate or
gibbous-wedge-snaped, wingless. — Dry sandy soil, e. Que. to Va. and 0., chiefly
near the coast, out rarely maritime. (Eu.)

* * Distinctly fleshy, annual ; root fibrous ; stipules ovate or deltoid^ acuminate.

2. S. marina CL.) Griseb. Much branched, procumbent or suberect, pale
green, mostly glandular-pubescent ; sepals nearly or quite as long as the ovoid
acutish pod; seeas pale brown, very minute. {8. salina J. & C. Presl; Buda
marina Man. ed. R; Tissa marina Britton.) — Brackish sands, etc., N. B. to
Fla. ; also on the Pacific Slope and in saline regions of the interior. (Eurasia.)

3. S. canadensis (Pers.) Don. Diffusely branched, greener, smoother and
somewhat more siender than the preceding species j sepals rounded at the apex,

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) ;579

about half as long as the very blunt pod ; seeds dark brown, relatively laree
{Buda borealis Wats. ; Tissa canadensis Britton : S. borealis Robinson ^ -1
Coast of Lab. to R. I. (J. F. Collins). '^

* * * Fleshy biennial with a thick root.
4. S. m§dia (L.) C. Presl. Stout root perpendicular; stems spreading-
flowers large ; pods at length 7 nun. long, exceeding the calyx: seeds mostly
winged. — Near Salina, N. Y. {Fry)\ also Cal. (Eu.)

2. SPERGULA L. Spurrey

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Em-
bryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as Spergularia. (Name
from spargere, to scatter, from the seeds. )

1. S. ARVENSis L. (Corn S.) Annual, bright green, scarcely or not at all
viscid ; leaves numerous, in whorls, thread -shaped (2-5 cm. long) ; stipules
minute ; petals white ; seeds roughened with minute lohitish papillae. — Gr&m
fields, etc., common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. SATivA Boenn. Similar but dull green and distinctly viscid ; flowers ill-
scented ; seeds margined, obscurely dotted, not jmpillate. —SpsLTingly a,dveniive
in fields, Ct. (^Graves) and Vt. {Jones) to Ont. {Fletcher).

3. SAGINA L. Pearlwort

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many as
the sepals, rarely twice as many. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate
with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved to the base ; valves opposite the se-
pals.— Little matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no stipules,
and small flowers terminating the stems or branches ; in summer. (Name from
sagina, fattening ; previously applied to the Spurrey.)

Upper leaves not proliferous ; petals not longer than the sepals.
Seeds at maturity orange-brown, dotted with resinous atoms . . . 1. S. decumbens.
Seeds at maturity dark or grayish brown, smoothish or roughened but with-
out atoms 2. S. procumbens.

Upper leaves with fascicles of reduced leaves in their axils ; petals decidedly

longer than the sepals . 3. 5. nodosa.

1. S. decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Annual, ascending; the peduncles and
calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular-pubescent ; leaves
short, often bristle-tipped ; sepals and valves 5 or rarely 4 ; pod oblong-ovoid,
nearly twice longer than the calyx. {S. apetala Am. auth., not Ard.) — Mass.
to 111., Mo., and south w. Var. Smithii (Gray) Wats., a slender form, apetal-
ous, at least in the later flowers. — In waste ground near Philadelphia, and in
sandy fields at Somers Point, N. J. (O. E. Smith).

2. S. procumbens L. Annnal or perennial, depressed or spreading on the
ground, glabrous ; leaves linear-thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often
hooked soon after flowering ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate obtuse sepals,
sometimes none. — Springy places and damp rocks, chiefly near the coast, Nfd.
to Pa. and Del.; also Ont. and Mich. (Eu.)

3. S. nod5sa (L.) Fenzl. Tufted perennial, erect, glabrous; upper leaves
very short, proliferous in their axils; petals 5, white, conspicuous. — Rocky
shores, etc.. Cutler, Me. {Kennedy), Isle Royale, L. Superior, and north w.
(Eu.) Var. glandul6sa (Bess.) Asch. Peduncles, etc., more or less gland u-
lar-puberulent. — Cape Ann, Mass., to Me. (Eu.)

4. ARENARIA L. Sandwort

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 8, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short,
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few-many

880 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)

seeded. — Low usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and smal\
white flowers. (Name from arena, sand, in which many ot the species grow. )

— The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.

§ 1. MOEHRfXGIA (L..) Fries. Ovary at first ^-celled; seeds few, smooth,
with a thickish appendage at the hilum ; perennials with broadish leaves.

1. A. lateriflbra L. Sparingly branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves oval
or oblong, obtuse (1-2 cm. long) ; peduncles 2 (rarely o-4)-flowered, soon be-
coming lateral ; sepals oblong, obtuse. (Moehringia Fenzl.) — Gravelly shores,
thickets, etc., Nfd. to Pa., Mo., and north w. May, June. (Eu.)

2. A. macrophylla Hook. Similar; leaves lance-oblong, acute; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate. (^Moehringia Torr.)— N. Guilford and Durham, Ct.
{a. H. Bartlett, Harger), Vt., Lab., L. Superior, and north westw.

§ 2. AMMODENIA (Patrin) B. & H. Styles, cells of the ovary and valves of
the fleshy pod 8, rarely 4 or 5 ; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked
hilum; disk under the ovary more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-
lobed ; flowers almost sessile in the axils., sometimes dioecious or polyga-
mous; perennial.

3. A. peploides L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks) and
ovate partly clasping leaves (1.5-2 cm. long) very fleshy, (Ammodenia Rupr.)

— Sea-shore, N. J. to Me. and north w. June. (Eu.)

§ 3. ARENARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part loay down into 3 or at
length 6 valves; seeds many, naked at the hilum.

4. A. SERPYLLiFe)LiA L. (Thyme-le AVED S.) RougMsh-pubescent or pu-
berulent, 5-15 cm. high ; leaves ovate, small, acute ; cymes leafy ; sepals lanceo-
late, pointed, 3-5-nerved, about equaling the petals ; capsule flask-shaped, of
firm texture. — Sandy or rocky soil, chiefly about towns. Juno-Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)

5. A. LEPTocLADOs Guss. Similar to the preceding; leaves lanceolate;
cymes nearly naked ; capsule subcylindric, papery. (A. serpyllifolia, var. ten-
uior Koch.) — Locally, Me. to Mich. (Farwell), and westw. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 4. ALStNE (Gaertn.) B. & H. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves;
seeds many, usually rough, naked at the hilum; flowers terminal or cy-

Sepals lanceolate, acuminate.
Lateral nerves oi the leaves none or much smaller than the midnerve.

Petals retuse 6. A.patula.

Petals entire.
Capsule long'er and petals shorter than the sepals . . . ,7.-4. Utorea.
Capsule shorter and petals much longer than the sepals . . .8.-4. siricta.

Leaves with 3 nearly equal nerves 9. .4. verna, v. pi-opmqua.

Sepals obtuse or obtusish, inconspicuously veined, not nerved.

Leaves rijrid, pungent ; petals entire 10. A. caroUniana.

Leaves soft, herbaceous ; petals usually retuse 11.-4. groenlandica.

6. A. patula Michx. Diffusely branched from a slender root; stems 5-
30 cm. long ; branches of the cyme divergent ; peduncles long ; sepals 3-5-nerved
— Ky. to n. Ill,, Minn., and southw. to Tex. and Fla.

7. A. litbrea Fernald. Perennial, densely tufted; stems several to many,
6-14 cm. high, leafy chiefly toward the base ; leaves firm, subulate, commonly
proliferous in the axils ; sepals 3-nerved ; capsule 5 mm. long, well exserted at
maturity. — Gravelly beaches and calcareous bluffs, e. Que. ; and north shore of
L. Superior (Loring, G. S. Miller).

8. A. striata Michx. Erect or diffusely spreading from a small root, smooth
leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others clustered
In the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals '^-ribbed, ovate. {A
Michanxii Hook, f.) — Kocks and dry wooded banks, Mt. Washington, N. H
(Manning) ; Vt. to S. C, Minn., westw. and southwestw. July.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE QPINK FAMILY^ yi51

Var texkna. Robinson. More rigid ; leaves shorter (6-10 mm. long), chiefly
near the base; cymes rather dense; sepals attenuate, rigid. (A. texaua Hrit-
ton.) — Rocky hills, s Mo. to Kan. and I ex.

9. A. v6rna L., var. propinqua (Richards.) Fernald. Dwarf, tufted or loosely
matted, 2-12 cm. high, glandular-puberulent ; leaves awl-shaped, somewhat
triquetrovs; stems chiefly 2-5-flowered ; sepals rather abruptly acuminate, com-
monly longer than the oblong or spatulate often inct)nspicuous i etals. (^.
•propinqua Richards. ; A. verna, var. hirta auth., in part.) — Linie.st(jne or ser-
pentine rocks and barrens, Lab., e. Que., Smuggler's Kotch, \'t. {Prinyle,
Eggleston), nortiivv. and westw.

10. A. caroliniana Walt. (Fine-barren S.) Densely tufted from a deep
perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl-shaped, pun-
gent, short, channeled; branches naked and minutely glandular above. .^e\eral-
flowered ; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (A. squarrosa .Michx.)
— In pure sand, s. New York, N. J., and southw. along the coast. May-,July.

11. A. groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tuited from
slender roots ; stems filiform (5-20 cm. high), erect ; leaves linear, obtuse,. flac-
cid; petals obo\fvte, commonly retuse, about twice as long as the oblong nerve-
less sepals. — Greenl., Lab., mts. of N. E., N. Y., and higher A lleghenies to N. C. ;
also coast of N. S. and Me. ; Middletown, Ct., etc. June-Sept. — An apetalous
form occurs.

5. STELLArIA L. Chickweed. Starwort

Sepals 4-5. Petals (white) 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens
8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid,
1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several-many-
seeded. Seeds naked. — Flowers solitary or cymose, terminal or appearing
lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from stella^
a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) Alsine L. in part, not Wahlenb.

Stems and flower-stalks grlabrous.
Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals or none.
Leaves lanceolate.

Flowers axillary or in leafy -bi acted cymes . . « , . L -S. borealif.

Flowers chiefly in short lateral scaly -bracted cymes 2. S. uliffinoxa.

Leaves spatulate 8. S.J'oiitinalis.

Petals equaling or exceeding the sepals.
Flowers axillary, solitary, or in leafy-bracted cymes.
Leaves lanceolate.
Leaves of soft texture, flat or nearly so.
Mature sepals 3-4 mm. long-, two thirds as long as the pod - , 4. & craforifoWi-
Mature sepals less than 3 mm. long, half the length of the pod . L S.bore-ilix.

Leaves of firm texture, cariuate 7. S. long i pes.

Leaves elliptic-ovate ..... 6. S. humifwMi

Flowers cymose ; bracts small, scale-like.
Petals 8-12 mm. long ; leaves linear, glaucous . , . . . .6. S. glauca.

Petals 3-6 mm. long.
Lower pedicels erect, elongated ; fruit blackish . . . • . 7. S. longipes.
Lower pedicels deflexed, arcuate ; fruit pale.

Leaves linear or nearly so ; inflorescence lateral . . . . 8. A longifolia.

Leaves lanceolate ; inflorescence terminal . . . . . . 2. S. graminen.

Stems and flower-stalks pubescent.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate.
Flower 1 cm. in diameter ; fruit blackish, on erect pedicels ... 7. S. louijipe/).
Flower 2 cm. in diameter ; fruit straw-colored, on nodding pedicels . . 10. >'. llolo'-teit.

Leaves elhptical, chiefly sessile 11. S. piibera.

Leaves ovate, the lower on petioles of nearly their own length.

Styles 3^ ; pods narrowlv ovoid, subcyliudric 12. S. media.

Styles 5 ; pods broadly ovoid 18. S. aquatica.

1. S. borealis Bigel. Stems flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into
a leafy cyme ; leaves bright green, rather broadly lanceolate; petals 2-5, minute,
or none; sepals acute ; styles usually 4 ; seeds smoothish. (^Alsine Hritton.) —
Shaded or wet places, Nfd. and Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., I'a., Mich., Minn ,
Col., and Cal. (Eu.)

2. S. uliginbsa Murr. Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, at length pro-
longed, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or

382 CAKYOPHYIiLACEAE (^PINK FAMILY^

lance-oblong; seeds roughened. (Alsine Britton.) — Swamps and rills, Md. to
P. E. I. and Nfd. ; also' Mich., infrequent. (Eu.)

3. S. fontinalis (Short & Peter) Robinson. Stems flaccid, regularly dichoto-
mous, hesiTing flowers in the forks; leaves linear-spatnlate, obtusish ; peiaZs
none. (Sagina Short & Peter; Alsine Britton. ") — Moist cliffs, etc., Ky. and
Tenn.

4. S. crassif51ia Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather fleshy,
oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; petals longer than the sepals ; seeds rugose-roughened.
{Alsine Britton.) —Springy places, Lab. and Gulf of St. Lawrence to 111., and
northwestw. (Eu.)

5. S. humifusa Rottb. Spreading or creeping ; stems and branches (5 cm.
high) l-3-flo\vered ; leaves fleshy, ovate or elliptical (4-6 mm. long) ; petals a
little longer than the sepals; seeds smooth. ( Alsine Britton. ) — Salty or brackish
marshes, Little Cranberry L, Me. {Bedfleld) to Lab., Greenl., and Hudson B.:
rarely on inland shores. Upper St. John R., Me. {Goodale) ; also on the Pacifi-J
coast. June-Aug. (Eu.)

6. S. GLAUCA W ith. Tall (3-5 dm. high) and very slendg:, pale green ;
flowers large, on long pedicels (often 6 cm. in length); sepals lance-linear, acute,
considerably exceeded by the petals ; leaves (2-4 cm. long) narrow, not at all
ciliolate at the base. — Grassy places along the railway, near St. Anne de
Beaupr^, Que. {Churchill, Murdoch). (Nat. from Eu.)

7. S. 16ngipes Goldie. Erect or decumbent, 3 dm. high, essentially glabrous ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, gradually attenuate from near the base, shining or
glaucescent, spreading, 2-4.5 cm. long; inflorescence terminal, dichotomous ;
pedicels 2-3.5 cm. long; pod narrowly ovoid, exserted, shining, nearly black.
{Alsine Coville.) — Woods, etc., near L. Ontario; and in varying forms from the
Sask. far north w. and westw.

Var. laeta (Richards.) Wats. Usually very glaucous, 1-2 dm. high ; leaves
shorter and relatively broader, erect and somewhat rigid, 1-2 cm. long ; inflores-
cence often reduced to 1 or 2 flowers. — The commoner form northeastw.; on
sandy or gravelly beaches about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hudson B., north w.
and westw. June.

8. S. longif51ia Muhl. Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles (2-5 dm.
high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends, spreading ; cymes scaly-bracted, at
length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered ; the slender pedicels spreading or
deflexed ; fruit pale straw-colored; seeds smooth. {Alsine Britton.) — Grassy
places, Nfd. to Md., and westw. June, July. (Eu.)

9. S. GRAMfNEA L. Stems weak, ascending or reclining, 3-5 dm. high,
rhombic in section ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, broadest a little above the cilio-
late base; inflorescence pedunculate, terminal, diffuse, many-flowered; seeds
strongly but minutely roughened. {Alsine Britton.) — Grassy places, frequent.
(Introd. from Eu.) Var. LATir6LiA Peterm. is a form with somewhat broader
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate leaves, the lowest subpetiolate. — In similar situations.

10. S. HoLosTEA L. Rather tall ; leaves long{ii-^ cm.), sessile, conspicuously
attenuate, ciliolate on the margin and midnerve beneath ; petals large, obovate,
usually cleft only a fourth to half their length. {Alsine Britton.) —Often culti-
vated, and tending to become established. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. S. pubera Michx. (Great C.) Boot perennial ; leaves elliptic-oblong,
ciliolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, sessile or the lowest somewhat petiolate ; petals longer
than the calyx ; stamens 10. {Alsine Britton.) — Shaded rocks, N. J. and Pa.
to Ind. and south w. May. — The petals are cleft sometimes half their length,

^ sometimes nearly to the base. Late shoots produce much larger leaves and
.^ often reduced flowers.

iw, ^ 12. S. m^dia (L.) Cyrill. (Common C.) Annual or nearly so; stem hairy

^ in lines; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter

^ than the calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 3-7 ; seeds scarcely roughened. {Alsine L.)

"^ —A common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. pkocera Ivlett & Richter {8.

neglecta Weihe) with 10 stamens and more or less crested seeds, has been

reported by Holm from Washington, D. C; Sable L, N. S.; Man.; and B G

CAdv. from Eu.)

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 383

13. S. AQUATIC A (L.) Scop. PerenwmZ, glandular-pubcsccMit ; ?eai'es /arz/e,
ovate, acute, cordate, the lower petiolate ; petals much exceeding the glaiuiufar-
pubescent sepals. {Alsine Britton.) — Occasional on waste land, in parks, etc.,
in the Eastern States, w. Que. and Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or -cleft, rarely entire, often
wanting in some of the flowers. Stamens 10 or fewer. Styles mostly 5, rarely
4 or 3, opposite the sepals. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, often curved,
membranaceous, opening at the summit by twice as many teeth as tliere were
styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. (Name from /c^pas, a horn, alluding to the
shape of the pod.)

Perennial.

Petals much longer than the sepals \. C. arvenne.

Petals equaling or'shorter than the sepals or wanting . . . . 2. C. vulgatum.
Annual. ,
Pedicels 4-10 mm, long.
Sepals lanceolate, attenuate.
Bracts not scarious-margined ; petals (if present) ciliolate at base . 3. C. mfucosum.
Bracts scarious-margined ; petals (if present) naked . . . 4. C. semidecandrum.
Sepals oblong, merely acutish; petals (if present) naked . , .5. C. brachypodum.
Pedicels, at least the lower ones, 1.5-5 cm. long 6. C, nutans.

1. C. arv§nse L. (Field M.) Stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy
or nearly smooth, slender (1-2 dm. high), naked and few-several-fiowcred
at the summit ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ; petals ohcordate, maro than
twice the length of the calyx; pods (about 1 cm. long) one third to two thirds
longer than the calyx. — Dry or rocky places. Lab. to Alaska, s. to Del, Pa.,
Ind., Mich., Minn., etc., and along the mts. to Ga. May-July. (Eu.)

Var. oblongifblium. (Torr.) HoUick & Britton. Usually taller, pubescent;
leaves narrowly to broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; pod about twice as
long as the calyx. (0. ohlongifoUum Torr.) — Rocky places, chiefly serpen-
tine, N. Y. to Minn., Col., and southw. Var. yillosum Ilollick & Britton.
Similar, but densely villous-pubescent, and the leaves lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate. (Y Sir. velutinu7n Britton.) — Serpentine barrens, etc., e. Pa. ; also
reported at Hamilton, Ont. (Dickson according to J. M. Macoun).

2. C. vulgItum L. (Common M.) Stems clammy-hairy, spreading (L5-4
dm. long); leaves chiefly oblong (varying to spatulate and ovate-lanceolate);
upper bracts nearly herbaceous ; flowers at first clustered; sepals 4-6 mm. long,
obtusish ; pedicels longer., the fruiting ones much longer than the calyx. (C.
viscosum of the Linnean herbarium; C. triviale Link.) — Fields, dooryards,
etc. ; common. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. C. visc6suM L. Hairy and rather clammy, nearly erect (1-2 dm. high);
leaves ovate to obovate or oblong-spatulate ; bracts herbaceous ; flowers sinaU,
at first in close clusters; pedicels even in fruit not longer than the very acute
sepals ; petals shorter than the calyx. ( C. vulgatum of the Linnean herbarium ;
C. glomeratum Thuill. ) — Grassy places, chiefly in the middle Atlantic, Gulf,
and Pacific States. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. semidecAndrum L. Similar to the preceding but smaller ; bracts con-
spicuously scarious-margined ; pedicels in fruit slightly exceeding the sepals.
— Dry soil, locally established, Nantucket (Churchill) and Ct. (Graves) to
Va. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. C. brachypodum (Engelm.) Robinson. Pale green, viscid-pubescent;
leaves oblong ; flowers in a dense or sometimes open dichotomous cyme ; pedicels
about equaling the capsules; these usually 2-3 times as long as the sepals.
(C. nutans, var. Engelm.)— Near St. Louis, Mo. (Engelmann) to La., westw.
and north westw. . j /•, - k

6. C. nutans Raf. Stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched (l.o-5
dip. high); cyme loose, many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the
lowest spatulate ; peduncles elongated, more or less hooked ; petals (someUmea

384 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)

reduced or wanting) a little longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks,
curved upward, nearly or quite thrice the length of the calyx. (C. longe pedun-
culatum iMuhl., as nomcn submidum.) — Moist rich soil, "N. S."; and Vt. to
Athabasca, southw. and westw. May-July.

7. H0L6STEUM [Dill] L. Jagged Chickweed

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-5,
rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the
top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner face.
— Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel borne on a
long terminal peduncle. (Name from oXdareov, a word used by Dioscorides for
some unknown plant.)

1. H. umbellXtum L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the stem
glandular-pubescent ; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Roadsides, fields, etc.,
N. J. and Pa. to Ga. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockle

Calyx ovoid, with 10 strong ribs ; the elongated teeth (in ours 2-3 cm. long)
exceeding the 5 large unappendaged petals. Stamens 10. Capsule l-celled
Leaves linear. — Tall silky annual or biennial. (Name from dypos, field, and
a-T^fjLfxa, crown.)

1. A. GithIgo L. Flowers 2.5-4 cm. in diameter ; petals purplish-red, paler
tow^ard the claw and spotted with black. {Lychnis Scop. ) — Grainfields, and
less frequently by roadsides. (Inirod. from Eu.) — Seeds poisonous.

9. LYCHNIS [Tourn.] L. Campion

Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth ;
otherwise nearly as in Silene. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-
colored species, from Xux^s, a light or lamp.)

* Calyx-teeth twisted; petals large; plant white-woolly.

1. L. coronIria (L.) Desr. (Mullein Pink.) Stem 4-9 dm. high ; leaves
oval or oblong ; petals crimson. — Showy plant, often cultivated and now locally
estabMshed, Me. to N. Y. and Mich. (Introd. from Eu.)

* * Calyx-teeth not twisted; petals showy, much exserted; plant green.

•i- Flowers perfect.

2. L. FLOS-ctjcuLi L. (Ragged Robin.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy
below, viscid above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate ; flowers in loose panicles ; calyx
short, glabrous; petals red, A-lobed, lobes linear. —Moist or marshy places,
and in waste land, N. B. to N. J. and Pa. — Often cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. L. chalcedonica L. (Scarlet Lychnis.) Stout erect perennial with
ovate leaves and hemispherical chisters of scarlet flowers; petals bifid. — Culti-
vated, and locally escaped in the Northern States. (Introd. from Japan.)

4- •»- Flowers dioecious or polygamous.

4. L. dioica L. (Red C.) Leaves ovate to lance-oblong ; flowers red to
rarely white, inodorous, diurnal; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute;
capsule globose with a wide mouth at dehiscence. (L. diurna Sibth.)— Waste
grounds and roadsides, common, especially eastw. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

4. 5. L. Alba Mill. (White C.) Similiar in foliage; flowers white or pink,
fragrant, opening in the evening; calyx-teeth lon^ar, attenuate; capsule ovoid^
conical, narrow-mouthed at dehiscence. {L. vespertina Sibth.) — Same situ-
ations, but less counnon. (Adv. from Old World. ) — Resembles Silene noctiflqra
but has 5 styles.

OARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 385

* * * Calyx-teeth not twisted; petals small, included or scarcely exserted.

6. L. Drijmm6ndii (Hook.) Wats. Cinereous-puberuleiit ; stems cn-ct, al-
most naked above ; leaves narrow ; pedicels often loni^;, erect ; calyx ovoid-cylin-
dric — Dry plains, Neb. {Webber) to e. Minn. (^Sheldon), Man. and westw.

10. SILENE L. Catchfly. Campion

Calyx 5-toothed, 10-many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 8,
rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by :^> or
6 teeth at the apex. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly 'cnnvm'*!
with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from aiaXov, saliva, from tht- vis-
cid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name
Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

* Calyx many-ribbed ; annual.

1. S. coNiCA L. Puberulent to tomentulose ; stems usually several (1.5-5
dm. high), leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; calyx ovoid, strongly ribbed,
1.5 cm. long, the teeth attenuate ; petals small, purple or pink. — Waste places,
casual, Dartmouth, Mass. (Hervey) ; "Clyde, O." (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Calyx 5-lO-nerved, not inflated except by the enlarging pod ; annuals.

•*- Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers not racemose.

2. S. antirrhina L. (Sleepy Catchfly.) Stem slender (2-0 dm. high) ;
leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals ob-
cordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil ; common in waste
places and open woods, centr. Me., westw. and southw. June-Sept.

Var. divaricata Robinson. Still more slender, the filiform branches nnd
peduncles usually spreading ; petals none. — Dry woods, Mass. to 111., Mo., and
Kan.

3. S. ARMifcRiA L. (Sweet William Catchfly.) Glaucous; leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; calyx club-shaped; peial.s
rose-colored or white, notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped
from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

-*- -*- Pubescent and more or less viscid; flowers racemose ; pedicels short.

4. S. gAllioa L. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, nuicronate (1.5-3.5 cm. long);
racemes simple, terminal, one-sided ; calyx ovoid, villous-hirsute ; petals small.
(S. anglica L.) — Fields and waste places, local. (Adv. from Old World.)

5. S. DicHOTOMA Ehrh. Tall, more or less hirsute; leaves lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate ; racemes branched; flowers short-pediceled, one in each fork, the
others solitary at the nodes of the spreading rhachises ; calyx-ribs 5, hirsute,
simple; petals much exserted, white or pink. — Clover fields, etc., N. E. to Tex.,
and on the Pacific Slope. (Introd. from Eu.)

•^ H- •<- Pubescent and viscid ; flowers cymose.

6. S. noctifl6ra L. (Nioht-flowering Catchfly.) Tall (3-9 dm. high);
lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; flowers few, large,
peduncled, white or nearly so, fragrant, opening at night; calyx-tube 2.5 cm.
long, with awl-shaped teeth. — Cultivated grounds.

*** Calyx b-\^-nerved, elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the
enlarging pod; flo>"prs cymnsp or clustered; perennial, pubescent with
viscid hairs, especially the calyx.

t- Petals white or rose-color.

7. S. Menzi§sii Hook. Weak, low, dichotomously branched ; flowers small,
white, in leafy cymes ; calyx obconical ; petals 2-cleft, usually crownless. — S.
Mo. {Blankinship) to Neb., Assina., and westw.

8. S. nutans L. Leafy chiefly near the base ; stems 3-6 dm. high, slender,
bearing a narrow panicle of nodding pink flowers; petals rather deeply bifid,

gray's manual — 25

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)

crowned. —Mt, Desert I., Me. {Miss Minot) and Staten I., N. Y. {Kerr)\

doubtfally established. (Adv. from Eu.)

9. S. pennsylvanica Michx. (Wild Pink.) Stems low (1-2 dm. high) ;
root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles;
stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers cymosely clustered, short-stalked;
calyx club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. {S.
caroliniana Walt. ?) — Gravelly and rocky places, e. Mass. to N. Y., Ky., and
southw. Apr.-June.

1- H- Petals long., deep crimson or scarlet, crowned.

10. S. virginica L. (Fire Pink, Catchfly.) Stems slender (3-6 dm.
high); leaoes thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and
loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx subcylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong,
2-cleft, deep crimson, the limb 2.5 cm. long. — Open woods, s. N.J. to w. N. Y.,
s. w. Ont., Minn., and southw. June-Aug.

11. S. regia Sims. (Royal Catchfly.) Stem roughish, erect (1 ra. high);
leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu-
late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, 0. to Mo., and southw.
July.

12. S. rotundif51ia Nutt. (Rodnd-leaved Catchfly.) Viscid-hairy ; stems
weak, branched, decumbent (6 dm. long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed,
the lower obovate ; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; petals
2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarZei. — Shaded banks, s. O., Ky., and southw.
June-Aug. — Leaves and flowers large.

* * * * Calyx bladdery -inflated ; perennial; flowers panicled, white, in summer.

*^13. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. (Starry Campion.) Stem 7-10 dm. high, with
a large and open pyramidal panicle ; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; corolla 2 cm. broad ; petals cut into a fringe,
crownless. — Wooded banks, Mass. to Minn., Neb., and southw.

14. S. nivea (Nutt.) Otth. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-
pointed ; calyx subcylindric ; petals wedge-form, "l-cleft, minutely crowned. {S.
alba Muhl., as nomen subnudum.)— Fii. to D. C, w. to Minn, and Neb., rare;
al^o cultivated, and occasionally escaped elsewhere.

K 15. S. latif6lia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. (Bladder Campion.) Glau-
cous ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly
veined ; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. (S. inflata Sin. ; S. Cucubalus Wibel ;
S. vidgaris Garcke.) — Fields, roadsides, and alluvial banks, e. Que. to Ont., s.
to N. J., 111., and la. — Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

***** Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial ; flowering shoots 1-flowered.

16. S. acaiilis L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a moss; leaves linear,
crowded ; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ; petals purple or
rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Moun-
tains, N. H., and north w. ; also western mountains. July. (Eu.)

11. saponAria l.

Calyx narrowly ovoid or subcylindric, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2-4-celled at base,
4-toothed at the apex. — Coarse annuals or perennials, with large flowers.
(Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)

1. S. officinalis L. (Soapwort, Bouncing Bet.) Flowers in corymbed
clusters ; calyx terete ; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw ;
leaves oval-lanceolate. — Roadsides, etc. July-Sept. — A stout perennial, with
large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. S. VaccXria L. (Cow-herb.) Annual, glabrous ; flowers in corymbed
cymes; calyx b-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not
crowned ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. ( Vaccaria vulgaris Host ; V. Vaccaria Bril>
ton.) — Occasionally spontaneous, or a weed in grainfields. (Adv. from Eu.y

portulacaceae (purslane family) 387

12. gyps6phila L.

Calyx narrowly top-shaped or cauipanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at
base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at
the apex, sessile. — Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous small
flowers. (Name from yvxpos, gypsum, and cptXeiv, to love.)

1. G. murXlis L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear:
flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks ; calyx turbinate, the teeth short,
obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate. — Pields, roadsides, etc.. Me. to
N. J., Ont., and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. TtNICA [Rupp.] Scop.

Calyx 5-ribbed, bluntly toothed. Petals 5. Styles 2. — Slender wiry-stemmed
herbs with small terminal flowers and linear leaves. (Name from tunica,, a tunic,
referring probably to the close-fitting calyx.)

1. T. Saxifraga (L.) Scop. Low, many-stemmed ; leaves less than 1 mm.
broad ; bractlets 2 pairs, scarious except in the middle ; small petals purplish,
notched. — Roadsides, etc.. Flushing, L. L (^J. Schrenk) ; London, Ont. (^Bur-
gess). (Adv. from Eu.)

14. DIANTHUS L. Pink. Carnation

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more im-
bricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex.
Seeds flattish on the back ; embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of
well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Aids, of Jupiter, and
dvdos, flowe)', i.e. Jove's own flower.)

1. D. PROLiFER L. Annual, smooth, slender; flowers clustered; bractlets
ovate, dry, concealing the calyx ; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect ; petals small,
pink. — Roadsides and fields, s. e. N. Y. to Del.; also Cleveland, O. {Beardslee).
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. D. DELToiDES L. (Maiden P.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly
lanceolate, glabrous or roughish ; flowers solitary ; bracts ovate, half as long as
the tube ; petals rose-color or white, toothed. — Dry open places, e. N. E. to
Mich., becoming more frequent. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. D. BARBATus L. (SwEET WiLLiAM.) Perennial; flowers fascicled;
leaves large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equaling the calyx. — Culti-
vated, and sparingly spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)

4. D. Armeria L. (Deptford P.) Annual; flowers clustered; bractlets
of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the tube ;
leaves linear, hairy ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate. — Fields,
etc., Mass. to Va., w. to s. Ont., Mich., and la. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and essentially regular but unsymmetricat
flowers, viz., sepals fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals tchen
of the same number, but often indefinite ; otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. —
Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5-20. Styles 2-8,
united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-celled, with few or
many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks from the base. Embryo curved
around mealy albumen. —Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Co-
rolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shriveling.

* Calyx free, persistent.

1. Montia. Petals 3-5, usually unequal, sometimes slightly connate at the base. Stamens M
many. Ovules 2 or 3. Roots fibrous.

388 PORTULACACEAE (PUKSLANE FAMILY^

2. Claytonia. Petals and somewhat perigynous stamens 5, equal. Ovules about 6. Peren

nials with corms or thick caudex.

* * Calyx free, deciduous.

8. Talinum. Stamens hypogynous, usually more numerous than the petals. Pod many

seeded.

* * * Calyx partly adnate to the ovary.

4. Portulaca. Stamens 7-20, perigynous. Pod opening by a lid to which the calyx-lobes are
attached.

1. m6NTIA [Mich.] L.

Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 3-5, usually a little unequal and often connate
at the base. Stamens as many, adhering to the base of the petals. Style-
branches 3. Ovules few. Seeds 2-3. — Annuals or fibrous-rooted sometimes
rhizomatose or stoloniferous perennials, ours with opposite leaves. (Named
for Professor Giuseppe Monti of Bologna.)

1. M. fontana L. (Blinks.) Small, procumbent, rooting at the nodes;
leaves obovate to linear-spatulate, 3-12 mm. long ; flowers minute ; petals 3,
white, scarcely exceeding the calyx, connate at base, unequal, the tube slit
down on one side ; few-flowered racemes terminal or axillary. — Wet places,
along the coast, islands near Mt. Desert, Me. {Band, Bedfield), to Lab. ; and
on the Pacific Slope. (Eurasia.)

2. M. Chamiss5i (Ledeb.) Durand & Jackson. Procumbent or ascending,
propagating by slender bulblet-bearing runners ; leaves several pairs, oblong-
spatulate, 2.5-5 cm. long ; petals 6, pale rose-color, much exceeding the calyx.
{Claytonia Chamissonis Esch.) — Moist ground, Minn. ; also Rocky Mts., etc.

3. M. PERF0L1A.TA (Donn) Howell, with single pair of cauline leaves con-
nate into a suborbicular disk about the stem, is said to be established near
Painesville, O. (Introd. from w. N. A.)

2. CLAYT6NIA [Gronov.] L. Spring Beauty

Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of
the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. —
Perennials, our two species sending up simple stems in early spring from a smali
ieep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flow-
ers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day \
(Named in honor of Dr. John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists, who con^
tributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)

1. C. virginica L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (7-15 cm. long). —
Moist open woods, N. S.to Sask., and southw. ; common, especially westw. and
southw.

2. C. caroliniana Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer ; leaves spatu-
late-oblong or oval-lanceolate (2.5-5 cm. long). — N. S. to Sask. and Minn., and
southw. along the Alleghenies.

3. TALiNUM Adans.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 5-oo.
Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, with
many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. — Ours perennials, subscapose from
a thickish rootstock. Leaves linear, subterete, much exceeded by the peduncles.
Flowers white or rose-colored, cymose. (Derivation obscure.)

1. T. parviflbrum Nutt. Petals 5, pale, 2-3 mm. long ; stamens 5 ; capsule
ovoid. — Pipestone City, Minn. (Sheldon) to Ark., and southwestw.

2. T. teretifblium Pursh. Petals 5, roseate, 8 mm. long ; stamens 15-20 ;
anthers oblong; lobes of the stigma very short; capsule globose. — Serpentine
and rarely other rocks, Pa. to Ind., Minn., and southw. June-Aug.

3. T. rugosp6rmum Holzinger. Biennial (?), in appearance closely like the

CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORNWORT FAMllV) 889

preceding ; stigma-lobes a fourth to a third as long as the style ; anthers short,
almost spherical; seeds roughened. — Prairies, Ind., Wise., and e. Miini.

4. T. calycinum Engelm. Larger ; petals usually 8-10 ; stamens Hi) or more
— Sandy soil or rocks, s. Mo. (^Blankinship) to Neb. and southwestw.

4. PORTULACA [Touro.] L. Purslanb

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6

inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly ;^8^
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

L P. olerXcea L. (Common p.) Pros«m«e, very smooth ; leaves 'oh ovate
or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings) ; sepals keeled ;
petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12 ; style deeply ^6-parted; flower-bud flat and
acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds; common. — Seemingly indigenous westw.
and southwestw, (Nat. from Eu.)

2. P. neglecta Mackenzie & Bush, known to us from description only, appears
to be a more luxuriant plant with ascending stems, larger leaves (2.5-5 cm.
long, 1.2-2.5 cm. broad), and more numerous (15-18) stamens. — Rich bottom
lands. Mo. and Kan.

3. P. retusa Engelm. Leaves often retuse ; calyx-lobes obtuse in the bud ;
petals small or minute ; style shorter, 3-4-cleft ; seeds larger, sharply tubercu-
late ; otherwise like P. oleracea. — Ark. to Tex. and westw. ; reported from
Kan., la., and Minn.

4. P. pil5sa L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils ; leaves
Unear-suhulate^ nearly terete, Q~12 mm. long; petals red or purple. — Barrens,
Mo. and Kan. to Tex., etc.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HoRNwoRT Family)

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary anA

sessile monoecious flowers without 'floral envelopes, hut with an S-12-cleft invo-
lucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, icith a suspt^nded
orthotropous ovule; seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very sh(>r„
radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes ana
leaves. — Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Horn wort

Sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene,
beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water , the
sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the
name from K^pas, a horn, and (pvWov, leaf).

1. C. demersum L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent
style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side. — Slow streams
and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.) Var. echinXti'm Gray has the
fruit mostly larger (6 mm. long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly
winged margin spiny-toothed. — Similar range.

NYMPHAEACEAE (Water Lilt Family)

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes
only cordate leaves fioating or emersed; the ovules borne on the sides or hark
{or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the ventral

890 NYMPH AE ACE AE (WATER LILY FAMILY)

suture; the embryo inclosed in a little hag at the end of the albumen next the
hilum, except in Nelumhiiim^ which has no albumen. Cotyledons thick and
fleshy, inclosing a well-developed plumule. — Flowers axillary, solitary. Verna-
tion involute. Rootstocks apparently endogenous.

Subfamily L NYMPHAEOfDEAE

Sepals 4-6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away,
either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8-30-
celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many carpels ; the numerous
ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral
suture. Stigmas radiate as in the Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind.
Petioles and peduncles from a (usually thickish) rootstock.

]. Nymphaea. Petals (ver}' small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the ovary,
S. Castalla. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit.

Subfamily II. NELUMBONOfDEAE

Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each
other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and deciduous.
Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical receptacle,
which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded
nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no albumen. — Petioles
and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and
the flowers large.

8. Nelurabo. Character of the subfamily.

Subfamily III. CABOMBOfDEAE

Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens
definite (3-18). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent,
1-3-seeded on the dorsal suture. — Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage.
Flowers small.

4. Brasenia. Stamens 12-18. Carpels 4-18. Leaves all peltate.

5. Cabomba. Stamens 3-4. Carpels 2-3. Submersed leaves capillary-multlfld.

1. NYMPHAEA [Tourn.] L. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter-dock

Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small
and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with the very numerous short
stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 7-24-
rayed sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked,
usually ripening above the water. Aril none. — Rootstock creeping, cylindrical.
Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged
with purple, produced all summer. (Name formerly used for the white-flowered
water lilies, dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nvmphs.) Nuphar Sibth.
&Sm.

1. N. ddvena Ait. (Cow Lily). Sepals 6, unequal (yellow, mostly tinged
with green or brown) ; petals shorter than the stamens and resembling them,
thick and fleshy, truncate ; stigma nearly entire^ 12-24:-rayed, yelloio or pale
red; ovary and fruit (3.5-5 cm. long) scarcely contracted above; thin sub-
mersed leaves seldom present; floating or emersed and erect leaves thick (1.5-3

NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER LILY FAMILY) 891

dm. long), from roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the sinus open, lobes
subtriangular. {Nuphar Ait. f.) — Very common in still or stagnant water,
especially from N. Y., south w. and westw. Northw. and northe'astw. largely
replaced by Var. variegIta (Engelra.) Fernald, which has flowers partly
purple and leaves with a closed sinus and relatively shorter rounder lobes. (N.
variegata G. S. Miller.)

X ? N. rubrodisca (Morong) Greene. More slender; leaves somewhat
smaller (12 dm. long); flowers usually smaller (sepals 2.5-3 cm. long); stigma
9-13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson ; fruit (2.5 cm. long)
decidedly contracted above. {N. hyhrida Peck; Nuphar advena, var. miruis
Morong.) —N. B. to Mich, and Pa.— Probably a hybrid between N. advena,
var. variegata and the next species.

2. N. microphylla Pers. Very slender and with slender rootstock; .sub-
mersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical, S.jj-IO cm.
long, with a deep narrow sinus; sepals usually 6; flowers 2.5 cm. or le.«s in
diameter ; petals spatulate or obovate ; stigmas 7-10-rayed, dark red ; fruit
globular (1.2-1.8 cm. in diameter) with a short neck. {N. Kalmiana Sims;
Nuphar Ait. f.) — N. B. to Pa. and Minn., and northw. — Doubtfully distinct
from N. minima Reichenb. of Eu.

3. N. sagittifblia Walt. Rootstock stout ; leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-
lanceolate (1.5-3 dm. long), with short sinus; flowers small, 2.5 cm. broad.
{Nuphar Pursh.) — S. Ind. and 111. (Schneck), and southw.

2. CASTAlIA Salisb. Water Nymph. Water Lily

Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the
innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the
ovary. Stamens Indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with dilated fila-
ments. Ovary 12-35-celled, the concave summit tipped with a globular projec-
tion at the center, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these project at the
margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile appendages. Fruit
depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals, maturing under
water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flow^ers white, pink, yellow, or
blue, very showy. (Kaa-raXla, a mythical fountain on Parnassas, sacred to
Apollo and the Muses.) Nymphaea L. in part.

1. C. odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. (Sweet-scented Water Lily.)
Bootstock with few and persistent branches; leaves orbicular (0.5-2.2 dm.
wide), deeply-cordate-cleft at the base, the margin entire, often crimson beneath ;
stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex,
appressed to the rootstock; flower white, very sioeet-scented (0.5-1.3 dm. in
diameter, when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the
afternoon); petals obtuse; anthers blunt ; aril much longer than the distinctly
stipitate ellipsoid seeds, these about 3 mm. long. {Nymphaea odorata Ait.,
including var. minor Sims.) — Ponds and still or slow-flowing water ; common.
June-Sept. Passing to the somewhat ill-defined forma rosea (I'ursh) Britton,
with pink or Wi^ht pink-red flowers.— Sh-^\\o\v ponds, mostly near the coa-st.
Var. gigantea (Tricker) Fernald. Larger; leaves 2-4 dm. broad, the margins
turned up ; flowers (white or nearly so) 1-1.5 dm. in diameter, less fragrant;
sepals greenish. {Nymphaea odorata, var. Tricker.) — Del. to Fla. and La.
(Mex., W. L, S. A.)

2. C. tuber5sa (Paine) Greene. Leaves reniform-orbicular, mostly larger
(2-4 dm. wide) and more prominently ribbed than in the last, rarely purplish
beneath ; rootstock bearing numerous spontaneously detaching often compound
tubers; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of apples), white, never pink,
1-2 dm. in diameter, the petals proportionally broader and blunter than wi
no.l ; the fruit more depressed, and with fewer but nuich larger {i.e. twice
as broad) globular-ovoid seeds, which when mature are barely inclosed^ by the
aril and not stipitate. {Nymphaea Paine ; N. reniformis of auth., not Walt.) —
Slow rivers etc., n. Vt. to Del. {Commons), e. Neb., and Ark.

392 BANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY^

8. NELUMBO [Tourn.] Adans. Sacred Bean

The only genus of the subfamily. (Name Ceylonese.)

1. N. lutea (Willd.) Pars. (Yellow Nelcmbo, Water Chinquapin.)

Leaves usually raised high out of the water, circular, 3-6 dm. in diameter, with
the center depressed or cupped ; flower pale yellow, 1.2-2.5 dm. broad ; anthera
tipped with a slender hooked appendage. (Nelumbium luteum Willd.) — Con-
cord and Osterville, Mass., s. Ct. (probably of Indian introduction) to L. Ontario,
L. Erie, Mich., Minn., e. Neb., and southw. ; rare in the Middle States. — Tubera
farinaceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Gastalia on a
large scale ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, inclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-
formed young leaves, inclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath.

N. NDcfFERA Gaertn., the oriental Lotus, with pink flowers, has become
established about Bordentown, N. J., where artificially introduced.

4. BRASENIA Schreb. Water Shield

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 ; filaments fili-
form ; anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent pods ;
stigmas linear. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! — Rootstock creep-
ing. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating. Flowers
axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1. B. Schreberi Gmel. Leaves entire or shallowly crenate, 2-10 cm. across.
{B. peltata Pursh. ; B. purpurea Gasp.) — Ponds and slow streams. June-Aug.
(Asia, Afr., Austral.)

6. CAB6mBA Aublet.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, oval, bi-auriculate above the very short claw. Stamens
3-6 ; anthers short, extrorse. Pistils 2-4, with small terminal stigmas. Seeds
3, pendulous. — Slender, mainly submersed, with opposite or verticillate capil-
lary-dissected leaves, a few floating, alternate and centrally peltate. Flowers
single on long axillary peduncles. (Probably an aboriginal name.)

1. C. caroliniana Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or -obovate, often with
a basal notch ; flowers 1.2-1.8 cm. broad, white with yellow spots at base ; sta-
mens 6. —Ponds, s. 111. (Schneck) to Fla. and Tex. May-Sept.

RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family)

Herbs or sometimes woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice,
polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ;
the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few {rarely single) pistils all
distinct and unconnected. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals
2-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or
seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended
the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo. Leaves often dis-
sected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. —
A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.

Tribe I. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 3-20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Stamens aostly
numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike. — Herbs, never cUmbing ; leaver
alternate or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled.

* Petals evident ; sepals usually 5 r achenes many.
I. Ranunculus. Petals 5 (or rarely more), yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base
Achenes numerous, capitate. Seed erect or ascending.

fe^

BANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 393

•2. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Soapee 1 -flowered
L*t,'od suspended.

3. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5-16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended.

* * Petals none ; sepals 3-5, caducous ; seed erect; leaves alternate.

4. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4.angled. Flowers corymbose. Filamenui

white, clavate.

* * * Petals none (rarely some staminodia) ; seed suspended.
■«- Leaves alternate, compound ; flowers panicled, often dioecious.
c» Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few.

+- +- All but the lower leaves opp/.site or whorled ; peduncles 1-flowered.

6. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre compoun.I

risluncles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed.

7. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple

and lobed. Pistils several,

8. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dissected.

Pistils very many.

Tribe II. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges
bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy
styles. Seed suspended. Leaves all opposite.

9. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.

Tribe III. HELLEB6REAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals
often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in nos. '21
and 22) few, rarely single, few-inany-seeded. Leaves alternate.

* Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair ; herbs.
■»- Flowers regular, not racemose ; petals reduced to inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none ;

sepals tardily deciduous.
++ Follicles separate.

10. Isopjmim. Petals (in ours) none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound.

11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepal.'^ broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.

12. Trollius. Petals 5-20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves palmately lobed.

13. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical,

trifoliolate.

14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turi\ing green.

Pods sessile.

15. Eranthis. Petals merely small 2-lippod nectaries. Sepals 5-8, narrow, deciduous. Flower

solitary, involucrate.

++ ++ I'^oUicles connate.

16. Nigella. Petals small, unguiculate, the blade bifid. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous.

-•- +- Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5.

17. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound.

•*-+•■*- Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular ; sepals 5.

18. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs,

inclosed in the spur of the calyx.

19. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.

*-■*-+■+- Flowers regular, racemose ; sepals caducous ; petals very small, stamen-like, or none ;

leaves decompound.
QO. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1-8, becoming many-seeded
pods.

21. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil forming a m iny-seede<I berry.

* * Ovules a single pair; flowers regular; rootstocks yellow and bitter.

22. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, o^iducous. I'etalsnone. Stumens nuiner

ous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed.

23. Zanthorhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5. small, 2-lobed, with

claws. Stamens 5-10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves.

394 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

1. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.

Annuals or perennials ; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat
corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often
more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.) — (A Latin name for a little frog;
applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.)

§ 1. FICARIA Boiss. Boots tuberous- thickened ; sepals 3; petals about 8,
yellow, with a free scale over the honey gland.

1. R. FicXria L. (Lesser Celandine.) Glabrous and somewhat succu-
lent ; leaves basal on long stoutish petioles, ovate, rounded, deeply cordate, sub-
crenate; flowers scapose, 2 cm. in diameter. {Ficaria Karst.) — Wet places,
occasional ; Mass. to D. C. Apr., May. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

§ 2. BATRACHIUM DC. Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or
only the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transversely ivrinkled ; aquatic
or subaquatic perentiials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected
(mostly by threes) into capillary divisions ; peduncles 1-flowered, opposite
the leaves.

* Beceptacle hairy.

2. R. circinatus Sibth. (Stiff Water C.) Leaves all under water and
sessile, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdivisions short,
spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, not collapsing when withdrawn from the
water. (R. divaricatus auth., not Schrank ace. to Hiern.) — Ponds and slow
streams, Vt. to Pa., la., northw. and westw., rather rare. (Eu.)

3. R. aqudtilis L., var. capillaceus DC (Common White Water C.)
Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capillary divisions and sub-
divisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less when withdrawn
from the water; petiole rather narrowly dilated. {B. aquatilis, var. trichophyl-
lus Gray ; Batrachium trichophyllum Bosch ; B. flaccidum Rupr. ; B. Drouetii
Nym. ; and B. confervoides auth., not Fries.) — Common, especially in slow-
flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June-
Aug. (Eu.) Var. caespitosus DC. A dwarf terrestrial variety or possibly
mere state, rooting at the nodes, the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader
rigid divisions. — S. 111. {Schneck), and westw. (Eu.)

* * Beceptacle glabrous; no submersed leaves.

4. R. hederAceus L. Rooting freely in shallow water ; leaves all reniform,
angulate-lobed. (Batrachium S. F. Gray.) — Fresh-water marshes, Nfd. ;
s. Md. ; s. 6. Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 3. H AL6deS Gray. Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale ; carpels
thin-walled, striate, in a subcylindric head; scapose, spreading by runners.

5. R. Cymbalaria Pursh. (Sea-side C.) Glabrous; scapes 4-22 cm. high,
1-7 -flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the long rooting
runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather fleshy, long-
petioled ; petals 5-8. ( Oxygraphis Prantl. ) — Lab. to N. J. , also along the Great
Lakes and in alkaline soil of the interior. June-Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.)

Var. alpinus Hook. Dwarf ; leaves 3-toothed, only 3-6 mm. broad. — Cape
Breton I., N. S., e. Que., and northw.

§4. EURANUNCULUS Gray. Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow;

achenes nerveless.

* Achenes smooth, or nearly so ; mostly perennial.
t- Aquatic; immersed leaves filif or mly dissected; as in § Batrachium.

6. R. delphinifblius Torr. (Yellow Water C.) Stems floating or im.
mersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divisions, or
sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the nodes, if at all) ;
petals 5-8, deep bright yellow, 8-12 mm. long, much larger than the sepals;

RANUNCULACRAE (^CROWFOOT FAMILY) 395

carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak, slightly roughened, and
margined toward the base with a consjnnanis tumid border. {R mnJtifidus
Pursh, not Forskai.) —Quiet water, centr. xMe. to Ont., s. to N. C. and Ark •
also B. C. to Cal. When rooting out of water or left in the mud of drying ponds
it becomes the so called var. terrestuis (Gray) Farwell {R. rnissouriensia
Greene), a mere state, although differing conspicuously in its hrmer less finely
cut leaves of roundish outline, pubescent petioles, and smaller flowers.

7. R. Piirshii Richards. Wholly immersed and glabrous or creepinf^ upon
muddy banks and sparingly to copiously appressed-pubescent ; leaves orbicular
in outline, 1-2 cm. in diameter (the submersed somewhat larger), radially 3-
cleft, the segments again cut into 2-5 rounded lobes ; flower about 1 cm. l)road ;
petals bright yellow, not much exceeding the broad similarly colored sepals ;
carpels small, ovoid, turgid, smooth, without a distinct border; style short,'
straightish. — Shallow pools and on shores, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to P. E. I.,
N. S., N. B., Mich., Minn., N. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. June-
Sept. (Siber.)

■*- ■*- Arctic species barely entering our northern limits; leaves all ^{-^)-cleft or

S-pai'ted, glabrous.

8. R. Iapp6nicus L. Creeping; leaves deeply 3-parted, 1.5-4 cm. broad,
segments obovate, cuspidately several-toothed ; scapes 6-10 cm. high, 1-leaved
near the base ; flower 7-12 mm. broad ; petals oblong, yellow with orange veins ;
achenes somewhat fusiform. (Anemone nudicaulis Gray.) — In sphaginira
bogs, etc., Greenl. and n. Lab. to the n. shore of L. Superior, n. Minn., and
Alaska. (Siber., n. Eu.)

•»- -t- H- Usually terrestrial but growing in very loet places, glabrous or nearly
so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate
or linear; carpels forming a globular head. (Spearwort.)

9. R. laxicaulis (T. & G.) Darby. (Water Plantain S.) Stems ascend-
ing (3-6 dm. long), often rooting from the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate or the
lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (4-10 cm. long), contracted into a margined
half-clasping petiole ; petals 5-7, bright yellow, oblong (4-6 mm. long); carpels
flattened, large (2 mm. long), pointed with a long narroiv-suhulate beak. (B.
obtusiusculus Raf.?; R. ambigens Wats.) — Ditches and muddy places, s. Me.
to Ga. and Tenn., chiefly at low altitudes ; and from w. N. Y. and s. Ont. to
Minn, and Ark. June- Aug. — An aquatic state with reduced but undivided
leaves occurs.

10. R. Flammula L. (Smaller S.), Stem reclining or ascending, rooting
below; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong to lanceolate, en-
tire or nearly so, mostly petioled (2-5 cm. long); petals 5-7, much longer than
the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels small, flattish but turgid, mucronate loith a
short abrupt point. — Nfd. ; also Ore. (Eurasia.) Passing by insensible grada-
tions through an undefinable var. intermkdius Hook., into

Var. r§ptans (L.) Mey. (CREEPiNa S.) Small, slender, the ^Worrn c?T<'p-
ing stems rooting at all the joints; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (6--2o mm.
long); flowers small. ( R. roptans L.) — Gravelly or sandy shores ; Nfd. to Pa.,
northw. and westw. June-Sept. (Eu.) Passing in its turn into the still more
slender var. filifohmis (Michx.) Hook., with filiform leaves. — Similar situations.

11. R. oblongifblius Ell. Usually annual ; stem erect or ascending, often
pubescent below, slender (3-6 dm. high), diffusely branched above and many-
flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate, lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong
(1-3.5 cm. long), uppermost linear; flowers 6-10 mm. broad ; petals o, bright
yellow (3-6 mm. long) ; stamens 12-20 ; carpels minute, almost globular, the
small style deciduous. — Swamps and low ground, near the coast, Del. to Fla.
and Tex., n. in Miss, basin to Mo. and Til. Apr.-Sept.

12. R. pusillus Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (1.5-4.5 dm.
long); leaves entire or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart-
shaped (0.7-2 cm. long), long-peCiOled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (2-4 cm.
long); flowers very small; petals 1-5, pale yellowish, about 2 mm. long, scarcely

396 EANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY;

surpassing the sepals ; stamens 3-10 ; carpels very turgid, smootli or slightl;^
papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet places, near the coast,
s. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the Miss, basin to Mo. and Tenn. Apr.-Sept.

4^ H^ +.- H_ Terrestrial, hut often in wet places ; leaves mostly cleft or divided.

*^ Boot-leaves (or most of them) not divided to the very base ; achenes

marginless.

= Carpels in a globose head^ upon a turgid subglohose receptacle.

13. R. rhomboideus Goldie. (Dwarf B.) Low (1-2 f^m. high), haii-y ; root-
leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest
stem-leaves similar or ;]-o-lobed, the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes
linear ; carpels obovate with a minute beak, in a globose head ; petals large,
deep yellow. (B. ovalis Raf. ?) — Prairies and dry hills, w. Que. to Mich., la.,
and northw Apr., May.

= = Carpels m an ovoid or cylindric head, on an elongated receptacle.

a. Stigma essentially sessile.

1. Boot-leaves all ^-parted or -lobed ; the lobes again lobed or toothed.

14. R. sceleratus L. (Cursed C.) Annual, glabrous; root-leaves S-Iobed,
rounded ; lower stem-leaves o-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the
uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; carpels
barely mucronulate, very numerous, in ellipsoidal or cylindrical heads; petals
scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches and bogs ; sometimes appearing as if
introduced, June-Aug. — Stem thick and hollow ; juice acrid and blistering ;
leaves thickish ; flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)

2. Most or all of the root-leaves merely crenate.

16. R. micrdnthus Nutt. Villous; roots often fusiform-thickened, fascicu-
late ; root-leaves for the most part broadly obovate, scarcely if at all cordate at
the base, some of them 3-parted or pedately 3-divided ; the cauline subsessile,
divided into 3(-5) narrowly oblong leaflets; flowers very small; petals incon-
spicuous, light yellow ; receptacle glabrous. {B. abortivus, var. Gray.) — Open
deciduous woods, s. Me. to the Sask., and south w.

16. R. abortivus L. (Small-flowerkd C.) Biennial, slightly succulent ;
stem 1.5-d dm. high, covered with a short sparse sometimes fugacious pubes-
cence ; primaiy root-leaves round-heart-shaped with a wide shallow sinus or
kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or
3-parted ; those of the stem and branches o-5-parted or divided,
subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly
724 R abortivus toothed ; petals pale yellow, shorter than the small reflexed calyx :
Carnel x 4V ' receptacle villous ; carpels minute, merely nuicronulate. — Shady

hillsides and along brooks, common. Apr.-June. Fig. 724.
Var. eucyclus Fernald. Stem slender, flexuous, not succulent ; I'oot-leavh:
larger (often 5-6 cm. broad), orbicular, deeply cordate with a narrow sinus,
thin. — Rich low woods, N. B. and Que. to Ct.

b. Stigma borne on a distinct at first straightish at length more or less re-
curved style.
17 R. allegheniensis Britton. Habit and foliage closely as in B. aborti-
vus; stem glaucous; petals minute, pale yelloic ; achenes pro-
vided with a distinct recurved beak. — Moist places in rich woods, £^
e. Mass. to Vt,, e. N. Y., and south w. to N. C., locally abundant. \iif

18. R. HarvSyi (Gray) Britton. Also with the habit and '^'^^' ^ens"s!^''^°'
foliage of B. abortivus; root a fascicle of fusiform fibers; Carpel x4i4.
petals 5-8, oblong, 5-7 mm. in length, much larger than in '
the related species preceding ; achenes tipped with a weak straightish beak
{B. abortivus, var. Gray.) — Kooky ground, s. Mo. (Bush) and Ark.

Q

BANUNCULACEAE CCROWFOOT FAMILY)

397

726. E. fasciculans.
Base of plant x y^.-

H. -t^ Leaves .variously cleft or divided; achenes in (jlolmlar or ovoid heads, com-
pressed, with an evident Jirm margin; hirsute or pubescent.

= Achenes with long recurved beak; root-leaves rarely divided.

19. R. recurvatus Poir. (Hooked C.) Hirsute, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves of
the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply S-cleft, large ; the lobes
broadly wedge-shaped, 2-3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex ; petals
shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June.

= == Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper part
usually deciduous; early root-leaves only '.]-parted, the later o-ij-foliolate;
petals bright yellow.

20. R. fascicularis Muhl. (Early C.) Low, ascending, 1-2.5 dm. high,
pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibers ;

radical leaves appearing pinnate, tlie long-stalked
terminal division remote from the sessile Lateral
ones, itself 3-5-divided or -parted and o-5-cleft, the
lobes oblong or linear ; petals often (J or 7, spatu-
late-oblong, twice the length of the spreading (;alyx ;
carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender
straight or rather curved beak. — Dry or moist
hills, e. Mass. to Out. and southw. Apr., May.
Fig. 726.

21. R. septentrionalis Poir. (Swamp B.) Usu-
ally villous ; stems 3-8 dm. long, erect, ascending^
or in wet ground some of them pro-
cumbent or forming long runners;
lower petioles very long ; leaves 3-di-
vided, the divisions all stalked (or at
least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally
3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; petals broadly obovate, much
larger than the spreading calyx ; mature
carpels 3-3.4 mm. broad, strongly margined,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist
or shady places, etc., May-Aug. Fig. 727.

22. R. hispidus Michx. Root a cluster of stout fibers ;
stem 1.5-4 dm. high, flexuous, not repent, hirsute or smooth-
ish ; leaves o-divided or the basal only 3-lobed ; divisions
or lobes variously cleft, teeth mostly acutish ; petals oblong^
bright yellow, much exceeding the spreading sepals;
mature achenes green, obscurely margined,
2-2.6 mm. broad, tipped with a rather slender
beak. — Moist places, chiefly in upland woods,
Vt., southw. and westw. Fig. 728. — A
smooth ish form occurs.

= = =r iStijle short, recurved, stigmatose
along the inner margin, mostly persistent.

23. R. repens L. (Creeping B.) Creep-
ing, in habit and foliage closely similar to the
last two species ; leaves frequently white-
variegated or spotted; flowers 2-2.6 cm.
broad ; sepals not reflexed in anthesis. — In
low grounds ; generally in ditches and along
water courses, near the coast and probably
introduced from Europe, but indigenous
westw. Fig, 729.

24. R. PARvuLus L. Hirsute, not creep-
ing, similar to but much smaller than the
preceding; leaves rarely over 3 cm. broad;

4

72

W. Mi>ten-

trionalis.
Cariiel x 4%.

[28. R. hispidus.
Flower x Vt-
Carpel x 4%.

729. n. repens.

Base of plant x Vg. Flower x V,.

Carpel x 4Vi.

RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

flowers 1-1.8 cm. in diameter; sepals reflexed in anthesis ; head of fruit ovoid;
achenes small., flat, strongly margined, the faces sometimes a little warty ; style
short, erect. — Waste places, ballast, etc., Philadelphia and southw. (Adv
from Eu.)

25. R. pennsylvanicus L. f. (Bristly C.) Stout and erect from a usually
annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the top, 4-6 dm.
high ; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked leaflets unequally
3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; flowers inconspicuous ; sepals reflexed ;
carpels obscurely margined, in a short-cylindi'ic head ; receptacle cylindro-conical.
— Wet places. June-Aug. (Asia.)

26. R. Macoiinii Britton. Resembling the last, but the ascending or reclin-
ing stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always hirsute ; petals (about

6 mm. long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon decidu-
ous calyx ; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a globose
or ovoid head ; receptacle thick, obovoid. (i?. hispidus Man.
ed. 6.) — Que. to L. Superior, "la.," and westw. Fig. 730.
27. R. bulb6sus L. (Bulbous C. or B.) Hairy; stem
730. E. Macounii. (3 dm. high) erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves
Flower X 5/7. 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the terminal stalked

Carpel xiVz- and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed; peduncles

furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at base ; calyx re-
flexed ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields ; very abundant only in
N. E. ; rare westw. May-July. — Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals
■)ften 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than 2.5 cm. broad. (Nat.
irom Eu.)

28. R. XcRis L. (Tall C. or B.) Hairy ; stem erect (6-9dm.high) ; leaves
3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their segments cut into
lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate,
much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields; common, especially eastw.
June-Aug. — Flowers nearly as large as the last, but not so deep yellow.
(Nat. from Eu.) Var. Steveni (Andrz.) Lange. Leaf-segments broadly ob-
lanceolate or even obovate-cuneate. — Moist meadows, N. E. and northeastw. ;
not rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles; annuals.

29. R. muricXtus L. Nearly glabrous ; lower leaves roundish or reniform,
3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; petals
longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny -tuberculate on the sides, strongly
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth unarmed margin. — Wet
places, e. Va. and southw. (Nat. from Eurasia.)

.30. R. ARVENSis L. Similar to the preceding, but segments of the cauline
leaves more narrow and acute ; carpels armed on the thick border as well as the
surfaces. — Waste places, N. J. to O. (Sparingly adv. from Eu.)

31. R. parvifl6rus L. Hairy, slender and diffuse ; lower leaves roundish-
cordate, .3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3-5-parted ; petals not longer
than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly margined.
- Waste places, etc., Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. MYOStRUS [Dill.] L. Mouse-tail

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20.
Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-
^ike receptacle (whence the name, from aOs, a mouse, and ohpd, a tail), the seed
suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves,
and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. M. minimus L. Fruiting spike 2-5 cm. long ; achenes quadrate, blunt. —
Alluvial ground, etc.. 111. to Assina., N. Mex., and Fla.; also at Bellevillej Ont.
iMacoun) ; and reported from e. Va. CEu.)

RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 399

8. AD6nIS [Dill.] L.

Sepals and petals (5-16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achen&s numerouB,
in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended. — Herbs with linely dissecied al-
ternate leaves and showy flowers. ("ASwvis, a favorite of Venus, atier his death
changed into a flower.)

1. A. adtumnAlis L. (Pheasant's Eye.) Low leafy annual with scarlet
or crimson corolla darker in the center. (A annua L., in part.) — Occasional
in fields. (Sparingly introd. from Eu.)

4. TRAUTVETTERIA Fisch. & Mey. False Bugbane

Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none.
Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed, somewhat 4-angled
and inflated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed
leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For Prof. E. B. von Trautvetter, an able
Russian botanist of the 19th century.)

1. T. carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. Stems 6-9 dm. high; root-leaves large,
5-11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (T. palmata Fisch. & Mey.) — Moist
ground along streamlets, Md. and s. w. Pa. to Mo. and Ga.

6. THALICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Meadow Rub

Sepals 4-5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes
4-15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended.
— Perennials, with alternate 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and
the leaflets stalked ; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles,
often polygamous or dioecious. (A Greek name of an unknown plant, men-
tioned by Dioscorides.)

* Flowers perfect ; filaments club-shaped^ erect or spreading.

1. T- clavatum DC. Stem slender, glabrous, 3-4 dm. high, 1-3-leaved ;

radical leaves biternate ; leaflets large, thin, glaucous beneath, suborbicular,
coarsely and crenately 3-7-toothed ; flowers white, few ; achenes 5-10, flat,
falcate, tapering into a long and very slender stipe. — By mountain streams,
W. Va. and Va. to Ga. and Ala. May, June.

* * Flowers dioecious or polygamous.

•*- Achenes sessile, regularly ribbed, their walls of firm texture.

' 2. T. confine Fernald. Glabrous and glaucous, 3-10 dm. high, from a slen-
der elongate caudex ; leaflets often 2-4 cm. broad, suborbicular, veins scarcely
prominulous beneath ; achenes maturing 2-5, about 8 mm. long including the
beak. — Rocky and gravelly banks of streams, e. N. B., Que., and n. Me. to
n. N. Y. and Man. June, July.

•♦- t- Achenes broadly spindle-shaped, conspicuously stalked; filaments thread-
like ; leaves 'S-i-ternate.

3. T. coriaceum (Britton) Small. Boots stout, bright yellow; common
petioles of the stem-leaves more or less developed, the base nuicli dilated and
amplexicaul ; leaflets broadly obovate to suborbicular, 3-9-toothed or -lobed,
pale and glabrous beneath ; style nearly as long as the achene. — Mts. of Pa. to
Ky., N. C, andTenn.

4. T. caulophylloides Small. SivaWsiT; roots not yellow ; leaflets commonly
large, reniform-suborbicular, broader than long, pale beneath ; style thickish,
often hooked, about half as long as the acAene. — Mountain slopes and alluvial
banks, Md. to Ky. and Tenn.

400 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

H- -I- H- Achenes sessile or subsessile, thin-walled, the ribs often connected by
transverse reticulations ; leaves i)-\-ternate.

••^ Filaments capillary, soon drooping; petioles of the stem-leaves well de-jel

oped; vernal.

5. T. dioicum L. (Early M.) Smooth and pale or glaucous, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves (2-3) all with general petioles ; leaflets thin, light green, drooping, sub-
orbicular, :5-7-lobed ; flowers dioecious ; sepals purplish or greenish white. —
Rocky woods, etc., centr. Me., westw. and southw., common. Apr., May.

Hf ++ Filaments capillary or slightly club-shaped, soon drooping ; petioles of the
stem-leaves short or none ; aestival.

6. T. dasycarpum. Fisch. & Lall. Stem 6-12 dm. high, usually purplish ;
leaflets shortly oblong, mostly 8-toothed, more or less veiny, pale and usually
covered with a Jine non-glandular pubescence beneath ; flowers dioecious ; se-
pals and capillary tilaments commonly purplish white. ( T. purpurascens Man.
ed. 6, in part.) — Alluvial soil, N. J. to the Saskatchewan, and south westw.

7. T. revolutum DC. Habit and flowers much as in the preceding ; leaflets
thicker, under a lens finely glandular-puberulent, the glands or waxy globules
sessile or shortly stipitate. ( T. purpurascens Man. ed. 6, in part, including
var. ceriferum Aust.) — Rocky upland woods, etc., also on river banks, e.
Mass. to N. J., s. w. Ont., s. Ind., and N. C. — Emitting a heavy odor.

++++++ Filaments club-shaped, ascending or spreading until after anthesis.

8. T. pol3fgamum Muhl. (Tall M.) Glabrous or pubescent but not glan-
dular, 0.5-2.6 m. high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to
oblong, commonly with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath ;
panicles very compound; flowers white (rarely purplish), the fertile ones with
some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white
tilaments decidedly thickened upwards; achenes glabrous. (T. Cornuti Man.
ed. 5, not L.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, Nfd. to O. and southw., com-
mon. July-Sept. Var. hebecarpum Fernald. Leaflets usually pubescent
beneath; achenes pubescent. — Nfd. to s. Ont. and N. H.

6. ANEMONELLA Spach.

Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5-10, white
and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, ovoid, terete, strongly 8-10-
ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. — Low glabrous peren-
nial ; leaves all radical, compound. (Name a diminutive of Anemone, to which
this plant has sometimes been referred. )

1. A. thalictroides (L.) Spach. (Rue Anemone.) Stem and slender peti-
ole of radical leaf (1-3 dm. high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous
roots ; leaves 2-3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at
the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2-3-leaved 1-2-ternate
involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (1.2 cm. long, some-
times pinkish), not early deciduous. (/SyncZesmow Hoffmannsegg. ; Thalictrum
anemonoides Mxchs..) — Woods, common, s. N. H. to Minn., Kan., Tenn., and
n. w. Fla. — Rarely the sepals, stamens or involucre are variously modified.

7. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Hill. Liverleaf. Hepatica

Leaves heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter,
tlie new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes.
(Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.)

1. H. triloba Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those
of the involucre also obtuse ; sepals 6-12, blue, purplish, or nearly white ; achenes
several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. {H. Hepatica
Karst.) — Woods, coinmon from N. S. to Fla., Mo., and Minn.; more abundant
eastw. (Alaska, Eu.)

RANUNCULACEAE (^CRO\^FOOT FAMILY) 401

2. H. acutiloba DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes
d-lobed ; those of the invohicre acute or acutish. {H. acuta liritton.) — Woods,
w. Que., southw. through w. N. H. to Ga., Mo., and Mum., more abundant
westw. ; York, Me. {Bicknell). — Passes into the preceding.

8. ANEM6nE [Tourn.] L. Anemone

Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in no. 1 resembling abortive
stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. ISeed suspench-d.
— Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or :3 together, oppo-
site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower ; peduncles
1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, a cor-
ruption of Na'mdn, the Semitic nanne iov Adonis, from whose blood the crimson-
flowered Anemone of the Orient is said to have sprung.)

§ 1. PULSATILLA Pers. Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles
which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis ; flower large, usually
with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to
petals.

1. A. patens L.,var. Wolf gangiana (Bess.) Koch. (Pasque Flower.) Silky-
villous ; flower erect, solitary ; leaves ternately divided, the lateral divisions
2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted ; segments of the leaves and ses-
sile involucre deeply cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; sepals 5-7, pur-
plish blue to whitish (15-35 mm. long), spreading when in full anthesis. (Var.
Nuttalliana Gray ; Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britton.) — Prairies, Wise, 111., Tex.,
north w. and westw. March, Apr. (Eu., Siber.)

§2. ANEM6nE proper. Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none.
* Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed ; involucre far below the flower.
•»- Bootstock tuberous ; sepals usually 10-20 ; style filiform.

2. A. caroliniana Walt. Stem 7-15 cm. high ; root-leaves once or twice
3-parted or cleft ; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft ; sepals
10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitisn ; head of fruit ellipsoid. — Dak. to 111.,
Fla., and Tex. May. A, decapetala Ard., said to reach e. Kan., is doubt-
fully distinct, its strongest character being the greater prevalence of simply ter-
nate basal leaves with crenate uncleft leaflets.

•t- H- Bootstock not tuberous; sepals usually 5-8 ; styles filiform.

3. A. parvifl5ra Michx. Stem 1-3 dm. high, from a slender rootstock, 1-
flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crcnate-
incised or lobed ; involucre 2-3-leaved ; sepals 5 or 0, oval, white, with bluish
bases ; head of fruit globular. — Wet limestone rocks. Lab. to Alaska, s. to e.
Que., Ont., Minn., Col., and Ore. May-Sept. (Siber.)

4. A. multifida Poir. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (1-4 dm.
high); principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or tiro 2-leaved
peduncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves,
twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals (sometimes
numerous) obtuse, red, greenish yellow or whitish ; head of fiuit spherical or
ovoid. {A. Hudsoniana Richards.) —Gravelly and ledgy (calcareous) shores
and banks, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., n. N. Y., Mich.,
S. Dak.; and in the mts. to Ariz. June. (Extra-trop. S. A.)

H» ^_ H_ Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles;
involucral leaves long-petioled ; sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath, oval or
oblong; style subulate. (Thimbleweeds.)

5. A. cylindrica Gray. Slender, pubescent ; flowers 2-6, on very long up.
right naked pedwicles ; involucral leaves twice or thrice a.s many as the pedun-
cles, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-lanceolate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 6, rather obtuse, greenish

gray's manual, — 26

402 RANUNCULACEXB (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

white ; head of fruit cylindrical (2-3.5 cm. long). —Rocky woods and dry bar-
rens, w. Me. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Mo., Kan., N. Max., and Ariz,

May-July.

6. A. riparia Fernald. Less conspicuously pubescent ; leaflets thinner,
greener, less strongly veined ; those of the involucre lanceolate^ ctineate at the
base; sepals 5, large (1.5 cm. long)* obtuse, white or rarely reddish, mostly
petaloid ; head of fruit subcylindric, the styles suherect. — Calcareous river-
banks, etc., Gasp6 Co., Que., to Alberta, s. to Me., w. Ct., e. Pa., and w. N. Y.
May, June.

7. A. virgini^na L. Loosely pubescent or glabrate ; involucral leaves 3, 3-
parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted,
the middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-
leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5, acute, greenish
(in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit ovoid or thick-cylindric, the
styles divergent. — Woods and meadows, centr. Me. to Minn., and south w.
June-Aug. — Plant 0.6-1 m. high ; the upright peduncles 1.5-3 dm. long.

** Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5, obovate;

involucre

8. A. canadensis L. Hairy, rather low ; primary involucre 3-leaved, bear-
ing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved
involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly
wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft ; se-
pals white (1.2-1.8 cm. long); head of fruit spherical. (A. pennsylvanica L.)
— River-banks and prairies, e. Que. to Assina., s. to N. S., centr. Me., w. N. E.,
N. J., Pa., Great Lake region. Mo., Kan., and Col.; escaped from cultivation
elsewhere.

* * * Achenes rather feio, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender, 1-flowered;

leaves radical.

9. A. quinquef51ia L. (Wood A.) Low, smoothish ; stem perfectly simple,
from a thick-tiliform whitish or brown rootstock ; involucre of 3 long-petioled
trifoliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and laciniately toothed
or' the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from
the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre ; sepals 4-7, oval, white,
or tinged with purple outside ; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak.
{A. nemorosa of Man. ed. 6, not L.)— Margin of woods. Apr., May. — A
delicate vernal species ; the flower 2 cm. broad.

The European A. nemor6sa L., with thicker blackish rootstock, has been
found as an escape from cultivation in e. Mass. (Sears).

10. A. trifblia L. Similar in habit, somewhat stouter ; the leaflets of the
involucre lanceolate to ovate, 2-3 cm. broad, rather regularly serrate, not in-
cised ; flower 2.8-3.5 cm. in diameter ; sepals oval, white. — Woods, mts. of s.
Pa. to Ga. (Eu.)

9. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower

Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending
or clasping of the leafstalks, rarely low and erect. (KXrjixarls, a name of Dios-
corides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.)

1 1. FLAMMULA DC. Flowers cymose-panicnlate, rather small, in our spe-
cies dioecious or the pistillate loith some sterile stamens. Sepals petaloid,
whitish, spreading, thin. Petals iione. Anthers short, blunt.
1. C. virginilLna L. Leaves normally 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, acute, thin,
dark green above, when young silky-villous beneath, in age more or less com-
pletely glabrate, heart-shaped at the base, variously few-toothed. — River-banks,
ete., common; climbing over shrubs, ^uly, Aug. A variation, found in th^
lower Missouri Valley and having more persistent pubescence and " marginless "
%chenes. has been described as C. missouriensis Rydb.

RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 403

2. C. ligusticifblia Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or quinate-

ternate ; leaflets small, 1.5-4 cm. broad, pale green, thickish, of lirm texture.

Mo. (Bush), Neb., and w. to the Paciflc.

§ 2. VI6rNA Reichenb. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually
nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull puiple.
Petals none. Anthers linear.

* Stems climbing; leaves at least in part pinnate ; calyx {and foliage) gla-

brous or puberulent.

•^ Tails of fruit plumose.

3. C. Vi6rna L. (Leather Flower.) Calyx ovoid and at length bell-
shaped ; the purplish sepals (2-3 cm. long) very thick and leathery, wholly con-
nivent or only the tips recurved ; long tails of the fruit very plumose ; baflets
3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3-lobed or entire, not reticu-
lated; uppermost leaves often simple. (C. glaucophylla and C. flaccida Small.)

— Rich soil, Pa. to Mo., and south vv. May-Aug.

4. C. Addis5nii Britten. Suberect, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves all or many of
them simple, sessile, broadly ovate, deep green above, glaucous beneath, obtuse,
the later ones pinnate with prehensile petiolules and elliptic ovate leaflets ;
flowers and fruit as in C. Viorna. — Alluvial soil, Va. {Addison Brown), N. C,
and Tenu. x C. viornioides Britton is intermediate between this and C.
Viorna.

5. C. versicolor Small. Climbing, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves pinnate ;
leaflets oval, reticulated; sepals lanceolate, glabrous on the outer surface,
slightly recurved at the tip; achenes with plumose tails. — Dry ledges. Mo.
(Bush), and Ark. (according to Small).

-t- ^- Tails of fruit silky or glabrate.

6. C. Pitchiri T. & G. Calyx bell-shaped ; the dull purplish sepals inth
narrow and sUgkth/ margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform and
naked or shortly villous ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-
lobed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. (C. Simsii of auth.,
not Sweet according to Gray.) — S. Ind. to Neb. and Tex. June.

7. C. crispa L. Calyx cylindrical below, the upper half of the bluish-purple
sepals (2.5-4 5 cm. long) dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy
thin margins; tails of the fruit silky or glabrate; leaflets 5-0, thin, varying
from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. (C. cylindrica Sims.)

— Va. near Norfolk, and south w. May-Aug.

* * Low and erect, mostly simple ; floicers solitary, terminal; leaves sessile ot

nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated.

8. C. ochroleuca Ait. Leaves broadly ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed,
silky beneath; sepals yellowish within ; peduncles long ; tails of the fruit tawny-
plumose, the achenes nearly symmetrical, 3.5 mm. broad. — Copses, s. N. Y. to
Ga. ; rare. May.

9. C. ovslta Pursh. Very similar in habit ; leaves narrowly ovate, entire,
glabrate; sepals purplish; achenes obliqur, 4-5 mm. broad, their silky tails
white or nearly so. — Dry slaty hillsides. White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. to
S C

' 10. C. Frem6ntii Wats. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed,
sparingly villous-tomentose ; pedicncles very short ; tails villous or glabrate, not
plumose. — Mo., Neb., and Kan.

§ 3. ATRAGENE DC. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less

petaloid; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely

spreading.

11. C. verticillaris DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous ; leave*

trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or

slightly heart-shaped, pointed; flower pinkish-purple, 5-7. A cm. across; tails

of thB fruit plumose, 6 cm. long. {Atragene americana Sims.) — Rocky

404 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

woods, chiefly in calcareous districts, e, Que. to Hudson B. and L. Winnipeg,,
locally s. to Del., Va., W. Va., Mich, and Minn. May, June.

10. ISOPYRUM L.

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed
with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2-several-seeded. — Slender smooth
perennial herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed.
Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (From iadirvpov, the ancient name of a
Fumaria.)

1. I. biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. Petals none ; filaments white, club-shaped ;
pistils 3-6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded ; seeds smooth. —
Moist shady places, s. Ont. (Dearness) to Minn., and southw. May. — Fibers
of the root thickened here and there into little tubers.

11. CALTHA [Rupp.] L. Marsh Marigold

Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Pistils 5-10, ^vith scarcely any styles. Pods (folli-
cles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Glabrous perennials, with round
and heart-shaped or kidney-form large leaves. (An ancient Latin name for
the common Marigold.)

1. C. palustris L. Stem hollow, furrowed, not creeping ; leaves round or
kidney-shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly oval,
bright yellow. — Swamps and wet meadows, Nfd. to Sask., s. to S. C, Tenn.,
and Neb. Apr. -June. Often called incorrectly Cowslips; used as a pot-herb
'n spring, when coming into flower. (Eu.) Var. flabellif6lia (Pursh)
r. & G. is a weak slender form (not creeping), with open reniform leaves and
smaller flowers (2 cm. broad or less), occurring in cold mountain springs, N. Y.
to Md. Var. radicans (Forst.) Hartm. is a decumbent or procumbent form,
creeping at the base, usually more slender and smaller-flowered than the typi-
cal form. — Arctic Am. and (according to Rydberg) in swamps near Woodlawn
and W. Hampton, N. Y. (Boreal Eurasia.)

2. C. natans Pall. Stems commonly floating ; leaves ovate-reniform, thin,
subentire ; flowers small (1-1.2 cm. broad); sepals ivhite or pinkish; carpels
numerous (3 mm. long), in a globose head. — In ponds or on muddy shores,
n. Minn., and northwestw, June-Sept.

12. TR6lLIUS L. Globeflower

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base.
Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, many-seeded. — Smooth peren-
nials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Banunmlus, and large solitary
terminal flowers. (Name a latinization of Troll from Trollblume, the Germanic
vernacular designation.)

1. T. laxus Salisb. (Spreading G.) Leaves 5-7 -parted ; pale greenish-yel-
low sepals 5-6, spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the
stamens. — Deep swamps, w. Ct. to Del., Pa., and Mich. ; Rocky Mts. May.

13. c6pTIS Salisb. Goldthread

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at
the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent,
membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials,
with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name
from KOTTTeiv, to cut., alluding to the divided leaves.)

1. C. trif51ia (L.) Salisb. Rootstocks of long bright yellow bitter fibers;
leaves evergreen, shining; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed,
obscurely 3-lobed ; scape naked, slender, 7-13 cm. high, 1 (rarely 2)-flowered. —

RANCTNCULACEAE (^CROWFOOT FAMILY^ 405

Mossy woods and swamps, Lab. to Alask., s. to Md., mts. of N. C. and Tenn.,
Mich., and n. e. la. May-July. (Greenl., Eurasia.)

14. HELLEBORUS [Tourn.] L. Hellebore

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubular,
2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Peren-
nial herbs, with auiple palmate or pedate leaves and large solitary nodding early
vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.)

1. H. viRiDis L. (Green H., Chkistmas Flowek.) Root-leaves glabrous,
pedate; calyx spreading, greenish. — Has been found wild on L. I., in Pa.,
N. J., and W. Va. Dec-Apr. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. ERANTHIS Salisb. Winter Aconite

Sepals 5-8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels
few, stipitate, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radi-
cal leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an
involucre of a single leaf. (Name from -^p, spring, and S.vdo'i, flower.)

1. E. hyemAlis (L.) Salisb. Dwarf ; flowers cup-shaped, shorter thaii the
stamens. (^Cammarum Greene.) — Often cultivated; established in e. Pa.
Feb., March. (Nat. from Eu.)

16. NIGELLA [Tourn.] L. Fennel Flower

Sepals 5, regular, petaloid. Petals small, ungeniculate, the blade bifid.
Pistils 5, partly united into a compound ovary, so as to form a several-celled
capsule. — An Old World genus, with blackish aromatic seeds, noteworthy in
the famdy in having a somewhat compound ovary. (Name a diminutive of
niger, black, from the color of the seeds.)

1. N. damasoena L. (LovE-iN-A-MisT.) Flower bluish, overtopped by a
finely divided leafy involucre. — Sometimes cultivated, and occasionally spon-
taneous around gardens. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

17. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Columbine

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Per-
ennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name of doubtful origin.)

1. A. canadensis L. (Wild C.) Flowers 5 cm. long, scarlet, yellow inside,
nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becoming upright in fruit ;
spurs nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Hocks,
open woods, etc. Apr.-June. Var. Phippenii J. Robinson with salmon-colored
flowers, and var. flavifl6ra (Tenney) Britton with yellow flowers, are color
forms with paler foliage. A. coccfNEA Small — robust and with aeunnnate
sepals 13-21 mm. long — is a more or less marked and perhaps distinct species
of the South and West.

2. A. VULGARIS L. (Garden C.) Flowers blue, purple, pink, or white ;
spurs hooked. —Established in many places, especially north w. (Introd. from
Eu.)

18. DELPHINIUM [Tourn.] L. Larkspur

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
base. Petals 4 (rarely only 2, united into one), irregular, the upix-r pair con-
tinned backward into long spurs which are inclosed in the spur ()f the calyx, the
lower pair with short claws. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods i" tru>t-
- Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name

406 BANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not
unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.)

Introduced annuals ; pistil 1.

Follicle 1 cm. long, glabrous 1. D. Consolida.

Follicle 1.2-2 cm. long, pubescent 2. D. Ajacis.

Indigenous perennials ; pistils 3.

Roots short, tuberous ; pods strongly divergent 8. Z>. iricome.

Roots elongated, woody ; pods nearly or quite erect.
Flowers purplish blue.
Petals bearded with yellow hairs ; inflorescence loose, pyramidal ;

plant glabrous

Petals bearded with white hairs ; racemes virgate,

Stem glabrous

Stem velvety-pubescouC ....
Flowers sky-blue ; raceme lax, few-flowered
Flowers white or nearly so ; raceme virgate

4. D. Treleasei.

5. Z>. exaltatum.

6. D. Nortonianum

7. D. azureum.

8. D. Penardi.

1. D. Consolida L. (Field L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes ;
inflorescence loosely paniculate ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; pod glabrous.

— Old grain-fields, and sparingly along roadsides, N. J. , southw. and westw.,
rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. D. AjXcis L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose ; pods pubes-
cent.—Fields, roadsides, and wet places, Vt. to Mo. and N. C. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)

3. D. tric6rne Michx. (Dwarf L.) Root a tuberous cluster ; stem simple,
1.5-9 dm. high ; leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft ; the
lobes, linear, acutish ; raceme few-flowered, loose ; flowers bright blue, some-
times white, occasionally numerous ; spur straightish, ascending ; pods strongly
diverging. — W. Pa. to Minn., Neb., and southw. Apr., May.

4. D. Treleasei Bush. Essentially glabrous throughout, 7-10 dm. high,
loosely branching ; leaf -segments deeply cleft, the lobes long, linear, acute ; lower
pedicels much elongated, often 10-14 cm. in length ; calyx rich bluish purple;
the lamina of each sepal more or less distinctly spotted with yellow or brown ;
petals with a conspicuous yellow heard. — Barrens of s. Mo. {Bush). May,
June.

5. D. exaltitum Ait. (Tall L.) Stems slender, 6-15 dm. high; leaves
deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions narrowly wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the
apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; flowers purplish blue,
downy ; spur straight ; pods erect. (2). urceolatum of auth., not Jacq.) — Rich
soil. Pa. to Minn., Neb., and southw. July.

6. D. Nortonianum Mackenzie & Bush. Erect, simple, 8 dm. high ; stem leafy,
covered with copious spreading yellowish and somewhat viscid pubescence ;
leaf-segments deeply cleft, the lobes narrowly linear, acutish ; raceme single,
wand-like, the lower pedicels scarcely longer than the upper; flowers bluish
purple ; the spur erect or nearly so. — Barrens of the Ozark Mts., s. Mo. {Bush).
May, June.

7. D. azureum Michx. Stem 3-6 dm. high, finely cinereous-pubescent;
leaves deeply 3-5-parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly
linear ; flowers sky-blue ; spur ascending or horizontal, usually curved upward ;
pods erect. {9 D. carolinianum Walt.) — Va., N. C. and Ga. to Ark., Mo.,
Minn., and Sask. May, June.

8. D. Penardi Huth. Simple, erect, pubescent and generally glandular;
raceme strict, elongated ; flowers numerous, white or nearly so, soft-pubescent ;
the spur chiefly ascending or erect. {D. camporum Greene ; D. albescens Rydb.)

— Prairies and open deciduous woods. 111. and Wise, to N. Mex. and the Rocky
Mts.

19. ACONtTUM [Tourn.] L. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular : the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel-
met-shaped, larger than the others. Upper petals 2, consisting of small spur-
shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet; other petals
6 or fewer, much reduced or wholly wanting. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded,

RANUNCULACEAE QCROWFOOT FAMILY) 407

Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. —Perennials, with palmately cleft or dib
sected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The ancient Greek
and Latin name, of uncertain origin.)

1. A. noveborac6nse Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roots, hiph, leafy,
the ttummit and strict loosely flowered raceme pubescent; leaves rather deeply
parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 8-cleft and incised ; flowers blue ; the hel-
met gibbous-obovoid with broad rounded summit and short descendiiif; beak.

Chenango, Orange, and Ulster Cos., N. Y. ; also Summit Co., 0. ; and reported
from Allamakee Co., la. (Pammel).

2. A. uncinsttum L. (Wild M.) Glabrous; stem slender, from tuhrroits-
thickened roots, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves firm, deiply ;d-5.
lobed, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; floicers blue ; hel-
met erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly beaked in front. — Hich shady
soil along streams. Pa., and southw. in the mts. ; Wise. June-Aug.

3. A. reclinatum Gray. (Trailing W.) Glabrous ; stems trailing, 1-3 m.
long; leaves deeply S-7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in outline, 12-15
cm. wide ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed ; flowers white,
1.8 cm. long, nearly glabrous, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal,
elongated-conical, with ^straight beak in front. — Cheat Mt., Va., and southw.
in the Alleghenies. Aug.

20. CIMICIFUGA L. Bugbanb

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as in
Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2-3-ternately divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, send fugei-e, to drive away. )

§ 1. ACTINOSPORA (Turcz.) B. & H. Pistils S-S, stipitate ; seeds flattened
laterally, covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous
pods; style awl-shaped; stigma minute.

1. C. americana Michx. (American B.) Stem 6-12 dm. high ; racemes
slender, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods flattened, veiny, 6-8-seeded.
— Watkins, N. Y. (according to Britton) ; mountains of s. Pa., and southw.
Aug. -Sept.

§ 2. MACR6tRYS (Raf.) T. & G. (as Macrotys). Pistil solitary or sometimes
2-3, sessile; seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in
two rows, as in Actaea ; stigma broad and flat.

2. C. racembsa (L.) Nutt. (Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh.) Stem
1-2.6 m. high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; leaves 2-3-ternately and then
often quinately compound ; leaflets subcuneate to subcordate at the base ; racemes
in fruit becoming 3-9 dm. long; pods ovoid. — Rich woods, s. N. E. to Wise,
and southw. ; cultivated and escaped eastw. July. Var. dissecta Gray.
Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather small leaflets incised. —
Local, s. w. Ct. (Fames) to Del. {Commons).

Var. cordif51ia (Pursh) Gray. Leaflets few (about 9), very large (1-2.5 dm.
long), at least the terminal one deeply cordate. (C. cordifoUa Pursh.) — Damp
woods, mts. of s. w. Va. to N. C. and Tenn. — Said to flower later than the
typical form

21. ACTAEA L. Baneberrt Cohosh

Sepalis 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments.
Pistil single ; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Seeds smooth, flattened, and
packed horizontally in 2 rows. —Perennials, with ample 2-3-ternately compound
leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick ter-

408 MAGNOLIACEAE (MAGNOLIA FAMILY)

minal raceme of white flowers. (From d/cr^a, actaea, ancient names of the Elder,
transferred by Linnaeus.)

1. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. (Red B.) Bacenie ovoid ; petals rhomhicHspatu-
late, much shorter than the stamens; pedicels slender; berries cherry-red,
poisonous, ovoid-ellipsoid. {A. spicata, var. Ait.)— Rich woods, common,
especially northw. Apr., May. A form with decompound leaves and incised
leaflets is var. dissecta Britton. — Lincoln Co., Ont. Forma neglecta
(Gillman) Robinson has white berries on long slender green pedicels. (A.
neglecta Gillman; A. eburnea Rydb.) — Not rare. — Worthy of further study
and perhaps distinct.

2. A. alba (L.) Mill. (White B.) Leaflets more incised and sharply
toothed ; raceme ellipsoid ; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end, appearing
to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as the peduncle
and red, the globular-ovoid berries iijhite. — n\ch woods, flowering a week or two
later than the other, and more common westward and southward.

22. HYDRASTIS Ellis. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon

Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled ; stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becom-
ing a head of crimson 1-2-seeded berries in fruit.— A low perennial herb, send-
ing up in earlv spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical
leaf and a sim"ple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit and terminated
by a single greenish white flower. (Name unmeaning.)

1. H. canadensis L. (Golden Seal.) Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at
the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 1-2 dm.
wide. — Rich woods, w. N. E. to Minn., and southw. Apr., May.

23. ZANTHORHiZA L'H^r. Shrub Yellow-root

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Pistils 5-15, with 2 pendulous ovules.
Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short style becoming dorsal. — A low shrubby plant ;
the bark and long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown-
purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing along with the 1-2-pmnate
leaves from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of iiavdb^,
yellow, and pl^a, root.) Xanthorrhiza Marsh., a better but later form.

1. Z. apiifblia L'Her. Stems clustered, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets cleft and
toothed. — Shady banks of streams. Pa. and s. w. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga.

MAGNOLlACEAE (Magnolia Family)

Trees or shrubs, loith the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, polypeta-^
lous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike,
in three or more rows of three, and imbricated {rarely covolute) in the bud. —
Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed
together and covering the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and
in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel,
anatropous ; albumen fleshy; embryo minute. —Leaves alternate, not toothed,
marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large.
Bark aromatic and bitter.

1. magn6lia l.

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and
\ong anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather
woody cone-like red fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from
which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread. (Named for
P. Magrwl, professor of botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.)

CALYCANTHACEAE (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY) 409

* Leaves all scattered along the branches ; leaf-buds silky.

1. M. virginiana L. (Small or Laurel M., Sweet Bay.) Leaves oval to
broadly lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flower globular^
white, 5 cm. long, very fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, ellipsoid.
(M. glauca L.) — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. south w., near the
coast; in Pa. as far w. as Cumberland Co. May-July. — Shrub 1-6 m. high,
with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen.

2. M. acuminata L. (Cucumber Tree.) Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green
and a little pubescent beneath, 13-25 cm. long ; flower slender-bell-shaped,
glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 5 cm, long ; cone of fruit 5-7 era. long,
cylindrical. — Rich woods, w. N. Y. to 111., Ark. and south w. May, June. — Tree
18-27 m. high ; fruit when young slightly resembling a small cucumber.

<--3. M. macrophylla Michx. (Great-leaved M.) Leaves obovate-oblong,

cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; flower open-hell- "^

shaped, white, with a purple spot at base; petals ovate, 15 cm. long; cone of (J^

fruit ovoid. — Ky., Ark., and southw. May, June. — Tree 6-12 m. high; ^X;

leaves 3-9 dm. long, somewhat clustered on the flowering branches. s-

* * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle; leaf-buds glabrous; flowers white, slightly scented.

4. M. trip§tala L. (Umbrella Tree.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at
both ends, soon glabrous, 3-6 dm. long ; petals 9-12 cm. long. {M. Umbrella
Desr.) — S. Pa. to Ky., Mo., and southw. May. — Small tree.

5. M. Fraseri Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrella Tree.) Leaves oblong-
obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous, 2-5 dm. long ; petals
obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws, 1 dm. long. — Swamps and along streams,
Va. and Ky., along the Alleghenies, and southw. May. — A slender tree 9-15
m. high.

2. LIRIODENDRON L. Tulip Tree

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla.
Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, narrow, imbricating
and cohering in an elongated cone, dry, falling away whole, like a samara or key,
indehiscent, 1-2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. (Name from Xipiov, lily
or tulip, and bivbpov, tree.)
<^ 1. L. Tulipifera L. — Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, ^
and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow ^
notch ; petals 5 cm. long, greenish yellow marked with orange ; cone of fruit n

7.5 cm. long. —Rich soil, Worcester Co., Mass., to Ont., Wise, and southw. Q

May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 40 m. high and 2-8 m. in diam- ^
eter in the Western and Southern States, the timber commonly called Poplar or ^i
White Wood. n

CALYCANTHAcEAE (Calycanthus Family)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals simila*-
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse_ and the cotyledons convolute;
the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCANTHUS L. Carolina Allspice

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, inclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face. — Aromatic
shrubs with brownish purple flowers terminating leafy shoots. (Name com-
posed of KdXv^, a cup or calyx, and dvdos, flower.) Butneria Duham.

no MENISPERMACEAE (MOONSEED FAMILY^

1. C. fl6ridus L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath ; flowers when crushed
yielding somewhat the fragrance of strawberries. {Butneria Britton.)— Va.
(?) and south w., on hillsides in rich soil ; common in gardens. Apr .-Aug.

2. C. f ertilis Walt. Leaves oblong or ovate, thin, either blunt or taper-pomted,
bright green and glabrous on both sides, or pale benearth ; flowers inodorous.
(C. glaucus and laevigatas Willd. ; Butneria fertilis Britton.) — Franklin Co.,
Pa. {Porter) ^ and south w. along the Alleghenies. May- Aug.

ANONACEAE (Custard Apple Family)

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and a
corolla of 6 thickish petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly-
androMS.— Anthers adnate, extrorse ; fllaments very short. Pistils several or
many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous,
large, with a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves
alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Tropical,
excepting

1. ASiMINA Adans. North American Papaw

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large thick-
cylindric pulpy fruits ; seeds several, horizontal, flat, inclosed in a fleshy ard. —
Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers soli-
tary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of the French
colonists, from the Indian name assimin)

1. A. triloba Dunal. (Common P.) Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed ;
petals dull purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the
calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, N. J. to L. Erie, Mich., n. e. la., s. e.
Neb, and southw. Apr., May. —Tree 3-12 m. high, the young shoots and
ixpanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing
with the leaves, 3-4 cm. wide. Fruits 7-13 cm. long, green or at length dark
brown, the pulp sweet and edible in autumn.

MENISPERMACEAE (Moonseed Family)

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; hypogy-
nous, dioecious, 3-Q-gynous; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved
embryo in scanty albumen. —'Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly
straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting so that the
seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Chiefly a tropical family.

* Sepals and petals present ; anthers 4-ceIled ; seed incurved.

1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6.

2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8.

* * Petals none ; anthers 2-celled ; seed saucer-shaped.
8. CalyCOCarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.

1. C6CCULUS DC.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short.
Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers ; style pointed. Drupe and
seed as in Menispermum. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An Oid
name, a diminutive of coccus, kokkos, a berry.)

1. C. carolinus (L.) DC. Minutely pubescent ; leaves downy beneath, ovate
QT cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape ; flowers'

BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) 411

greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the fila-
ments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). (JOehatha Britton.) — River banks,
Va. to s. 111., Kan., and southw. July, Aug.

2. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Moonseed

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-24 in the sterile flowers, as long
as the sepals ; anthers 4-celI{id. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flower.s, raised on a
short common receptacle ; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of
the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly
incurved so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes
the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-
shaped ; cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in small and loose axillary pani-
cles. (Name from fx-nv-q^ moon^ and (nrip/xa, seed.)

1. M. canad^nse L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-angled or -lobed.

Banks of streams, w. Que. and w. N. E., westw. and southw. June, July.

Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

3. CALYCOCArPUM Nutt. Cupseed

Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short;
anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft
stigma. Drupe globular ; thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on
one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish white, in long
racemose panicles. (Name from KdXv^, a citp, and Kapirds. fruit.)

1. C. Ly5ni (Pursh) Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 8-5-lobed, cordate at
the base ; the lobes acuminate; drupe 2.5 era. long, black when ripe. — Rich
soil, Ky. to s. 111., Kan., and southw. May. — Climbing to the tops of trees.

BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usu-
ally in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each; the hypogynous stamens as many as
the petals and opposite to them; anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at
the top. (Podophyllum is an exception in having more numerous stamens, the
anthers opening along the sides ; Jeffersonia, in having the sepals in one row.)
Pistil single. — Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod.
Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in
Berberis. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate.

* Petals 6-9 ; stamens 8-18 ; fruit many-seeded ; herbs.

1. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18 ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Fruit

a large berry.

%. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod opening

by a Ud.

* * Petals and stamens 6 ; fruit few-seeded.

3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers ; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2-4-soeded.

4. Caulophyllum. Herb with greenish flowers; petals thiclc, much shorter than the sejials.

Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked.

5. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the baw o4

each petal. Fruit a berry,

1. PODOPHifLLUM L. May Apple. Mandrake

Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 0,
fugacious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals in out
species ; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves Ovary ovoid ;

412 BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY;

stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds
covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed inclosed in
a pulpy aril. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and Jhick fibrous roots.
Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from irovs, a foot^ and 0iJXXor, a leaf,
probably referring to the stout petioles.)

1. P. peltatum L. Stamens 12-18 ; leaves 5-9-parted, the lobes oblong,
rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich woods,
w. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., and southw. May. — Flowerless stems termi-
nated by a large round 7-9-lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella ;
flowering stems bearing two one-sided leaves, and a nodding white flower from
the fork; fruit ovoid, 2.5-5 cm. long, ripe in July, sweet and slightly acid,
edible.

2. JEFFERS6nIA B. S. Barton. Twinleaf

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 ; anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed ; stigma 2-
lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening halfway round horizontally, the upper part
making a lid. Seeds many, in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots,
long-petioled root-leaves parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson,)

1. J. diphylla (L.) Pers. Low; flower white, 2.5 cm. broad, the parts
rarely in threes or fives. {J. hinata B. S. Barton.) — Woods, n. N. Y. to Wise,
n. e. la., and southw. Apr., May. — Called Rheumatism Root in some places.

3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Umbrella Leaf

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat. Stamens 6. Ovary ellipsoid ; stigma
depressed, subsessile. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the
middle. Berry globose, few-seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril. — Glabrous
perennial, with tliick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge
centrally peltate and cut-lobed rounded umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout
stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft)
alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme
of white flowers. (Name from 5/s, double^ and (pvWov, leaf.)

1. D. cymbsa Michx. Root-leaves 3-6 dm. in diameter, 2-cleft, each division
5-7 -lobed ; lobes toothed ; berries blue. — Wet or springy places, mts. of Va.
and southw. May.

4. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Blub Cohosh

Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6. Pistil
gibbous ; style short ; stigma minute and unilateral : ovary bursting soon after
flowering by tlie pressure of the 2 erect enlargmg seeds, and withering away ;
the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes, the
fleshy integument turning blue; albumen horny. — A perennial glabrous herb,
with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked
stem, terminated by a small raceme or" panicle of yellowish green flowers, and a
little below bearing a large triternately compound sessile leaf (whence the name,
from Kav\6s, stem, and <p6\\ov, leaf the stem seeming to form a stalk for the
great leaf.)

1. C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. (Pappoose Root.) Stems 3-7.5 dm. high ;
leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2-3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf often at the base
of the panicle ; flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. — Deep rich woods,
N. B. to Man., and southw. Apr., May. —Whole plant glaucous when young,
as also the seeds, which are as large as peas.

LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) 413

5. BERBERIS [Tourn.] L. Barberry

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-0 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave
with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens (1. Stigma cir-
cular, depressed. Fruit a 1-few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, witli a crustaceoua
integument. —Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, vellow flowers in
drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1-9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable.
(Derived from Berherys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

L B. canadensis Mill. (American B.) Leaves repandly toothed, the teeth
less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-Jloiwred ; petals notched at the apex; he.rnes
ovoid; otherwise as in the next. — Alleghenies of Va., south w. and westw. ; not
in Canada. June. — Shrub 3-9 dm. high.

2. B. VULGARIS L. (Common B.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of
the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or l)ranched spines, from the axils
of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely
bristle-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed !), and drooping many-flowered
racemes; petals entire; berries ellipsoid, scarlet. — Thickets and wastegmunds
in e, and s. N. E., where it has become thoroughly wild; elsewhere occasionally
spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

LAURACEAE (Laurel Family)

Aromatic trees or sh7'ubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or (5 colored sepals,
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the l-celled and l-ovuled ovary, and
mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or i uplifted valves,
— Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed
anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large almond-like embryo.

* Flowers perfect, panicled ; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse aDtbers.

1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen.

* * Flowers dioecious, or nearly so ; stamens in the sterile flowers 9 ; leaves decidaoas.

2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved-

3. Litsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

4. Benzoin. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.

1. PERSEA [Plum.] Gaertn. f.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the berry-like
fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland-
like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers {i.e. with each proper cell divided trans-
versely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves ; the anthers of 8 .stamens
turned outward, the others introse. — Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and
small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some oriental tree.)

1. P. Borbbnia (L.) Spreng. (Red Bay.) Tree of medium size ; branch-
lets early glabrate ; leaves oblong, soon shining above, pale and at length gla-
brate beneath ; common peduncle about equaling the petiole ; berry dark blue,
on a red stalk. (P. carolinensis Nees.) — Swamps, s. Del. to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. pub^scens (I'ursh) Sarg. Small tree ; branchlets velvety ; lower sur-
face of lance-oblong leaves retaining more or less pubescence ; peduncles con-
siderably longer than the pe^ioZes. — Swamps, Fla. to N. C; and reported from
s. Va.

2. SASSAFRAS Nees

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with fl
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 8 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flower?

114 PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY)

with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. —Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; leaves decidu-
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts.
(The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in Florida.)

1. S. variifblium (Salisb.) Ktze. Trees 4-38 m. high, with yellowish
green twigs ; leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous. (^S.
officinale Nees & Eberm. ; S. Sassafras Karst.) — Rich woods, s. Me. {Deane,
Parlin) to s. Ont., Mich., e. la., and Kan., and s. to the Gulf. Apr.

3. LITSEA Lam.

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 sta-
mens in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers
with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular.

— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered
umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.)

1. L. geniculata (Walt.) Nicholson. (Pond Spice.) Flowers (yellow)
appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib
beneath ; branches forked and divaricate, the branchiets zigzag ; involucres
2-4-leaved, 2-4-flowered ; fruit red. {Malapoenna Coult.) — Swamps, Va. to
Fla. Apr.

4. BENZ6lN Fabric. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile with
9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1-2-lobed and gland-bearing at base ;
anthers 2-celled and 2-valved ; fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of stamens
in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened.

— Deciduous-leaved shrubs, with honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral
umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ; the clusters
composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and surrounded by
an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (So named from its odor,
which resembles that of benzoin, an oriental gum.)

1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. (Spice Bush, Benjamin Bush.) Nearly smooth
(2-5 m. high); leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. {Lindera benzoin
Blume ; B. Benzoin Coult.) — Damp woods, s. Me. to Ont., Mich., e. Kan., and
southw. March, Apr.

2. B. melissaefblium (Walt.) Nees. Young branches and buds i)?i6escc>i«,-
leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, downy beneath; umbels few.
{Lindera Blume.) — Low grounds, N. C. to Fla., w. to s. 111. and Mo. Apr.

PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or
fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary l-celled with two or
more parietal placentae. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower expands.
Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the bud, early de-
ciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry l-celled pod (in
Papaver imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous,
anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily
albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly l-flowered
Juice narcotic or acrid.

PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) 415

• Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud ; pod 1-celled, 2-valved.

1 . Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and l-flowered scape from a short rootstock.

* * Petals 4, crumpled in the bud ; pod with 2 or more valves.

*- Pod 2-4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentae ; leaves pinuately parted;

flowers yellow.

2. Stylophorum. Pod bristly ; style distinct ; stigmas and placentae 8-4.

3. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth ; style almost none ; stigmas and placentae 2.

4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition ; style none.

4- +- Pod 4-20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle.

5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown.

6. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.

1. SANGUINArIA [Dill.] L. Bloodroot

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong. Stamens about 24. Style short ;
stigma 2-grooved. Pod ellipsoid or fusiform, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds
with a large crest. — Low perennial ; its thick prostrate rootstocks (surcharged
with red-orange acrid juice) sending up in earliest spring a palmate-lobed leaf
and l-flowered scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not
crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.)

1. S. canadensis L. — Open rich woods ; common. Apr., May.

Bocc6nia cordXta Willd., the Plume Poppy, a stout plant with glaucous "f"

cordate lobed leaves, and panicles of small greenish apetalous flowers, is frecjuent w

in cultivation and has been found as an escape in Madison Co., O. (J/rs. /S'/mrp). >•

(Introd. from China.) v*

2. STYL6pH0RUM Nutt. Celandine Poppr

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2-4-lobed.
Pods bristly, 2-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Perennial
low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 1-3-
leaved, and umbellately 1-few-flowered at the summit ; the flower-buds and the
pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From
o-tDXos, style, and (p^peip, to bear, one of the distinctive characters.)

1. S. diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Leaves pale beneath, smoothish, deeply
pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often
with a pair of small distinct leaflets ; peduncles equaling the petioles ; flower
deep yellow (5 cm. broad); stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod ovoid. — Damp woods, w. Pa. to
Wise, " Mo.," and Tenn. May. — Foliage and flower resembling Celandine.

3. CHELIDONIUM [Tourn.] L. Celandine

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style almost none ; stigma 2-lobed.
Pod linear-cylindric, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-'
ward. Seeds crested. — Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers in a pedunculate umbel ; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name,
from xeXiSw;/, the swallow, because its flowers appear with the swallows.)

1. C. mXjus L. — Rich damp soil about towns, centr. Me. to Out., and
south w., common from s. Me. to Pa. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. GLAUCIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Horn Poppy. Sea Poppy

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none ; stigma 2-labed or 2-horned. Pod very
long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds cre.st-
less. — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and
8oli*^^ary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, f\avKi.ov, from the glaucous foliage.)

416 FUMARIACEAE QFUMITORY FAMILY^

1. G. flXvum Crantz. Lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sinuate-lobed
and toothed, cordate-clasping ; pods rough, l.r)-2.5 dm. long. (6r. luteum Scop.
G. Glaucium Karst, ) — Waste places, s. e. N. E., Md., and Va.; also about
Syracuse, N. Y. ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. PAP Aver [Toum.] L. Poppy

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs with
a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Four annual
species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. :

1. P. somm'ferum L. (Common P.) Smooth, glaucous; leaves clasping,
wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose; corolla mostly white or purple. — Near
dwellings in some places. (Introd. from Eu.)

2. P. Rhoeas L. (Corn p.) Bm% ; leaves pinnatifid ; pods o6ovo?(?, tur-
binate ; corolla bright scarlet, often dark at center. — Rubbish heaps and rarely
fields. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. P. DUBiuM L. Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks &m%; pods club'
shaped, smooth; corolla light scarlet. — Cultivated fields and waste grounds,
R. I., and south w., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. P. Argem6ne L. Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and paler flowers than
Uie last ; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste grounds, near Philadelphia.
(Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARGEM6nE L. Prickly Poppy

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none ; stigmas 3-0,
radiate. Pod ellipsoid, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top. Seeds
crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white.
Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from dpye/j-a, a disease of the eye,
for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. intermedia Sweet. Stout, very glaucous; peduncles leafy; corolla
white, 8-10 cm. in diameter. (A. platyceras Man. ed. 6, not Link '& Otto.) —
Meredosia, 111. {Seymour) to Neb., south w. and westw.

2. A. mexicAna L. (Mexican P.) Less glaucous ; flowers smaller, 3-6 cm.
broad, yellow or rarely cream-colored (Var. ochroleuca Lindl.). — Waste
places and ballast, southw.; casual northw. (Adv. from Mex.)

A. ALBA Lestiboudois, a southern species with white flowers on naked pedun-
cles, is said to occur in Mo.

FUMARlACEAE (Fumitory Family)

Delicate smooth herbs, loith watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu-
1 ir flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 2-merous
pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like.
Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spreading
lips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; inner pair nar-
rower, and their callous- crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two
sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous ; their filaments
often united ; middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1 -celled. Pod
1-celled, either 1-seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal pla-
centae and deciduous valves. — Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stip-
ules Slightly bitter innocent plants.

FUMARIACEAE (FUMITORY FAMILY) 417

* Corolla bigibbous or 2-spurre(i, the 2 outer petals alike ; pod severaV-seeded.

1. Adlumia. Petals united into a spongy persistent suboordate corolla. Seeds crestleM.

2. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base, less united. Seeds crested.

* * Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous.
8. Corydalis. Pod with few to manj' crested or ariled seeds.
4. Fumaria. Fruit a g-lobular l-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless.

1. ADLlTMIA Raf. Climbing Fumitory

Petals all permanently united into a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy
cellular and persistent, inclosing the small few-seeded i)od. Seeds not cre^sttd.
Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelpiious below in a tube which is adherent
to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit. — A climbing biennial, witli thrice-
pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping wliite
or purplish flowers. (Dedicated to Major J. Adlum, amateur botanist.)

1. A. fungbsa (Ait.) Greene. — Wet or recently burned woods; e. Qu(. to
Ont., Wise, and s. in the mts. to N. C. June-Oct. (A. cirrhosa Raf.) —
Handsome delicate vine climbing by the slender young leaf-stalks over high
hushes ; often cultivated, and frequently escaping.

2. DICENTRA Bernh.

Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either de-
ciduous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned.
Filaments slightly united into two sets. Pod l()-20-seeded. Seeds crested. —
Low stemless perennials (as to our wild species) w'ith ternately compound and
dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name
from 8is, twice, and K^vrpov, a spur ; — accidentally printed Diclytra in the first
instance, which by an erroneous conjecture w\as changed afterwards into

DiELYTRA.) BiKUKULLA AdaUS. BiCUCULLA Millsp.

* Raceme simple, few-Jlowered.

1. D. Cuculiaria (L.) Bernh, (Dutchman's Brkkches.) Scape and sl^n
der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb ; lobes of leaves linear ; corolla
with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals mi nut f.
(Bicuculla Millsp.) — Rich woods, N. S. to L. Huron and Minn., s. to N. C.
and Mo. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the clustei
of grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut
leaves and the slender scape, bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped
with cream-color.

2. D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. (Squirrel Corn.) Subterranean shoots
bearing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn,
yellow); leaves as' in no. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and
rounded; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. (Bicuculla Millsp.)
— Rich woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Va., Ky., and Mo. Apr., May. —
Flowers greenish white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of hyacinths.

* * Bacemes compound, chistered.

3. D. exlmia (Ker) Torr. Subterranean shoots scaly ; divisions and lobes
of the leaves broadly oblong ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest i»f the
inner petals projecting. (Bicuculla Millsp.) — Rocks, w. N.Y., rare, and
southw. along the Alleghenies. May- Aug. — Coarser-leaved than the others;
scapes 1.5-2.5 dm. high.

3. CORYDALIS [Dill.] Medic.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style per.
distent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or ariled. Flowers m racemes.
Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glancous. (The ancient
Greek name for the crested lark.) Capnoides Adans Capnodes Ktze.

'vray's manual. — 27

418 CRUCIFERAE QMUSTARD FAMILY)

* Stem strict ; flowers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips.

1. C. sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Pale C.) Plant 1-6 dm. high.; racemew
panicled ; spur of the corolla very short and rounded ; pods erect, slender,
elongated. (C. glmica Pursh ; Capnoides Borkh.) — Rocky places and recent
clearings, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Ga., Ky,, Minn., and Mont. May-Aug.

* * Low^ ascending ; flowers yellow.

H- Outer petals wing-crested on the hack.

2. C. flavula (Raf.) DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted ; corolla
pale yeilow, 0-8 mm. long, spur very short ; tips of the outer petals pointed,
longer than the inner; crest S-4-toothed ; pods torulose, pendulous or spread-
ing ; seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated ; arils loose. {Capnodes Ktze.)

— N. y. to Minn., Kan. (according to Britton), and south w.

3. C. micrantha (Engelm. ) Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small ; co-
rolla pale yellow, 8 mm. "long, with short spur and entire crest, or flowers often
cleistogamous and much smaller, without spur or crest ; pods ascending, toru-
lose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth and shining. (Capnoides Britton.) —Va.
to Minn., Kan. (Shear, Hitchcock), and southw.

4. C. crystallina Engelm. Pedicels short, erect ; corolla bright yellow, 1.7
cm. long, the spur nearly as long as the body ; crest very broad, usually toothed ;
pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles ; seeds acutely mar-
gined, tuberculate. (Capnodes Ktze.) — Prairies and fields, s. w. Mo., Kan.
and Ark.

^ H_ Outer petals merely carinate on the hack, not crested.

5. C. aurea Willd. (Golden C.) Corolla golden-yellow, 1.2 cm. long, the
slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the pedicel ; pods spread-
ing or pendulous, becoming torulose ; seeds obtuse-margined. ( Capnodes Ktze. )

— Rocky (calcareous) banks and recent clearings, e. Que. to Mackenzie, s. to
Vt., Pa., Wise, and Mo.; also in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz.

Var. occidentalis Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as long
as the body ; pods less torulose, on short pedicels ; seeds acutish on the margin.
(Capnoides montanum and ? C. campestre Britton.) — Rocky barrens and
p'/airies, Mo., westwr. and southw.

4. FUMArIA [Tourn.] L. Fumitory

Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small,
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals,
with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or
spikes. (Name from fumus, smoke, presumably from the nitrous odor of the
roots when first pulled from the ground.)

F. officinXlis L. (Common F.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply
toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-color tipped with
crimson); fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwellings. (Adv. from
Eu.)

CRUCIfERAE (Mustard Family)

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous regular
flowers ; fruit a silique or silicle. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous,
their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower
down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition
stretched between the two marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves
separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle), some-
times indehiscent and nut-like, or separating across into 1-seeded joints. Seeds
campylotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which is curved
or folded in various ways : i.e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz.,- their margins on

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 419

one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus
0= ; or else incumbent, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle,
thus OH. In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be folded upoii
themselves and round the radicle, as in Brassica, where tliey are condv.plirate,
thus 0». In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves
(except in Lunaria) alternate ; stipules none. Flowers in terminal racemes or
corymbs ; pedicels rarely bracted. A large and natural family, of pungont or
acrid, but not poisonous plants. The pods and seeds give the chief characters
of the genera.

Tribe I. AL'^SSEAE. Pubescence, at least in part, branched or stellate. Ports orbicular to
(rarely) linear, short, dehiscent, flattened parallel to a broad partition. Cotyledons mostly
accumbent.

* Fruit oval, short-oblong, lanceolate, or rarely linear; seeds wingless.

1. Draba. Petals entire, emarginate or (in § Erophila) bilid. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in

each cell. Pubescence stellate.

* ^ Fruit orbicular or broadly elliptical.

2. Berteroa. Petals bifid. Filaments toothed near the base. Pubescence stellate, not ap-

pressed. Capsule-valves flat. Seeds few, winged.

3. Lobularia. Petals entire. Filaments toothed near the base. Hairs 2-lobed, attached in the

middle, appressed.

4. Alyssum. Petals entire or retuse. Pubescence stellate. Capsules orbicular; valves con-

vex ; cells (in our species) 2-seeded.

Tribe II. PHYSARIeAE. Fruit short, very turgid, subglobose or didymous, dehiscent. Coty-
ledons accumbent. Pubescence stellate.
^ Lesquerella. Pod globose or nearly so.

Tribe III. LEPIDIeAE. Fruit 2-celled, dehiscent, short, strongly obcompressed (e.xc«pt In the
aquatic genus Subularia). Pubescence of simple hairs or none.

* Pod strongly obcompressed or didymous, with narrow partition ; flowers white.
-H Seeds several ; cotyledons accumbent.

6. Thlaspi. Pods orbicular, obovate or obcordate, winged.

+- +- Seeds solitary in the cells.

7. Lepidium. Pods ovate or orbicular, flat, scale-shaped.

8. Coronopus. Pods didymous ; valves rugose or tuberculate, separating at maturity froip \he

little partition as 2 closed nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.

* * Pod ovoid or globular.

9. Subularia. Dwarf, aquatic. Leaves awl-shaped. Flowers minute, white.

Tribe IV. CAMELInEAE. Fruit short, scarcely longer than broad. Cotyledons Incumbent
Some or all of the hairs branched.

* Pod 2-valved, dehiscent.

10. Capsella. Pod (in ours) obcordate-triangular, wingless. Flowers white.

11. Camelina. Pod somewhat turgid, obovoid. Flowers yellow.

* * Pod indehiscent.

12. Neslia. Pod compressed-globose. Flowers yellow.

Tribe V. CAKfLEAE. Fruit trans\ersely 2-jointed ; cells unequal, each l-seeded, the ovule In
the upper erect, in the lower pendulous. Cotyledons accumbent.

13. Cakile. Corclla white or purplish. Fleshy herbs.

Tribe VL BRASSfCEAE. Fruit elongated. Cotyledons conduplicate (folded about the radicle)
Hairs simple or none.

420" CRUCIFEEAE (^MUSTARD FAMILY)

* Fruit indehiscent, often moniliform, 1-celled or transversely several-celled, the pai-titions spongy

or pith}'.

14. Raphanus. Petals large, pale yellow or purplish. Fruit stout, beaked.

* * Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent.

15. Brassica. Seeds globose, in a single row in each cell.

16. Diplotaxis. Seeds ovoid, in 2 rows in each cell.

Tribe VII. SISYMBRIeAE. Stigma, when lobed, with lobes over the placentae Fruit lance-
oblong to Unear, 2-celled, dehiscent Cotyledons incumbent.

* Oauiine hairs simple or stellate, not regularly bifid.
+- Petals small (not over 1 cm. long), yellow, white, or pale purple.

17. Conringia. Glabrous. Leaves elliptical, entire, cordate, sessile.

18. Alllaria. Ciiabrous or pubescent. Leaves orbicular or reniform, broadly cordate, toothed,

petiolate.

19. Sisymbrium. Pubescent. Leaves various but not as in either of the two preceding. Parti-

tion (it fruit 1-nerved or, if not nerved, of thin-walled elongated cells.

20. Braya. Pubescent. Leaves small, narrowly oblong or spatiiiate, toothed or subentlre, ses-

sile. Partition of the fruit without midnerve, its cells thick-walled.
-»- -H Petals large (1.5-2 cm. long), deep purple.

21. Hesperis. Tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower long-petioled. Pods very

long and slender.

* * Cauline hairs 2-branched, the branches vertical and appressed.

22. Erysimum. Petals yellow or orange. Leaves lanceolate to hnear, not clasping, entire or

tootlu'd.

Tribe VIII. ARABfDEAE. Fruit 2-celled, dehiscent, globose to long and slender, terete or
flattened [larallel to a broad partition. Cotyledons accunibent (in Leavemcorthia the embryo
sometimes nearly straight).

* Fruit globose to ovoid or oblong and terete ; petals yellow or white.

23. Radicula. Flowers small. Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnate.

* * Fruit either terete and elongated or elliptic- or linear-oblong and strongly compressed parallel

to a broad partition.
+- Petals yellow.

24. Barbarea. Pods slender, terete or nearly so. Biennials.

25. Selenia. Pods broadly elliptic-oblong, very flat. Low annual.

-J- -«- Petals white, pink, or purple, not j-ellow except sometimes near the base.
■H- Pods long and slender, not at all compressed parallel to the partition.

26. lodanthUS. Lateral sepals somewhat horned on the back near the apex. Petals broadly

spatulate, purple.

++ ++ Pods elliptic-oblong or lance-elliptic, about 2.5 cm. broad, very flat.

27. Lnnaria. Petals purple. Leaves deltoid-ovate.

++++++ Pods distinctly compressed parallel to the partition, but not over 1 cm. broad.

= Peduncles radical, 1-flowered.

98. Leavenworthia. Pods oblong, sometimes torulose. Flowers purple or white with a yellow

ej'e.

= = Peduncles not radical, several-flowered.

29. Dentaria. Glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs. Eootstock fleshy, toothed, or monili-

form-tuberous. Stem naked below, bearing near the middle 2-3 verticillate or alternate
leaves ; these for the most part palmately 3-7-f()liolate, petiolate. Seeds wingless.

30. Cardamine. Glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs, fibrous-rooted, rarely tuber-bearing.

Stem leafy ; leaves alternate, from ovate and crenate-dentate to pinnate. Seeds wingless.

81. Arabis. Usually pubescent, some or all of the hairs being branched. Roots fibrous ; no

tubers. Seeds usually winged or •.ving-margined. Leaves alternate simple or pinnatifid.

crucafekae (^mustard family^

421

Artificial Key to Genera

a. Petals present, with yellow blade and yellowish or whitish claw ft.

b. Fruit short, not more than 3 times as long as broad.

Pubescence stellate.
Pods thick.
Pods globose.

Pods dehiscent

Pods indehiscent

Pods obovoid

Pods thin.

Pods orbicular

Pods oblong

Pubescence simple or none.
Pods subglobose or cylindrical ....

Pods verv flat and thin

6. Fruit much more than 3 times as long as broad.
Pods 1-celled or with spongy cross partitions
Pods longitudinally 2-celled.
Seeds 2-rowed in each cell ....

Seeds 1-rowed in each cell.
Petals 7-15 mm. long.
Pods thickish, 2-6 mm. in diameter .
Pods linear, about 1 mm. in diameter
Petals smaller.
Stem-hairs vertical, attached by the middle, appressed .
Stem-hairs (if present) otherv/ise.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile, subentire ; stem villous at

base

Stem-leaves elhptical, sessile, entire ; stem glabrous .
Stem-leaves petiolate, toothed or pinnate.

Leaves bipinnatifid

Leaves simple or pinnatifid.
Pods awl-shaped, tapering, closel}' appressed
Pods lineai', cylindrical or compressed.

Pods (when ripe) "2-5 cm. long

Pods (when ripe) T-9 cm. long

B. Petals (when present) with blade white or purplish (sometimes yellow
at the base) c.

c. Peduncles 1-flowered, radical

c. Peduncles several-flowered, not radical d.

d. Dwarf aquatic with awl-shaped entire leaves

d. Otherwise e.

e. Fruit transversely 2-celled; plant fleshy

^ e. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled /.
■^'/. Pods short, rarely 3 times as long as wide g.

g. Pods compressed contrary to a narrow jjartition.

Carpels thickish, tuberculate-crested or dee[ily wrinkled
Carpels compressed, smoothish.
Pods wedge-shaped at the base ; some or all of the hairs

branched

Pods not wedge-shaped at the base ; hairs simple or none.

Seeds several in each cell

Seeds solitary in each cell

g. Pods compressed (if at all) parallel to the broadish partition.

Pods 2-3 cm. broad .

Pods narrower.

Hairs none or all simple

Hairs at least in part branched or attachec' by the middle.
Hairs vertically 2-forked, appressed, apparently attached

by the middle

Hairs otherwise.
Seeds 2 in each cell ; J»ods orbicular ....
Seeds several to many in each cell.
Petals deeply bifid.

Scapose, 1dm. or less high

Leafy-stemmed, 3-S dm. high ....

Petals nearly or quite entire

f. Pods 4-00 times as long as wide h.
h. Hairs simple or none.

Leaves palinately divided

Leaves otherwise.

Fruit thickish, 4-7 ram. in diameter

Fruit slender. 1-3 mm. in diameter.
Petals |)ur|)le or rose-colored.
Lateral sejials with a hump (often tufted) just below

the sniniiiit

Lateral sepals unappendaged . • . . .

6. LKsglERELLA

12. Nesi.ia.
11. Caweli.va.

4. Alv8si:,m.
1. Dkaba.

23. Kadicula.
25. Sele.nia.

14. Kaimiancs.

16. DlPLOTAXlS.

15. Brassita.

19. SlSV.MBRIUM

22. Erysimum.

31. Akabis.
17. (joniunuia.

19. Slsvmbkium.
19. Sisymbrium.

24. Bakbauea.

19. SiSYMWtll'K

28. Leavenwob?hi
9. subularia.
18. Cakilk.

8. CORONOPUS.

10. Capsklla.

6. TlILASPl.

7. Lepidium.

27. Lcnaria.

28. Radicula.

8. Lobularia
4. Alyssum.

1. I>UAUA.

2. Bkkteroa.
1. Draba.

28. Dbntaria.
14. Raphani-h

26. loDAirrnuR
80. Cardamink.

422

CRUCIFERAE QMUSTAKD FAMIL.^^

Petals white.

Valves of pod conspicuously keeled

Valves of pod rounded or flat.

Pods terete

Pods more or less flattened

h. Hairs at least in part branched.

Stigma obtusely cone-shaped ; petals purple, 15-20 mm. long .

Stigma otherwise ; petals smaller.

I Pods terete or 4-angled, sometimes torulose.

Tall, 6-12 dm. high ; pods 8 cm. long

Not over 3 dm. high ; pods shorter.

Annual ; pods not torulose

Perennial ; pods more or less torulose

Pods decidedly flattened.
Pods lanceolate to narrowly oblong, rarely over 13 mm. in length
Pods linear, when normal and mature 15-SO mm. long . •

18. Alliabia.

23.

Radicula.

CAUDAMItTR

21. Hespbkis.

31. Arabis.

19. SiSTMBKICM.

20. Braya.

1. Draba.
31. Arabis.

T31. D. verna.
Part of fruiting
raceme X %.
Petal X U/a.

1. DRABA [Dill.] L.

Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex ;
the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell,
marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. —
Low" herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow
flower.s; pubescence often stellate. (Name from Spd/^Tj, applied
by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.)

^h §1. ER6pHILA (DC.) Reichenb. Animal or biennial ; flowers

J white, cleistog anions ; petals 2-cleft.

/ 1. D. VERNA L. (Whitlow Grass.) Small (scapes 2.5-8 cm.

high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in
fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth,
shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and roadsides,
e. Mass. to Minn, and southw. — A species remarkable as an
aggregate of many closely related forms w^hich, from their cleis-
togamy, seldom cross or intergrade Apr., May. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 731.

§ 2. DRABELLA DC. Winter annuals ; leafy stems short; leaves oblong or
obovate, hairy, sessile; petals entire or merely emarginate^ white {yellow in
no. 4); style none.
2. D. caroliniana Walt. Small (2.5-12 cm. high) ; pedun-
cles scape-like ; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ;
raceme short or corymbose in fruit (1.2-2.5 cm. long); pods
broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedi-
cels.—Sandy and waste fields, e. Mass. to Minn., Neb.,
and southw. March-May. Fig. 782.— Petals often wanting
in the later racemes, especially in the var. micr antra (Nutt.)
Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods,
which is found with the other, w^estw^

3. D. cuneifblia Nutt. Leaves obovate,
wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate,
toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in
fruit (2.5-7.5 cm.), at len.gth equaling the
naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much
longer than the calyx ; pods oblong-linear,
minutely hairy, longer than the spreading
pedicels. — Grassy places, Ky., 111.? to e.
Kan., southw., and southwestw. March,
Apr. Fig. 733.

4. D. brachycarpa Nutt. Low (5-10
cm. high), minutely pubescent; stems
leafy to the base of the dense at length

734. D. brachycarpa. elongated raceme ; leaves (4-8 mm. long)
Inflorescence X 2/3. narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate, few-

732. D. caroliniana.
Fruiting raceme X Vs-
Fruit with valves re*
moved x \y^.

738. D. cunelfolla.
Fruiting raceme x «/»

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

423

735. D. nemorosa.

Part of fruiting

raceme X 2/3.

toothed or entire; flowers small; pods smooth, narrowly
oblong, acutish (4 mm. long), about the length of the ascend-
ing or spreading pedicels. —{)\)en ground, Va. to Kan., ami
southw. Apr. Fig. 734. — I'etals sometimes minute, some-
times none.

5. D. nemorbsa L. Leaves ohlong or somewhat lanceo-
late, more or less toothed; racemes elongated (1-2 dm. long
in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; pods elliptical-ohh,ng,
half the length of the horizontal or icidely spreading pedi-
cels, pubescent or smooth. — Fort Gratiot, Mich., n. Minn.,
northw. and westw. (Eu.) Fig. 7o5.

§ 3. DRABAEA Lindblom. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or bien-
nial, leafystemifiied, leaves finely stellate-pubescent; flowers white; style

Pods pubescent.
Style less than 1 mm. lODg
Style 2-4 ram. long . «

Pods glabrous

6. D. stylarig.

7. D. rumoKifmima.

8. Z>. arabUana.

6. D. stylaris J. Gay. Caudex simple or branching ; flowering stems simple
or slightly branched, pilose, 0.5-3.5 dm. high, remotely leafy ; basal rosettes with
oblanceolate entire or remotely dentate canescent leaves (1-4 cm. long), the
cauline leaves ovate to oblong, usually dentate ; racemes loose ; pedicels short,
ascending ; pods narrowly oblong to lanceolate, sometimes twi.sted, 7-12 mm.
long. (i>. incana Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Dry calcareous cliffs and ledges,
locally from Lab. to N. B. and n. Vt.; Rocky Mts. May, June. (Eurasia.)

7. D. ramosissima Desv. Darker green, less pubescent; leaves laciniate-
toothed ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pedicels elongate.

or lanr-eolate, strongly twisted,
to Ky., and southw. Apr.-

spreading ; pods oval-oblon
4-10 mm. long. — Cliffs, V
June.

8. D. arabisans Michx. Caudex usually much-branched,
the flowering stems simple or slightly branched, 1.5-4.5 dm.
high, sparingly pubescent; basal leaves oblanceolate or spatu-
late, entire or somewhat dentate, thin, green, sparingly stel-
late, 1-7 cm. long, cauline scattered, serrate-dentate ; racemes
loose ; pedicels divergent ; pods elliptic-lanceolate, much twisted,
9-15 mm. long; stymie about 1 mm. long. (D. incana, var.
arabisans Wats.) — Rocky (usually calcareotts) banks, Nfd.
to Ont., locally s. to Me., Vt., and n. and w. N. Y. May-
July. Fig. 736.

Var. orthocdrpa Fernald & Knowlton. Low (1-3 dm. high)
mm. long. — Lab. to N. B. and n. Vt.

Var. canadensis (Brunet) Fernald & Knowlton. Low (1

pods elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, 5-7 mm. long. — St. Joachim, Que.

73G. D. arabisans.

Part of fruiting

raceme x %.

pods flat, 5-10
-1.5 dm. high);

737. B. incana.
Petal X 2.
Pod X 2.

2. berter6a DC.

Pod elliptic ; seeds several, ringed. Petals white, 2-parted.
Pubescence stellate. {Carlo Guiseppe Bertcro, Piedmontese
botanist. )

1. B. incXna (L.) DC. Pale green, 3-6 dm. high, branched ;
leaves entire, lanceolate; pods canescent-pnbesrent, plump, i.'.5-
3.5 m7n. thick. (Alyssum L.) — Recently introduced (with cIovit
seed?), becoming common in N. E. ; occasional in other Atlantic
States, and extending inland. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 737.

2. B. wdtAbilis (Vent.) DC. Similar; pods sparingly ptihrs-
cent or glabrate, flattish, 4.6-6 mm. broad. — Roadsides and
cultivated ground, Mass.; less frequent than the preceding. (Ad\:
from Eu.)

424

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

3. LOBULARIA Desv. Sweet Altssum

Pod as in Alyssum. Petals white, entire. Cotjiedons accumbent. Hairs of
the stem and leaves 2-pointed, appressed, attached in the middle. (Latin
lobulus, a little lobe, probably referring to the 2-lobed hairs.)

1. L. MARiTiMA (L.) Desv. Slightly hoary ; leaves linear ; flowers small,
honey-scented. (Alyssum Lam.; Koniga R. Br.) — Often cultivated, and occa-
sionally spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)

4. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L.

Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell ; valves
nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white.
Cotyledons accumbent. Plant stellate-pubescent. (Greek name
of a plant reputed to check hydrophobia, as the etymology
denotes.)

1. A. ALTSSoiDES L. Dwarf hoary annual, with linear-

spatulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding

the persistent calyx, and orbicular sharp-margined 4-seeded

pod, the style minute. (A. calycinum L.) — Occasional in

(Adv. from Fat.) Fig. 738.

738. A. alyssoides.

Pod with persistent

calyx X Va-

grass-land.

5. LESQUERELLA Wats.

Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline par-
tition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless.
Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments
toothless. — Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepi-
dote. Flowers mostly yellow. (Named for Leo Lesque-
reux^ distinguished bryologist and paleobotanist, 1805-
1889.)

1. L. globbsa (Desv.) Wats. Minutely hoary all over;
stems spreading or decumbent from an annual or biennial
root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate^ with a tapering base,
repand-toothed or nearly entire ; raceme at length elon-
gated, with filiform diverging pedicels ; petals light yellow ;
style filiform, much longer than the small globose acutish

about 4-seeded pod ; seeds marginless.

(Vesicaria Shortii Torr.)— Rocky banks,

Ky. and Tenn. May, June. Fig. 739.

2. L. argentea (Pursh) MacM. Bien-
nial or perennial ; pubescence compact ; leaves linenr-oblance-
olate, mostly entire; pods pubescent, pendulous on recurved pedi-
cels ; style long. {L. ludoviciana Wats.)— Minn, to Neb. and
southwestw.

3. L. gracilis (Hook.) Wats. Annual, slender ; pubescence
very fine ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate ; pods glabrous, suberect
on ascending or curved pedicels, stipitate ; style long. ( Vesicaria

Hook.) — Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Fig. 740.

739. L. globosa.
Part of fruiting raceme

T40. L. gracilis.

Part of fruiting

raceme x Va-

6. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Penny Cress

Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par
tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended
into a wing. Seeds 2-8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent.
Petals equal. — Low plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-
leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small white or purplish
flowers. (Name from dXdeiv, to crush, from the flattened
pod.)

1. T. ARVENSE L. (Field P. or Mithridate Mustard.) 741. T. arvense.
Smooth annual ; lower leaves wing-petioled, the upper sagit- Pod x Vs*

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 426

'^te-dasping ; broadly winged pod 1.2 cm. in diameter, deeply notched at
.op ; style minute. — Waste places ; not common, except alon*' our northern
borders, where too abundant and called " Frenchweed." (Nat. from Ku.)

"^-'^'/^^^^Y^'^^.^ ^ Leaves sessile, the upper subperfoUate : pod
smaller (5 mm. broad) . — Reported as occurring near Hamilton, Ont CAdv
from Eu.) ^

7. LEPIDIUM [Toum.] L. Pepperwort. Peppergrass

Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; valves boat-
shaped. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in
no. 1 accumbent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from Xe7r/5to^ a
little scale, alluding to the fruit.) — Ours are annuals or biennials, except the
last.

* Leaves alt with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the
lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid.

4- Stamens 2 ; pods orbicular or oval, slightly notched at top ; style minute or
none; fruiting pedicels slender, widely spreading ; plant green.

1. L. virginicum L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Cotyledons accumbent and

seed minutely margined ; pod marginless or
obscurely margined at the top j petals present,
except in some of the later
flowers. — A common weed
of roadsides and waste
places. June-Sept. Fig.
742.

2. L. APETALUM Willd.

Nearly scentless ; leaves
tootlied or pinnatifid ; coty-
ledons incumbent as in the
following; pod orbicular,
minutely wing-margined at
the top ; petals usually want-
ing. (L. intermedium Man. 743. L. apetalum.
ed. 6.) — Dry places, espe- Leaf and tip of raceme
cially roadsides, by rail- x «/»•
roads, etc., perhaps native P<><1 x •.'%.
in the West, recently introd. Cross-st-ction of seed
eastw. (Eurasia.) Fig. ^^^
743.

3. L. ruderIle L. Very fetid; lower leaves
bipinnatifid ; the smaller and oval pods and seeds
marginless; petals none. — Roadsides and waste
places, chiefly near Atlantic ports. (Nat. from Ku.)
Fig. 744.

4- H- Stamens 6; pods ovate, winged;
style more evident in deeper notch;
pedicels thickish, compressed, as-
cending; plant very glaucous.

4. L. SATIVUM L. (Garden Cress.)
Glabrous annual (8 dm. high) ; lower
leaves bipinnatifid ; racemes long and
stiff ; petals present. — Common salad

plant, tending to escape from cultivation. (iDtrod, from En.)
Fig. 745.

c. a.

742. L. virginicum.

a. Leaves and tip of raceme x 2/3

b. Septum, pod, and petal x 214.
0. Cross-section of seed x 4.

744. L. mderale.
Leaf and tip of raceme x •/»•
Pod X 21/3.
Cro,5S-8ection of seed X 4.

T46. L. sativum
Part of fruitlnjf

426

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.

5. L. CAMpESTRE (L.) R. Br. Minutely soft doivny ; leaves
arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough,
the style longer than the narrow notch. —
Fields, roadsides, etc, becoming common. (Nat.
fromEu.) Fig. 746.

6. L. DrAba L. Perennial, obscurely hoary ;
leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasp-
ing auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-
shaped, loingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous
style. — \yaste places and cultivated grounds ; not common.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 747.

746. L. campestre.
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.

747. L. Draba.
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.

748. 0. didymus.
Leaf and pod x 2%.

8. COR6nOPUS Ludwig. Wart Cress. Swine Cress

Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two
cells indehiscent, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1-seeded.
Cotyledons narrow and incunibently folded transversely. —
Diffuse or prostrate fetid annuals or biennials, with minute
whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Name from KopLbvif),
crow, and ttoi^s, foot, from the deeply cleft leaves.) Sene-
BiERA Poir.

1. C. DfDYMus (L.) Sm. Leaves 1-2-pinnately parted;
pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (Senebiera Pers.)
— Waste places, chiefly near ports. (Adv. from the Old
World and now widely distributed as a cosmo-
politan weed. ) Fig. 748.

2. C. PROCUMBENS Gilibcrt. Leaves less di-
vided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched
at the apex, tubercled. (C. Coronopus Karst. ;
Senebiera Coronopus Poir.) — Ballast, infrequent,
much rarer than the preceding species. (Adv. 749. C procumb.
from Eu.) Fig. 749. Pod x 22/3.

9. SUBULArIA L. Awlwort

Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1-nerved.
Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely,
l'.e.,'the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. —
A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 2-8 cm. high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica L. The only species. — Margins of lakes and slow streams,
Nfd. to B.C., south w. to centr. N. E., Wye, and Cal. ; local. Aug., Sept.
(Eu., Siber.)

10- CAPSELLA Medic. Shepherd's Pdrse

5^^ Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the
valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. —
lAnnuals ; petals small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.)

1. C. Bursa-past6ri8 (L.) Medic. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile.
(Bursa Britton.) — Common weed ; Apr. -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) —Extremely
variable in foliage and outline of pod. Upon these characters Almquist has
proposed sixty-three forms or elementary species.

11. CAMELINA Crantz. False Flax

Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, margined ; partition broad ; valvea
1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender.
FJowei-s small, yellow. (Name from xaM«^> dwarf, and \Lvov, flax.)

CRUCIFERAE ^MUSTARD FAMILY)

427

750, C. sativa.

Part of fruiting

raceme x i^.

751. C. mlcrocarpft

Part of fruiting

raceme x %.

752. N. paniculata
Part of fruiting
raceme x Vs-
Pod X 1%.

1. C. SATIVA (L.) Crantz. Annual ; leaves
lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods large (0-7
mm. broad), on pedicels 1.2-3 cm. lung. — A
weed in newly planted fields, etc. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 750.

2. C. microcArpa Andrz. More slender ;
racemes long ; pedicels 8-18 mm. in length ;
pods smaller, 4-5 mm. broad. (C. silvestris
Wallr.) — Roadsides, newly seeded fields, etc.

(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 751.

12. NESLIA Desv. Ball Mustard

Pod subglobose, compressed, beaked, indehiscent, 1-celled or
obscurely 2-celled, the surface reticulated. Seed 1 (rarely 2).
Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow.
(Named for J. A. lY. de Nesle of Poitiers.)

1. N. paniculXta (L.) Desv. Slender annual or biennial,
somewhat stellate-pubescent, simple up to che inflorescence ;
leaves oblong, sagittate-clasping ; racemes elongate ; pedicels
slender, spreading, 5-9 mm. long ; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter.
— Grain fields and waste places, e. Que. to B. C, locally s. to
Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 752.

13. CAKILE [Tourn.] Ludwig. Sea Rocket

Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, upper joint separating at maturity ; each
joint indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed
erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum-
bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. edentula (Bigel.) Hook. (American S.) Leaves obovate, sinuate and
toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish
at the apex. (O. americana Nutt.) — Atlantic coast and shores of the Great
Lakes. July-Sept. —Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh ; the upper one
4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

14. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. Radish

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded,
continuous and spongj^ within between the seeds, or necklace-form by
constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long.
Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate. —Annuals or biennials.
(Name from pq., quickhj, and (/ialpeadai, to appear, alluding to
the rapid germination.)

1. R. Raphanistrum L. (Wild R., Jointed Charlock.)
Pods 2-8 seeded, necklace-form, slender-beaked ; leaves lyre-
shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A trouble-
some weed in fields, Nfd. to Ont. and
Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 753.

2. R. SATivus L. (Radish.) Pet-
als pale purple ; pods thick, scarcely
moniliform, 2-3-seeded, with conical
beak. — Persistent about old fields,
Raphanistrum. frequent. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig.
Yo. Bud X iVo. 754,

753. Pw
Pod x2

754. R. satlvus.
Budxl%. PudxV,.

15. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L. Mustard. Turnip

Pod slender or thickish, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout often 1-seeded
beak ; valves 1-5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. Cotyledons conduplicate

428

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

1. B.

pedicels,

— Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate^
incised, or pinnatifid. ('I'he Latin name of the Cabbage.)

* Beak of the pod large, flat or conspicuously angled, usnaUg containing one
seed in an indehiscent cell ; leaves not clasping at the base.
Alba (L.) Boiss. (White M.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading
moi'e than half their length occupied by the sword-shaped beak ; leaves
all pinnatifid ; seeds pale. {Sinapis L.) — Cultivated, and
occasionally spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)

2. B. ARVENSis (L.) Ktze. (Chaklock.) Knotty pods
fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak; upper
leaves rhombic, scarcely petioled, merely toothed ; fruiting
pedicels short, thick ; pods smooth or rarely bristly, 4 cm.
long. {B. Sinapistrum Boiss. ; Sinapis
arvensis L.) — Noxious weed in grain-
fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 755.

* * Beak smaller, conical, seedless ; leaves
not clasping.

Ibb. B. arvens
Stem-leaf and part of
fruiting raceme X %.

3. B. juNCEA (L.) Cosson. Nearly
glabrous, somewhat glaucous; upper
leaves oblong, subentire, attenuate at
the base ; the lower lyrate ; pedicels
slender, spreading ; pod at length 8.5 cm. long. — Roadsides, '^^^- B. juncea.
grain-fields, etc., recently introduced but already common. Stem-leaf and part of
(Nat. from Asia.) Fig. im. ^^"^^^^"^ ^'^^^"^^ ^ '/a*

4. B. JAPONICA Siebold. (Curled M.) Leaves crisped and much cleft;
otherwise similar to the last. — Occasionally established after cultivation.
(Introd. from Asia.)

6. B. NiGKA (L.) Koch. (Black M.) Hirsute with scattered hairs, green;
leaves slender-petioled, the lower with a very large terminal lobe and a few
small lateral ones; pods short, 1.5-1.8 cm. long.,
on short erect pedicels, oppressed ; seeds dark, very
pungent. — Roadsides and waste
places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 757.

* * * Leaves cordate- or axiricu-
late-clasping at the base.

6. B. campestrts L. (Ruta-
baga.) Glaucous, hispidulous with
scattered hairs at least when
young ; leaves lyrately lobed ;
flowers rather large, pale yellow
(iMG. 758); also B. NXpus L.
(Rape), which is very similar but
entirely glabrous ; and B. Rapa
L. (Turnip), which is greener, and has smaller brighter yellow
flowers and a thickened root ; all tend to escape from or persist
after cultivation, and are often noxious weeds. (Introd. from Eu.) B. olerXcea
L. (Cabbage), with broad fleshy glaucous leaves, is occasionally found in a
half -wild state. (Introd. from Eu.)

757. B. nigra.
Leaves and part of fruiting raceme

758. B. campestris.
Stem-leaf and part

of fruiting raceme

xVs.

16. DIPLOTAXIS DC.

Seeds ovoid, in two rows in each cell ; other characters as in Brassica. -^
Leaves toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers yellow. (Name from the Greek, alluding
to the biseriate seeds. )

1. D. murXlis (L.) DC. Annual or biennial, smooth or sparingly hispid,
^eai V only near the branching base ; leaves oblong, toothed or somewhat pin-

CRUCIFERAK (MUSTARD FAMILY)

429

natiM with short lobes ; flowers small ; frmting pedicels 8-16 mm. lonn soread-
ing ; pods linear-terete, erect. - About Atlantic ports, and rarely inland? (Adv.

2. D. TENUIF6LTA (L.) DC. Similar but perennial and more caulescent-
leaves pmnatifid, and lobes longer; flowers larger, 1 cm. long: pedicels in fruit
2-3 cm. long. — Similar localities. (Adv. from Ku.)

17. CONRINGIA [Heist.] Link. Hake's-ear Mustard

Pods long, linear, 4-angled, somewhat rigid. Seeds oblong, one row in each
cell. Cotyledons incumbent. —Glabrous annuals with sessile elliptic entire stem-
clasping leaves. (Named for Prof. Hermann Conring of Helmstadt, lOCXj-iOGl )

1. C. orientAlis (L.) Dumort. Tall, slightly succulent : flowers pale yellow
(O. perfoUata Link.) — Waste places and newly seeded ground, becoming' more
common. (Adv. from Eu.) *

18. ALLIArIA Adans. Garlic Mustard

Pods long, linear, angled ; valves keeled, 3-nerved ; stigma simple, sessile or
nearly so. Oval sepals caducous. Pubescence simple or none. — Ours biennial
with deltoid-ovate cordate dentate petiolate leaves and small white fl(jwers.
(Name from Allium^ onion or garlic, referring to the odor.)

1. A. officinXlis Andrz. Tall; pods 2.5-5 cm. long, spreading, borne on
short thick pedicels. (A. Alliaria Britton.) —Roadsides and near habitations,
eastw., local. (Introd. from Eu.)

1. S. officinale.

2. S. aftifi/fimum.

3. <S. Iriu.

4. S. canescens.

S. incitmm.

S. Sop/iia.

S. T/i alia num.

19. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.J L. Hedge Mustard

Pod terete, flattish or 4-6-sided, the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, margin-
less, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open.— Flowers
small, white or yellow. Pubescence spreading. (Latinized from an ancient Greek
name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials.

Leafy-stemmed; leaves pinnate or pinnntifid.
Stiofma 2-lobed ; pubescence, when pruoC.it, of simple hairs.

Pods avvl-sbaped, 1-1.5 cm. long

Pods linear-cylindrie, longer.

Pods firm, 6-10 cm. Ions:

Pods delicate, 3-4 mm. lon^

Stigma simple ; pubescence forked or stellate, or reduced to minute granules ;
pods delicate.

Seeds 2-ranked in each cell

Seeds 1-ranked in each cell.
Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; pods 6-15 mm. long . . . .5.

Leaves tripinnate ; pods about 2 cm. long 6.

Leaves chiefly basal, entire or barely toothea T.

1. S. officinXle (L.) Scop. Leaves
runcinate ; flowers small, yellow ; pods thick-
icalled, at maturity firm in texture, pubes-
cent or tometitulose, close-pressed to the
few-liranched stem, scarcely stalked. —
Waste ground. Me. and Ont., local ; also
Cal.. etc. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 75S).

Var. LEiocAi?rtiM DC. Fods essentially ^^
glabrons. — A common and unsightly weed.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. ALTISSIMDM L. (Tl MBLE MlS-

TARD.) Tall ; leaves deeply pinnatifid irith
narroio segments ; flowers pale yelUnv ; pods
rigid, very long, divergent, hardJij thicker
than the short thickish pedirrls. — Waste

places, roadsides, etc., a recent immigrant, locally abundant

as a pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 760.

Iti^itimum.
Leaf and part of ft-iilV
ing raoMse x »/,.

430 CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

3. S. Irio L. Similar ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the terminal portion
large; pods ascending 07i slender pedicels.— Med^dow, Grand Rapids, Mich,
(Miss Cole) ; ballast at Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. S. can§scens Nutt. Leaves pinnatilid to tripinnatifid, canescent with
soft* short hairs; tiowers yellowish, very small ; pods in long racemes, oblong-
club-shaped or linear-cylindric, shorter than the horizontal pedicels; seeds
2-ranked in each cell. {Sophia pinnata Howell.) — Pa. to Fla. and westw.—
Passing by various intermediates to

Var. brachycarpon (Richards.) Wats. Green; stems at most cinereous-
stellate at base, usually (jlahrous or glandular-pulverulent. (Sophia Rydb.)~
Que. to Assina., s. to Ky., Mo., Kan., etc.

6. S. incisum Engelm. Similar ; green or greenish ; pods more slender, 7-15
mm. long, about equaling the spreading pedicels ; seeds mostly 1-ranked.
(Sophia Greene.) —A western polymorphous species, extending eastw. to Ont.
and Minn.

Var. filipes Gray. Pedicels thread-like, spreading, much exceedmg the
pods. — Minn., and westw.

Var. Hartwegianura (Fourn.) Wats. The very numerous short pods on
still shorter suberect pedicels. — Minn., and westw.

6. S. Sophia L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves ; pods
slender, about 2 cm. long, ?iscend\ng; seeds 1-ranked. (Sophia Britton.) —
Sparingly in waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. S. ThaliXnum (L.) J. Gay. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Slender, branched,
hairy at the base ; leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; flowers
white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedi-
cels. (Stenophragma Celak.) — Old fields and rocky places, Mass. to "Minn.,"
Kan. and south w. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.)

20. BRAyA Sternb. & Hoppe

Pods cylindric to linear, often torulose, the septum of peculiar and charac-
teristic structure with its cells elongated transversely or obliquely. Flowers
white or purplish, capitate in anthesis. —Arctic perennials with single root and
branched hairs. (Named for Count F. G. de Bray of Rouen.)

1. B. humilis (0. A. Mey.) Robinson. Sparingly pubescent. 1-2 dm. high
or less ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly with coarse and sharp teeth;
pods narrow, subcylindrical, 8-18 mm. long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked
by a short style ; seeds 1-ranked. (Sisymbrium C. A. Mey.) — Limestone cliffs,
Willoughby Mt., n. Vt., Isle Royale, Mich., and northw. ; and in the Canadian
Rocky Mts. (Siber.)

2L HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. Rocket

Pod linear, nearly cylindrical ; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each
cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. — Biennial or perennial, with
serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from
eawepa, evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.)

1. H. matronXlis L. (Dame's Violet.) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; pods 5-10 cm. long, spreading. — Sometimes cultivated, and spreading to
roadsides, etc. (Introd. from Eu.)

22. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. Treacle Mustard

Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib ; stigma broadly
lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons in ours
(often obliquely) incumbent. —Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the
leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2-8-parted hairs. (Name from
ipiiiv, to draio blisters.)

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

431

T61. E. cheiranthoides.

Leaf and part of fruiting

raceme x %.

TC'2. K. parviflorum.
Leaf and part of fruit-
ing raceme x %.

1. E. cheiranthoides L. (Worm-seed Mcstard.)
Minutely roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate
scarcely toothed ; flowers small; pods small and i<horl
(1-2 cm. long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams
or in open sterile soil. July, Au"-.
(Eu.) Fig. 76L

2. E. parviflbrum Nutt. Perennial;
stem erect, often simple ; leaves linear-
oblanceolate, entire or the lowest
coarsely toothed ; flowers small (0 mm.
long); pods narrow, 2.5-6.2 cm. long,
ascending on short pedicels. (E. incon-
spicuum MacM. ; E. syrticolum Shel-
don).— Ont. and Minn, to Kan. and
westw. Fig. 762.

3. E. repAndum L. Resembling the
last, but annual ; leaves repand-denticulate ; flowers 7-9 mm.
long; pods 4-8 cm. long, slender, divergent, on very short
thick pedicels. — Waste places, O. to Mo. and Kan. ; and
about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. E. dsperum DC. (Western Wall-flower.) Plant
stout, 3-6 dm. high, minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple ;
leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed ; the
bright orange-yellow flowers crowded ; petals l.d-2.b cm. long, orbicular, on very
slender claws ; pods nearly erect or widely spreading on short pedicels, elonqated
(7-10 cm. long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. — Nfd. ( Waghorne) ; Mingan I.,
Que. (Macoun); O, (on limestone cliffs) to Ark., S. Dak., and common westw.
June, July.

23. RADICULA [Dill.] Hill. Water Cress

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from slender to globular, terete
or nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numerous,
small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in B. sylvestris).
Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers,
and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name meaning
a little radish.) Roripa Scop. Nasturtium R. Br.

§ 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx; pods linear; leaves pinnate.

1. R. Nasturtium-aquAticum (L.) Britten & Rendle. (True W.) Peren-
nial; stems spreading and rooting; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly

entire; pods (1.2-1.6 cm. long) ascending on
slender widely spreading pedicels. {Sisymbrium
L. ; Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ; Boripa Nas-
turtium Rusby.) — Brooks, ditches, etc., origin-
ally cultivated. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 763.

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much
exceeding the calyx; pods linear, short-cylin-
dric, or even ovoid or globular ; leaves moslly
pinnatifid.

763. E. Nasturtium-aquaticum, * Perennial from creeping or subterranean

Leafand part of fruiting raceme X %. shoots ; floioers rather large, yellow.

2. R. sylvestris (L.) Druce. (Yellow Cress.) Stems ascending ; leaves
pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods (6-12
mm. long) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one
row; style very short. (Nasturtium R. Br. ; Boripa Bess.) — Wet meadow.s.
Nfd. to Va., westw. to Ont., Mich., and 111. ; becoming more fre(iuent. (Nat.
from Eu.)

i32

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY*)

764. E. sinuata.
Leaves and part of
fruiting raceme X %.

3. R. sinuata (Nutt.) Greene. Stems low, diffuse ; leaves pinnatehj cleft^

the Ohort lobes nearly entire, linear-oblonc; ; pods linear-oblong ((5-10 nun.

long), on slender pedicels ; style slender. {Nasturtium

Nutt.; Eoripa Hitchc.) — Banks of the Miss, and westw.

June. Fig. 764.

** Ayinual or biennial., rarely perennial (?), with simple
fibrous roots; flowers small or minute., greenish or
yellowish; leaves somewhat lyrate.

4. R. sessiliflbra (Nutt.) Greene. Stems erect, rather
simple ; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or
oblong ;^otoe9-s minute, nearly sessile ; pods elongate-oblong
(1-1.2 cm. long), thick; style very short. (Xasturtium
Nutt.; Boripa Hitchc.) — Richmond, Va. {Churchill) to
Neb., e. Kan. and southw. Apr.-June.

5. R. obtusa (Nutt.) Greene. Stems much branched,
diffusely spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the
divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers
minute, short-pediceled ; pods longer than the pedicels, vary-
ing from linear-oblong to short-oval ; style short. (iVas-
turtium liintt. ; Boripa Britton.) — Low ground, n. Mich.
(Fanoell) to Tex. and westw.

Var. sphaerocarpa (Gray) Kobinson. I'ods globular, about equaling the
pedicels. (Nasturtium Gr^j ; Boripa Biitton.) — 111., and southwestw.

6. R. palustris (L.) Moench. (Marsh Cricss.) Stem erect,
S-8 dm. high, mostly glabrous ; leaves pinnately cleft or parted,
or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-
toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small
Uowers and mostly longer than the short-cylindric
ellipsoid or ovoid pods; style short. {Nastur-
tium DC; Boripa Bess.)— Wet places or in
shallowwater; common. June-Sept. (Eurasia.)
Fig. 765.

Var. hispida ( Desv.) Robinson. Hirsute ; pods globose or nearly
so. {Boripa hispida Britton; Nasturtium palustre, var. Gray.)
— With the type; the commonerformeastw. (Eurasia.) Fig. 766.

§3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular; leaves
undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifld ; root perennial.

1. R. aqudtica (Eat.) Robinson. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic ; immersed leaves
1-8-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emersed leaves oblong,
entire, serrate, or pinnatifld ; pedicels widely spreading ; pods ovoid, 1-celled,
a little longer than the style. {Boripa americana Britton ; Nasturtium lacustre
Gray.)— Lakes and rivers, w. Que. and n. Vt. to Minn, and southw. July-
Aug.

8. R. ArmorAcia (L.) Robinson. (Horseradish.) Root-leaves very large,
oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatitid, those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels
ascending ; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. {Boripa Hitchc.)

— Escaped from 'cultivation into moist ground. (Introd. from Eu.) — Roots
large and long ; a well-known condiment.

24. BARBAREA R. Br. Winter Cress

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.

— Mostly biennials, resembling Badicula; flowers yellow. (Anciently called
the Herb of St. Barbara.) , . ,

1. B. vulgaris R. Br. (Common W., Yellow Rocket.) Smooth perennial ;
lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral
1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifld at

766. E. palustris,

var. hispida.

Part of fruiting

raceme x %.

765. E. palustris.

Part of fruiting

raceme x %.

CRUCrFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 431^

the base ; flowers bri,c;ht yellow, somewhat racemose even in anthpsis ; pods erect
or ascendino; on spreadinff pedicels. (B. ly rata Aach. ; B. linrhm-m M;icM.; —
Low grounds and roadsides ; apparently introduced in tiic Eusieni and t'eniral
States, but indigenous from L. Superior north w. and westw. (Ku.)

2. B. stricta Andrz. Closely similar in foliage ; flowers paler, during anthe-
sis corymhoselif aggregated at the snmmit of the raceme ; pods appressed. -^
Shores and meadows, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Va., Great Lake region, Mo., and
westw, (Eu.)

3. B. VERNA (Mill.) Asch. (Early W.) Leaves with 5-8 pairs o/ /aferai
lobes and pods longer, on very thick pedicels. (B. praerox Sm.) — Somewhat
cultivatpd as a winter salad, under the name of Scurvy Grass, and naturalized
li-om Mass. south w. (Introd. from Eu.)

25. SELENIA Nutt.

Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in
each cell, rounded, broadly winged ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle short. — A
low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes of
yellow flowers. (Name from a-eXi^pr], the moon, with allusion to Lunaria, which
this genus somewhat resembles in its pods.)

1. S. aurea Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed ;
pod 1.2 cm. long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender
style. — Sandy soil, Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

26. lODANTHUS T. & G.

Pod long, linear, somewhat flattened ; valves l-nerved ; stigma entire but
slightly elongated over the placentae. Seeds 1-ranked in each cell, oblong,
marginless. Cotyledons essentially accumbent. — Erect perennial with purplish
flowers. (Name from Idid-rjs, violet-colored, and dvdos, flower.)

I. I. pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Glabrous, 3-9 dm. high ; root-leaves
round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong
and ovate-lanceolate, sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end,
the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral
lobes ; pods 1.8-3 cm. long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style.
{Thelypodiiim Wats.) —Alluvial river-banks, w. Pa. (Porter) to Minn., Mo.,
and soutkwestw. Fl. May, June ; fr. July, Aug.

27. LUNARIA L. Moonwort

Pods very large and flat. Seeds large, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. —
Tall herbs with large purple iiowers and ^ovate-deltoid cordate dentate leaves, of
which the earliest are opposite. (Name from luna, the moon, alluding to the
persistent silvery septum of the fruit.)

1. L. Annua L. (Honesty.) Annual or biennial; pods broadly elliptic,
ronnded at each end.—Oiten cultivated, and escaping in s. w. Ct. and e. Pa.
(Introd. from Eu.)

2. L. REDivivA L. Perennial; po(?s broadly lance-oblong, somewhat ;)o?»^f(f
at each end. — Also cultivated, and established, it is said, near Niagara. (Introd.
from Eu.)

28. LEAVENW6RTHIA Torr.

Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu-
late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick
wing. Embryo straight I or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction
which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little
winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short 1-few-
flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named for Dr. M. C. Leavemcorth, a southern
botanist of the last century.)

gray's manual. — 2S

434

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

1. L. uniflbra (Michx.) Britton. Scapes 5-15 cm. high; leaf -lobes usually
numerous (7-15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse ;
pods not torulose, oblong to linear (1.2-3 cm. long); style short. (L. Michauxii
Torr. ) — Barrens, s. Ind. to Tenn. and Mo.

2. L. torul5sa Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, linear;
style 2-4 mm. long ; seeds acutely margined rather than winged ; petals emargi-
nate. — Barrens of Ky. and Tenn.

DENTArIA [Tourn.] L.

TooTHWORT. Pepper-root

Pod lanceolate, flat. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, wingless, the funic-
ulus broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick, very unequal, their margins
somewhat infolding each other. —Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long
fleshy sometimes interrupted scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent
taste ; stems leafless below, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or
above the middle, and terminated by a corymb or short raceme of large white
or purple flowers. (Name from dens^ a tooth.)

Stem glabrous. ^ -n /i- h nn

Kootstock continuous, prominently toothed \. V. axptiyua.

Rootstock interrupted by distinct constrictions. ,,.■,.

Kootstock elongate, composed of several fusiform or subcylindric dis-
tinctly toothed segments.
Cauline leaves with ovate or obovate petiolulate leaflets o

Cauline leaves with lanceolate sessile leaflets

Rootstock of readily separable obscurely toothed fusiform tubers .
Stem pubescent, at least above. , ^ „ ,

Rootstock of readilv separable fusiform tubers ; sepals 6-9 mm. long.
Leaves 3-parted. with linear to oblong segments ....

Basal leaves with ovate or rhombic leaflets

Rootstock elongate, interrupted by constrictions ; sepals 3-4 mm. long

D. maxima.
D. incisifolia.
D. heterophylla.

D. laciniata.
D. heterophylla.
D. anomala.

1. D. diphylla Michx. Bootstock long and continuous, often branched, the

amiual segments slighthj or not at all tapering at the ends ; stems in anthesis
1.5-3 dm. high, stoutish ; leaves 3-foliolate, the basal
and cauline similar, the latter 2 (rarely 3), opposite or
suhopposite, leaflets 4-10 cm. long, short-petiolulate,
rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate, the
teeth bluntly mucronate ; flowers white; sepals 5-8 mm.
long, half the length of the petals ; pods rarely maturing.
— Rich woods and thickets, e. Que. to s. Out. and Minn.,
s. to S.C. and Ky. Apr., May. — Rootstocks 2-3 dm.
long, crisp, tasting like Water Cress. Fig. 7G7.

2. D. maxima Nutt. Bootstock interrupted, consist-
ing of several elongate strongly toothed segments which
are constricted at each end, the older commonly retaining
shreds of old stems ; cauline leaves 2-3, alternate, often
remote, leaflets 2-6 cm. long, ovate or ohovnte, petiolulate,
more or less ciliolate, sharply and coarsely toothed and
somewhat cleft; flowers white or purple-tinged; sepals
5-7 mm. long, half as long as the petals. — By streams
in rich woods'^ local, s. Me. to Mich, and Pa. Apr., May.

3. D. incisifblia Fames. Rootstock much as in the last ; cauline leaves 2
and opposite, rarely 3 and alternate, the leaflets 4-9 cm. long, lanceolate, sessile,
glabrous throughout, coarsely incised-dentate ; basal leaves similar, with
broader leaflets ; flowers white or somewhat purple-tinged ; sepals 6-7 mm.
long; petals 1.5-2 cm. long. — Hich hillside woods, Sherman, Ct. {Eames).
May.

4. D. heterophylla Nutt. Tubers near the surface ; stems, in anthesis, 1.5-4
dm. high, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above ; cauline leaves 2-3. variously
disposed, the leaflets 1.5-5.5 cm. long, distinctly petiolulate, oUong-lanceolate to
linear, ciliate, entire to deeply crenate, rarely laciniate ; basal leaves with ovate
to rhombic-obovate usually lobed leaflets ; flowers purplish ; sepals purple-tinged,

767. D. diphylla.
CauUne leaves and root-
stock X 14.

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTAKD FAMILY} 435

6-9 mm. long; petals 1-1.8 cm. long. — N. J. and Pa. to Ky., and southw.

Apr., May.

5. D. laciniata Muhl. Tubers deep-seated; stems pubescent above; cauline

leaves 3, whurled or nearly so, the lateral leaflets deeply cleft, glabrous or
pubescent, the segments linear to narroidy oblong^
conspicuously gash-toothed ; basal leaves, when present'
similar ; flowers white or purplish ; calyx 0-9 mm!
long; petals 1-2 cm. long. — Hich damp woods, w.
Que. and Vt. to Minn., and southw. Apr., early May.
Fig. 768. Var. Integra (Schulz) Fernald. Leaves
strictly ternate, the lateral leaflets entire or slightly
toothed, not cleft. — 't^. Y. to 111.

6. D. an6mala Fames. Bootstock with pronounced
constrictions between the fusiform tuber-like annual
segments, deep-seated; stems someiohat pubescent;
76S. D. laciniata. leaves 3-foliolate, pubescent on both surfaces ; the

Cauline leaves and tubers X 14. cauline 2 (rarely 3), subopposite, their leaflets 2-6.^
cm. long, short-petiolulate, ovate to rhombic, coarsely

and irregularly dentate or even incised or cleft; basal leaves, when present,

similar; flowers white, tinged with purplish ; sei)als 3-4 mm. long ; petals 1-1.2

cm. long.— Rich moist woods, Plainville, Ct. {Bissell). May. —Perhaps a

hybrid of nos. 1 and 5, with which it grows.

30. CARD AMINE [Tourn.] L. Bitter Cress.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so ; placentae and partition thick. Seeds in
a single row in each cell, wingless ; the funiculus slender. Cotyledons accum-
bent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate. — Mostly glabrous perennials,
leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white
or purple. (A Greek name, used by Dioscorides for some cress, from its cordial
or cardiacal qualities.)

* Simple-leaved perennials with tuberous base.

1. C. bulbbsa (Schreb.) BSP. (Spring Cress.) Stemc upright from a
tuberous base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple, or rarely
forking, glabrous, in anthesis 1.5-5 dm. high; root-leaves oblong to cordate-
ovate, stem-leaves 5-8, scattered, the lower ovate or oblong aiid somewhat
petioled, the upper sessile, almost lanceolate, all often toothed \ sepals greenish,
with white margin ; petals white, 7-12 mm. long ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed
with a slender style tipped by a conspicuous stigma; seeds oval. ((7. rhom-
boidea DC.) — Wet meadows and springs, e. Mass. to Minn., and southw.
May, June.

2. C. Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Similar; stem usually somewhat pubes-
cent, in anthesis 1-2.5 dm. high; root-leaves orbicular or sub orbicular ; stem-
leaves 2-6, the upper border (ovate to oblong), more or less approximate ; sepals
purple-tinged ; petals rose-purple, 1-1.8 cm. long. ( C. rhomboidea, var. purpurea
Torr.) — Rich low woods, Ct. to s. Ont. and Wise, s. to Md. and Ky. Apr.,
early May.

* * Fibrous-rooted perennials with IS-foUolate leaves ; southern.

S. C. rotundifblia Michx. (Mountain Water Cress.) Stems branching,
weak or decumbent, making long runners; root fibrous; leaves all much alike,
roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled ; pod?
small, linear-awl-shaped, equaled or exceeded by the pedicels; style slender;
seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, Carrollton, N. Y. (Peck) and Middle-
town, N. J. ( Willis') to Ky., and southw. along the mts. May, June. — Flowei-s
white, smaller than in no. 1.

4. C. Clematitis Shuttlw. Glabrous and lax, with slender rootstock; sraal'
radical leaves kidney- or heart-shaped, with or without a pair of smaller latera.

436 CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY;

leaflets ; stem-leaves on sagittately appendaged petioles ; terminal leaflet mostly
3-lobed ; pods 2.5-3 cm. long, much exceeding the pedicels. — Springy places in
the mts., s. Va. and southw.

* « * Fibrous-rooted alpine perennial loith simple leaves ; northern.

5. C. bellidifblia L. Dvoarf (2-3.5 cm. high), densely tufted; leaves ovatCy
entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth, 2-10 mm. long, slender-petioled ;
flowers 1-5, white; pods 1.5-2 cm. long, upright, linear; style extremely short,
stout. — Arctic regions and alpine districts of the n. hemisphere. Represented
with us by

Var. Uxa Lange. Looser and taller (4-1 1 cm. high) ; leaves 6-15 mm. long,
on very long petioles; pods 2-3 cm. long. —By alpine brooks, and in cold
ravines. Lab. to Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt. Washington, N. H. ; by a brook,
W. Baldwin, Me. {Miss Furbish). June, July. (Greenl.)

* * * * Root perennial ; leaves pinnate ; flowers showy.

6. C. prat^nsis L. (Cuckoo Flower.) Stem ascending from a short root^
stock, simple ; leaflets numerous, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked,
of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angle-toothed ; petals (white
or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; pod 2-3 cm. long, 2 mm. broad ;
style short. —Wet places and bogs. Lab. to Vt., N.J., Minn., and northw. ;
rare. May. Also introduced or a local escape in e. and s. N. E. (Eu.)
*****2ioot mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnately b-11-foliolate ,'

floivers small, white.
t- Stamens 4; leaflets strigose-hispid upon the upper surface.

7. C. hirsuta L. Leaves chiefly radical, with short and broad leaflets, but
those on the erect stem reduced and with narrow leaflets ; pods erect, on
ascending or appressed pedicels. — Moist places, s. Pa. to N. C, and "Mich."
(Eu.) Perhaps introduced. A doubtful specimen from w. Mass. (Miss Vail).

t- t- Stamens normally 6; leaflets glabrous; stem leafy.

8. C. parviflbra L. Very slender, subsimple, glabrous or slightly pubescent
upon the stem ; leaflets of the radical leaves oval or the terminal suborbicular ;
those of the cauline very narrow, linear, not confluent; pods erect, on ascending
pedicels. (C hirsuta, var. sylvatica of some Am. auth.) — Rocky and barren
soil. Me. to Ga. and westw. (En.) A form more branched from the base and
with leaflets all narrow and often toothed has been described as G. arenicola
Britton, growing in sandy soil in the Atlantic States but lacking constant

9. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Larger, nearly or quite glabrous ; leaflets 7-11,
the terminal one obovate, the lateral oblong, tending to be confluent along the
rhachis; pods erect, on ascending pedicels. {C. hirsuta Man. ed. 6, in great
part.) — Moist ground, common. Passes imperceptibly into a form (C. flcxuosa
Britton, perhaps Withering) with fewer more flabelliform leaflets and spreading
pods. — Brooks, etc.

31. ArABIS L. Rock Cress

Pod linear, flattened ; placentae not thickened ; the valves plane or convex,
more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds margin-
less or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique. — Leaves seldom
divided'. Flowers white or purple (rarely yellowish). (Name from the
country, Arabia.)

§ 1. SISYMBRINA Wats. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in
one row; cotyledons often more or less oblique; biennial or perennial^
branching from base.
1. A. lyrata L. Mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatifid ^ root-leaves;

stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 437

or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx ; pods long and
slender, flat, ascending or spreading; style slender, 0.8 nun. lonir. — On rocks
or sandy shores, w, N. E. to Man., and soutliw. Apr.-July. — Usually biennial,
but southw. decidedly perennial. Var. occidentXlis Wats. Stigma sessile or
on a very short thick style (0.5 mm. or less in length). — Point Pelee, n. shore
of L. Erie ; Rocky Mts. to Alaska. (Kamchatka.)

2. A. dentata T. & G. Roughish-pubescent, slender ; leaves oblong, very ob-
tuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem numerous, hnlf-dasping
and auricled, of the base broader and tapt-ring into a sliort petiole; petals
(whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods widely spreading, very slender,
short-stalked; style scarcely any. — N. Y. to Minn., Neb., and southw. May,
June.

3. A. glabra (L.) Bemh. (Tower Mustard.) Tall (6-12 dm. high), glau-
cous; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals yellowish white, little
longer than the calyx; pods very narrow (8 cm. long) and pedicels strictly ereet ;
seeds marginless ; cotyledons otten oblique. {A. perfoliata Lam.) — Rocks and
fields, N. B. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Great Lake region, S. Dak., Utah and
Cal. May-July. (Eu.)

§ 2. TURRItIS [Dill.] Gaudin. Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two
more or less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young ; strict and very
leafy-stemmed biennials; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base.

Calyx essentially grlabrous ; pods erect or loosely spreading.

Pubescence of the basal rosettes none or sparse and of simple or of 2-

pointed hairs attached by the middle 4. ^. Drummondi.

Pubescence of the basal rosettes dense, stellate 5. A. brachycarpa.

Calyx stellate-pubescent ; pods deHexed or pendulous &. A. Holboellii.

4. A. Drumm6ndi Gray. Nearly glabrous, somewhat glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ;
stem-leaves oblong or narrowly lanceolate, the basal spatulate-lanceolate; pods
straightish, 3.5-10 cm. long, L3-2.3 mm. broad. {A. confinis Wats., in great
part.) — Rocky places, e. Que. to B.C., s. to N. S., s. N. E., N. Y., O., 111.,
Utah, and Ore.

Var. connexa (Greene) Fernald. Stout ; pods 3-3.3 mm. wide. — Riviere du
Loup, Que. ; and mts. of w. N. A.

5. A. brachycarpa (T. & G. ) Britton. Similar in stature and habit ; basal
leaves densely pubescent with S-pointed hairs^ the cauline glabrous ; pedicels
widely spreading ; pods 1.7-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, widely spreading. (A.
confinis Wats., in part ; Turritis brachycarpa T. & G.) — Sandy woods, rocky
banks, etc., e. Que. to Sask. and Assina., s. to N. B., n. Vt., N. Y., Great Lake
region. Col., etc.

6. A. Holbo611ii Hornem. Stems 1-several, 2-9 dm. high, leafy, somewhat
closely stellate-pubescent at the base, glabrous or glabrate above ; pedicels soon
deflexed ; petals pink or pinkish, 7-10 mm. long; pods 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2.5
mm. broad, blunt, secund and strongly deflexed. — Rocky (calcareous) or sandy
places, e. Que. ; Thunder Bay, L. Huron ( Wheeler) to the mts. of B. C. and Cal.
(Greenl.)

§ 3. ArABIS proper. Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so,
more or less wing-margined ; cotyledons strictly accumbent.

* Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base.

7. A. vii"ginica (L.) Trel. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all pin-
nately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the
lower leaves numerous ; pedicels very short ; flowers small, white ; pods rather
broadly linear, spreading, flat; seeds winged. {A. ludoviciana Mey.) — Open
ground, Va. to Kan., and southw. Mar.-May.

* * Erect leafy-stemmed biennials, with .simple leaves, white or whitish flowers,
narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly wingless seeds.

8. A. patens SuUiv. Downy with spreading liairs, erect (3-6 dm. high);
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire,

438 CAPPARIDACHAE (CAPES FAMILY)

partly clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 8 mm. long) the
length of the calyx; pedicels slender, spreading; pods spreading or ascending^
tipped with a distinct style. — Fa. to Minn, and southw. Apr., May.

9. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect;
stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasping by a some-
what arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish white) small, but
longer than the calyx; pedicels and pods strictly upright; style scarcely any;
immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed.— -Gravelly shores and calcareous rocks,
especially north w. May, June. (Eu.)

» * * Erect leafy -stemmed biennials (3-9 dm. high), with small whitish flowers,
recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (7-10 cm. long), and broadly
winged seeds, the funiculus adherent to the partition; root-leaves rarely
lyrate.

10. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. >S'moo«^ and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves
partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, mostly toothed,
sometimes (var. laciniXta T. & G.) incised ; petals scarcely longer than the
calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading on ascending or merely
spreading pedicels. — Rocky places, w. Me. to S. Dak. and southw. May.

Var. Biirkii Porter. Leaves narrower, those of the stem essentially entire,
not auricled at the base. — Dry hills. Pa. to Va.

11. A. canadensis L. (Sickle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above ; stem-
leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat,
scythe-shaped (4 mm. wide), hanging on rough-hairy pedicels. — Rocky woods
and ravines, e. Mass. and Vt. to Out. , and southw. June-Aug.

CAPPARIDACEAE (Caper Family)

Herbs (when in northern regions) with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not
tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae, and kidney-
ihaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition ; seeds similar, but
the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate, mostly palmate. Often
with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferae (as in capers, the flower-buds
of Capparis spinosa).

* Pod sessile or short-stiped ; stamens 6-a>,

1. Polanisia. Petals subequal, emarginate.

* * Pod long-stiped ; stamens 6.

2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long-stipitate.

1. POLANiSIA Raf.

Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-32, unequal. Receptacle
not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear or
oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy
hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Nam^e from iroXv-, many, and Avtaos, unequal,
points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.)

1. P. graveolens Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11,
scarcely exceeding the petals ; style short ; pod slightly stipitate. — Gravelly
shores and banks, w. Que. to Chesapeake Bay, and westw. June-Aug. —
Flowers small (4-6 mm. long) ; calyx and filaments purplish ; petals yellowish
white.

2. P. trachysp^rma T. & G. Flowers larger (8-10 mm. long); the stamens
(12-16) long-exserted ; style 4-6 mm. long; pod sessile ; seeds usually rough.—
la. to Kan., southw. and westw. ; also by a stream, Salisbury, Ct. (^Mrs. Phelps^
Wecuherby) , where probably introduced.

sareaceniaceae (pitcher-plant family) 439
2. cle6me L.

Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced be-
tween the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary.
Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded. — Our species annuals with bracteate ra-
cemes. (Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard- like
plant. )

1. C serrulalta Pursh. (Stinking Clover.) Glabrous ; leaves 3-foliolate ;
leaflets lance-oblong, mostly entire ; petals white or rose-colored, short-clawed ;
stipe of pod as long as the pedicel. (C integrifolia T. & G.) — Dry mostly
saline soil, Minn, to n. 111., Mo., Kan., westw. and north westw. ; rarely eastw.
along railroads. — Flowers showy.

2. C. spin6sa L. (Spider-flower.) Viscid-pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, lanceo-
late, serrulate ; petals white or rose-colored. — Cultivated, and occasionally
escaping to waste grounds. (Introd. from the tropics.)

3. C. lutea Hook. Lower leaves 5-foliolate ; flowers yellow. — Western spe-
cies, reported from Weeping Water, Neb. (JVehhef).

RESEDAcEAE (Mignonette Family)

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4:-7-merous small flowers, a fleshy l-sided hypogy-
nous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx
not closed in the bud. Capsule S-6-lobed, S-6-horned, 1-celled, with 8-6 parietal
placentae, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Capparidaceae)
are full grown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands for stipules. Flowers in
terminal spikes or racemes. A small and unimportant family of the Old
World, represented by the Mignonette {Beseda odorata) and the Dyer's Weed.

1. RESEDA [Tourn.] L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket

Petals 4-7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the flower. (Name
from resedare, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

1. R. Luteola L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx
4-parted ; petals 4, greenish yellow ; the upper one 3-6-cleft, the two lateral
3-clef t, the lower one linear and entire ; capsule depressed. — Roadsides and
ballast, Mass. to Pa., local. — Plant 6 dm. high, used for dyeing yellow. (Adv.
from Eu.)

2. R. LtjTEA L. Low, decumbent; leaves irregularly pinnate-parted or
bipinnatifld; flowers pale yellow ; sepals and petals 6; stamens 15-20. —
Meadows and waste places, Mass. to Pa.; also Mich. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. R. Alba L. Tall, erect; leaves pinnately and rather regularly parted;
flowers greenish white ; stamens 12-15; petals 5-6. — Waste places, becoming
more common. (Adv. from Eu.)

SARRACENlACEAE (Pitcher-plant Family)

Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-formed or
trumpet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant of Guiana, another (^Darling-
tenia Terr.) in California, and the following genus.

1. SARRAC^NIA [Toum.] L

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled 5-rayed umbrella-shaped

440 DROSEKACEAE (^SUNDEW FAMILY J

body, the 6 delicate rays terminating unaer the angles in as many little hooked

stigmas. Capsule with a granular surf ace, o-celled, with many-seeded placentae
in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at
the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish green and purplish; the
hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood
at the apex. Scape naked, l-flowered ; flower nodding. (Named for Dr.
Michel Sarrasin, physician at the Court of Quebec early in the 18th century,
who sent our northern species to Europe. )

1. S. purpurea L. (Side-saddle Flower, Pitcher-plant, Huntsman's
Cup.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged ; the hood
erect, open, round heart-shaped, covered within by reflexed bristles ; flower
globose, scapose, deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish
yellow style. — Peat-bogs, Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lake
region, and s. e. la. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with
water and drowned insects. Var. heterophylla (Eat.) Torr., has greenish
yellow flowers and no purple veins in the foliage. — With the typical form.

2. S. flava L. (Trujipets.) Leaves long (3-10 dm.) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing
almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Va.
and southw. Apr.

DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family)

Bog-herhs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen-
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed
by the middle and turned outward, and a l-celled capsule with twice as many
styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. — Calyx imbricated. Petals
convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the
base of the albumen. Leaves, in bud, rolled up from the apex to the base as
in Ferns. Small family of insectivorous plants.

1. DR6SERA L. Sundew

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3 (rarely 6)-
valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole
length. — Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves, in our species, all in a tuft at
the base (often scattered in submersed plants), clothed with reddish gland-
bearing bristles ; the naked scape bearing the flowers (rarely solitary) in a
1-sided simple (or sometimes forking) raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at
the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sun-
shine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. The glands
of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops
(whence the name, from dpoaepos, dewy).

Leaf-blades linear to orbicular, usually distinct from the petioles.
Scapes glabrous.
Leaf-blades as broad as or broader than long ; seeds spindle-shaped, with

a loose testa 1. D. rotv/ndifolia.

Leaf-blades distinctly narrower than long.
Seeds spindle-shaped, the testa loose and produced at the ends ; stipules

adnate , 2. Z>. angUca.

Seeds ellipsoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, with a close testa.
Leaf-blades spatulate or spatulate-obovate ; stipules nearly free . . 3. D. longifoUa.
Leaf-blades linear ; stipules adnate to the petioles . . . .4. D. Unearin.

Scapes glandular ; seeds ellipsoid, with a close testa 5. D. brevifolia.

Leaves fihform, with no distinction of blade and petiole 6. D.filiforrms,

1. D. rotundifblia L. (Round-leaved S.) Leaves suborbicular or trans-
versely broad-elliptic, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles;
scape 1-3 dm. high, 1-26-flowered ; flowers white (rarely pinkish), 4-7 mm.
broad, the parts sometimes in sixes ; seeds very slender, chaff-like. — Common

I

CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) 441

m peat-bogs and moist sandy ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., the Great Lake
region, Minn., and in the mts. to Ala., Mont., and Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
Var. com5sa Fernald. Dwarf; ^n^oresc^Mce l-few-flowered, usually capi-
tate; calyx crimson or roseate; petaU greenish or crimson, somttinie.s folia-
ceous ; carpels, and somedmes otlier parts of the flower, modijhid to green
gland-hearing leaves. —Marly bogs, Gaspe Co., Que. ; and lierkimer and Oneida
Cos., N. Y. (Haberer).

2. D. dnglica Huds. Leaves erect, linear- to ohovate-spatulate. with smooth or
sparsely hairy petioles, the blade 1.5-5 cm. long, 8-7 mm. broad ; scapes 0 {\-'.\
dm. high, 1-8-tlowered ; corolla white; seeds blackish, loosely faveolale (D
longifolia L., in part.)— Marly bogs, Nfd. and e. Que. to B. C, s. to Mich.'
Ida., and n. Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia, Sandwich I.)

3. D. longif51ia L. Leaves spatulate, tapering into the long rather erect
naked petioles ; scape 0.2-2 dm. high, 1-20-flowered ; flowers white; seeds red-
dish brown, with a close papillose coat. (D. intermedia Hayne.) — Bogs and

' sandy shores, Nfd. to Fla. and La. ; and locally inland to the Great L. region
Jun€-Aug. (W. I.,Eu.) '

4. D. linearis Goldie. Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade 1-0 cm. long, i;.5-3
mm. wide, on naked erect petioles about the same length ; scajie 2-10 cm. long,
1-8-flowered ; flowers white or pinkish ; seeds black, loith a smoothish close coat.
— Marly bogs and springy places, e. Que. to Alberta, locally s. to n. Me., Mich.,
Wise, and Minn. June, July.

5. D. brevif51ia Pursh. Leaves spreading, very delicate, cuneate-obovate,
0.5-1.5 cm. long (including the smooth dilated petioles); stipules nearly obsolete ;
scape filiform, glandular, 1-10 cm. high, 1-7-flowered ; the white corolla 1-1.5
cm. broad. — Wet banks and ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Apr., May.

0. D. filif6rmis Raf. Leaves very long (1-3 din.) and filiform, erect, glan-
dular throughout ; flowers numerous, purplish (0.7-1.5 cm. broad); seeds spindle-
shaped. — Wet sand, near the coast, Cape Cod, Mass., to Del. June-Sept.

PODOSTEMACEAE (River Weed Family)

Aquatics, growing on stones in rmining water, some with the aspect of Sea-
weeds, or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers bursting from
a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-o-celled many-seeded
ribbed capsule. — Represented in North America by

1. PODOSTEMUM Michx. River Weed

Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.
Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very
numerous, on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves
2-rankec'.. (Name from -rrovs, foot, and ar-q^iwv, stamen ; the two stamens being
apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratophyllum Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a sheathing
base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — On rocks in streams,
N. B. to Ont., Minn., and south w., local. July-Sept. — A small olive-green
plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously attached to loose stones
by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

CRASSULAcEAE (Orpine Family)

Herbs, succulent (except in 1 genus), with perfectly symmetrical flowers ;
viz., the petals and pistils equaling the sepals or calyx-lobes in nmnber (--JO),
and the stamens the same or double their number, — technically different froia

442 CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY)

Saxifrageae only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the
genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynoua
disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel.
Fruit dry and dehiscent ; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture,
many (rarely few)-seeded. Stipules none. *Flowers usually cymose, small.
Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy

* Not succulent ; carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.

1. Penthorum. Calyx-lobes 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.

* * Leaves, etc., thick and succulent ; carpels distinct.

2. Tillaea. Calyx-lobes, petals, stamens, and pistils 3-4. Seeds few-many.
8. Sedum. Calyx-lobes, petals, and pistils 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Seeds many.

4. Sempervivum. Calyx-lobes, petals, and pistils 6-co. Stamens mostly twice as many.

1. PiJNTHORUM [Gronov.] L. Ditch Stonecrop

Calyx-lobes 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below,
forming a 5-angled 5-horned and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling
off of the beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like
the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish green flowers loosely
spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from
iriyre, five, and 6'pos, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoides L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open wet places,
N. B. to Fla., w. to Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. July-Oct. — Parts of the flower
rarely in sixes or sevens.

2. TILLAtA [Mich.] L.

Calyx-lobes, petals, stamens, and pistils 3-4. Pods 2-many-seeded. — Very
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor of Michael Angela Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. aquatica L, Rooting at the base (1-8 cm. high); leaves linear-oblong ;
flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish white)
petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of
each. (r. simplex Nutt.) — Brackish muddy shores, near the coast, local, Que.
to Md., and south w ; also on the Pacific coast. July-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr.)

2. T. Vaillantii Willd. Similar ; peduncles slender, about as long as the
leaves. ^F. E. I. (Churchill); Nantucket, Mass. (Mrs. M. P. Bohinsony
Floyd). — Perhaps not specifically distinct from the last. (Eu., n. Afr.)

3. S^DUM [Tourn.] L. Stonecrop. Orpine

Calyx-lobes and petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Follicles many-seeded ; a little
scale at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial smooth and thick-leaved herbs,
with cymose or one-sided inflorescence. Petals almost always narrow and acute
Dr pointed. (Name from sedere, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these
plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls .)

Flowers perfect.
Leaves thick (from linear-cylindric to thick-ovate).
Leaves closely imbricated, thick-ovate ; flowers yellow . , . 1. & acre.

Leaves not imbricated, linear-cylindric.
Flowers vellow.
Central flower of cyme 5-meroas and lO-androus, the others 4-merou8

and 8-androu3 2. 8. Nuttalianwm,

All the flowers 5-merous and 10-androu8 7. «S. r^exu/ni.

Flowers white to purplish . .8. 8. puldiellum,

I-eaves flat and broad.
Cauline leaves opposite or whorled.

Leaves entire, chiefly in whorls of 3; flowers white .... 4. S. temattim.
Leaves crenate, opposite ; flowers pink or purplish . . . 6. S. stoloni/erum.

<?aiiline leaves alternate or spirally arranged-

CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) 443

Low slender plant with basal rosettes ; cyme loose, of 8 scorpioid

branches . . . 5. «S. Nevii.

Coarse upright plants without ro&ettes ; flowers in a dense corymb.

Follicles long-attenuate ......... 8. iS. ielephioidea.

Follicles abruptly pointed 9. S. jjurpureu/m.

Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merous and S-androus 10. 5. roseum.

1. S. XcRE L. (Mossy S.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like ; leaves very f^^ooK'
small, alternate, imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick ; petals yellow. — ,^
Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc., e. Que. to Ont., and Va. ^ ' ^ ' -
June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. Nuttallianum Raf. Annual ; stems simple or branched from the base,
5-10 cm. high ; leaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong, 4-6 mm. long ; petals
rather longer than the ovate sepals ^ carpels at length widely divergent. {S.
Torreiji Don.) — Dry ground, Mo. to Ark. and Tex. May.

3. S. pulch611um Michx. Stems ascending or trailing, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
terete, linear-filiform, much crowded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely
flowered; petals rose-purple. — On rocks, Va. to Ga., w. to Ind., e. Kan., and
Tex. ; also cultivated. May, June.

4. S. ternatum Michx. Stems spreading, 7-15 cm. high ; leaves flat, the
lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme
3-spiked, leafy; petals white. — Rocky woods, Ct. to Ga., w. to Mich., Ind., and
Tenn. May.

5. S. Nevii Gray. Stems spreading, simple (7-13 cm. high); leaves all
alternate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering
stems Unear-spatulate and flattish ; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered ;
petals white, pointed. — Rocks, mts. of Va. to Ala. and 111. May, June.

6. S. STOLONfFERUM Gmcl. Low perennial, with stoutish decumbent stems,
the flowering branches ascending, 1-2 dm. high ; leaves opposite, obovate, cre-
nate above the cuneate base ; cyme rather dense, the short branches numerous ;
flowers about I cm. broad; petals pink or purplish. — Roadsides and fields,
local, N. S. and Me. June, July. (Introd. from Asia.)

7. S. REFLExuM L. Glabrous, erect, 3 dm. high ; leaves crowded, cylin-
dric, subulate-tipped, spreading, or reflexed; flowers yellow, pediceled. — Local,
e. Mass. and w. N. Y., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. S. telephioides Michx. Stems ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high, stout, leafy
to the top ; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed ; cyme small ;
petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; follicles tapering into a slender
style. — Sandstone knobs and cliffs, from w. N. Y. to n. Ga. and 111. Aug., Sept.

9. S. PURPtiREUM Tausch. (Garden O., Live-for-ever.) Stems erect, 6
dm. high, stout ; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed ; cymes compound ; petals purple,
oblong-lanceolate ; follicles abruptly pointed with a short style. (S. Telephium
Man. ed. 6, not L. ; S. Fabaria Koch.) — Rocks and banks, escaped from culti-
vation in some places. Aug., Sept. (Introd. from Eu.)

10. S. rbseum (L.) Scop. (Roseroot.) Stems erect, 1.2-2.5 dm. high ;
leaves oblong or oval, small ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish yellow, or the
fertile turning purplish. {S. Bhodiola DC. ; Bhodiola rosea L.) — Greenl. and
Lab., along the coast to cliffs of e. Me. ; also locally at Chittenango Falls, N. Y.
{House) and on cliffs of Delaware R., Pa. May, June. (Eu.)

4. SEMPERVtVUM L. Houseleek

Calyx-lobes, petals, and many-seeded carpels 6-many. Stamens usually
twice as numerous. — Succulent perennials with imbricated leaves and cymose-
paniculate yellow or purple flowers. (^Semper, ever, and vivus, alive, from the
tenacious vitality.)

1. S. tect6rum L. (Hen-and-chickens.) Leaves of the dense basal and
lateral rosettes (on short thick offsets) ovate, acute, ciliate but otherwise gla-
brous ; those of the stem more oblong, clammy-pubescent ; flowers rose-purple.
■r— Often planted, and persisting long after or escaping from cultivation. (Introd.
from Eu.)

444 SAXIFRAGACEAE (^SAXIFRAGE FAMILY^

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)

Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosaceae by having
copious alhuynen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually
no stipules, the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly feicer than
the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound
pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away.
Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous.

Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEAE. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely oitposite in nos. 4, 7, and 8). Fruit
dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.

* Ovary 2(rarely 3)-celled with axile placentae, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.

1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small

petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.

2. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

8. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in
the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

4. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.

* * Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae alternate with the stigmas.

5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentae

nearly basal.

6. Heuchera. Calj^ bell-shaped, adherent to the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Sta-

mens 5.

7. Mitella. Calyx partly adhering to the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. Sta-

mens 10.

8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10.

* * * Ovary 1 -celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae opposite the sessile stigmas; glanduliferous scales
alternating with the stamens.

9. Parnassla. Sepals, petals, and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.

Tribe II. HYDRANGEAE. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2-5-celled; the calyx
adherent at least to its base. Fruit capsular.

* Stamens 20-40.

10. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Filaments

linear. Styles 3-5.

11. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7-10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subulate.

Style 1.

* * Stamens 8 or 10.

12. Hydrangea. CaljTC-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate In the bud.

Tribe III. ESCALLONiEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit
capsular.

13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.

Tribe IV. RIBESiEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to the
petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.

14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentae 2, parietal, many-seeded.

1. ASTILBE Hamilton False Goat's Beard

Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulate, withering- persistent. Ovarj^ almost free, many-ovuled ; styles 2,
short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles. Seed-coat loose and thin,
tapering at each end. — Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-com-
pound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish
flowers In spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name
composed of d privative and o-t/X^w. sheen, because the foliage is not shining.)

W:

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 445

1. A. biternita (Vent.) Britton. Somewhat pubescent (1-2 m. Ingli); leaf-
lets mostly heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers;
stamens 10. {A. decandra Don.) — Mt. woods, s. e. Ky. (Kearney) and s. w
Va. to N. C. and Ga. — Closely imitating Arunciis sylvester, but coarser.

2. SULLIVANTIA i . & G.

Calyx bell-shaped, adhering below only to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 6, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens shortei
than the petals. Capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks ;
seeds imbricated upward. — Low and reclined-spreading perennial herbs with
rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves on slender petioles,
and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle raised on a nearly
leafless slender stem (1.5-4 dm. long). Peduncles and calyx glandular; pedicels
recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryologist William Starling
SuUlvant^ who discovered our species.)

1. S. Sullivantii (T. & G.) Britton. {S. ohionis T. & G.) — Limestone cliffs,
O. and Ind. to la. and Minn. June.

3. BOYKINIA Nutt.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, adherent to the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. Sta-
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud.
Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7-lobed
or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr.
Boykin of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitifblia Nutt. Stem glandular (2-6 dm. high); leaves deeply
6-7-lobed. ( Therofon Millspaugh.) — Rocky banks, W. Va. (ace. to Millspaugh)
and mts. of Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.

4. SAXIFRAGA [Tourn.] L. Saxifrage

Calyx either free from or adhering to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or
parted. Petals entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Styles 2.
Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes
2 almost separate follicles. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clus-
tered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxiim, a rock, and
frangere, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)

Acaulescent, the principal leaves in a basal rosette ; scapes naked below
the inflorescence.

Flowers niostly replaced by leafy tufts 1. /S. stellaris, v. comosn.

Flowers all perfect.
Sepals reflexed.
Leaves conspicuously and coarsely dentate.

Petals unequal ; follicles strongly ribbed 2. S. leucanihemifolia.

Petals uniform ; follicles obscurely or not at all ribbed.
Leaves abruptly contracted to long petioles .... 8. S. carolinhtna.

Leaves gradually narrowed to the base 4. & micranihidifolia.

Leaves finely or sha'Howly crenate-dentate.

Leaves membranaceous, pilose beneath h. 8. Forhenii.

Leaves leathery, glabrate beneath . &. S. penuxylvanica.

Sepals ascending.

Petals white, exceeding the sepals 7. .<5'. rirginietisiK.

. Petals green, much shorter than the sepals, or wanting (7) i.*?. rirgitnenifis, v. chlorantha
Caulescent tufted or matted plants, branching at base, the flower-
ing branches mostly leafy below the inflorescence.
Leaves with 8-5 lobes or coarse teeth.

Leaves (basal) rounded, on slender petioles B. S. rivnlnris.

Leaves gradually narrowed to the base, rigid, with 3 sharp teeth . 9. S. trif^uspidata.
Leaves entire or with regularly many-toothed or ciliate iiiargiiis.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire (sometimes sparingly ciliate), alter-
nate ; flowers yellow - .... 10. S. aizoides.

Leaves toothed or "ciliate.
Leaves mostlv in basal rosettes ; scapes upright, bearing numerous

whitish fl"owers 11. 5. Aizoon.

Leaves crowded and opposite along the matted branches ; flowers

soUtary, purple < . 12. 5. cppoHUfoJia.

146 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY^

1. S. stellaris L., var. combsa Willd. Leaves small, spatulate, wedge-
shaped, more or less toothed ; scape (7-16 cm. high) bearing a contracted
panicle ; most of the flowers changed into tufts of green leaves ; petals unequal,
lanceolate, with a claw. (S. comosa Britton.) — Arctic Am., locally s. to Mt.
Katahdin, Me,, and mts. of Col. July. (Eurasia.)

2. S. leucanthemifblia Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong, coarsely toothed or
cut, tapering into a petiole ; stems (2-5 dm. high) bearing one or more leaves
or leafy bracts and a loose spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals
white, lanceolate, the 3 larger ones vjith a heart-shaped base and a pair of
yellow spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots. (S. Michauxii
Britton.) — Wet cliffs, mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.

3. S. caroliniana Gray. Viscid with glandular hairs ; leaves oval or elliptica
(2-6 cm. broad), coarsely toothed, rather abruptly or somewhat cuneately con-
tracted to long hairy petioles ; stem 3-4 dm. high ; panicle ample ; petals ovate
obtuse, white with two purple spots ; filaments clavate ; follicles united onlj
at the base, widely spreading (/S'. Grayana Britton.) — Wet limestone rocks,
mts. of s. w. Ya.

4. S. micranthidifblia (Haw.) Britton. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed, 6-14 cm. in length, tapering into a mar-
gined petiole nearly as long ; scape slender, 3-9 dm. higli ; panicle elongated,
loosely flowered ; pedicels slender ; calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long
as the oval obtuse (ivhite) petals ; filaments club-shaped ; follicles nearly separate,
diverging, nari'ov:!, pointed, 4-0 mm. long. {S. erosa Pursh.) — Cold mt. brooks
and wet rocks. Pa. to N. C. and Tenn.

6. S. Forbesii Vasey. Stem stout, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves denticulate, ova)
to elongated-oblong (1-2 dm. long); sepals oblong; petals pure white, consid
erably exceeding the calyx-lobes; filaments filiform ; follicles short, ovate. — •
Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, s. 111. (Forbes); and (?) e. Mo. {Lettermann) ,
where showing some transition to S. pennsijlvanica.

6. S. pennsylvanica L. (Swamp S.) Large (3-6 dm. high); 7«aves o6Zawceo-
late, thickish, obscurely toothed (1-2 dm. long), narrowed at base into a short
and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of
the nearly free calyx deltoid, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (green-
ish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped; follicles at length divergent. — Low
meadows, N. E. to Va., w. to Minn, and Mo. — A form with crimson petals occurs
in Vt. and N. H. (Miss E. Bobinson, Miss Dearborn).

7. S. virginiensis Michx. (Early S.) Low (1-3 dm. high); leaves obovata
or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ;
flowers in clustered at length open and loosely panicled cymes; follicles united
merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks and dry hillsides ; N. B.
and Que. to Ga., and w. to Minn., Mo., and Tenn.; common, especially northw.
Apr.-June. Var. chlorAntha Oakes is an anomalous plant of Essex Co., Mass.,
with tiny green pubescent petals or these modified to stamens.

8. S. rivularis L. (Alpine Brook S.) Small ; stems weak, 3-5-flowered ;
lower leaves rounded, ?>-5-lobed, slender-petioled, upper lanceolate ; petals white,
ovate. — Arctic Am., locally s. to Mt. Washington, N. H.; and in the Rocky
Mts. to Mont. June, July. (Eu.)

9. S. tricuspidita Rottb. Stems tufted (4-16 cm. high), naked above ;
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the
summit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Rocks, Arctic Am., s. to L. Superior,
L. Winnipeg, and mts. of B. C. June-Aug. (Eu.)

10. S. aizoides L. (Yellow Mountain S.) Low, matted or ascending;
branches 0.5-3 dm. long, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves numer-
ous, fleshy, distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals yelloio, spotted with orange, oblong.
(S. autumnaUs L.) — Wet calcareous rocks, Arctic Am., s. to Gulf of St. Law-
rence, mts. of n. Vt., w. N. Y., n. Mich., Alb., and B. C. June-Aug. (Eu.)

11. S. Aizbon Jacq. Scape 1-5 dm. high ; leaves persistent, thick, spatulate,
with white cartilaginous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obo-
vate, cream-color, often spotted. — Calcareous rocks, Greenl. and Lab. to Sask.,
locally s. to N. S., N. B., mts. of n. Vt. and L. Superior. June, July. (Eurasia.)

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFBAGE FAMILY) 441

12. S. oppositif51ia L. (Mountain S.) Leaves (2-4 mm. long) fleshy, ovate^
keeled^ ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches; petals purple, much longei
thaji the 5-cleft calyx. — Calcareous rocks, Arctic Am., s. to Gulf of St. Law
rence, mts. of n. Vt., Mont, and Ida. May, June, rarely Aug. (Eurasia.)

5. TIAR^LLA L. False Miterwort

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws. Stamens long and slen-
der. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved ; the valves unequal. Seeds
few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials ; flow-
ers white. (Name a diminutive from rtdpa, a tiara, or turban, from the form
of the pistil, which is like that of 3Iitella, to which the name of Miterivort
properly belongs.)

1. T. cordif51ia L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners, heart-
shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; stem
(1— i dm. high) leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves ; raceme simple ; petals ob-
long, often subserrate. — Rich rocky woods, N. S. and N. B. to Minn., Ind.,and
southw. in the mts. Apr. -June.

6. HEUCHERA L. Alum Root

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the stems, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters borne in a narrow panicle, greenish or purplish.
(Named for J. H. Meucher, a German botanist of the 17th and 18th centuries.)

Calyx regular or essentially so.
Calyx in anthesis 1.5-2 mm. long.
Leaves with prominent triangular lobes.

Lower leaf-surfaces glabrous or merely villous along the nerves . , 1. IT. villoma.

Lower leaf-surfaces villous 2. //. macrorhiza.

Leaves reniform, with obscure rounded lobes 8. Z7. parHJlora.

Calyx in anthesis 3-6 mm. long . , . 4^. H. americana.

Calyx oblique, often very irregular.
Stamens about equahng or slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes.

Petioles hairy , . . b. ff. hispida.

Petioles at most granular- or glandular-puberulent 6. 17. pubescens.

Stamens about twice as long as the calyx-lobes 1. If. hir,suiicauli8.

1. H. vill5sa Michx. Bootstock elongate, 0.5-1 cm. in diameter; stems slen-
der (1-3 mm. in diameter at base), 2-9 dm. high, more or less villous with rusty
hairs, especially below ; leaves basal, thin, acutely 1-9-lobed, on slender rusty-
villous petioles ; bracts of the loose panicle linear ; calyx and pedicels some-
what glandular-hispid ; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the exserted
stamens, soon twisted. {H. crinita Rydb.) — Shallow soil on rocks, Md. to
111., s. to Ga. and Tenn. June-Aug.

2. H. macrorhiza Small. Similar; rootstock stout, woody, 1.5-2 cm. in
diameter; stems stout (4-8 mm. in diameter at base), sometimes leafy, 3-10 dm.
high, very densely villous with sordid hairs ; basal leaves thick, suborbicular,
densely pubescent beneath, sparingly so above, on stout rusty-villous petioles;
bracts of the panicle oblong. — Limestone cliffs and river-bluffs, Ky. and Tenn.

3. H. parviflbra Bartl. Stems slender, 1.2-6 dm. high, glajidular-hirsuti
(rarely glabrate), as well as the petioles, etc.; leaves round-reniform. tcith 7-9
short and broad rounded lobes; flowers vei^y small (2 mm. long); petals linear-
spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes ; fruit narrow. {H. Bugelii Shuttlw.)
— Shaded cliffs, Va. to s. 111., Mo. and Ga.

4. H. americana L. (Common A.) Stems (6-9 dm. high), etc., glandular
wid more or less hirsute with short hairs ; leaves roundish, with short rounded
lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx very broad, 4 mm. long, the spatulate petnli
equaling or slightly longer than its lobes. (H. lancipetala Rydb.) — Rockt

^48 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)

woodlands, Ct. to N. C, w. to Minn., e. Kan., and Miss. Var. gla(5-ca (Raf.)
Rosendahl. Stems, leaves, etc., glabrous or nearly so, often glaucous. {H.
glauca Raf.; //. Curtisii T. & G. ?) — N. Y. to Tenn. and N. C.

5. H. hispida Pursh. Stems 5-12 dm., high, hispid or hirsute with long
spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; panicle
very narrow; calyx (5-8 mm. long; leaves rounded, slightly 5-9-lobed ; stamem
soon exserted, longer than the spatidate petals. — Mts. of Va. and N. C. to Minn.,
e. Kan., and north westw. May, June.

6. H. pubescens Pursh. Stem (3-9 dm. high) and petioles grannlar-pu-
bescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; leaves round-reni-
form, with shallow rounded lobes ; calyx 6-8 mm. long ; stamens shorter than
or slightly exceeding the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. {H. roseola
and H. longifloraRydh.) — Rich woods, in the mts., from Pa. to Ky., and
southw. June, July.

7. H. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb. Stems (5-7 dm. high) and petioles
hirsute with long ivhitish hai7\<i; leaves reniform or suborbicular, with 7-11
shallow rounded crenate-toothed lobes, white-hirsute on the veins beneath ;
inflorescence hirsute and glandular ; calyx about 5 mm. long ; petals greenish
or purplish, usually shorter than the oblong calyx-lobes ; stamens long-exserted,
— Bluffs and rocky banks, s. Mich, and Ind. to Mo. May.

7. MITELLA [Tourn.] L. Miterwort. Bishop's Cap

Calyx short, adherent to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender.
Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked,
1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae 2-valved at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate slender-petioled leaves on the rootstock or runners, and
naked or 2-few-leaved flowering stems. Flowers small,* in a simple slender
raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of mitra, a cap,
alluding to the form of the young pod.)

1. M. diphylla L. Hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhsii S-5-\ohed,
toothed, those on the many-Jloivered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile, with inter-
foliar stipules ; flowers white, in a raceme (1.5-2 dm. long) ; stamens 10. — Rich
woods, Que. and N. E. to N. C, w. to Minn., la., and Mo. May.

2. M. prostrata Michx. Similar, but with the elongate flowering stem bear-
ing prominently angulate-lobed alternate leaves quite to the inflorescence. —
L. Ch^mYA^'m" ( Michaux) ; Gaylordsville, Ct. (C. K. Averill). — Very little
known and possibly an aberrant plant.

3. M. nuda L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply
and doubly crenate ; stem usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (1-1.5 dm.
high); flowers greenish ; stamens 10. — Deep moist woods, in moss, Lab. to
Mackenzie, s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Minn., and Mont. May-July.

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM [Tourn.] L. Golden Saxifrage

Calyx-lobes 4-5, blunt, yellow within. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on
a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flat-
tened, very short, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-
seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small
solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xpv<^^^^ gold, and airX-qv^
the spleen; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. americanum Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent and forking ; leaves
principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-
lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly se.ssiYe, greenish, tinged with yel-
low or purple. — Cold wet places, e. Que. to n. Ga., w. to Minn, and la.

2. C. tetrandrum Fries. Stems erect; leaves alternate, reniform-cordate,
doubly crenate or somewhat lobed ; flowers corymbose ; stamens 4 (rarely 5-8)
(C. alternifolium Man. ed. 6, not L. ; C. iowense Rydb.) —In wet moss, Deco-
vah, la. {IIohmy)i to the Rocky Mts., and north w. (Eurasia.)

s

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY; 449

9. PARNASSIA [Tourn.] L. Grass op Parnassus

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, persistent. Petals
5, spreading, imbricated in the bud ; a more or less cleft gland-bearing scale
at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent. Ovary
1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae ; stigmas 4, sessile. Capsule
4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very numer-
ous, anatropous. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth
herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which
often bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins.
(Named from Mount Parnassus.)

Calyx-lobes elong-ate, herbaceous tbrongrhout, ascending in fruit ; scales dilated
'below, 5-x. -cleft about to the middle.
Leaves gradually tapering at base ; petals elliptic-oblong' . . . .1. P. parviflora.

Leaves cordate ; petals ovate 2. P. palustria.

Calyx-lobes short-oblong, firm, with scarious margins, reflexed in fruit ; scales
8-cleft to the base.
Petals sessile.

Scales shorter than or barely equaling the stamens 8. /*. caroUniana.

Scales much exceeding the stamens 4. /*. grandifolia.

Petals abruptly contracted into a claw 5. P. di^arifolia.

1. P. parviflbra DC. Scapes 0.5-3 dm. high, slightly angled ; leaves ovate
or oblong, slender-petioled ; petals 5-8 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx-
lobes ; scales mostly b-1 -cleft; capsule with thin firm walls. — Meadow^s, wet
rocks, etc., Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Cape Breton I., Mich., Wise, S. Dak., and
Utah. July, Aug.

2. P. paliistris L. Scapes subterete, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves firm, cordate-
ovate, slender-petioled ; petals 10-13 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx-lobes ;
scales mostly 9-\b-cleft. — Lab. to Alaska, locally s. to e. Que., Mich., Minn., «^
N. Dak. , and Wyo. July, Aug. (Eurasia. ) ^ "^

3. P. caroliniana Michx. Scapes 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves coriaceous, ovate <^
to orbicular, often subcordate ; petals ovate-oblong, 10-18 mm. long, many--'^»»
veined, twice or thrice exceeding the scales. — Swamps or wet mostly calcareous jr 5^
rocks, somewhat local. Aug., Sept. "^

4. P. grandif51ia DC. Similar but stouter, with larger leaves and flowers ;
gland-tipped cilia filiform, much exceeding the stamens and nearly equaling the
petals. — Mts., Va. to Ela. and Mo. (according to Wheelock). Aug., Sept.

5. P. asarif51ia Vent. Scapes angled, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves coriaceous,
reniform, the basal slender-petioled; petals oblong-elliptic, 10-18 mm. long,
many-veined ; scales mostly shorter than the stamens. — Bogs, wet rocks, etc.,
mts. from Va. southw. Aug. -Oct.

10. PHILADELPHUS L. Mock Orange or Stringa

Calyx-tube top-shaped ; the limb 4-5-parted, spreading, persistent, valvate in
the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large. Styles united below or nearly to
the top ; stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3-5-celled, splitting at length into
as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, with a loose membranaceous coat pro-
longed at both ends. — Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules,
and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name,
applied by Linnaeus to this genus for no obvious reason.)

1. P. inodbrus L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire
or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging
branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the
tube. — Mts. of Va. to Ga. and Ala. ; sometimes established north w. ^ ^

2. P. grandiflbrus Willd. A tall shrub, like the last, but somcichat pubescent, . ^* .^
with long and recurved branches, larger flowers, and the calyx-lobes long and
*aper-pointed. — Along streams, Va. to Fla. — Often cultivated. ^

P. coronXrius L., the common Mock Orange or Syringa of cultivation, x
from s. Eu., with racemose cream-colored odorous flowers, sometimes escapes. C2

gray's manual — 29

i: >a

150 SAXIFBAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)

11. DECUMARIA L.

Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7-10-toothed. Petals oblong.
Stamens 20-30. Styles united into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-raye(L
Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7-10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin
partitions at length separating into numerous chaffy scales. — Smooth climbing
shrub, with ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous
fragrant white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived
from decumanus, of the tenth part, referring to the often 10-merous Howers.)

1. D. bdrbara L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent ; capsule with the
persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous. —Banks of streams, Dismal
Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La.

12. HYDRAnGEA [Gronov.] L.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, adherent to the ovary ; the limb 4-5-
toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Cap-
sule 15-ribbed, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the
2-4 diverging styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled exstipulate leaves. The
marginal Howers of the compound cymes usually sterile and radiant, consisting
merely of a showy membranaceous and colored fiat and dilated calyx. (Name
from vbuip, water, and a-iyelov, a vessel, from the shape of the capsule.)

1. H. arbor§scens L. (Wild H.) Glabrous or nearly so, 3-25 dm. high ;
leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, usually somewhat paler green
beneath ; cymes fiat ; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant. — Rocky banks,
s. N. Y. to Fla., w. to la. and Mo.

2. H. cinerea Small. Branches cinereous-puberulent ; leaves densely tomen-
lose, much paler beneath. {H. radiata Man. ed. 6, not Walt.) — S. C. and Ga.
to Tenn. and Mo.

13. fTEA [Gronov.] L.

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 6 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2-
groovGd, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal)_ when
mature, several-seeded. — Shrubs, with simple alternate petioled exstipulate
leaves, and small white racemose flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of
the Willow.)

1. I. virginica L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely errate. —
Swamps, chiefly on the coastal plain, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in
Miss, basin to 111. and Mo. May, June.

14. rIbES L. Currant. Gooseberry

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube adherent to the ovary. Petals 5,
inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles.
Berry crowned with the shriveled remains of the calyx. — Low sometimes
prickly shrubs, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, which are plaited in the
bud (except in one species), often fascicled on the branches ; the small flowers
from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. {Bibes, the Arabic
name.)

* Peduncles l-4(rarely 5)-flowered, stems mostly bearing: spines at the base of the leafstalks oi
clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles. (Our species are indiscriminately
called Wild Gooseberky.)
Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube ; berries apt to be prickly.
Calvx-tube campaniilate. ..,,/> i ^j

Leaves densely soft-pubescent „ •« ^- /^- yy^»""l^- .

Leaves only sparingly pilose . .• . . . . (1) i2. CynofibaU v. glahratum.
Calyx-tube narrowly cylindrio 2. B. huronense.

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY^ 451

Calyx -lobes as long as or exceeding the tube.
Stamens at length equahng or exceeding ihe calyx-lobes ; berry smooth.

Calyx 9-12 mm. long 8. /?. gracile.

Calyx 5-T mm. long.
Petioles usually bearing only simple elongate glands ; bracts of the

raceme mostly rounded at tip 4. /?. rotundifolium.

Petioles bearing mostly compound elongate trichomas; bracts of
the raceme mostly pointed.
Principal leaves cuneate to truncate at base.
Mature leaves glabrate or slightly pilose beneath . . . f>. R. oxyacanthoideH.
Mature leaves densely soft-pubescent . . (5) R. oxyacanthoideH, v. calcicn/a.

Principal leaves subcordate at base . . . (5) 7?. axyacanthoides. v. kaxokvm

Stamens distinctly shorter than the calyx-lobes ; berry hairy or glandular 6. R. GrosHularia.
* * Flowers several in elongate racemes. (Curkants.)
Calyx campanulate to saucer-shaped.
Leaves sprinkled, at least beneath, with resinous atoms ; calyx cam-
panulate ; fruit black.
Calyx-tube equaling the lobes.

Bracts shorter than the pedicels Q. R. nigrum.

Bracts longer than the pedicels 7. R.floridum,.

Calyx open-campanulate, the lobes much exceeding the short tube . 9. R. hudsonianum.
Leaves with no resinous atoms (except occasional glands on the pedi-
cels) ; calyx dattish.
Stems densely covered with X)rickles ; fruit black . . . . 10. i?. lacusire.
Stems without prickles ; fruit red.

Ovary and berries glandular-bristly 11. .^. prostratum.

Ovary and berries smooth.
Upright shrub ; middle lobe of leaf ovate ; pedicels without capi-
tate glands ; calyx yellowish 12. ^. vulgare.

Decumbent shrub ; middle lobe of leaf deltoid ; pedicels with

capitate glands ; calyx purplish 18. i?. triftfe.

Calyx salver-form, with elongate tube , . . ... . .14. R. aureum

1. R. Cyn6sbati L. (Prickly G., Dogberry.) Inf rPi-axiWary spines slender.
0.5-1 cm. long ; leaves round-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, soft-pubes-
cent ; racemes loose, 2. 5-6 cm. long ; stamens and undivided style not longer than
the broadly bell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely
smooth. — Rocky woods, w. Me. to the mts. of N. C, w. to Man, and Mo.
Var. glabrXtum Fernald. Leaves glabrate or only sparingly pilose on the
nerves beneath. — O. to N. C.

2. R. huronense Rydb. Said to resemble R. Cynosbati, but with shorter
TSicemes, calyx-tube slender, and styles united only below the middle. — L. Huron.

3. R. gracile Michx. (Missouri G.) Spines often long (7-17 mm.), stout
and red ; peduncles long and slender ; flowers white or whitish ; filaments capil-
lary, 1-1.5 cm. long, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuously
longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes. {R. missouriense Nutt.) — Ct. to S.
Dak. and southw.

4. R. rotundifblium Michx. Spines short (2-5 mm. long); leaves rather firm,
sparingly pilose beneath, mostly rounded at base; peduncles short; flowers
greenish or the lobes dull purplish ; filaments slender, 4-7 mm. long, more or
less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatnlate calyx-lobes. — Rocky banks, w.
Mass. and N. Y., s. in the Alleghenies to N. C.

5. R. oxyacanthoides L. (Smooth G.) Spines 3-8 mm. long; leaves thin
but leathery, glabrescent, the petioles often with some naked glands among thd
compound tri'chomes ; peduncles very short; flowers greenish yellow to dull pur-
plish ; stamens usually equaling the rather broadly oblong mostly glabrous calyx^
lobes. — Nfd. to Pa., w. to N. Dak. and Man. — The common smooth-fruited
gooseberry of the North, the whitish prickles and spines often numerous. Var
CALcfcoLA Fernald. Leaves densely soft-pubescent; calyx pjibescent. — Marh
swamps and limestone rocks, e. Que. and n. Mich. Var. saxosum (Hook.'
Coville. Calyx and subcordate leaves essentially glabrous. — Nfd., e. Que., Cap<
Breton I., L. Superior, Rocky Mts.

6. R GrossulXria L. (Europe an G.) Spines stout, 1-1.5 cm. long,
peduncles very short, \{rarely '2)-flowered ; mlyx hirsute, its lobes oblong.
{R. Uva-crispa L.)— Escaped from cultivation and locally established in Que.,
N. E., and the Middle States. (Introd. from Eu.)

7. R. fl6riduni L'H^r. OVild Black Ci Leaves slightly heart-shaped,

452 HAMAMELIDACEAE (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY)

sharply 3-5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes drooping, downy, the elongate bracts
persistent ; Jlowers large, yellow and whitish; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth,
8-10 mm. long. — Alluvial thickets and rich banks, N. B. to Assina., and southw.

8. R. NIGRUM L. (Black C. of gardens.) Simi[n,r, h\it the pubescent calyx
5-6 mm. long, the tube broadly campanulate, greenish purple and dull ichitish. —
Cultivated, and occasionally escaping to thickets, etc. (Introd. from. Eu.)

9. R. hudsonianum Richards. Similar, but tlie sliort racemes upright or
spreading, the short bracts caducous; the white calyx 4-b mm. long, the tube
much shorter than the spreading-ascending lobes. — Swamps, Hudson Bay to
Minn., westw. and north westw.

10. R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (Swamp Black C.) Young .stems clothed with
bristly prickles and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3-5-parted, with the
lobes deeply cut; racemes loosely spreading or drooping, the rhachis, pedicels,
and ovary glandular-bristly ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not
longer than the petals ; fruit bristly, ptirplish black. — Cold woods and swamps,
Nfd. to B. C, s. to n. N. E., Mich., Minn., Col., andn. CaL, and in the mts. to Pa.

11. R. prostratum L'Her. (Skunk C.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply
heart-shaped, 5-7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; racemes
erect, slender ; calyx flatfish ; pedicels and red fruit glandidar-bristly . — Damp
woods and rocks, Lab. to Athabasca, s. to n. N. E., Mich., Minn., and along
the mts. to N. C.

12. R. vulgAre Lam. (Red C. of gardens.) Suberect ; leaves mostly cordate,
slightly pubescent beneath or glabrate, the mature blades 3.5-6.5 cm. wide, broad-
ened upward, 3-5-Jobed, the lobes mostly short-ovate; racemes borne chiefly
among the leafy shoots, spreading in anthesis, drooping in fruit, 3-5 (becoming
7) cm. long, the rhachis glabrous though often glandular ; pedicels mostly gland-
less ; calyx yellow-green., its segments oval and abruptly narrowed below the
middle ; petals narrowly cuneate ; disks between the stamens and the slightly
cleft style a high narrow ring with round-scalloped margin ; fruit plump and
juicy, (i?. rubrum Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Commonly cultivated, and frequently
escaping to fence-rows, thickets, and open woods. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. R. triste Pall. (Swamp Red C.) Straggling or reclining, the branches
often rooting freely ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, the mature blades 5-10 cm.
broad, the sides nearly parallel, the lobes mostly broad- deltoid, permanently
white-tomentose beneath; racemes borne on the old vjood chiefly below the leafy
tufts, drooping, 3.5-9 cm. long; pedicels mostly glandular ; calyx smoke-color
to purplish., the segments broadly cuneate to subrhombic, as broad as or broader
than long ; petals broadly cuneate ; disk a low broad pentagon ; style deeply
cleft ; fruit mostly smah and hard. {R. rubrum, var. subglandidosum Maxim.) — ■
Cold woods, swamps, and subalpine regions, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Me. and Vt.
(Asia.) Var. albinervium (Michx.) Eernald. Leaves glabrous or glabrate
beneath. — More common, extending s. to N. S., N. H., Vt., Mich., Wise, etc.

14. R. aureum Pursh. (Missouri or Buffalo C.) Tall spineless shrub;
leaves ;^5-lobed, rarely at all cordate, convolute in bud ; racemes short ; floivers
golden-ytdlow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salver-form calyx S-4 times longer than
the oval lobes ; stamens short ; berries yellow or black. — Banks of streams,
Minn, to Mo., Ark., and westw. ; also common in cultivation.

HAMAMELIDAcEAE (Witch-hazel Family)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers
in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious; the calyx adhering to
the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a
2-beaked 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, loith a single bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted on
the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens
twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, oi

HAMAMELIDACEAE ( WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY) 45a

numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen ,
cotyledons broad and flat.

* Flowers with a nianifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspcndei^ from tin

summit of each cell.
1 Hamamelis. Petals 4, strai)-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

2. Fotbergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.

* * Flowers naked, with mere rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded ioto catkin-like heads ^

ovules several or many in each cell.

3. Liquidambar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated

by their bases into a dense head.

1. HAMAMELIS L. Witch-hazel

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like
3-leaved involucre. Caly*x 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals

4. strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8,
very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top ;
the outer coat separating from the inner, which incloses the shigle large and
bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs
or small trees, with straight- veined leaves, and yellow perfect or polygamous
flowers. (Ancient Greek name applied to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)

1. H. virginiana L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat
downy when young ; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling,
and maturing its seeds the next summer. — Damp woods, N. S. to Fla., w. to e.
Minn, and " Tex."

2. FOTHERGILLA Murr.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike ; fllaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule adhering to the
base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A
low shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at
the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered
by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.)

I. F. Gard^ni Murr. (^F. Carolina Britton.) — Low grounds, Va. to Ga,
Apr., May.

3. LIQUIDAmBAR L. Sweet Gum Tree

Flowers nsually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked ; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
scales ; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering
together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the cap-
sules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the
inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-
angled seed-coat. — Catkins raceraed, nodding, in the bud inclosed by a 4-leaved
deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic
ambar, amber ; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from
the tree.)

1. L. Styraciflua L. (Sweet Gum, Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, deeply
5-7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — Swampy
woods, near the coast, s, Ct. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to Mo, and
111, Apr., May. (Mex., Centr. Am.) — A large and beautiful tree, with fine-
grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets.
Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody
p. ids filled inostly with abortive seeds, which resemble sawdust.

454 PLATANACEAE (PLANE TREE FAMILY)

PLATANAcEAE (Plane Tree Family)

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lohed leaves, sheathing stipules,
and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute of calyx
or corolla ; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished with a ring
of bristly hairs about the base. Only the following genus (of uncertain rela-
tionship).

1. PLAtANUS [Tourn.] L. Sycamore. Buttonwood

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales inter-
mixed ; filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of
inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-
shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below,
containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin
albumen. — Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle plates ;
dilated base of the petiole inclosing the bud of the next season. (The ancient
name, from irXarius, broad.)

1. P. occidentalis L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-
lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed; fertile heads solitary, hanging
on a long peduncle. — Rich soil, s. Me. to n. Vt., Ont., s. e. Minn., e. Kan., and
southw. — Our largest tree, often 25-40 m. high, with a trunk 2-4.2 m. in
diameter.

ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

Plants with regular flowers, numerous {rarely few) distinct stamens inserted
on the calyx, and 1-many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the second
tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Ovules (anatropous) 1-few in
each ovary ; seeds almost always u'ithout albumen. Embryo straight, with large
and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, ivith stipules, these sometimes caducous,
rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 (3-8) sepals (the odd one superior),
united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals
as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated in the bud, and in-
serted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees,
shrubs, or herbs.

Tribe I. SPIRA^EAE. Ovary superior and not inclosed in a calyx-like tube ; carpels 1-12, dry at
maturity and (in ours) dehiscent, 2-several(rarely l)-seeded.

* Carpels inflated ; leaves simple, often palmately lobed.

1. Physocarpus. Stamens <» , in several rows. Carpels 2-5, splitting into 2 valves. Seeds with

hard shining coat. Shrubs.

* * Carpels not inflated.
+- Carpels alternate with (or of a different number from) the sepals or caljTC -lobes.

2. Spiraea. Stamens on the margin of a disk-like expansion of the floral axis. Carpels splitting

chiefly along the ventral suture. Leaves simple. Shrubs.
8. Anuicus. Dioecious. Stamens borne on the upper (inner) surface of a disk-like expansion of
the floral axis. Leaves compound. Herbs.

■J- +- Carpels (normally 5) opposite the 5 sepals or calyx-lobes.

4. Sortaria. Petals imbricated in bud. Seeds pendulous. Flowers small, corymbose.

5. Gillenia Petals convolute in bud. Seeds ascending. Flowers long-peduncled.

Tribe II. p6mEAR Carpels few, mostly definite (2-5) and usually connate, borne within and
adnate to a cup-like or urn-like depression in the enlarged summit of the floral axis (resembling
a calyx-tube\ the whole united to form a fleshy fruit. Trees and shrubs, with stipules free
from the petiole.

ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 455

* Mature carpels papery or soft-cartilaginous.
4- Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles, without false or partial partitions.

6. Pyrus. Fruit depressed-globose to ellipsoidal or obovoid ; Its carpels enveloped in the fleshy

receptacle, papery or soft-cartilaginous, usually 2-ovuled and 2.8eeded. Leaves simple or
compound.
■*- 4- Cells of the compound ovary subdivided by partial partitions projecting inward from the back.

7. Amelanchier. Carpels usually 5. Leaves simple. Unarmed.

* * Mature carpels very hard and bony, distinct or firmly coherent in the fleshy fruit.

8. Crataegus. Ovules in each cell either solitary or if 2 unequal, one sessile and fertile, the

other stalked and sterile. Shrubs and small trees, usually armed. Leaves simple, mostly
serrate or dentate, thin or coriaceous.

9. Cotoneaster. Ovules 2 in each cell, equal. Armed shrub with coriaceous oval crenulate

evergreen leaves.

Tribe III. POTENTfLLEAE. Carpels few-many, l(-2)-ovuled, becoming dry achenes, not In-
closed at maturity. Chiefly herbs.

* Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous.
+- Receptacle pulpy and much enlarged in fruit.

10. Fragaria. Petals white. Leaves 3-foliate. Bractlets alternating with the calyx-lobes. Re-

ceptacle juicy.

11. Duchesnea. Petals yellow. Eeceptacle spongy, not juicy.

+- +- Receptacle dry or nearly so, not greatly enlarged in fruit.
++ Stamens 5.

12. Sibbaldia. Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaflets mostly 3-toothed at the end.

13. Chamaerhodos. Stamens opposite the petals. Leaflets cleft into linear segments.

■H- ++ Stamens numerous.
= Carpels 1-ovuled.

14. Waldsteinia. Achenes few, 2-6, rarely 10.

15. Potentilla. Achenes numerous. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many,

with an alternating set of bractlets.

= = Carpels 2-ovuled.

16. Filipendula. Leaves pinnate ; stipules kidney-formed.

* * Styles persistent and elongating after anthesis, often plumose or jointed.

17. Geum. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels numer-

ous ; styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed.

Tribe IV. RUBEAE. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules 2 and
pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody steins.

18. Rubus. Pistils mostly numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle.

19. Dalibarda. Pistils 5-10, in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit.

Tribe V. POTERIeAE. Pistils 1-4, becoming achenes, completely inclosed in the dry and firm
calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs with compound or lobed
leaves. Petals often none.

20. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Flowers minute,

clustered.

21. Agrimonia. Calyx top-shaped or bell-shaped, with a irargin of hooked prickles. Stamens

5-12. Flowers yellow, in long racemes.

22. Sanguisorba. Calyx-lobes petaloid ; tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers densely

capitate or spicate.

•Tribe VI. R6SEAE. Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, inclosed in the globose or urn-shaped
fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous.

23. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves.

Tribe VII. PRtrNEAE. Ovary superior and not inclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity. Calyx
deciduous, without bractlets. Pistil solitary, becoming a stone-fruit. Ovules 2, but seed
almost always solitary. Style terminal. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves.

24. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Petals and calyx-lobes 5. Stone of the drupe bony.

i56 ROSACEAE (^ROSE FAMILY^

1. PHYSOCArPUS Maxim. Nine-bark

Carpels 1-5, inflated, 2-valved ; ovules 2-4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth
and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30-40. Other-
wise as Spiraea. — Shrubs, with simple palmately lobed leaves and umbel-like
corymbs of white flowers. (Name from ^Oo-a, a pair of bellows^ and Kapiros.

1. P. opulifblius (L.) Maxim. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, with long branches, the
old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers ; leaves roundish, some-
what 3-lobed and heart>shaped ; the purplish membranaceous pods usually 3,
essentially glabrate, very conspicuous. (Spiraea L. ; Opulaster Klze.) — Rocky
banks of streams, Que. and N. E. to Fla., w. to 111. — Often cultivated.

Var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robinson. Pods permanently pubescent. (Opu-
laster intermedius Rydb.) — Similar situations, s. Mich, to S. Dak., Ark., and
Ala.

2. SPIRAEA [Tourn.] L.

Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the
bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles; 5-8, not inflated, few-several-seeded.
Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen. —Shrubs, with simple
leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs or panicles. (The Greek
name, from aireipav, to twist, from the twisting of the pods in some of the
original species.)

Flowers in compound corymbs. * « »

Calvx-tube top-shaped, pubescent 1. a.Japomca.

Calvx-tube bell-shaped, smoothish. ^ „

Leaves 2.5-5 cm. broad 2. S. corymbosa.

Leaves 1-1.6 cm. broad ...» 8. & mrgimana.

Flowers racemosely or spicately panicled.
Leaves smoothish, scarcely paler beneath.

Pedicels fascicled, 1.5 cm. long; flowers usually double . . . .4. S. prumfoha.
Flowers densely racemo-i>aniculate ; pedicels 2-6 mm. long.

Inflorescence tomentulose b. S. saUcifolia.

Inflorescence subglabrous or sparingly villous 6. & laUfolia.

Leaves green above, densely tomentose and white or tawny beneath . . 1. S. tomentoaa.

1. S. JAPONiCA L. f. Stems 1 m. or more high ; leaves 7-9 cm. long, glau-
cous beneath ; petals pink to deep rose-color. — Frequent in cultivation, and
occasionally escaping, s. Ct. (Graves) and e. Pa. (Introd. from Asia.)

2. S. corymbbsa Raf. Stems erect, dark purple, simple or nearly so ; leaves
oval or broadly oblong, smoothish, of firm texture, toothed from near the middle
to the rounded or obtuse apex, 2.5-5 cm. broad; flowers white; corymbs 4-10
cm. broad. (S. betulifolia, var. Wats.) — In the Allegheny Mts., N. J. (accord-
ing to Britton) to W. Va. and Ga.

3. S. virginiana Britton. Glabrous, much-branched ; leaves lance-oblong,
1-1.6 cm. broad, often acute or acutish at the base ; flowers white, about G ram.
broad ; pedicels and calyx glaucous. — On rockS; W. Va. (Millspaugh) to N. C.
and Tenn. — Not seen; description compiled.

4. S. prunif6lia Sieb. & Zucc. Finely pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong,
obtuse, cuneate at the base, serrulate ; flowers white, often double, 1 cm. in
diameter. —Persisting after cultivation, and tending to escape to roadsides, e.
Mass. and Ct. (Introd. from Japan.)

5. S. salicifblia L. (Meadow-sweet.) Erect shrub, 3-12 dm. high, with
tough yellowish-brown stems; leaves finely serrate, lance-oblong, 5-7 cm. long,
1-1.8 cm. broad, rather firm in texture; inflorescence thyrsoid, tomentulose;
flowers 6-8 mm. in diameter; petals suborbicular, white. — Chiefly in low
ground, N. Y. to N. C, Mo., and northwestw. (Asia.)

6. S. Iatif51ia Borkh. (Meadow-sweet.) Stems red or purplish-brown;
leaves thin, more coarsely serrate, mostly 1.5-4 cm. broad ; inflorescence smooth-
ish ; petals white or pink. —The common Meadow-sweet in e. N. A.; in rocky
pastures, etc., Nfd. to Va.

J. S. toment5sa L. (Hardhack, Steeple Bush.) Stems and lower sup

ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 457

face of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes

crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white; pods woolly. Low

grounds, N. B. and N. S. to the mts. of Ga., w. to Minn, and Kan.

8. ART^NCUS [L.] Adans. Goat's Beard

Dioecious. Carpels 3-4, splitting at the ventral suture. Flowers sessile or
nearly so on the long spike-like branches of a large open panicle, the fertile
flowers reflexed in fruit. Petals small, narrow, white. — Tall, essentially her-
baceous. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the leaflets rather large, ovate-oblong. (Aruncus
a word used by Pliny to designate the beard of a goat.) '

1 . A. Sylvester Kosteletzsky . Stem erect, subsimple, bearing a few large com-
pound petiolate leaves and a large pyramidal spicate panicle ; leaflets 6-14 cm.
long, green on both sides, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, acuminate, the
base mostly abrupt or subcordate, petiolulate. {Spiraea Aruncus L.; Aruncus
Aruncus Karst.) — Rich soil, wooded ravines, etc., N. Y. to Ga., I. T., and
Alaska. (Eurasia.)

4. SORBARIA A.Br.

Flowers perfect, paniculate. Carpels mostly 5, opposite the calyx-lobes.
Leaves regularly odd-pinnate, the leaflets lance-oblong, sessile, sharply serrate.
(Name from Sorhus, the Mountain Ash, from the similar foliage.)

1. S. sorbif6lia (L.) a. Br. Suffruticose or nearly herbaceous, erect; leaves
1-4 dm. long, 13-21-foliolate ; leaflets caudate-acuminate, with many straight ish
mostly simple veins springing from the midnerve ; panicle ample", pyramidal,
terminal ; petals white. {Spiraea L.) — Common in cultivation, and escaping
to waste land and copses. (Asia.)

5. GILLENIA Moench. Indian Physic

Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed; teeth erect.
Petals o, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx,
convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at first
lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-seeded, — Perennial herbs, with almost
sessile 3-foliolate leaves ; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers
loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure
German botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) Pouteranthus Britton.

1. G. trifoliata (L.) Moench. (Bom^man's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small ^ awl-shaped, entire or slightly incised. —
Rich woods, N. Y. to Ga., Mo., and Mich.

2. G. stipulata (Muhl.) Trel. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. {G. stipulacea
Nutt.; Porteranthus stipulatus Britton.) — Moist rich woods, w. N. Y. to Kan.,
La., and Ala.

6. PtRUS [Tourn.] L.

Calyx-like receptacle urn-shaped, bearing 6 sepals. Petals roundish or ob-
ovate. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit a large fleshy pome, or smaller
and berry-like, the 2-6 cells imbedded in the flesh, papery or cartilaginous,
mostly 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with showy flowers in corymbed or umbel-
like cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) A large genus, often sub-
divided, but with sections less strongly or constantly marked than our few species
would suggest.

§ 1. PIR6PH0RUM Focke. (Pear.) Leaves simple ; orifice of concave re-
ceptacle partially or almost completely closed by a disk-like cushion ; flesh
of large obovoid fruit copious, containing sclerotic {gritty) cells.

1. P. COMMUNIS L. The common Pear of cultivation. — Stray seedlings vnth
degenerate fruit occasionally found in copses or woods near orchards. (Introd,
from Eu.)

458 ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY)

§2. M ALUS (Hill) S. F. Gray. (Apple.) Leaves simple; orifice of concave
receptacle open; flesh of large suhglobuiar fruit copious, free from sclerotic
cells. Malls [Tourn.] Hill.

♦ Leaves and usually the outer surface of the calyx-lobes glahrate.
•*- Calyx-lobes deciduous in fruit.

2. P. baccXta L. (Siberian Crab.) Small tree ; leaves ovate-oblong, ser-
rate'but not Zoftec?, acuminate, at length subcoriaceous ; petals narrowly oblong,
with cuneate-attenuate base ; pedicels slender, fascicled ; pome 2-3 cm. in diam-
eter, usually yellow with reddish cheek. (Malus Borkh.) — Common in cultiva-
tion', and locally established as an escape in borders of woods, etc., Me., Ct., and
doubtless elsewhere. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

X P. prunif6lia Willd. A highly variable group of hybrids between P.
baccata and P. Malus, combining in differing degrees the characteristics of the
two parents. — Cultivated as Crab Apples, and not rarely spontaneous by
roadsides, in open woods, etc. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. P. angustiiblia Ait. Small tree ; branchlets often hardened and spine-
like"; leaves elliptic-oblong to lance-oblong, serra*,e-dentate to nearly entire,
those of the sterile shoots often shallowly and somewhat pinnately lobed, the
midnerve commonly glandular above ; flowers in 3-7-flowered umbel-like cor-
ymbs ; petals oblong to obovate, contracted at the base to a cuneate claw ;
pome greenish-yellow, hard and sour, 2-2.6 cm. in diameter, depressed-globose.
(Malus Michx.) — River thickets, etc., N. J. to 111., "Kan.," and southw.

+- -t- Calyx-lobes persistent in fruit.

4. P. coronaria L. (American Crab.) Tree, somewhat armed, 6-10 m.
high ; leaves ovate or elliptic, usually rounded or even cordate at the base ; those
of'' the sterile shoots somewhat triangular-ovate and lobed, sharply serrate;
petals broadly obovate, white or nearly so; fruit much as in the preceding.
{Malus Mill.)— Thickets and open woods, N. J. to Ont., Kan., and southw.
* * Leaves at least on the lower surface and outer surface of the calyx-lobes

clothed with a persistent white or gray tomentum.

5. P. io6nsis (Wood) Bailey. Similar in habit to the two preceding;
leaves chiefly oblong or ovate-oblong, glabrate, dull green, and somewhat rugose
above, very pale and densely tomentose beneath, doubly serrate or pinnately
several-lobed, usually narrowed at the base; petioles woolly; flowers mostly
2-3 in a corymb ; the pedicels slender, tomentose, becoming 2.5-3.5 cm. long in
fruit ; calyx-lobes persistent. (Pyrus coronaria, var. Wood ; Malus Britton.) —
111. and Wise, to Minn., Kan., and Okla.

X P. Souldrdi Bailey. A hybrid between P. ioensis and P. Malus, and
of intermediate character, is said to occur in a wild state from Minn, to Tex.
It may be distinguished from P. ioensis by its shorter thicker pedicels, usually
about 2 cm. long, and somewhat larger fruit.

6. p. MXlus L. (Apple.) Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or cordate at the
base, sub-equally serrate ; pedicels stout, woolly, 2-2.8 cm. long ; fruit 4 cm. or
more in diameter. {Malus Britton.) — The commonest fruit tree of cultivation,
often escaping to woods. (Introd. from Eu.)

§3. ADEN6rHACHIS DC. (Chokeberrt.) Leaves simple, the midrib
glandular along the upper side; cymes compound; styles united at base,
fruit small, berry-like. Aronia Medic.

7. P. arbutifblia (L.) L. f. Shrub, 1-2.6 m. high ; leaves oblong-oblanceo-
late, mostly acute or acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, green and glabrous
or glabrate above, paler Find permanently ca7iescent-tomentose below ;• pedicels,
calyx, and young fruit canescent-tomentose ; petals white or reddish ; ripe fruit
red, about 7 mm. in diameter; cymes numerously (mostly 9-18-) fruited.
Aronia Ell.) — Swamps and low woods, N. Y. to O., Ark., and Fla. — Appearing
to pass without sharp distinction into

Var. atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson. Cymes less numerously (mostly

ROSACEAE (^ROSE FAMILY) 459

3-10-) fruited ; fruit larger, 8-10 mm. in diameter, claret- colored to purplish-
black. '^Aronia Britton.) — Similar habitats, centr. Me., soutliw. and westw. ;
common.

8. P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Shrub, similar in habit, generally of
lower stature ; leaves varying from rather broadly oblong and acuminate to
«patulate-oblanceolate and scarcely pointed, glabrous or early glahrate beneath
as well as above ; pedicels and calyx also nearly or quite smooth ; fruit vei-y dark
purple or essentially black. {Aronia nigra Britton.) — Moist woods, but also
rocky uplands ; common northw. and extending southw. in the Alleghenies at
least to N. C.

The members of this section occasionally form natural hybrids with those of
§ 4. These may be recognized usually by their imperfectly pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves.

§ 4. S6tIBUS (L.) S. F. Gray. (Mountain Ash.) Leaves odd-pinnate, with
rather numerous leaflets; cymes compound; styles distinct ; pome berry-
like^ small. Trees or tall shrubs. Sorbus [Tourn.] L.

9. P. americana (Marsh.) DC. (American M.) Nearly glabrous or soon
becoming so ; leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with
pointed teeth, bright green ; cymes large and flat ; berries globose, bright red,
not larger than peas. (Sorb^is Marsh.) — Woods, Lab. to Man., s. to n. and
w. N. E., N. Y., the Great L. region, and in the mts. to N. C. ; common.

10. P. sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. Nearly glabrous; leaflets oblong, oval,
or lance-ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly pointed, serrate (often doubly)
with more spreading teeth, rather pale beneath, of firmer texture than in the
preceding; flowers (earlier) somewhat larger (8-11 mm. broad); fruit 8-10
mm. in diameter. (P. sambucifolia Man. ed. 6, not C. & S. ; Sorbus Roem.) —
River-banks and damp rocky uplands. Lab. to centr. Me., westw. and north-
westw. to the Paciflc.

11. P. AucupAria (L.) Ehrh. (European M,, Rowan Tree.) Leaflets
narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, rather pale beneath, always more or less piibes-
cent or tomentose at least on the lotcer surface. (Sorbus L.) — Extensively
cultivated for ornament, and now tending to become naturalized. (Introd.
from Eu.)

7. AMELANCHIER Medic. Juneberrt

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate to oblong, rarely linear. Stamens numerous,
short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-oviiled, but with a
projection growing from the back of each and forming a false cartilaginous
partition, the sweet and edible berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed
in each cell (when all ripen). — Small trees or shrubs, with simple leaves,
and white racemose flowers. (Name said to be barbaric, the derivation not
satisfactorily explained.)

Petals narrowly oblong', 14-25 mm. in length ; early flowering; leaves finely

and sharply serrate 1. A. canadensis.

Petals oblong to obovate, 4-12 mm. in length.

Flowers racemed ; racemes normally 5-oo -flowered ; leaves (at first folded
lengthwise) mostly obtuse, sometimes even cordate at base.
Flowering early (mostly 1 Apr.— 15 May, fruit ripe June-July); leaves

oblong or suborbicular-oblong, finely serrate 2. A. ohJongifoHo.

Flowering later (mostly 15 May-25 June, fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.); leaves

suborbicular-oblong, coarsely dentate 3. ^. spicata.

Flowers solitary or 2-4 in terminal fascicles ; leaves (flat even in very early

stages) acutish or subcuneate at base 4. A. oligocarpa.

1. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. (Shad Brsn, Service Berry.) Tree or
shrub, 3-12 m. high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves (when young folded
lengthwise and brownish-purple) ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cor-
date at base, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, 4-9 cm. long, 8-6 cm. wide;
bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate ; flowers large, in drooping racemes,*

i60 EOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILl'^

fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crimson or purplish.— Dry open woodlands,
common. — Dwarf forms with somewhat smaller flowers are found in sterile
rocky ground.

Var. Botryapium (L. f.) T. & G. Leaves densely tomentose when young,
retaining a sparing soft pubescence even in age or tardily glabrate ; in other
respects like the typical form. — Open ground and wooded hillsides, s. Me. to
n. N. H., Mich., and southw.

2. A. oblongifblia (T. & G.) Roem. Shrub or small tree, 2-6 m. high ; the
youns leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose ; leaves oblong^ usually
rounded at each end or mucronate, finely and evenly serrate, at length glabrate,
usually pale-green especially beneath, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.8 cm. broad ; flowers
numerous, smaller, in rather dense racemes ; petals obovate or short-oblong ;
fruit similar, but more juicy and on shorter pedicels. (A. canadensis, var.
T. & G.) — Moist woods and rocky uplands, N. B. to Va., Mo., and Minn. —
Highly variable, passing into forms with broader elliptical or ovate-lanceolate
acutish leaves of deeper green color (being the A. spicata of many auth., not
C. Koch). Apparently intergrades with other species. Noteworthy is

Var. micropetala Robinson. Dwarf, 3-9 dm. high ; petals 4-7 mm. long,
spatulate-ohlong to narrowly obovate. — Exposed ledges of rocky hills or dry
sandy soil, e. Mass. to Ct., near the coast.

3." A. spicata (Lam.) C. Koch. Shrub, 1-3 m. high ; leaves at first covered
especially beneath with dense pale yellow tomentum (tardily deciduous as floc-
culent wool), oval or suborbicular, 3-8 cm. long, 2.3-5.5 cm. wide, coarsely
dentate toward the end or more often nearly to the base ; veins stronger,
straighter, and more numerous than in the other species; fruit dark purple,
autumnal. (Mespilus canadensis, var. rotundifolia Michx. ; A. rotundifolia
Roem.; A. alnifoUa of some auth., not Nutt.') — Banks of streams, e. Que.
to centr. Me., and westw. about the Great Lakes; s. on mts. to w. Mass.
{Hoffmann).

4! A. oligocdrpa (Michx.) Roem. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, early glabrate or nearly
so ; leaves thin, oblong or oval, finely serrate, 3-5 cm. long, usually acute at
the base ; flowers few, solitary and terminal or in terminal fascicle-like racemes
of 2-4; petals oblong-obovate ; fruit often broadly pyriform, at length usually
subglobose, dark purple, with dense bloom. {A. argnta Nutt.) — Cold swamps
and mt. woods, Lab. to n. N. E., and westw. to L. Superior.

8. CRATAEGUS L. Hawthorn. White Thorn

Revised by W. W. Eggleston

Calyx-tube cup-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels, the limb 5-cleft.
Petals 5, white (rarely pink), roundish, inserted on the margin of the disk in
the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5-25, inserted in 1-3 rows ; filaments filiform ;
anthers oblong, white, yellow, or red. Ovary inferior or its summit free ; car-
pels 1-5 ; styles 1-5, distinct, persistent, usually surrounded at base by tomen-
tum ; stigmas terminal. Pome small, yellow, red, more rarely blue or black ;
containing 1-5 bony nutlets, each usually 1-seeded. Seed erect, the testa mem-
branaceous.— Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple usually lobed leaves
(those on vigorous vegetative shoots often of different shape and more deeply
cut); stipules linear-lanceolate, very deciduous (those on vegetative shoots m.uch
wider and often persistent). Flowers in corymbs. (Name from Kpdros, strength,
because of the hardness and toughness of the wood.) A genus of exc(!ptionai
taxomic difficulty, best developed in the great limestone areas of temperate
eastern America, the numerous nearly related species still subject to widely
different interpretation by specialists and capable at the present time only of a
tentative and provisional treatment.

i

EOSACEAE QROSE FAMILY) 461

.N". B. — In this genus, the figures are of the leaves and flowers on a scale of
|, the whole fruit, lateral and terminal views of the fruit with the upper part of
the flesh removed, and in some cases ventral views of nutlets, all natural size.

Key to Sections, etc.

a. Introduced species; leaves deeply 3-5-lobed ; fruit red; calyx-lobes entire, short; nutlet

solitary ej

«. Native species 5. • • • • 8

b. Nutlets with cavities on their ventral faces.
Nutlets with shallow cavities.

Cavities 1 on each ventral face, often faint or wantin|!r; fruit red 8 16

Cavities several on each ventral face, shallow; fruit black .* ^ IS

Nutlets with 1 deep cavity on each ventral face . . • , , , * i § 17
h. Nutlets without cavities on their ventral faces c.
c. Nest of nutlets without sinuses ; fruit smalh

Nutlets 2 ; leaves deeply lobed or cut •••,.^10

Nutlets 5 ; leaves slightly lobed or entire •.!!§9

C. Nest of nutlets with sinuses ; fi-uit large or small d.

d. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous • . , § 15

d. Leaves not deltoid-cordate e.

e. Calyx-lobes foliaceous, persistent on fruit; flowers l-3(— 6) . ... 8 7

6. Calyx-lobes not foliaceous, often deciduous /.
/. Corymbs 3-T-flowered.

Leaves short-obovate to spatulate, very glandular . . , , , . § 6

Leaves elliptic-ovate, shghtly glandular . § 5

/. Corymbs many-flowered ff.
g. Leaves obovate or spatulate.

Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above § 2

Leaves membranaceous, dull, impressed-veined above.

Fruit glabrous ; nutlets acute at both ends ; calyx-lobes entire . . • § 3
Fruit slightly tomentose ; nutlets obtuse at the apex ; calyx-lobes serrate no. 49
ff. Leaves not obovate or spatulate h.

h. Leaves 3-lobed toward the apex , . . § 4

h. Leaves not 3-lobed i.

i. Leaves glabrous (when mature) J.

^. Leaves broadest at the middle.

Fruit firm when ripe.

Nutlets 2-3 no. 8

Nutlets 4-5 no. 9

Fruit soft when ripe nos, 24, 25, 26, 28

J. Leaves broadest toward the base.

Fruit firm when ripe § 12

Fruit soft.
Leaves small (3-6 cm. wide) ; sinuses between the nutlets shallow ;

nutlets usually 3-4 § 11

Leaves large (4-10 cm. wide) ; nutlets 3-5 .... nos. 50, 52, 53
4, Leaves pubescent (at least along the veins below).

Leaves broadest at the middle nos. 23, 27, 28, 29, § 8

Leaves broadest toward the base.
Mature leaves usually glabrous above ; young foliage bronze-green . § 13
Mature leaves tomentose above ; young foliage yellow-green . . § 14

Auxiliary Key (For use in default of mature fruit)

a. Calyx-lobes entire (sometimes glandular-margined).

Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous . . . § 15

Leaves not deltoid-cordate.
Leaves glabrous beneath, pubescent above ; region of the apper Great Lakes . , § 18
Leaves pubescent beneath (at least along the veins).

Leaves deeply lobed ; introduced §1

Leaves entire or slightly lobed ; native.
Leaves broadest toward the apex.
Leaves obovate to oblong.
Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above . • . . • • f ^
Leaves membranaceous, dull, impressed-veined above • . , . • § ^

Leaves spatulate § 9

Leaves broadest at the middle ; apex often 3-lobed § 4

Leaves broadest toward the base, membranaceous, glabroas § 11

a Calyx-lobes serrate h.

h. Leaves deeply lobed ....>. v. •••••.§ If
b. Leaves entire or slightly lobed O.
C. Corymbs few(]-7)-flowered.

Calyx-lobes foliaceous, laciniate ...»•••••. •f^
Calyx-lobes not foliaceous, glandular-serrate.
Leaves short-obovate, very glandular ....••.. .fC

Leaves elliptical-ovate, slightly glandular ......«.•$'

t62

EOSACEAE (rose FAMILY)

A Corymbs inanv-flowered.

Leaves broadest toward the apex ......... nos. 0, 10, 43

Leaves broadest at the middle.

Calyx-lobes serrate ; nutlets plane no. 3, § 8

Calyx-lobes deeply serrate ; nutlets pitted § 16, § IT

Leaves broadest toward the base. :, „ „

Leaves glabrous nos. 32, 33, and § 12

Leaves pubescent § 13, § 14

I 1 OXYACAntHAE Loud. Leaves ovate, S'15-lobed or -deft, amte at the
apex, cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate, 1-4 cm. long, 1-4,5 cm. wide,
dark green and glabrous above {when mature), paler and slightly pubescent
beneath {especially along the veins); corymbs many-flowered, glabrous;
flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; calyx lobes deltoid, entire, obtuse ; stamens about
20 ; anthers pink; styles 1-2 ; fruit globose or subglobose, red, about (i mm.
thick; calyx-lobes reflexed, persistent ; flesh of fruit yellow, mealy; nutlets
usually 1 ; shrubs or small trees, 5-9 m. tall, with strongly ascending
branches and dark brown scaly bark; thorns sharp, about 1 cm. long.

1. C. OxYAclNTHA L. (ENGLISH H.) Characters of the sectioii. — Sparingly
escaped from cultivation. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. (Introd. from Eu.)

§ 2. CRUS-GAlLI Loud. Leaves obovate to elliptical, coriaceous, dark green
and shining above, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base;
petiole slightly winged above, glandless, 1-2 cm. long; corymbs many-
flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, usually entire ; stamens 10-20;
anthers usually pink; fruit subcylindric-ovoid to globose, red, the calyx
flattened and the flesh hard, thin, greenish ; nutlets 1-3 {in no. 4 sometimes
' as many as 5), strongly ridged on the back; trees or shrubs, usually toith
spreading branches forming a broad crown; bark dark gray, scaly ; spines
many, strong, straight, chestnut-brown, 3-18 cm. long,

Corvmbs and leaves glabrous. « ^ ^ ,.

Leaves 2-10 cm. long, 1^ cm. wide ; nest of 1-2 nutlets longer than thick . 2. C. Crus-gallt.
Leaves 2-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. -wide.

Nutlets 2-3 ; nest of nutlets about as long as thick S. C. pratensU.

Nutlets 3-5; nest of nutlets longer than thick 4. C. Canbyi.

Corymbs and leaves hairy.

Leaves large, 3-9 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide b. C. fecunda.

Leaves small, 2-6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide 6. (7. berherifolim.

2. C. Cnis-galli L. Leaves 2-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, sharply serrate ex-
cept toward the base; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes
glabrous or slightly pubescent : stamens about 10 ; styles 1-3 ; fruit ellipsoidal-
ovoid to subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, greenish to dull red ; flesh hard and dry ;

nutlets usually 2, 8-9 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm.
thick. — Sandy soil, near Montreal, L. Cham-
plain, Nantucket, Mass. (where probably intro-
duced), Ct., the lower Hudson Valley to s.
Ont., s. Mich., s. e. Kan., and s. to Ga. Fig.
7(39. Var. pyracanthif6lia Ait. has more
acute leaves and small bright red fruit. — Occa-
sional, n. Del. to O. Var. oblongXta Sarg.
Fruit ellipsoidal, bright red ; nutlets acute. —
Del. and e. Pa. Var. capillXta Sarg. Leaves
thinner ; corymbs slightly pubescent ; nutlets
solitary. — Wilmington, Del. Var. ExfcuA
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Fruit ellipsoidal, bright
crimson ; nutlets solitary. — Ct. Var. pruni-
f6lia (Poir.) T. & G. Leaves sometimes 7 cm.
wide. {C. Bartramiana Sarg.) — Occasional.
Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.

C. Crus-gdlli x macracAntha Eggleston.

Broad-leaved forms with foliage as in var.

prunifolia, the corymbs pubescent, the calyx-

769. C Crus-gaUl. lobcs Senate, the nutlets 2-3, their pits varying

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 463

from shallow to deep, have all the appearance of natural hybrids between these
two species. (C. persimilis Sarg. ; C. prunifolia of European gardens, in part ^
— Occasional. ' ^ •>'

3. C. prat6nsis Sarg. Leaves ovate-orbicular, 2-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm wide
coarsely or doubly serrate ; flowers about 1 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes remotely
glandular-serrate, glabrous ; stamens about 10 ; anthers yellow or pink ; styles
2-3 ; fruit short-ovoid to compressed-globose, dull reddish-green ; flesh somewhat
succulent, mealy, yellow ; iiutlets 2-3, about 5 mm. long; nest of nutlets about
0 mm. thick. (C. Falmeri Sarg.; C. grandis Ashe.)— Low rich soil 111 and
Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

4. C. Canbyi Sarg. Leaves oblong-obovate, 2.5-8 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide
doubly serrate; often lobed toward the apex; corymbs glabrous; flowers about
1.5 cm. wide; styles 3-5; fruit short-ellipsoidal to globose, 1-1.5 tm long
dark crimson; flesh bright red, succulent ; the :^5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long • nest
of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. (C. Pennypackeri Sarg.) — Occasional, e. Ta and
Md. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

_ 5. C. feciinda Sarg. Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, 3-9 cm. long, 2-^7 cm.
wide, doubly serrate, the veins strongly marked ; corymbs slightly villous ;
flowers about 2 cm. icide ; calyx-lobes co&rse]y glandular-serrate ; stamens about
10 ; anthers purple ; styles 2-4 ; fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose, 2-2.5 cm.
long, orange-red, slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes erect; flesh thick; nutlets
usually 2-3, 8-10 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Rich bottom
lands, s. w. Ind. to s. e. Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

6. C. berberifolia T. & G. Leaves oblong-cuneiform, spatulate, or obovate,
2-6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, rounded or acute and serrate toward the apex,
rough-pubescent above, white-pubescent or -tomentose beneath; petioles 1 cm.'
long, densely tomentose ; corymbs densely villous ; flowers about 1.6 cm. wide ;
calyx-lobes slightly villous; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles 2-3;
fruit subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, orange or red, &\\g\it\y pubescent ; flesh
yellow; nutlets 2-3, about 6 mm. long; nest of nutlets about 0 mm. thick.—
Gulf States. — A specimen from Mercersburg, Pa. {Porter) appears intermediate
between this and the following.

Var. Engelmanni (Sarg.) Eggleston. Less pubescent ; stamens about 10 ;
anthers pink, — Va. and Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

§ 3. PUNCTAtAE Loud. Leaves obovate to oblong, impressed-veined and
usually rather dull above, mostly piibescent leneaih particularly along the
veins, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply luneate at the base, serrate,
doubly serrate, or slightly lobed, but nearly entire toicard the base, subcoria-
ceous; petioles 1-2 cm. long, slightly winged above ; corymbs many-floicered ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire or sometimes glandular-margined;
stamens 10-20; styles 2-6; fruit green, yellow, or red ; flesh hard, thick;
calyx usually flattened ; nutlets 2-5, ridged on the back ; flat-topped trees,
3-10 m. highi with grayish-brown bark; spines straight, 2-7 cm. long.

Pruit ellipsoidal, glabrous ; nutlets usually 3-i.

Leaves briffht yellow-green above ; nest of nutlets longer than thick . 7. C. paueiacn.

Leaves dull gray-green above ; nest of nutlets about as long as thick . 8. C. punctata.
Fruit globose, glabrous or pubescent ; calyx somewhat prominent; nutlets 4-5.

Fruit glabrous, green to scarlet; Canadian 9. C. snhorhicnlata.

Fruit villous, red ; southern 10. C.collina.

7. C. pausiaca Ashe. Leaves oblanceolate-obovate, 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm.
wide, dark vivid yellow-green and glabrous above ; corymbs pubescent ; flowers
1.2-1.5 cm. wide; calyx glabrous, its lobes slightly pubescent inside; slamens
10-15; anthers dark pink; fruit ellipsoidal-pyriform, about 8 mm. thick, dull
brick-red; flesh greenish-ye'llow ; nutlets usually 3, 7-10 mm. long; nest of
nutlets 6-10 mm. thick. — Abundant in Pa. — Intermediate between C. Crus-
gain and C. punctata, and to be expected wherever these two species are found.
V\. May ; fr. Oct.

8. C. punctata Jacq. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 1-5 cm. broad, dull gray-green
find strongly impressed-veined above ; corymbs tomentose : flowers about 2 cm.

464

ROSACEAE QROSE FAMILYJ

broad ; calyx-tube pubescent, its lobes less so ; stamens usually about 20 ; an.
thers white to pink ; fruit yellow (var. aurea Ait.) or red (var. RtiBRA Ait.),
1 2-2.5 cm. thick ; nutlets usually 3-4, 8-9 mm. long; nest of nutlets &-10 mm.
thick. — Falls of Montmorency, Que., to s. e. Minn., s. (through w. N. E.) to Pa.,

n. 111., and la., and along the mts.to n. Ga. ;

ascending in N. C. to about 1800 m. Fl.

May, June ; fr. Oct. Fig. 770. Var.

CANESCENS Brittou is a more canescent

form occasionally seen.

9. C. suborbiculata Sarg. Leaves ovate-
orbicular, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide,
membranaceous, dull dark green above, gla-
brans ; petioles winged above, glandular ;
corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 2 cm.
broad ; calyx-lobes slightly glandular-mar-
gined ; stamens about 20 ; anthers rose-
colored ; styles 4-5 ; fruit globose or com-
pressed-globose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, dull green
to scarlet; calyx somewhat prominent;
flesh yellow, containing commonly 5 nutlets
(6-7.5 mm. long); nest of nutlets 8-10 mm.
thick. — Limestone ridges in the region of
Montreal. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.

10. C. colliua Chapm. Leaves obovate
to oval, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, yellow-
green, somewhat pubescent when young:
petioles slightly pubescent, winged ; corymbs
and calyx pubescent; flowers 1.5-2 cm.
wide; calyx-lobes glabrous or slightly pu-
be.scent inside, glandular-ciliate ; stamens

about 20 ; anthers yellow; styles 3-5 ; fruit globose or compressed-globose, dull
red, 9-12 mm. thick; calyx somewhat prominent; calyx-lobes persistent; flesh
yellow, dry; nutlets usually 5, 6-7 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick.
— Common, s. w. Va. to centr. Ga. and n. Miss. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

Var. s6rdida (Sarg.) Eggleston. Corymbs rather few-flowered ; flowers
2.5-3. 5 cm. broad ; anthers pink ; nutlets 3-4. — Occasional, s. e. Mo. Fl. May ;
fr. Oct.

Var. Lettermani (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens about 10; fruit subglobose or
pyriform, orange-red. — Occasional, s. e. Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

§ 4. Vf RIDES Beadle. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, obtuse, acute, or acumi-
nate {often ?i-lobed) at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly ser-
rate or lobed, dark green, shining, and glabrous above, paler and somewhat
pubescent aloiuj the veins beneath, usually membranaceous ; petioles 1-3 cm.
long, slightly winged above; corymbs few-many -flowered, glabrous; calyx-
lobes entire or slightly glandular-margined, triangular to lanceolate-ac7imi-
nate ; stamens 10-20 ; anthers yellow ; styles 2-5 ; fruit glabrous, red,
subglobose to ellipsoidal; flesh hard; nutlets 3-5 (2 in no. 11), ridged on
the back; trees or large shritbs, 6-11 m. high, with ascending or nearly
erect branches, dark brown bark^ and straight spines 2-5 cm. long.

punctata.

Nutletf 2 ; fruit large, 8-15 mm. thick ; lobes of the leaves crenate
■Mutletf 3-5 ; fruit small, 5-9 mm. thick ; lobes dentate.

Fruit bright red, glaucous, 4-6 mm. thick ....

Fruit dull dark red, 6-9 mm. thick

11. C. Margar etta.

12. C. viridis.

13. C. nitida.

11. C. Margar6tta Ashe. Leaves 2-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse or acute
at the apex, crcnate-lohed, slightly pubescent when young, glabrate ; corymbs
5-12-flowered, slightly pubescent at first; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx-lobes
slightly pubescent inside ; styles 1-3 ; fruit dull rusty green to red, 8-15 mm.
thick ; flesh yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 2, about 6 mm. long, about

EOSACEAE (KOSE FAMILY)

465

C. nitida.

3 mm. thick ; a tree, with a narrow open
crown, 4-8 m. high. (C. Brovmii Brit-
ton ?) — Woods and banks of streams, s.
Out. to centr. la., s. to centr. Fa., w. Va ,
and Mo. Fl. May ; Ir. Oct.

12. C. viridis L. Z^aor^s 2-8 cm. long,
2-5 cm. wide, serrate; flowers 1-1.5 cm.
wide ; calyx-lobes slightly pubescent in-
side ; styles 4-5 ; fruit globose or de-
pressed-globose, bright red, glaucous, 4-6
mm. thick; nutlets usually 5, 3.5-5 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 8.5-5.5 mm. thick.
— Moist soil of the lowlands, Chesapeake
City, Md. {Ward), Va. {Clayton) to Mo.,
s. to Fla. and Tex. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

13. C. nitida (Engelm.) Sarg. Leaves
3-8 cm. long, 2-0 cm. wide, coarsely ser-
rate; corymbs many-flowered, 1.2-2 cm.
\\ide; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate;
fruit globose to short-ellipsoidal, dark dull
red, 6-9 mm. thick; flesh yellow, mealy ;
nutlets 3-5, 4.5-7 nmi. long ; nest of nut-
lets 5-7 mm. thick ; tree sometimes 9 m.
hisrh, with a broad crown. — Rare, s. 111.
tos.e. Kan. Fl. May ; fr. Oct, Fig. 771.
§5. INTRICATAE Sarg. (Boyntonianae Beadle; Biltmoreanae Beadle.)

Leaves elliptic-ovate^ acute and varying from attenuate to truncate, doubly
serrate or lobed (the teeth gland-tipped), subcoriaceous. yellow-green,
bright above ; petioles 1-3 cm.long, glandular, slightly loingcd above ; young
foliage usually yelloiv-green ; corymbs S-': -flowered; bracts venj ghmdular,
deciduous; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminaie or acute, for the most part
strongly toothed toward the apex, often entire at the base; stamens about
10 ; anthers usually yelloio ; styles 2-5 ; fruit greenish or reddish-yellow to
reddish-brown, globose to pyriform, bluntly angular; calyx prominent, its
lobes reflexed; flesh of the fruit hard, thick; nutlets usually 3-4, strongly
ridged on the back ; irregularly topped shrubs or small trees, 1-8 m. high
{with occasional spines),^ preferring rocky woods and cliffs, more common
and typical in the southern mountains.

Foliaj^e, corymbs, and frnit glabrous. o k i

Calyx-lobes nearly entire : fruit globose, yellow-green ; nutlets 8-5 ; leaves ^ ^ ^ „ ^ .

ovate or oval 1^- C. Boyntom.

Calyx-lobes serrate ; nutlets usually 8-4. ^k ^ ^ ^-^^

Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit plobofo. red-brown or orange-red . . 15. Cfoetiaa.

Leaves elliptical-ovate ; fruit usually pyriform, yellow-green, tmged with

red 16- <^-

Foliage and fruit pubescent ; corymbs villous.
Fruit globose : anthers yellow.
Mature fruit reddish-brown ; nutlets 3-4 .
Mature fruit vellow ; nutlets 4-5 ....
Fruit pyriform," yellow ; nutlets 8-4 ; anthers pink

14. C. Boyntbni Beadle. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, glabrous. 2-5 cm.
long, 2-5.5 cm. wide; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. broad; calyx-
lobes entire, except near the apex; styles 3-5 ; fruit ^globose or depressed-glo-
bose, yellow-green, tinsed with red, 1-1.5 cm. thick; nutlets 3-5, 6-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutk'ts 7-9 mm. thick. — In woods and on banks of streams, between
400 and 900 m. elevation, s. w. Va., N. Car., and Tenn. Fl. May ; fr. Oct

15. C. foetida Ashe. Leaves elliptical-ovate to oval, 4.5-7 cm. long, 4-6 cm.
wide, glabrous; corymbs (/labrous , flowers about 2 cm. wide ; styles 3-5; friut
sul)<dobose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, orange-red or red-brown; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8
mm. long; nest of ntitlets 6-9 mm. thick. (O. Baxteri Sarg.) —Common,
e. Mass. to s. Out. , s. to Va. Fl. May ; f r. Oct.

gray's imanual — 30

apposita.

. 17. C. coecinea.
. IS. C. liltmoreana.
. 19. C. Stone i.

466

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

16. C. app6sita Sarg. Leaves eUiptical-ov?ite, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide,
lohed (the lower pair of lobes often deeply cnt). glabrous ; corymbs and calyx
glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, yellow-green,
tinged with red, about 1 cm. thick ; the 3-4 nutlets 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nut-
ets 6-8 ram. thick. (C coccinea, var. viridis T. & G., in part; (7. coccinea

Britton, not L. ; C. intricata Sarg., not J.
Lange.) — Rocky woods, s. w. Vt. and Mass.
to N. Y. and Va. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.

Var. Biss611ii (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves
more entire ; anthers pink ; fruit orange-red'
— Ct.

17. C. coccinea L. Leaves rough-pubescent,
sometimes becoming very scabrous, 2-7 cm.
long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; corymbs and calyx viU
lous; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide; stamens
about 10 ; anthers light yellow ; fruit sub-
globose to ellipsoidal, imbescent, sometimes
becoming nearly glabrous, 8-10 mm. thick,
yellow-green, becoming dark reddish-brown
wrhen fully ripe ; nutlets usually 3-4, 5-7 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. (0. coc-
cinea, var. viridis T. & G., in part ; C. intricata
J. Lange ; C. modpsta Sarg. ; C. premora
Ashe.) — Rocky woods, e. Mass. to s. w. Vt.,
s. e. N. Y., w. Pa., and N. C. FL May, June ;
fr. Oct., Nov. Fig. 772.
Leaves ovate-elliptical to broadly ovate, 2-9 cm.
long, 2-7 cui. wide, pubescent on both sides ; corymhs and c?i\j's. villous ; flowers
2-2.5 cm. wide; fruit globose to subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick, greenish-yellow^
yellow, or orange; nutlets usually 4-5, 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-10 mm.
thick. — Mountainous regions, Va. to N. C. and (?) Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

19. C. Stbnei Sa.rg. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, 7-8 cm. long, 4-6 cm,
wide, scabrate above, slightly villous along the veins beneath ; corymbs villous ;
flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx villous ; anthers pink; fruit pijriform to short-
ellipsoidal, 1.2-1.4 cm. thick, light yellow or yellow-green tinged with red,
slightly villous; the 3-4 nutlets 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick.
( C. Peckii Sarg.) — Centr. Mass. to Albany, N. Y. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.

§6. FLA-VAE Loud. (EuFLAVAE Beadle.) Leaves short-obovate to spatulate,
membranaceous and together icith the petioles and corymbs conspicuously
glandular; corymbs few flowered; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; fruit
usually soft, green, orange, or red, subglobose to ellipsoidal ; calyx promi-
nent, its lobes reflexed; nutlets 3-5, ridged on the back; shrubs or small
trees, 1-10 m. high, frequently icith undulating or zigzag branches, armed
with straight spines 2-6 cm. long. — A group very abundant both in species
and individuals south of our range.

772. C. coccinea.
18. C. biltmoreana Beadle.

20. C. aprica Beadle. Zeawes obovate, rhombic-ovate, or or&fc?<7ar, 1.5-5 cm.
long, 1.5 cni. wide, slightly pubescent, becoming very glabrous, acute at the
apex, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base,
dentate, crenate-dentate, or lobed above the middle,
dark yellow-green ; petioles 7-20 mm. long, wing-
margined ; corymbs Pj-6-floioered, pubescent; sta-
mens 10 ; anthers yellow ; fntit globose, 9-14 mm.
thick, red or orange-red ; nutlets about 7 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. — " Sunny exposures
in the mountains," s. Va., w. N.C., e. Tenn., and
n. Ga. FL May ; fr. Sept., Oct. Fig. 773.

C. flXva Ait. (described from English botani-
cal gardens) has oval to obovate glabrous leaves^ 773. C. ap

ROSACEAB (ROSE FAMILY)

467

10 stamens, pink anthers, and pyriform yellow-green fi'uU. It should he sought

in s. Va.

§ 7, PARVIF6lIAE Loud. (Uniflorae Beadle.) Leaves rather sinall, spatit-
late^ obovate^ or oval, obtuse, rounded, or acute at the apex, cuneate at
the base, crenate, crenate-dentate, or serrate, subcoriaceous, shining above,
very pubescent lohen young, becoming scabrate above when mature; petioles
very short, piibescent, loinged ; corymbs tomentose, 1-G-Jlou-ercd ; calyx-lobes
long and foliaceous, slightly pubescent, laciniate; stamens about 20;
anthers white; styles 5-7 ; fruit pubescent, globose or pyriform, greenish-
yellow or red; calyx prominent, its lobes reflexed; flesh firm; nutlets
usually 5, often more; slirubs, 1-4 m. tall, armed with slender straight
often foliaceous spines 1-6 cm. long.

Leavesobovateor ppatnlate.usTiallv obtuse; corymbs l-3-flowered . . . 21 C. tomentosa.
Leaves ovate, usually acui;e ; corymbs 3-C-tiowered ^'-i. C.\cnliae.

21. C. tomentbsa L. Leaves obovate to spatulate, obtuse or rounded at

the apex, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, crenate ; corymbs l-o-flowered, flowers

1-1.5 cm. wide; fruit subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, yellow-green; nutlets 7-9

mm. long, grooved on the back ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. (C. uniflora

Muench. ; C. parvifolia Ait.) — Sandy soil, L. I. to

ria., w. Ky., Mo., and centr. Tex. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

Fig. 774. Var. Smithii (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves

serrate; fruit red. — Near Philadelphia. Fl. May;

fr. Sept.

22. C. Vailiae Britton. Leaves 2-5.6 cm. long,
1-4.5 cm. wide, oval or ovate, acute at the apex,
cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate, often slightly
3_5_lobed; petioles 4-10 mm. long; corymbs 3-6-
flowered; flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide ; fruit globose,
8-10 mm. thick, reddish-brown ; nutlets 5-6 mm.
long ; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. — Va. to n. w.
Ga. ; Greensboro, Ala.

§8. R0TUNDIF6lIAE Eggleston. (Coccineae
^^^ •^''b».<ss^ Sarg.) Leaves elliptical-ovate to orbicular,

^^\ ->s^^^CJ doubly serrate or lobed, subcoriaceous, dark

-^^ ^*^ yellow-green and shining above ; petioles glandu-

lar, slightly idnged above, 1-5 cm. long; young
foliage usually yellow-green ; corymbs many-
flowered; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, usually
lanceolate-acuminate; stamens 5-20; anthers
usually yelloiv ; styles 2-5 ; fruit depressed-glo-
bose to short-ovoid, red; flesh soft; calyx-lobes
reflexed ; nutlets usually 3-4, ridged on the back ;
round-topped shrubs and trees, 3-10 m. high,
icith numerous curved spines (2-7 cm. long).

774. C. tomentosa.

Leaves elliptic-ovate, sharply cuneate, deeply-incised

Leaves ovate-orbicular, broadly cuneate or truncate at base.

Calyx prominent ; fruit subglobose

Calyx obscure.

Fruit pyriform, yellow-red

Fruit globose, red.

Fruit angular in cross-section. ,,,,,,

Fruit glabrous ; flowers 2-2.5 cm. wide; leaves slightly lobed . .

Fruit pubescent; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; leaves sharply lobed .

Fruit round in cross-section. .^. , , i.

Nest of nutlets shorter than thick ; fruit about 1 cm. thick, dark

red ; leaves 3-6 cm. wide ; anthers yellow

Nest of nutlets longer than thick ; fruit about 1.5 cm. thick, carmme-
red ; leaves 4-S cm. wide ; anthers pink

28. C. Columbiana.

24. C. 3tacaulerjae.

25. C. Oakesiana.

26. C. Jackii.

27. C. irrasa.

28. C. rotundifoUa.

29. C. Jouesae.

23. C. Columbiana Howell. Leaves cuneMe-obovate or ohlong, 2-6 cm. long,
1-6 cm. wide, incisely 5-9-lobed above the middle, acute to acuminate, sparingly

468

ROSACE AE QROSE FAMILY^

villous ; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. broad ; calyx glabrous,
its lobes triangular-acuminate^ slightly villous inside, often red-tipped ; stamens
about 10; styles 2-5; fruit scarlet, shurt-pi/rif 07'm, ,S-12 mm. long ; calyx-
2obes persistent ; Jiesh glutinous ; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long ; nest
of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. — Columbia R. and tributaiies, e. of Cascade Mts.
Fl. May; fr. Aug., Sept. Var. Piperi (Britton) Eggleston. Leaves more pubes-
cent ; corymbs varying from slightly to densely pubescent ; fruit pubescent. —
Wi;h the typical form westward, but extending e. to s. Minn, and L. Superior.

Var. Brunetiana (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves often ovate, 2-9 cm. long, 2-8
cm. wide ; corymbs slightly pubescent ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate. —
Nfd. to L. Superior., s. to N. S. and centr. Me. Fl. June ; fr. Sept.

X ? C. laurentiana Sarg. Similar to var. Piperi, but usually with 4-5 nutlets
with occasional shallow pits on their ventral faces. — A possible hybrid, occurring
near Montreal.

24. C. Macauldyae Sarg. Leaves ovate or oval, 4-6 cm. long, 3,5-5 cm.
wide, acute, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base, membranaceous, glabrous,
dull dark green ; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1,6-1,8 cm. broad ; calyr glabrous,
its lobes pubescent inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers small, yellow ; styles 4-5 ;
fruit subglobose to sliort-ellipsoidal, dark crimson, 1-1.2 cm. thick ; calyx promi-
•nent; flesh thin, yellow, dry ; the 4-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 7-8
mm. thick. — Occasional, w. N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

25. C. Oakesiana Eggleston. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, gradually or abruptly cuneate, slightly pubescent above, becoming glabrate,
3-7 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, doubly serrate toward the apex ; corymbs slightly
villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx villous, its lobes glabrous outside,
slightly villous inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers yellow ; styles 3-5; fruit
pyriform-ellipsoidal, slightly angular, yellowish-red, about 1 cm. thick ; sepals
deciduous ; flesh soft, mealy, light yellow ; tJie 3-5 nutlets 6-7 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 7-8 mm, thick, — Valley of the Connecticut, n. e. Vt. Fl.
May ; fr. Aug., Sept.

26. C, Jackii Sarg. Leaves ovate-orbicular to obovate, 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-5
cm. wide, acute, cuneate to rounded at base, dull dark green above, slightly

pubescent, glabrate ; corymbs slightly villous ; flow-
ers 2-2.5 cm. wide ; calyx glabrous, its lobes sharply
glandular-serrate, slightly pubescent inside ; stamens
6-10 ; anthers yellow ; styles 2-3 ; fruit ovoid-ellip-
soidal, 1-1,5 cm. thick, dull dark red, prominently
angled; flesh thick, reddish ; the 2-3 nutlets 7-9 ram,
long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm, thick. (C rotun-
data Sarg,) — Isle of Montreal to s. Ont. Fl. May ;
fr. Sept.

27. C. irrasa Sarg. Leaves ovate to ellipticals
acute, broadly cuneate, or truncate at base, loith
4:-^ pairs of acute lobes, 3-6 cm, long, 3-6 cm. wide,
membranaceous, slightly pubescent, becoming gla-
brous above, pubescent beneath, particularly "along
the veins ; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about
1.5 cm. wide; calyx villous, its lobes slightly villous
inside ; stamens about 20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit sub-
globose to short-ellipsoidal, slightly angled", sparingly
pubescent, dull red, about 1 cm. thick, with persistent
calyx-lobes and reddish flesh ; the 3-5 nutlets 6-8
mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm, thick. — Isle of
Montreal and Montmorency Falls, Que. Fl. May :
fr. Sept.
Corymbs more villous ; fruit scarlet ; nutlets usually

775. C, rotundifolia.

Var. div^rgens Peck.

3. —Near Albany, N. Y.

Var. Blanchardi (Sarg.) Eggleston. Corymbs and calyx more villous than in
the typical form ; anthers pink ; fruit dark cherry-red. — Deerfield Valley, Vt.

28. C, rotundifblia Moench. Leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, 3-5 cm.

BOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 4'69

long, 2-6 cm. wide, acute, broadly cuneate, doubly serrate with rather coarse
teeth and with 3-4 pairs of acute lobes, glabrous ; corymbs glabrous or slightly
pubescent; flowers about 2 cm, wide; calyx-lobes slightly villous inside; sta-
mens 5-10 ; styles 2-4 ; fruit 1 cm. thick, red ; flesh yellow, dry, sweet; nvthts
usually 2-3, 0-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. (C. glandulosa Ait. ;
C. coccinea, var. rotundifoUa Sarg, ; C. Dodf/ei Ashe.) — N. tS. to s. Minn., s. to
n. 111., and in the Alleghenies to Va. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Fig. 775.

Var. Bicknellii Eggleston. Leaves somewhat sharply lobed toward the apex ;
calyx-lobes long, laciniate, persistent on the fruit; nutlets usually 4-5. — Nan-
tucket L, Mass. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

Var. Faxbni (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves, corymbs, and fruit pubescent. (C.
coccinea Linnean herbarium, in part.) — Completely intergrading with the
typical form and of the same range. Fr. Aug., Sept.

Var. chrysocarpa (Ashe) Eggleston. Leaves slightly smaller and fruit yel-
low-red ; otherwise like the preceding variety. (C Sheridana Nelson.) —Cook
Co., Minn. (MacMillan), to Col. and Assina.

29. C. Jonesae Sarg. Leaves elliptical-ovate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-8 cm..icide,
acute or obtuse, cuneate, glabrous except along the veins beneath, the lobes acute
and tips reflexed; petioles slightly pubescent, 3-5 cm. long ; corymbs somewhat
villous; Jloioers about 2.5 cm. vnde ; calyx villous, its lobes linear, acuminate,
glabrous outside, slightly pubescent inside ; stamens about 10 ; anthers large,
pink; styles 2-3 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, about 1.5 cm. thick, bright
carmine-red, slightly pubescent ; flesh thick, yellow ; calyx-lobes long, ap-
pressed; nutlets usually 3, about 9 mm. long; nest of nudets about 8 mm.
thick. — Mt, Desert L and adjacent coast to Falmouth, Me. {Chamberlain).
Fl. June ; fr. Oct.

§ 9. MTCROCArPAE Loud. Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, 8-35 mm.
long, 4-20 mm. wide, acute or rounded and sometimes S-iJ-lobed at the apex,
sharply cuneate into a winged petiole, crenate-serrate, dark green and
slightly villous along the veins above ichen young,
then glabrate, membranaceous ; flowers in many-
flowered glabrous corymbs, about 1 cm. loide ; calyx-
lobes deltoid, entire ; stamens about 20 ; anthers red;
styles 3-5 ; friiit globose to subglobose, red, 4-0 mm.
thick, loith reflexed cahjx-lobes and dry mealy flesh;
nutlets 3-5, slightly ridged on the back, 3-4.5 mm.
long, bare at the apex; nest of nutlets 3.5-4.5 mm.
thick; shrub or small tree, 0-8 m. high; branches
upright and spreading ; bark grayish-brown, slightly
scaly ; twigs reddish-brown, glabrous ; thorns sparse,

9if®l ^%^ straight, 3-4 cm. long.

I 30. C. spathulata Michx. The only species of the

^_, „ ,, , , section. — Moist rich soil of the coastal region, Va. to

776. C. spathulata. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ . ^^^ ^^ ^^,^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^.jq^

§ 10. APIIF6lIAE Loud. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 1-4 cm. long,
1-4 C7n. wide, acute, slightly cordate to cuneate at the base, pinnately 5-7-
lobed, simply or doubly serrate, pilose above ichen young, often glabrate,
pilose beneath, especially along the veins, membranaceous ; petioles 2.5-5
cm. long, tomentose ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide, in ^-V2-flowered villous
corymbs; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabi'ous outside,
slightly pubescent inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers dark red; styles 1-3;
fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 4-1 mm. long, scarlet, slightly pubescent with reflexed
calyx-lobes and thin firm flesh; nutlets commonly 2, 5-0.5 ?nm. long, smooth
on the back, bare at the apex; nest 3-3.5 mm. thick, with no sinus brtween
the nutlets; shrubs or small trees, 2-6 m. high, icith nearly horizontal
branches and smooth gray bark; twigs light red, long-tomentose but gla-
brate; thorns few, chestnut-brown, 2.5-4 cm. long, straight.

470

ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY^

31. C. Marshdllii Eggleston. The only specieh
of the section. {Mespilus apiifolia Marsh. ; C. apii-
folia Michx., not Medic.) — Along streams and
about swamps in the lowlands, s. Va. to Fla., w. to
Mo. and Tex. Fig. 777.

§11. TENUIF6lIAE Sarg. Leaves ovate, serrate,
doiihhj serrate, or lohed, acute or acuminate,
slightly villous hut glahrate, dark yellow-green
above, paler beneath ; petioles sleiider^Lb-Z cm.
long; young foliage usually bronze-green;
corymbs many^flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-

?(^<C^ ^"^"^^^ (icumJnate, usually entire {often glandular-

^^^1 ?T margined), slightly pubescent inside; stamens

J 5-20 ; anther's usually pink ; styles 2-5 ; fruit

" ellipsoidal, ovoid, or pyriform, red, glabrous,

777. C. Marshallii. icith rather persistent erect or spreading calyx^

lobes and succulent edible flesh ; nutlets usually
S-4, strongly ridged on the back ; shrubs or small trees, 2-7 m. high, vnth
ascending branches and strong curved spines 2-7 cm. long. — This section
is the most troublesome of any in our range, specific lines being here
particularly hard to draw.

Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid, or pyriform.
Calyx-lobes serrate.
Leaves broadly ovate, flabellate, the lobes reflexed . . . « , 82. <7. erudeUs.
Leaves oblong-ovate, the lobes spreading or ascending . . . . SS. 0. lucorum.
Calyx-lobes entire.
Fruit small, 6-9 mm. thick, with rather firm flesh ; leaves conspicuously

lobed 34. 6*. roanensis.

Fruit large, 1-1. S cm. thick, with soft flesh; leaves not conspicuously

lobed 85. <?. macrosperma.

Fruit compressed-globose or subglobose.

Lobes of the leaves retlexed ; leaves flabellate 36. C» Grayana.

Lobes of the leaves spreading or ascending.

Terminal leaves cuneate or rounded at the base 87. C. alnoruni.

Terminal leaves cordate .•,..,,... 38. (7. populnea.

32. C. crudllis Sarg. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm.
broad, sharply lobed {the tips of the lobes often recurved), broadly cuneate or
truncate, rarely cordate at the base, slightly villous above, becoming scabrate
or glabrate ; corymbs slightly villous at first; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx-
tube and inside of the lobes slightly villous ; stamens about 10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit
ellipsoidal, 8-12 mm. thick, scarlet or crimson ; the 3-5 nutlets 6-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. {Mespilus flabellata Bosc, not C. flabellata
Heldreich; C. blandita Sarg.) — Caughnawaga Reservation to Falls of Montmo-
rency, Que. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

33. C. lucbrum Sarg. Leaves oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 3-6 era. long,
2-5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at
the base, finely and doubly serrate or lobed; corymbs slightly villous; flowers
about 2 cm. broad ; calyx glabrous except for a slight pubescence on the inner
surface of the lobes; stamens about 20; anthers small, deep pink; styles 4-5;
fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal, crimson, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Occasional, n. 111. and
s. e. Wise. Fl. Mny ; fr. Sept.

Var. insolens (Sarg.) Eggleston. Styles 3-5 ; fruit ellipsoidal, scarlet, gla-
brous, 1-1.2 cm. long; flesh rather firm; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-7 mm. long;
nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. — Rare, n. e. Vt.

34. C. roanensis Ashe. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-6
cm. wide, with 8-6 pairs of acute usually straight lobes, the base broadly cuneate
to cordate; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide;
calyx-lobes slightly villous inside ; stamens 5-20, usually 5-10 ; styles 2-5 ; fruit
7-9 mm. thick, 9-13 mm. long, crimson ; flesh rather firm ; nutlets 6-8 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. {0. fluviatiUs Sarg. ; a ascendens Sarg,)

KOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

471

macrosperma.

C. uber Ashe.) —Montreal to Wise, s. through w. N. E. to Pa., and in tne mts.
(ascending to 1800 m.) to N. C. and Tenn. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

35. C. macrosperma Ashe. Leaves elliptical-ovate to broadly ovate, rounded
to truncate or rarely cordate at the base, 2.5-7 cm. long. 2-7 cm. wide, the lobes
acute; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; stamens

5-10(-20) ; styles 2-5 ; /rwii ellipsoidal orpyri-
form, 1-1.8 cm. thick, scarlet to crimson, often
glaucous ; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. — N. S. and n.
Me. to n. Mich, and s. e. Minn., s. to Pa.,
n. 111., and in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn. Fl.
May; fr. Sept. Fig. 778. Var. pentAndra
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Lea'^es sharply cuneate at
the base. — Vt. to Va. Var. DEjifssA (Sarg.)
Eggleston. Leaves and fruit smaller. — Occa-
sional, w. N. E. to n. 111. and w. Va.

Var. pastbrum (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves
more nearly entire ; fruit dark crimson. — Low
grounds, w. N. E. and N. Y. Var. MAxtrRA
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Lobes of the leaves acumi-
nate, often recurved. — Range of the typical
form. Fr. Aug., Sept. Var. ACUTfLOBA (Sarg.)
Eggleston. Lobes of leaves acuminate, re-
curved ; leaves of vegetative shoots often cor-
date. — Coast of K S. and N. E.

36o C. Grayana Eggleston. Leaves flahel-
late, 2.5-8 cm. long, 2-7 cm. vnde, acuminate,
broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, slightly
pubescent above, glabrate, the lobes 4-6 pairs, often acuminate, their tips
recurved; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; calyx-tube
villous below, the lobes glabrous outside, slightly villous within, somewhat
glandular-margined ; stamens about 20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoidal, angular, dark cherry-red, with reflexed calyx-lobes and thick yellow
mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5, 6-7.5 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick,
strongly ridged on the back. {G. flabellata Sarg., not Mespilus flabellata Bosc.)
— Montmorency Falls to Montreal, Que., w. N. E. and n. e. N. Y. Fl. May ;
fr. Aug., Sept.

37. C. alnbrum Sarg. Leaves ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, broadly
cuneate to truncate ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide ; stamens about
20 ; fruit subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick, slightly angular, darlc cherry-red ; flesh
yellow, acid ; the 3-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick. (C.
Edsoni Sarg.) — N. E. to s. Mich, and Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

38. C. populnea Ashe. Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2.5-6.5 cm.
long and wide, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, those on vegetative shoots
usually cordate; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; stamens 5-10;
styles 2-4; fruit globose to short-ellipsoidal, scarlet, 1-1.5 cm. thick, with ap-
pressed or spreading deciduous sepals and yellow flesh ; nutlets usually 3-4,
7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. (C. stolonifera Sarg.) — Occa-
sional, s. Out. to Pa. and Del. Fl. May ; f r. Sept.

§12. PRUIN6SAE Sarg. (Silvicolae Beadle.) Leaves ovate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, broadly ciineate to truncate (occasionally cordate) at the
base, doubly serrate or lohed, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, blue-green,
glabrous; petioles slightly glandular, 1-3 cm. long; young foliage usually
bronze-green; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; calyx-lobes deltoid-acii-
minate, often serrate at the base, glumaceous ; stamens 10-20; anthers
usually pi7ik ; styles 3-5; fruit usually depressed-globose to short-ellipsoidal,
strongly angled, red, pruinose, with prominent spreading persistent calyx-
lobes and hard thick flesh; nutlets usually 4-r->, strongly ridged dorsally ;
nest of nutlets shorter than thick, with deep sinuses between the nutlets;

472

BOSACEAE ([ROSE FAMILY}

shrubs or trees, 3-8 m. high, ivith irregular ascending branches and numer-
ous curved chestnut-brown spines 3-0 cm. long. — liocky woods.

Fruit conspicuously'anfrled, strongly pruinose.

Leaves usually cuneate

Leaves cordate

Fruit without conspicuous anjrles, slightly pruinose.
Leaves ovate, cuneate or cordate.

Leaves usually cordate

Leaves usually cuneate.

Lol)es of leaves shallow, acute
Lobes of leaves deep, acuminate .
Leaves olliptic-ovate, cuneate ....

o9. C, pruinosa.
40. C. deltoides.

41. C. silvicola.

42.

C. heata.
C. leiophylla
C. Jesupi.

30. C. pruinbsa (Wendl.) C. Koch. Leaves elliptic-ova^e to broadly ovate,
2.5-G cm. long and wide, membranaceous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; stamens

about 20 ; antliers pink, rarely yellow ; fruit
apple-green, becoming scarlet or ^\\y^\q, 1.2-
1.5 cm. thick ; flesh yellow, sweet ; nutlets
6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick.
— Common, w. N. E. to s. Wise, Mo., Va.,
and s. in the mts. El. May ; fr. Oct., Nov.
EiG. 779. EormaDissoNA (Sarg.) Eggleston.
Stamens 10. — With the typical form

Var. Iatis6pala (Ashe) Eggleston. Leaves
more nearly entire ; fruit reddish-brown.
(C. cognata Sarg.) — With the typical form.
Var. pHiLADELPiiiCA (Sarg.) Eggleston.
Leaves with more acuminate lobes, those on
vegetative shoots usually cordate. (C.fusca
Sarg.) — Range of typical form.

Var. conjuncta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Fruit
less angular and not highly colored ; anthers
light yellow. — Range of typical form.

Var. Portdri (Britton) Eggleston. Eruit
pyriform, reddish-brown. — Rocono Mt. and
adjacent region, e. Ra.

40. C. deltoides Ashe. Leaves broadly
ovate, 3-7 cm. long and broad, abruptly
acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate
at the base, with 4-6 pairs of broad acumi-
nate lobes; flowers about 2 cm. broad;
stamens about 10 ; fruit depressed-globose, bright red, 1-1.5 cm. thick; flesh
yellow ; nutlets 6-7 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Dutchess Co.,
N. Y., and e. Ra. El. May ; fr. Oct.

41. C. silvicola Ikadle. Leaves triangular-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide,
rounded, truncate, or on vegetative shoots cordate at the base, incisely lobed ;
flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; stamens 10 ; fruit globose, 1-1.1 cm. thick, slightly
angular, red; the 3-5 nutlets 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. —
N. Ala. and n. w. Ga.

Var. Beckwithae (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves sharply lobed ; flowers about 2
cm. wide ; fruit subi,dobose to compressed-globose, \;herry red, 1.2-1.5 cm.
thick ; nutlets 0-8 nnn. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. (C. Bobbinsiana
Sarg. ; C. sequax Ashe.) — Frequent, w. N. E. to s. Mich., and s. to Ra. Fl.
May ; fr. Oct.

42. C. beata Sarg. Leaves 3-8 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, broadly cuneate
to truncate at the base, acutely lobed, membranaceous, dull ; flowers about 2 cm.
wide; stamens about 20; fruit sJiort-eUipsoidal, sliijhtlv anc?ular, crimson,
slightly pruinose, 1-1.5 cm. thick ; the 4-5 nutlets 6-8 mm.'lonq:^ nest of nutlets
9-11 mm. thick. —Occasional, w. N. Y. and s. Ont. El. May ;' fr. Oct.

Var. c6mpta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves on vegetative shoots sometimes
stibcordate, subcoriaceous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; stamens 7-10 ; nutlets
3-4. — Similar range. FL May ; fr. Oct.

779. 0. pruinosa.

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 473

43. C. leiophf 11a Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate, 8-7 cm. long and wide, broadly
auneate to truncate at the base, suhcoriaceous, dull, with 8-5 pairs of acuminate
spreading lohes ; flowers about 2 cm. wide; stamens about 20 ; anthers yellow;
fruit py'riform-subglobose, 1.2-1.4 cm. tliick, sli<ihtly angular, dark green, be-
coujing bright red, slightly pruinose ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 4, 7-8 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — l^requent, w. N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

Var. Maineana (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens about 10 ; anthers pink ; fruit
globose, dark scarlet ; nutlets 6-7 mm. long. — Similar range. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

44. C. Jesupi Sarg. Leaves elliptic-ovate, 8.5-7 cm. long, 2-6.5 cm. wide,
broadly cuneate to truncate-cordate at the base, yellow-green above, icith 4-5
pairs of acute lobes; flowers about 2 cm. wide; calyx-lobes entire; stamens
about 10 ; anthers dark red; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, dark red, about
1 cm. thick, slightly angled, destitute of bloom when mature ; calyx-lobes
mostly deciduous ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 8-4, 6-8 mm. long ; nest of
nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. — Twin Mts., W. Rutland, Vt. ; e. Pa.; s. Mich.; s. w.
Wise.

§ 13. COCCfNEAE Loud. (Flabellatae Sarg.) Leaves large, ovate {often
broadly so), simply or doubly serrate or lobed, membranaceous to subcoria-
ceous, when young bronze-green; corymbs many -flow er ed ; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate ; stamens 5-20; anthers red;
styles 3-5 ; fruit usually red and pubescent, subglobose, ellipsoidal, or
pyriform, with soft thick flesh and commonly persistent calyx-lobes; nutlets
■ usually 4-5, slightly ridged on the back; nest of nutlets usually with deep
sinuses; round-topped trees or shrubs, 3-10 m. high, toith ascending
branches and curved spines 2-8 cm. long. — In this section belongs C. coc-
cinea Mill. ; T. & G.

Fiuit yellow ; western 45. G. Kelloggii.

Fi-uit red.
Loaves oblong-ovate

Leaves sharply lobed ; eastern. ,n ^ rr ■>

Corymbs nearly glabrous 46. (7. Holmesxana.

Corymbs very pubescent 47. C. anomala.

Leaves subentire ; southwestern.

Corj'mbs and fruit very tomentose . c ...•«• 48. C. lanuginosa.

Corymbs and fruit nearly glabrous 49. C. pyriformis.

Leaves broadly ovate. ^-„ ^ ■ • • t

Corymbs and fruit glabrous; stamens about 20 50. C. coccimotdes.

Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose.
Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate.

Leaves concave, 3-S cm. long. 3-T cm, wide 51. C. Pringlet

Leaves plane, 3-10 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide ^?- ^- P^'^{^c^^^(^^<^-

Leaves on vegetative shoots cordate 53. C. 2>olita.

45. C. Kell6ggii Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate to suhorhicular, 3-7 cm. long,
2.5-7 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base,
lobed above the middle, dark yellow-green, slightly pubescent but glabrate
above, pubescent along the veins beneath ; petioles 2-3 cm. long, slender, villous
wlien young; corymbs pubescent; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; calyx slightly
pubescent, its lobes glabrous on the outer surface, slightly villous within ;
stamens about 20 ; styles 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ovoid, bright yellov\
2-2.5 cm. thick, with spreading calyx-lobes and yellow mealy flesh ; nutUts •'),
slightly grooved on the back, about 8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 nm\ thick •
tree 6-8 m. high, with nearly erect branches, dark furrowed bark, and occa-
sHonally straight chestnut-brown spines about 3 cm. long. — St. Louis, Mo.,
uncommon. Fl. Apr. ; fr. Sept.

46. C. Holmesiana Ashe. Leaves elliptic-ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, 2-6 cm.
wide, membranaceous, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base,
pubescent at length scabrous above, pubescent along the veins beneath, the
4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate lobes often loith reflexed tips: petioles 2-3 em.
long, slightly pubescent ; corymbs alabrous or sliuhtly pubescent ; flowers about
1.5 cm. wide; stamens 5-10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, crimson,
about 1.2 cm. thick, with enlarged erect persistent calyx-lobes and yellow mealy
acid flesh ; nutlets usually 3-4, 7-9 mm. long : nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick •

474

EOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY^

sinuses shallow ; tree sometimes 9 m. high, with ascending branches, gray-browu
scaly bark, and occasional spines 4-6 era. long. — Moist hillsides, Montreal,
centr. Me., R. I., Pa., s. Mich., and s. in the mts. to s. N. C. El. May ; fr. Aug.,
Sept. The form occurring from Pa. southw., var. vf llipes Ashe ( C. tenuifolia
Britton), has the corymbs more pubescent.

47. C. an6mala Sarg. Leaves oblong to ovate, 3-9 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide,
acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, acutely lobed, slightly
pubescent becoming scabrous above, densely villous along the veins bt-neath,
yellow-green ; petioles pubescent, 1-2 cm. long ; corymbs and calyx villous, the
inside of the calyx-lobes but slightly so ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; stamens
about 10 ; styles 4-5 ; fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal, 1.5-2 cm. thick, crimson, with
prominent calyx, persistent spreading slightly pubescent calyx-lobes and light
yellow juicy flesli ; nutlets 7-9.5 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick.
(C. oblongifolia Sarg.) — Montreal I. to centr. Me., North Adams, Mass., and
Albany, N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

48. C. lanuginbsa Sarg. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, 2.b-l cm. long, 2-6
cm. wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, coarsely
and doubly serrate, appressed-pubescent becoming scabrous above, densely
white-tomentose beneath; petioles 5-25 mm. long, tomentose ; corymbs white-
tome ntose ; flowers about 2 cm. wide; calyx densely white-tomentose, its lobes
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; stamens about 20 ; styles 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoidal, about 1.5 cm. thick, bright cherry-red, tomentose, with prominent
calyx, spreading calyx-lobes, and orange dry and mealy flesh ; nutlets 5, 6-8 mm.
long ; nest of nutlets 8-11 mm. thick ; tree with spreading and erect branches,
armed with many straight thorns 3-9 cm. long, the young thorns often hear-
ing undeveloped leaves. — Common near Webb City, s. w. Mo. Fl. May;
fr. Sept.

49. C. pyrif6rmis Britton. Leaves broadly oval to obovate-oval, 3-7 cm.
long, 2-6 cm. broad, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, sharply and some-
times doubly serrate, slightly pubescent
but glabrate above, pubescent especially
along the veins beneath, yellow-green,
membranaceous ; petioles 1-3 cm. long,
winged above, tomentose to scabrous ;
corymbs villous ; flowers about 2.5 cm.
broad; calyx villous, the lobes slightly
pubescent ; stamens about 20 ; styles 4-5 ;
fruit ellipsoidal-ijyriform, about 1.2 cm.
thick, bright cherry-red, with refiexed
calyx-lobes and light yellow juicy flesh ;
nutlets ear-shaped, about 8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets about 1 cm. thick. (C.
dispessa Ashe.) — Rich bottom lands,
s. e. Mo.- Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

50. C. coccinioides Ashe. Leaves
broadly ovate, acute at the apex, rounded
or truncate at the base, doubly serrate
and with several pairs of broad acute
lobes, 4-9 cm. long, 3.5-8 cm. wide, dark
green above, paler and slightly tomen-
tose along the veins beneath, membrana-
ceous ; petioles glandular, 2-3 cm. long ;
corymbs b-1 -flowered, glabrous ; flowers
about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes ovate,
acute, glandular-serrate ; stamens about
20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit subglobose, obtusely

angled. 1.5-2 cm. thick, dark crimson, with prominent calyx, spreading sepals.

and subacid red-tinged flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5, 7-9 mm. long, 4.5-5.5 mm.

thick, grooved on the back. {C. Eggertii Britton.) — Occasional, s. w. Ind. to

e. Kan. Fig. 780.

780. C. coccinioides

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) * 475

Var. dlldtUta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Corymbs 7-12-flowered ; flowers about
^5 cm. broad ; fruit with less prominent calyx, the calyx-lobes more deciduous.
(C speciosa Sarg.) — Montreal I. to R. I., and w. to Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

51. C. Pringlei Sarg. Leaves concave, ovate to oval, 3-8 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm.
wide, obtuse at the apex, rounded or abruptly cuneate at the base, wtry shallowly
lobed, pubescent but glabrate above, pubescent along the veins beneath, bright
yellow-green; petioles 1-3 cm. long, pubescent; corymbs pubescent; flowers
about 2 cm. wide ; stamens about 10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyri-
form, red, pubescent, about 1.5 cm. thick, with persistent spreading calyx-lobes
and yellow acid edible flesh; nutlets 7-9 mm. long; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm.
thick. —Common, w. N. E. to n. 111., s. to Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Var. ex-
CLtjsA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves less concave ; corymbs densely pubescent.—
Vt. and n. e. N. Y. Var. lobulXta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves more deeply
cut. (C. cristata Ashe.) — With the typical form.

52. C. pedicellata Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate, 3-10 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, slightly
pubescent becoming scabrous above, nearly glabrous beneath, membranaceous ;
corymbs glabrous or slightly villous ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide ; calyx glabrous,
its lobes slightly villous on the upper side ; stamens 10-20 ; styles 3-5 ; friiit
pyriform to'short-ellipsoidal, scarlet, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. thick, with rather per-
pistent erect or spreading calyx-lobes and dry mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5,
7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Frequent, s. Ct. to s. Ont. and
n. 111., s. to Pa. and Del. Fl. May; fr. Sept. Var. EllwangeriXna (Sarg.)
Eggleston has densely villous corymbs, fruits slightly villous, and nutlets 3-5. —
Similar ranaje.

63. C. pblita Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, cordate, truncate,
or broadly cuneate at the base, 3-9 cm. long and wide, membranaceous, gla-
brous when mature, yellow-green; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide;
calyx glabrous, its lobes slightly pubescent above ; stamens 5-10 ; styles 3-4 ;
fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoidal-pyriform, glabrous, cherry-red, 1-1.5 cm.
thick, with deciduous calyx-lobes; nutlets sharply ridged on the back, 6-8 mm.
long; nest of nutlets G-8 mm. thick. — Occasional, w. N. E. to s. Mich., s. to
Del. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Var. TatnalliXna (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves
slightly pubescent ; corymbs, calyx, and fruit villous ; nutlets 3-5. — With the
typical form.

§ 14. m6lLES Sarg. Leaves large, ovate, pubescent or tomentose becoming
scabrate above, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to cordate at base, doubly
serrate or lobed, yellow-green, subcoriaceous or membranaceous ; petioles
2-4 cm. long, pubescent or tomentose; young foliage yellow-green; corymbs
many-floicered, densely tomentose ; calyx-lobes glandular- serrate, somewhat
tomentose; stamens 10-20; anthers yellow; styles 3-5; fruit large, red,
pubescent, globose, ellipsoidal, or pyriform, ivith swollen erect or spreading
calyx-lobes and thick soft edible flesh; nutlets usually 4-5, slightly ridged
on the back ; nest of nutlets with deep sinuses ; round-topped trees, some-
times 13 m. high, with curved spines 3-5 cm. long.

Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate at the base. k^ /> A^»r,7^innn

Lobes of the leaves shallow, broad, acuminate ; Mass. and Ct. . . M. C. Arnoldiana
Lobes deep, narrow, acute. ,

Fruit globose or nearly so ; calyx rather prominent ; leaves subcori- ^^ ^ canadensie

Frui^^elHpsoidal-pyriform ; calyx obscure ; leaves membranaceous . 56. C. suhmollis.

Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. * kt /> ^r.iiio

Leaves 4-13 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, rugose, membranaceous : western 5T. C. moms.
Leaves 3-11 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, plane, subcoriaceous; Champlam cnamplainens^,.

Valley .... ^

54. C. Arnoldiana Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate to oval, 3-10 cm long. 2.5-
8.5 cm. wide, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, with broad ^/ta /mo acu-
minate lobes: flowe'rs about 2 cm. wide ; stamens about ^0 ; /'•^^^«, S'^^'^^j*^. '';;
bubglobose, 1.5-2 cm. thick, bright crimson, with scarcely enlarged spreadin...

476

HOSACEAE (^KOSE FAMILY)

781. C. Arnoldiana.

calyx-lobes ; flesh yellow, acid ; nutlets 8-9
cm. long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick. —
Rare, e. Mass. and w. Ct. Fl. May ; fr.
Aug. Fig. 781.

55. C. canadensis Sarg. Leaves ovate,
broadly cnneate to truncate at the base,
acutely lobed toward the apex, 3-8 cm. long,
2.5-7.5 cm. loide, subcoriaceous ; flowers
about 2 cm. wide ; stamens about 20 ; fruit
short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, crimson,
1-1.5 cm. thick, with rather prominent calyx,
spreading persistent calyx-lobes and yellow
mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 5, about 7 mm.
long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick. —
Region of Montreal. Fl. May ; f r. Sept. , Oct.

56. C. subm611is Sarg. Leaves ovate,
broadly cuneate, acutely lobed, 4-11 cm.
long, 3-9 cm. wide, memhranaceous, yellow-
green ; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide ; stamens
about 10 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyri-
form, orange-red, 1.5-2 cm. thick, with
persistent calyx and yellow .subacid flesh ;
nutlets strongly ridged on the back, 6-8
mm. long; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick.
— Falls of Montmorency, Que., to s. Ont.,

B. to Me., Mass., and Albany, N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

67. C. m611is (T. & G.) Scheele. Leaves broadly ovate, 4-13 cm. long,
4-10 cm. wide, cordate to truncate at the base, slightly rugose, membranaceous,
densely tomentose below, with narrow aciite lobes} flowers about 2.5 cm. wide ;
stamens about 20 ; frtdt short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, scarlet, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick,
with deciduous calyx-lobes and yellow flesh ; nutlets usually 5, 7-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick. (C. coccinea, var. T. & G.) — Common, s. Ont.
to e. S. Dak., e. Kan., and s. to Ky. Fl. May; fr. Aug., Sept.

Var. sera (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal,
dull dark red. — Occasional, s. Ont., s. Mich., and n. 111. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.

58. C. champlainensis Sarg, Leaves 3-11 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, subcori-
aceous; stamens about 10; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, bright scarlet;
calyx rather prominent, its lobes spreading, persistent; nutlets strongly ridned
on the back, 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Montreal I. , s.
through the Champlain Valley. Fl. May ; fr. Sept., Oct.

§15. CORDAtAE Beadle. Leaves ovate-
triangular, simply or doubly serrate
(often conspicuously i^-b-lobed), acu-
minnte at the apex, rounded to cordate
at the base, 2-8 cm. long and wide,
bright green above, paler beneath, gla-
brous ; petioles l.ry-o cm. long, slender ;
corymbs many-flowered, glabrous ;
flowers about 1 cm. wide; calyx-lobes
deltoid, entire, pubescent on the mar-
gin; stamens about 20; anthers pink ;
styles 4-5 ; fruit depressed-globose,
4-0 mm. thick, .scarlet, with deciduous
calyx-lobes and thin flrm flesh; nut-
lets 5, 3-4 mm. long, 2-2. o' mm. thick,
smooth on the back; apex bare; si-
nuses between the nutlets shallow; shrubs or small trees, 5-9 m. tall, with
nearly erect branches and grayish-brown scaly bark; twigs chestnut-brown:
thorns 2-5 cm. long.

782. C. phaenopyrum.

ROSACEAE CROSE FAMILY) 47T

59. C. phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. Only species of the section. (^M^spihis
L. f. ; C. cordata Ait., not Mespilus cordata Mill.) — Along streams in the
Appalachian Mts., Va. to n. Ga. and n. Ala.; s. 111., s. Mo., and n. w. Ark.
naturalized north w. to e. Pa. and s. N. J. Fl. June ; fr. Oct. Fig. 782.

§ 16. AN6mALAE Sarg. Leaves elliptical to ovate, finely and doubly serrate
or lobed, acute at the apex, abruptly cuneate to rounded at the base, subcori-
aceous or membranaceous^ bright green above, pubescent {particularly along
the veins beneath) ; petioles slightly icinged above, 1-4 cm. long ; corymbs
many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acu7ninate, glabrous outside, slightly
pubescent icithin, glandular-serrate; stamens 5-20; anthers pink; styles
2-5; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoidal, red, vnth reflexed calyx-lobes and
thin succulent or glutinous flesh; nutlets usually 2-4, commonly having a
shallow pit on the ventral face {a feature often lacking in iudividnal nut-
lets). — Species appearing as if natural hybrids between the Macracanthae
and Tenuifoliae, but seeming now to be thoroughly established as species.
Many of the group are still in need of careful study.

Fruit and corymbs pubescent; calyx-lobes sharply glandular-serrate . . 60. C. periomentosa.
Fruit and corymbs glabrous ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate . . 61. C. Brainerdi.

60. C. pertomentbsa Ashe. Leaves oblong to ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm.
wide, slightly villous but glabrate above, villous beneath particularly along the
veins, vivid dark green, subcoriaceous ; petioles about 1 cm. long, villuas ;
corymbs and calyx densely villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes deeply
serrate; stamens 10-15 ; styles 2-3; fruit globular or nearly so, cherry-red,
8-13 mm. thick, villous when young ; flesh yellow, succulent, mealy ; nutlets
2-3, 5-6.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick. {G. campestris Britton.) — Kocky
barrens in the prairies, centr. la., w. Mo., and e. Kan. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.

61. C. Brainerdi Sarg. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, 3-9 cm. long,
2-6 cm. wide, membranaceous, glabrate; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2
cm. wide ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate ; stamens about 20 ; styles
2-4 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, cherry-red ; flesh
yellow, mealy, succulent, acid; nutlets usually 3-4, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm.
thick. ( C. Schuettei Ashe.) — N. Yj. to s. Wise, s. to Pa. and la. Var. scXbuida
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves oval to obovate, sharply cuneate, scabrate on the
upper surface, pale yellow-green ; stamens 5-20. — Range of typical form.

Var. Egglest5ni (Sarg.) Robinson. Leaves oval to orbicular, dark green
and shining above, subcoriaceous ; flesh of the fruit rather glutinous ; nutlets
usually 2-3. — N. S. and N. E. to Wise, and Pa. Var. asperif6lia (Sarg.)
Eggleston. Leaves oval, acute or acuminate, subcoriaceous, scabrate ; stamens
10 ; fruit bright scarlet ; flesh of the fruit rather Arm.-— Range of typical form.

§ 17. MACRACAnTHAE Loud. (Tomentosae Sarg.) Leaves rhombic-ellip'
tical, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate irith fine sharp
teeth, subcoriaceous to coriaceoiis, pubescent when young and at least along
the veins beneath at maturity ; petioles slightly loinged above, 1-2 cm. long ;
corymbs many-floinered, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
glandular-lacininte, villous; stamens 10-20 ; anthers pink ; styles 2-4 ; fruit
globose, short-ellipsoidal, or pyriform, red, icith reflexed calyx-lobes and
thin glutinous mealy flesh; nutlets usually 2-8, dorsally ridged and with a
deep pit on the ventral face; trees or shrubs, with ascending branches and
numerous curved spines 3-10 cm. long.

Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above 62. <7. macracantha.

Leaves thin, dull green, pubescent, and with impressed veins above.
Leaves 4-11 cm. long, 3-8 cai. wide; fruit and pits small; corymbs

many-flowered 63. (?. Chapmani.

Leaves 2-T cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; fruit and pits large; corymbs 3-8-

flowered 64. (7. missourienMs

62. C. macraclntha Lodd. Leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. long.
2.5-6 cm. wide, coriaceous, dark green and shining above; corymbs slightly
villous ; flowers about 2 cm, wide ; stamens about 10 ; anthers large ; styles 2-4 ;

478

EOSACEAE (rose FAMILY)

fruit suhglobose, about 8 mm. thick, dark cherry-red, shining, villous ; nutlets
usually 2-3, 5-7 mm. long, 2. 5-3.5 mm. thick. (0. coccinea, var. Dudley.) —

7S3. C. macracantha.

N. S. (C. B. liohinson) to Minn., s. in the mts. to
Va. Fl. May ; ir. Sept. Fig. 783. Var. rhom-
bif6lia (Sarg.) Eggleston is a form with more
villous corymbs and'smaller fruit. — With the typi-
cal form. Var. occidentAhs (Britton) Eggleston.
Leaves ovate to broadly oval, sometimes 8 cm.
wide. {G. Colorado As\\Q\ C. color adensisl^elson.)

— Frequent, s. Man. to e. Kan., Col., and Ida.
Var. succulenta (Schrad.) Eggleston. Stamens

about 20 ; fruit larger than in the typical form

— Occasional, with the typical form.

Var. neofluvialis (Ashe) Eggleston. Stamens
10-20; anthers small; fruit small. — Occasional,
w. N. E. to Wise, and Pa. , and s. in the mts.

G3. C. Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe, Leaves
rhombic-ovate, 4-11 cm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, acute
or acuminate, those on vegetative shoots obtuse
and more entire than the others, pubescent on both
sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull
green ; petioles pubescent ; corymbs white-tomen-
tose ; flowers about 1.5 cm. icide; stamens 10-20,
usually about 20 ; anthers small ; styles 2-4 ; fruit
globose or subglobose, 8-10 mm. long, bright red ;
flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 2-3, about 5 mm,
long, 2.5 mm. thick, slightly ridged on the back.
(C. tomentosa, var. microcarpa Chapm. ; C. tomen-
— Frequent, s. Ky. (C L. Boynton) and Va. to n.

tosa., var. Chapmani Beadle.)
Ga. Fl. May ; f r. Sept.

Var. PIuken§tii Eggleston. Fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, 1-1.5 cm. long,
orange-red, villous; flesh yellow; nutlets usually 2-3, more strongly ridged
on the back, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick.
(C. leucophleos Moench? O. tomentosa of the
Linnean herbarium and auth., not of the Lin-
nean description.) — Common, s. Ont. to w.
N. J. , w. to s. Minn, and e. Kan. ; and in the
mts. to Ga. Fl. June ; fr. Sept.

64. C. missouri^nsis Ashe. Leaves ellipti-
cal-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, sub-
coriaceous, simply or doubly serrate, rough
pubescent and shining above., pale-to mentose
beneath; petioles 5 mm. long; corymbs 3-8-
flowered, densely white-tomentose ; flowers
1.2-1.5 cm. wide; stamens about 20; anthers
pink ; styles 3-5 ; fruit subglobose or pyriform,
about 1 cm. thick, bright red, slightly villous ;
flesh sweet; nutlets 5.5-6.5 mm. long, with
large deep pits on the ventral faces ; nest of
nutlets 6-7 mm. thick ; thorns straight, slender,
4-7 cm. long. — Rocky bluffs, s. Mo.; Tenn.
(^Ashe). Fl. May; fr. Sept.

§ 18. DOUGLASIAnaE [Loud.] Sarg. Leaves
ovate to obovate, acute or obtuse at the
apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate
and lobed except near the base, dark green
and pubescent above {particularly along
the veins), glabrous behm, subcoriaceons ; petioles slightly ivinged, pubescent
and glandular; corymbs glabrous or nearly so; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide^

784. C. Douglasli.

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 479

calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, entire, villous above, tinged with red;
stamens 10-20; anthers light yellow ; styles S-q ; fruit short-ellipsoidal,
black, 8-10 mm. thick; Jiesh yellow, sweet; nutlets 8-5, 5-U mm. long,
2.5-8.6 mm. thick, ear-shaped, ridged on the dorsal and roughly pitted
on the ventral face ; trees or shrubs, 8-18 m. high, with ascending branches
and dark brown scaly bark; twigs reddish; thorns usually 1-2 cm. long.

65. C. DougUsii Lindl. The only species of this section within our range.
(C. glandulosa, \?i.T. ^ brevispina Nutt.) — Common on Keweenaw Peninsula,
Mich.; Michipicoten I., L. Superior; Thunder Bay I., L. Huron; and far
north westw. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept. Tig. 784.

9. COTONEAsTER [Rupp.] Medic.

Calyx small, adherent to the 2-5 carpels, the 5 lobes short, persistent as teeth.
Styles free, stigmatic at the slightly enlarged summit. Carpels at maturity
bony, 1-seeded. Fruit small, berry-like, mealy. — Much branched shrubs with
small alternate usually coriaceous and often evergreen leaves, and small wliite
cymose flowers. (Name New Latin implying resemblance to the quince.)

1. C. PyracAntha (L.) Spach. (Fire Thorn.) Shrub, armed with slender
spreading purple spines ; leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, coriaceous,
3-6 cm. long ; fruit globose, scarlet, (Pyracantha coccinea Roem.) — Attrac-'
tive shrub, used for formal hedges, etc., said to have escaped from cultivation
and become established in thickets, s. Pa., and south w. (hi trod, from Eu.)

10. FRAGArIA [Tourn.] L. Strawberry

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla, but in varying degrees polygamo-dioecious.
Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming
pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface. —
Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes.
Leaves radical ; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate ; stipules coher-
ing with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy.
Flowering in spring and early summer. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)

'^Inflorescence umbelliform or a flattish-topped cyme with subequal primary
branches; calyx-lobes lanceolate, tending to be appressed or connivent about
the young fruit ; achenes in pits of the pulpy receptacle.

1. F. virginiana Duchesne. Leaves, peduncles, and runners from a subsini-
ple caudex at the end of a simple thickish rhizome ; leaflets of a firm slightly
coriaceous texture ; the hairs of the villous (rarely glabrate) scapes subappressed
or widely spreading; pedicels silky. — Moist rich woodlands, fields, etc.; com-
mon. The typical form is a rather slender plant with the hairs of the scape
loosely appressed or more or less spreading. A form with the pubescence gen-
erally more sparing, the hairs on the scapes being subappressed, is sometimes
distinguished. {F. canadensis Michx., in part.) — Common northw. Another
scarcely separable form has the hairs on both scapes and petioles sparse and
subappressed. {F. terrae-novae Kydb.) — Northeastw. and less frequent.

Var. illino6nsis (Prince) Gray. Coarser and larger; scapes and pedicels
tomentose with somewhat spreading to divaricate hairs. (F. illinoensis Prince;
F. virginiana, var. Grayana Rydb.) — Rich soil, w. N. Y. to Minn., and south-
westw.

• * Inflorescence soon irregular and someiohat raceme-like, the primary branches
of the cyme distinctly unequal; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
loosely spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the early exposed fruit ;
achenes superficial or nearly so, slightly smaller than in the preceding.

2. F. v6sca L. Usually stoutish ; leaflets rather deeply toothed, strongly
veined above ; pubescence of the petioles and stipe mostly wide-spreading, thai

480 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

oi the pedicels appressed ; receptacle broadly ovoid-conic or subglobose. —
Dooryards, old fields, dry open woods, etc.; chiefly from N. E. to Pa., often ap-
peariii,:,' as if introduced, but apparently passing without sharp limit into tlie
/oUowhii; clearly indigenous var. americana. (Introd. from Eurasia ?) Var.
ALBA (Ehrh.) Kvdb. Receptacle white. —N. E., N. Y., and Pa.

Var. americana Porter. Slender, thin-leaved ; pubescence of the scapes as
well as of the pedicels and sometimes also of the petioles more or less closely
appressed, often sparse ; receptacle more narrowly conical or subcylindric-ovoid.
(F. americana Britton.) — Common, chiefly in open rocky woods.

11. DUCHESNEA Sm. Indian Strawberry

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes alternating with much larger foliaceous spreading
S-toothed appendages. Petals 5, yellow. Receptacle in fruit spongy but not
juicy. Flowers otherwise as in Fragaria. — Perennial herb with leafy runners
and 3-foliolate leaves similar to those of the true strawberries. (Dedicated to
Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, an early monographer of Fragaria. )

1. D. indica (Andr.) Eocke. Fruit red, insipid. (Fragaria Andr.) — Waste
ground, grassy places, etc., s. N. Y. and e. Pa. to Fla., Ark., and Mo. (Introd.
from Eurasia.)

12. SIBBALDIA L.

Calyx flatfish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute.
Stamens 5, alternate v/ith the petals, inserted into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and
depressed perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Bobert Sibhald, professor at Edin-
burgh at the close of the 17th century.)

i. S. prociimbens L.' Leaflets o, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex ; petals
yellow. —Arctic Am., s. to mts. of e. Que., White Mts., N H. ; and in the
Rocky Mts. to Utah. (Eurasia.)

13. CHAMAERHODOS Bunge.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-cleft, without bractlets. Petals 5, obovate, white or
purplish, about as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens 5, opposite the petals.
Carpels 6-20; styles decidedly lateral or basilar, articulated near the base.
Ovule solitary, ascending. — Erect pubescent essentially herbaceous plants with
3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets cleft into linear segments. (Name from x^Mat, on
the ground, low, dicarf, and p65ov, a rose.)

L C. er§cta (L.) Bunge. Glandular-pubescent; root woody; stem erect,
1-3 dm. high, often with ascending branches, leafy ; flowers small, crowded in
small rounded cymes. — Sandy soil, arid prairies, etc., u. w. Minn, to Col.,
Mont., and Assina. (Siber.)

14. WALDSTEINIA Willd.

Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and de-
ciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted, into the throat of the
cplyx. Achenes 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous
from the base by a joint. Seed erect ; radicle inferior, — Low perennial herbs,
with chiefly radical 3-5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on
bracted scapes. ( Kamed in honor of Francis Adam, Count of Waldstein-Wsn-ien-
burg, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioides (Michx.) Trattinick. (Barren Strawberry.) Low;
leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals
mostly longer than the calyx-lobes. — Wooded hillsides, Carlton Co., N. B.
{Hay) ; w. N. E. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. A form with narrow petals about
equaling the calyx-lobes has been distinguished as W. ^arvijiora Small.

ROSACEAE (^KOSE FAMILY)

4bl

15. POTENTILLA L. Cinquefoil. Five-finger

Calyx flat, deeply 6-cleft, with as many bractleta at the sinuses, thus appeal.
y 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes manv co..

- many,

lected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or liairy receptacle • styles iater;i\
.'>r terminal, deciduous. Eadicle .superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with com-
pound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers ; their parts rarely in fours (Nam^
a diminutive from potens, powerful, originally applied to F. Anserma, from iXA
once reputed medicinal powers.)

Petals reddish-purple
Petals yellow or white b.
b. Stems shrubby
b. Steins herbaceous c.

15.

P. palustris.
P.fruticosa.

11. P. Robbinsiana

18. P. pumila.

19. P. ainadenais.

21.

P. reptans,

P. procumben%.

4. P. paradoxa.

c. Flowers solitary, on naked peduncles from the axils of the foliage-
leaves or on the stolons.

Leaves pinnate, of numerous leaflets 17 /> AnRPriim

Leaves palmate, of 8-5 leaflets. P. An>^ertna.

Tufted alpine plant

Plants with elongate slender stems.
Earliest flower from the node above the first well-developed

internode

Earliest flower from the node above the second or third well-
developed internode.
Stems ascending or procumbent, not repent
Stems repent.
Leaflets mostly 5, spatulate-oblong, finely crenate-den-

tate nearly to the base

Leaflets inostly 8, cuneate-obovate, coarsely incised

chiefly above the middle

C. Flowers cymose, or if solitary in the axils of reduced upper
leaves d.
d. Leaves pinnate.

Inflorescence glandular-viscid 1. P. arguta.

Inflorescence not glandular.
Leaves white-pubescent above.
Pubescence of the leaves lustrous and silky . . .12. P. Ilippiana.

Pubescence a dull tomentum 13. P. effuna.

Leaves green or greenish above.
Leaves definitely pinnate, the leaflets essentially uniform ;

cyme very leafy

Leaves seemingly palmate, the leaflets crowded and the
lower ones much smaller than the others.

Cyme very leafy ; petals minute

Cyme scarcely leafy ; petals showy ....

d,. Leaves palmate e.

e. Petals white ; leaflets toothed only at tip .
6. Petals yeflow ; leaflets toothed along the sides /.
/. Tufted alpine plant with 1-2-flowered short branches
/. Leafy-stemmed plants with cymose flowers g.
g. Petioles and lower part of stem hirsute.

Leaflets 8 ; petals about as long as the calyx-lobes
Leaflets 5-7 ; petals much exceeding the calyx-iobes ,
g. Petioles and stems woolly or tomentulose h. '

h. Leaves silvery-white beneath

h. Leaves green or at most slightly grayish beneath i
i. Plants loosely branched, with very leafy diffuse cymes

Perennial ; petals obcordate

Annual or biennial ; petals narrowly cuneate.
Achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side . 5. P. NicoUeiii.
Achenes not gibbous on the ventral side . . 3. P. rivalU.
i. Plants with simple stems and scarcely leafy corymbi-

form cymes 9. P. KuHaUii.

I 1. Styles thickened and glandular toward the base ; achenes glabrous, numer-
ous; inflorescence cymose.
* Style nearly basal ; stamens 25-80 ; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with
pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow petals.
1. P. arguta Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout, .3-10 dm. high, brownish-
hairy, clammy above ; leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath ;
cyme strict and rather close ; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk
{Drymocallis Rydb.) — Rocky, gravelly, or alluvial soils, e. Que. to D. C, ano
westw. June, July.

gray's manual — 31

. n.

10.

P. rivalU.

P. pe7inisylvanica

P. tridentata.

P. Robbinsiana.

P. monspe'iensis.
P. recta.

7. P. argentea.

8. P. inter7nedia.

^82 flOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY;)

* * Style terminal ; flowers small ; petals yellow.

»- Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose ^ stamen*

5-20.

2. P. monspeli6nsis L. Stout, erect, hirsute, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves ^-folio-
late; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, those of the uppermost leaves toothed
nearly the whole length ; cyme rather close, leafy ; calyx large ; stamens 15-20.
— Open soil, Nfd. to" Alaska, s. to D. C, Mo., Kan., and N. Mex. May-Aug.
(E. Asia.)

Var. norv6gica (L.) Rydb. Less hirsute; leaflets more narrowly oblong,
those of the uppermost leaves mostly 3-5-toothed near the end ; inflorescence
looser. (P. norvegica L.) — Similar situations, e. Que. to n. N. E., L. Superior,
and northwestw. ; occasional on ballast southw. (Eurasia.)

Var. Iabrad6rica (Lehm.) Fernald. Low (1-3 dm. high, in exposed situations
acaulescent); stem glabrous or sparingly silky-villous ; leaves smoothish. — Lab.
to the alpine regions of the White Mis., N. H.

3. P. rivalis Nutt. More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves pin-
nate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the
terminal leaflet 3-parted; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong ; cyme loose, often
diffuse, less leafy; calyx small; petals minute; stamens 10-20 (rarely 5).—
jJJeb. to Mo., N. Mex., and westw. May-Aug.

Var. millegrana (Engelm.) Wats. Leaves all 3-foliolate ; lateral leaflets not
divided ; stems erect, or weak and ascending ; achenes often small and light-
colored. (P. leucocarpa Rydb.) — Minn, to Mo., westw. and southwestw.

Var. pentandra (Engelm.) Wats. Leaves digitately o-folio)ate, the lateral
leaflets of the lower l(^ves parted nearly to the base ; stamens 5, opposite the
sepals. (P. pentandra Engelm.) — Minn, to Mo. and Ark.

4. P. parad6xa Nutt. Stems decumbent at base or erect, often stout, leafy,
subvilknis ; leafletspinnately b-U,ohoviite or ohlong; cyme loose, leafy ; stamens
20; achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side. (P. supina of auth., not
L.)— Prairies and river banks, w. N. Y. and Ont. to 111., Mo., N. Mex., and
B. C. June-Aug. (Asia.)

5. P. NicoUetii (Wats.) Sheldon. Slender; leaflets mostly 3 ; inflorescence
much elongated, leafy, falsely racemose. (P. supina, var. Wats.) — Sandy soil.
Mo. {Bush) to N. Dak.

•»- I- Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose ; leaflets incisely
pinnatifid; bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20-25.

6. P. pennsylvanica L. Stems erect or decumbent at base, 2-6 dm. high ;
leaflets 5-9, white-tomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, ob-
long, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all revoiute ; cyme fastigi-
ate but rather open. (P. litoralis Rydb.) — Coast of N. H., Me., and the lower
St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westw. June-Aug.

§ 2. Styles filiform, not glandular at base; inflorescence cymose.

* Style terminal ; achenes glabrous ; stamens 20 ; herbaceous perennials^ with
rather large yellow petals.

-*- Leaves palmate.

++ Flowers in loose leafy cymes.

7. P. argSntea L. (Silvery C.) Stems ascending or depressed, 1-5 dm.
long, paniculately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaf-
let« 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revoiute
margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath ; calyx white-tomen-
tose.— Dry barren fields, etc., N. S. to Dak. and southw. to D. C. June-
Sept. (P:u.)

8. P. iNTERMiiDiA L. Coarscr ; the stout upright grayish-tomentulose stems
3-7 dm. high ; leaflets 3-5, the lateral and often the terminal deeply cleft,
oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, coarsely dentate, green above, grayisn-villous
ind tomentulose beneath; cyme somewhat leafy and diffuse; calyx villous-

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 483

/iiVsM^e. .- Roadsides and waste places, local, Mass. to N.J. and Mich. (Adv.
from Eu.)

H-f ++ Flowers in rather compact scarcely leafy cymes {stems only \-2-flowered

in ii. 11).

= Leaves b--9-fuliolate ; flowers numerous.

9. P. Nuttdllii Lehm. Stems several, ascending from a stoutish ba3e, 2-7
dm. high, somewhat villous or glahrate ; leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, the
narrow divergent teeth extending halfway to the midrib, green above, glabrous
or glahrate and scarcely paler beneath ; cyme with few uj^right brandies. —
Meadows and banks of streams, Minn., Man., and westw. June-Aug.

10. P. KECTA L. Stems upright, very leafy, 3-7 dm. high, loosely hirsute ;
leaflets oblanceolate, with narrowly deltoid divergent teeth, more or less hirsute
on both surfaces, paler beneath ; calyx hirsute ; the showy yellow corolla 2 cm.
broad. (P. sulphurea Lam.) — Fields and roadsides, Me. to Ont., 111., and
D. C. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

= = Leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers 1 or 2.

11. P. Robbinsiana Oakes. Dwarf, tufted, villous when young; leaflets
broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3-5-toothed at summit, nearly glabrous above ;
flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems ; bractlets and sepals sub-
equal {P.frigida Man. ed. 6, not Vill.) — Alpine summits of the White Mts.,
N. H. June, early July.

•I- •«- Leaves pinnate.

12. P. Hippiana Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silvery-silky throughout^
the upper surfaces of the leaves a little darker ; stems ascending, 1.&-6 dm.
high, slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme ; leaflets 5-11, cuneate-
oblong, incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down
the rhachis ; carpels 10-30. — Prairies and banks of streams, w. Minn, to Sask.
and N. Mex. June-Aug.

13. P. effusa Dougl. Tomentose throughout and with scattered villous
pubescence ; stems ascending, 1-3 dm. high, dilfusely branched above ; leaves
interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets 5-11, the alternate ones smaller, cuneate-
oblong, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate ; carpels 10. — Dry plains, w. Minn,
to Assina. and N. Mex.

* * Style lateral ; purple petals {shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat per-
sistent; disk thick and hairy ; achenes glabrous ; hairy receptacle becoming
large and spongy.

14. P. palustris (L.) Scop. (Marsh F.) Stems stout, ascending from a
decumbent rooting perennial base, 1-6 dm. long, glabrous below ; leaves pinnate ;
leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath ;
flowers few in an open cyme ; calyx 2-2.5 cm. broad, dark purple inside.
{Comarum L.) — Cool bogs. Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, n.
la., Wyo., and Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

*** Style attached beloio the middle; achenes and receptacle densely villous;

woody perennials.

15. P. fruticbsa L. (Shrubby C.) Stem erect, shrubby, 1-8 dm. high,
much branched ; leaves pinnate ; Z^a/??<s 5-7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, ^n^/re,
silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute ; petals yelloic, orbicular.
{Dasiphoin Rydb.) — Wet or dry open ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa.,
Great L. region, n. la., Ariz., and Cal. June-Sept. (P^urasia.)

16. P. tridentata Ait. (Threk-toothkd C.) Stems low (3-22 cm. high),
rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves
palmate; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely ?^-toothed at
the end; petals whi^e ; achenes and receptacle very hairy. {Sibbaldiopsis
Rydb.) — Lab. to e. N. E., where common in exposed rocky or gravelly situa-
tions, N. J., and southw. on the upper Alleghenies ; also westw. chiefly along
the Great Lakes. June-Aug.

J&Mi

484 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

6 3 Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, l-flowered; achenes
glabrous; receptacle very villous; herbaceous perennials, with yellow petals.

17 P. Anserina L. (Silver Weed.) Spreading by slender many-jointed
runners, white-tome ntose and silky-viUous ; leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets
7-21 with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, silky-tomentose at
least beneath ; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft ; peduncles elongated.
(Argentina Rydb. ) — Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., Arctic Am., s. to.
N J , Great L. region, la., N. Dak., N. Mex., and Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
P Eqedii Wormsk., at least as to forms in our range, appears to be a dwarf
state common on exposed rocks. Var. grandis T. & G., is merely a luxuriant
state in rich meadows. „ , u

Var. c6ncolor Ser. Leaflets silky-canescent above as well as beneath.^
Common in the Rocky Mts., and in less pronounced form from u. N. Y. to n. Me.
and e. Que. , ,

18. P. pumila Poir Stems very slender, soon prostrate and repent, appressed-
villoiis, homering from the node above the first well-developed internode ; leaves
3-foliolate but apparently 6-foliolate by the parting of the lateral leaflets ; leaflets
cuneate-obovate, incisely dentate, obscurely appressed-villous above, silky-
canescent beneath. —Dry soil, common, coast of Me. to Md. Apr.-early June.
— A loosely spreading-villous doubtfully distinct plant from Mo. and southeastw.
may well be P. caroliniAna Poir.

19 P. canadensis L. Suberect (2-7 dm. high) or procumbent, at length
often rootin^ at the tip ; stem spreading-hirsute, flowering from the node above
the second well-developed internode ; leaves divided as in the preceding ; leaflets
commonly more oblong, serrate rather than dentate, obscurely villous or entirely
frlabrate above, canescent-silky to green and merely appressed-viUous on the
veins beneath. — Dry sandy soQ, s. Me. to Vt., along the Great Lakes to Minn.,
Kan., andsouthw. ^May-July.

Var. simplex (Michx.) T. «& G. Stem covered with shorter appressed or sub-
appressed hairs or glabrate; leaflets (apt to be oblanceolate) rather shortly
appressed-villous on the veins beneath. (P. simplex Michx.) —Chiefly in dry
sandy soil, very common ; N. S., southw. and westw.

20. P. REPTANS L. Stems almost filiform, sparingly pubescent or glabrate,
prostrate and usually repent; leaves much as in P. pumila; the leaflets green
on both faces, sparingly strigose-pubescent or glabrate, cuneate-oblanceolate,
crenate-dentate nearly or quite to the base; stijmles usually small and incon-
spicuous; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, about equaling the calyx-lobes; petals
broadly obcordate, half longer than the calyx-lobes. — Grass-land and waste
places, local, Mass. to N. J. and O. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

21. P. PROcuMBENS Slbth. Similar, strigose-pubescent; leaflets S (rarely 5),
cuneate-obovate, coarsely incised chiefly above the middle; stipules conspicuous;
bractlets linear-lanceolate. (P. nemoralis Nestler.) — Grassy and waste places,
Cape Breton I., N. S. (Nat. from Eu.)

16. FILIPENDULA [Tourn.] HiU.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx (4-)5-parted. Petals (4-) 5, short-
clawed. Stamens 20 or more, almost hypogynous, the disk obscure. Carpels
5-15, free, 2-ovuled, mostly 1-seeded, indehiscent, compressed, sometunes
twisted. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers.
Stipules kidney-shaped. (Name from filum, a thread, and pendulus, hanging,
in allusion, it is said, to the roots.)

1. F. rubra (Hifl) Robinson. (Queen of the Prairie.) Glabrous, 6-25
dm. high ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, green and scarcely paler beneath ;
terminal leaflet large, 7-9-parted, the lobes lance-oblong, incised and toothed ;
lateral leaflets also cut; petals deep peach-blossoin-color. (Spiraea lobata
Gronov. ; Ulmaria rubra Hill.) — Meadows and prairies, Pa. to Mich., la., Ky.,
gjid Ga. ; also locally established northeastw. June, July-

)iikK.

ROSACEAE (^llOSE FAMILY j 485

2. F UlmXria (L.) Maxim. (Qtjeen of thk Meadow.) Leaves canescent-

tomentose heneath ; terminal leaflet o-o-lobed, lobes ovale, doubly serrate ; the
lateral leaflets mostly unlobed ; petals white. {Spiraea L. ; Ulmaria Barnh'art.)

— Commonly cultivated ; established at several places in N. E. and Que. July.
(Introd. from Eurasia.)

17. GEUM L. AvENS

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, lu-aped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior. — Perennial
herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A plant name used by Pliny.)

§ 1. EUGEUM T. & G. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper
part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower 7iaked and hooked, becoming
elongated; head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes rejlexed.

* Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong ; stipules small.
t- Receptacle of the fruit densely hairy.

1. G. canadlnse Jacq. Stem (0.(^-1.1 m. high) and petioles sparingly hairy ;
leaves soft-pubescent beneath or glabrate, the basal of 3-5 leaflets or undivided,
those of the stem mostly 3-divided or -lobed, rather sharply toothed ; stipules
ovate-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, sub entire ; petals white. (G-. album J. F. Gmel.)

— Borders of woods, etc., widely distributed.

2. G. flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Stem and petioles hirsute; leaves much as
in the preceding but more bluntly toothed ; stipules ovate or obovate, usually
about 2 cm. long, conspicuously cleft; petals greenish-yellow. — Dry woods, Ct.
to O. and Va.

-*- -t- Receptacle ofthefi-uit glabrous or nearly so.

3. G. virginianum L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and
root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ;
petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; heads of fruit larger, the short
stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs ; receptacle glabrous or nearly so. —
Borders of woods and low grounds ; common. June-Aug.

** Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx;
stipules larger and all deeply cut.

t- Terminal segment of leaves suborbicular, finely crenate-dentate.

4. G. macrophyllum Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout, 3-0 dm. higli ; root-leavte
1 yrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round
fip art-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal rouna
ish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly naked. — Rich
soil, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to mis. of n. N. E. and N. Y., Mich., n. Wise, Minn.,
CoL, and Cal. (N. E. Asia.)

•»- t- lerminal segment of leaves cuneate-obovate or oblanceolate.

•^ Leaves incisely toothed; body of ripe achene 1-2 mm. long.

5. G. strictum Ait. Somewhat hairy, 0-15 dm. high ; root-leaves inter-
ruptedly ]iiunate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5,
rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle downy. — Moist meadows, thickets,
etc., Ntd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Mo., and N. Mex. July, Aug. (Asia.)

■M. ^ Leaves bluntly toothed; body of ripe achene 4-5 mm. long.

6 G. urbXnum L. Smootliisli, loosely branched ; segments of stem-leaves
mostly rhombic-obovate ; petals yellow, about equaling the calyx. — Established
in Cambridge, Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

486 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

§2. STYLIPUS (Raf.) T. & G. Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously
' stalked in the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none; otherwise nearly as § 1.

7. G. Y^rnum (Raf.) T. & G. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few-
leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, or some of them
pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; recep-
tacle smooth. —Thickets, Unt. to Tenn., Tex., and Kan.

§ 8. CARYOPHYLLAtA [Tourn.] Ser. Style jointed and bent in the middle,
the upper joint plumose ; flowers large ; calyx erect or spreading ; petals erect,

8. G. rivale L. (Water or Purple A.) Stems nearly simple, several-flow-
ered, 6 dm. high ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem
few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; flowers nodding ; calyx purplish, campannlate, the
lobes in anthesis 6-10 mm. long ; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into
a claw, purplish- or ang e ; head of fruit stalked, its pedicel erect. — Bogs and wet
meadows, Nfd. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., and Col. (Eu.)

X G. pulchrum Fernald. Hirsute, 6-8 dm. high ; in habit and foliage similar
to the preceding ; flowers smaller ; lobes of the purple calyx 4-5 mm. long,
widely spreading ; petals clear golden yellow, obovate, less contracted at base;
styles rich carmine. — Boggy meadows, Bic, Rimouski Co., Que. ; also Mendon,
Vt. (Eggleston) ; Alberta. — Apparently a hybrid of G. macrophyllum and
G. rivale.
§4. SIEVERSIA (Willd.) T. & G. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and

straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading.

{Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.^

9. G. trifl5rum Pursh. Low, softly hairy ; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ;
leaflets numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers
3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx,
as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (6 cm.) strongly
plumose in fruit. (G. ciliatum Pursh ; Sieversia cih'ata G. Don.) — Calcareous
soil, Lab., Nfd., Watertown, N, Y. (Craice), Ont., Wise, 111., and westw.

10. G. P6ckii Pursh. Smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-
veined, 5-12 cm. broad, doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5-7-
lobed, with a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems 1.5-4 dm. high,
1-5-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yelloio, round-obovate and more or less
obcordate, exceeding the calyx (1 cm. long), spreading ; styles naked except at
the base. (6r. radiatum, var. Gray ; Sieversia R. Br.) — Exposed slopes, Me.,
and alpine summits of White Mts., N. H.

18. RtlBUS [Tourn.] L. Bramble

Calyx 5(3-7)-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens nu-
merous. Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle,
becomhig small drupes ; styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat
shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and usually edible fruit.
(The Roman name, kindred with ruber, red.)

§ 1. IDAE6bATUS Focke. Prickly-stemmed shrubs; fruit falling off whoh
from a diyish receptacle when ripe; leaves pinnately S-7-foliolate. Rasp

BERRY.

1. R. ida§us L. Stems upright, and with the stalks, etc., beset with stiff
straight bristles (or a few becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when
young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut^serrate,
whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile ; petals as long as the sepals ;
the latter vplvety, with or without a few scattered setiform prickles ; fruit light
"ed. — Thickets, e. Que., L. Superior region, and Rocky Mts. (Eurasia.)

Var. aculeatfssimus [C. A. Mey.] Regel & Tiling. (Wild Red R.) Calyx
bristly-hispid with setiform prickles. (B. strigosjis Michx.) — Thickets and
hills. Lab. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, and along the mts. to N. C,

I

ROSACEAE ([ROSE FAMILY) 487

N". Mex., and Ariz. Forma Ilbus (Fuller) Fernald has white or amber-colored
fruit.

Var. an6malus Arrhenius. Dwarf (\-P, dm. high), scarcely or not at all
armed ; leaves simple, broadly ovate and shallowly 3-lobed, or '3-foliolate with
rounded ovate obtuse leaflets ; calyx somewhat hispid. — Limestone ledges,
Cavendish, Vt. (Eggleston); and (?) woods, Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), the latter
recently described as Batidaea heterodoxa Greene.

X ? R. neglectus Peck. Habit and glaucous canes of no. 3, the stems and
branches often rooting at the tip, but with slender straightish prickles of the pre-
ceding species; calyx somewhat setose; fruit purplish-red. — Rocky woods,
gravelly banks, etc., N. E. to Ont., Pa., and O.— Probably a self-perpetuating
hybrid between R. occidentalis and B. idaeus, var. aculeatissimus.

2. R. phoenicolAsius Maxim. (Wineherry.) Leaflets 3, broadly ovate,
obtusish ; inflorescence crowded and with the petioles, branches, and even the
main stems covered with long soft densely crowded reddish or purple gland-
tipped hairs; prickles scattered, slender; fruit broadly ovoid, cherry-red. —
Sometimes cultivated, and now established at Fairfield, Ct. (Fames) ; Paines-
ville, O. (Hacker), etc. (In trod, from Japan.)

3. R. occidentalis L. (Black R., Thimbleberry.) Glaucous all over;
stems recurved, rooting at tips, armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked prickles,
not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely double-serrate, whit-
ened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than
the sepals ; fruit purple-black, ripe early in July, — Copses, fence rows, etc.,
N. B. and s. w. Que., southw. and westw. Forma pAllidus (Bailey) Robinson
has yellow or amber fruit.

§ 2. ANAPL6b ATUS Focke. Unarmed shrubs ; leaves simple, S-6-lobed or
angled; flowers large and showy; fruit large, hemispherical, red. Ru-
BACER Rydb.

4. R. odorlltus L. (Purple Flowering R.) Shrubby, 1-L6 m. high;
branches, stalks, and calyx bristly ivith glandular-clammy hairs ; leaves 3-5-
lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one prolonged ;
peduncles many-flowered ; flowers showy (3-6 cm. broad) ; calyx-lobes tipped
with a long narrow appendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit scarcely
edible. — N. S. to Ga., w. to Mich. Var. columbiXncs Millspaugh has been dis-
tinguished by the narrower more lanceolate doubly serrate lobes of the leaves,
smaller flowers (2-3 cm. in diameter) and musky fruit. (B. columbianus
Rydb.) — W. Va.

6. R. parviflbrus Nutt. (Salmon Berry.) Glandular, scarcely bristly ;
leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals
oval, white. (B. nutkanus Mocino.) — Rocky woods, shores, etc., w. Ont., n.
Mich., Minn., and westw.

§ 3. CHAMEM6RUS (Ehrh.) Focke. Unarmed creeping herbs, with upright
branches, few orbicular simple leaves, and solitary terminal monoecious or
dioecious flowers; fruit amber-colored, becoming yellow and separating
from the dryish receptacle.

6. R. Chamaembrus L. (Cloudberry, Baked-apple Berry.) Low (1-3
dm. high); branches simple, 2S-leaved; leaves roundish -kidney-form, sonie-
what 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ;
fruit about 2 cm. in diameter, very juicy when ripe. — In sphagnous bogs, Arctic
Am., southw. in the coastal region to e. Me.; also on mountain tops, w. Me. and
n. N. H. (Eurasia.)

§4. CYLACTIS (Raf.) Focke. Low, essentially herbaceous (soft-woody at
base); leaves S(-b)-foliolate ; fruit red, not separating easily from the
receptacle.

7. R. triflbrus Richards. (Dwarf R.) Stems ascending, 1-4 dm. high, or
trailing and more elongated ; leaves 3(or i)edately 5)-foliolate ; leaflets rhomhic-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely and doubly serrate, thin,

KOSACEAh UOSE FAMILY)

smooth ; peduncles 1-3-flovveied : petals small, erect, white or pink ; fruit oi
rather hirge juicy but acid drupelets, (i?, americanus Britton.) — Wet woods,
etc., Lab/to Ahiska, southw. to N. J., the Great L. region, n. la., and Neb.—
Sepals and petals often 0-7.

8. R. arcticus L. iStems suberect, 5-20 cm. high, filiform; leaflets 3(-5),
ciinente-nhuvate, rou7ided at the tip, somewhat firm, glossy above, coarsely ser-
rale-dentaie ; pHals rather large, spreading, rose-colored (rarely white) ; fruit
as in the preceding. —Boggy places, Arctic Am., southw. to e. Que. and n.
Minn. (Boreal and Arctic Eurasia.)

§5. EtiBATUS Focke. Armed {rarely unarmed) shrubs; stems biennial;
leaves on the first year's growth mostly b-foliolate (pedate), on the flower-
ing canes chiefly '^-foliolate ; fruit not separating from the juicy rec(^ptacle,
blackish lohen ripe (reddish in no. 34). Blackberry. — A group of great
taxonomic difficulty, in which many species have been recently proposed.
Of these, the better marked have been here freely included, but without
entire confidence that future intensive study may not show them to he
intergradient and perhaps in some cases hybrid forms.

Canes erect or arched-ascendinj? 6.

b. Pedicels habitually unarmed, often pubescent or glandular-hispid,
rarely with a few weak bristles c.
C. Pedicels copiously glandular-hispid.

Leaflets appressed-villous above ; prickles of the stem stoutish
Leaflets glabrous above ; prickles of the stem setiform rather
than thorn-Hke.
Petioles of the 5-foliolate leaves scarcely or not at all glandu-
lar, copiously armed with hooked prickles ; leaflets rhom-
bic-lanceolate or narrowly ovate.
Lower surface of the leaflets velvety to the touch
Lower surface of the leaflets essentially glabrous .
Petioles of the 5-foIiolate leaves copiously glandular-pubes-
cent, weakly armed.

Fruit of 30-60 small drupelets

Fruit of few large drupelets

c. Pedicels glandless or with only occasional gland-tipped hairs d.
d. Lower surface of leaflets eveiQ at maturity downy to the touch e.
6. Inflorescence numerously flowered, at length elongated and
more or less cylindrical.
Inflorescence provided with 4-6 unifoliolate petioled bracts
Inflorescence with 1-2 unifoliolate petioled bracts . .
e. Inflorescence mostly fewer-flowered, corymbiform.

Canes erect or nearly so ; teeth of the leaflets deltoid-ovate,
mucronulate-acuminate ; prickles of stem few, weak,

1-2 mm. long

Canes commonly recurved and often rooting at tip ; teeth
of leaflets lanceolate, narrowly acuminate ; prickles of

stem mostly 3-5 mm. long

d. Lower surface of leaflets glabrous, glabrate, or nearly so.

Internodes of main stem and petioles of 5-foholate leaves
armed with numerous slender or bristle-formed prickles.
Prickles chiefly or exclusively on the angles ; leaflets of the
mature 3-foliolate leaves "small, rarely over 5 cm. long .
Prickles on the faces as well as the angles of the stem ; leaf-
lets of the 3-foliolate leaves larger, often 6-8 cm. long .
Internodes and petioles with few prickles or unarmed.

Inflorescence corymbiform

Inflorescence racemiform, subcylindric

b. Pedicels armed with stoutish or slender but pungent bristle-formed
prickles /.

/ Leaflets laciniate-cleft ; introduced

/. Leaflets not laciniate-cleft g.
g. Lower surfaces of the leaflets velvety to the touch.

Leaflets white-tomentose beneath ......

Leaflets green or merely grayish beneath.
Prickles of the first year's growth rigid.
Pedicels copiously glandular-pubescent ....

Pedicels tomentulose but not glandular.

Stems rigid, not rooting at the tip ; prickles on the

first year's growth 5-7 mm. long
Stems flexuous, often rooting at the tip ; prickles on
the first year's growth 2-5 mm. long
Prickles on the first year's growth numerous, weak, bristle-
formed, on the surfaces as well as the angles of the stem

9. R. allegheniensis.

10. B.flamnanus.

11. B.junceus.

12. R. glandicaulis.
18. B.frondisentis.

14. R.fro7idofiu8.

15. R. per grains.

16. R. satimis,

17. R. recurvans.

18. R. elegantulus.

19. R. peculiaris.

20. R. Riuulii.

21. R. canadensis.

22. R. laciniatus.

23. R. cuneifolius.

24. R. Andreicfiianus,

25. R.floricomus.

26. R. Jeckylanus.

27. R. abbrevians.

ROSACEAE ;ilOSE FAMILY) 489

q. Lower surface of the leaflets green and essentially glabrous.

Caues armed with few firm prickles mixed with numerous

setae ; pedicels with gland-tipped setae . . . . 28. /?. Uformispinm.
Canes armed with nearly unilurm and very numerous setae.
Pedicels and sepals with numerous and conspicuous gland-
tipped setae 29. ^. setosus.

Pedicels and sepals minutely and obscurely glandular-pu-
bescent or glandless, their bristles free from glandularity 30. E. nigricans,
a. Canes trailing or at least with a decided tendency to be prostrate
toward the end h.
h. Pedicels covered with copious gland-tipped setae.
Sepals dorsally glandular-hispid.
Stem and petioles of the first year's growth with numerous

glandular bristles among the abundant prickles . . .81. R. permixtua.
Stem and petioles of the first year's growth less copiously armed

and without glandular bristles 32. ^. tardatua.

Sepals not dorsally glandular-hispid 33. B.jacens.

h. Pedicels not glandular or at most finely and obscurely glandular-
tomentulose.
Fruit red or reddish, small : leaflets subcoriaceous, shining ; flow-
ers several, in corymbiform racemes 34. ^. hisnidzia.

Fruit black.

. Prickles much broadened at base ; those of the pedicels numer-
ous, strong.
Petioles, pedicels, etc., scarcely or not at all glandular ; pe-
duncles 1-8-flowered 35. jB. t/rvoialia.

Petioles, pedicels, etc., covered with reddish gland-tipped

hairs; peduncles 3-several-flowered 36. H. rubrisetua.

Prickles merely acicular ; those of the pedicels few and weak, or
none.
Leaflets of first year's growth finely and doubly serrate . . 37. li. mllosufi.
Leaflets of first year's growth coarsely and simply serrate . 38. B. invisua.

9. R. allegheniensis Porter. Shrubby, 1-2 m. tall ; old canes purplish,
armed with stfut straightish prickles; leaflets appressed-villuus above, velvety
beneath; branchlets, pedicels (unarmed), etc., glandular-pubescent; flowers
2.5-3.5 cm. broad, racemose, only the lower leafy-bracted ; petals narrowly
obovate ; fruit (rarely pale) generally subcylindric, of many rather small drupe-
lets, of good flavor, (i?. villosus Man. ed. 6, in large part, not Ait. ; B. nigro-
baccus Bailey.) — Dry open thickets and recent clearings, N. S. to Ont. and N.
C, common. Forma albinus (Bailey) Fernald (White Blackberry) has
amber-colored fruit. Var. caltc6sus Fernald. Sepals elongated and leaf-like ;
fruit dry, abortive. — A local sport, N. H. to Va.

Var. Gravesii Fernald. Unarmed ; canes paler, mostly greenish ; inflores-
cence much elongated (2-3 dm.) — Ct. (Graves).

10. R. flavinanus Blanchard. Erect, 6-10 dm. high ; old canes reddish,
abundantly armed with slender curved prickles; leaflets glabrous above, velvety
beneath; pedicels (unarmed) glandular-pubescent; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad;
petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit poor, with few drupelets. — Stratton, Vt.

11. R. jiinceus Blanchard. Erect or at length reclining; canes slender,
weak, 6-9 dm. high, vnth weak recurved prickles; leaflets incisely toothed,
glabrous above, essentially glabrous beneath ; racemes short, becoming 6-8 cm.
long; pedicels (unarmed) glandular-hispid; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals
oblong-spatulate ; fruit globose, of few drupelets. — Dry open places, York Co.,
Me.

12. R. glandicaulis Blanchard. Strict ; canes (purplish in age) 1-2 m. high,
glandular-hispid and with numerous stout straightish prickles ; leaflets glabrous
above, velvety beneath ; racemes rather short; rhachis and pedicels glandular-
hispid; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit cylindrical, of
30-60 small drupelets, of good quality. — Dry open places, N. S. to s. Me., near
the coast.

13. R. frondisentis Blanchard. Erect ; old canes (purplish) slender, 9-15
dm. high, closely covered with fine prickles and stalked glands ; leaflets mostly
large, glabrous above, velvety beneath; racemes short, somewhat corymbiform;
rhachis and pedicels very glandular-hispid ; flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; petals nar-
rowly obovate ; f-uit small, short-cylindric, of few rather large drupelets. — Dry
open soil, s. w. N. H. and s. e. Vt.

14. R. frondbsus Bigel. Canes arched-recurving, with stout straightish

490 ROSACEAE (^ROSE FAMILY^)

prickles ; leaflets subglabrous above, velvety beneath ; racemes cylindrical,
somewhat e\or\^:2iled, provided for more than half their length with nearly uni-
form unifoliolate ovate-oblong petiolate very persistent bracts; pedicels scarcely
or not at all glandular; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate ;
fruit suhglobose, falling before the bracts; drupelets rather few. (R. villosus,
var. Torr. ; R. philadelphicus Blauchard.) — Dry rocky hillsides, e. Mass. to D. C.

15. R. pergratus Blanchard. Erect, 1-2 m. high ; old canes strongly fur-
rowed, purplish, with stout broad-based straightish subremote prickles ; leaflets
sparingly villous (at length for the most part glabrate) above, velvety beneath ;
racemes short-cylindric ; rhachis and pedicels villous, essentially glandless ;
flowers 2.6-3.6 cm. broad; petals broadly ohovate ; fruit short-cylindric, with
numerous juicy drupelets. {R. orarius and R. amnicolus Blanchard.) — Open
ground, N. B. to Vt. and Mass., common.

16. R. sativus (Bailey) Brainerd. Erect or nearly so, 3-7 dm. high ; canes
rather loeaA*, greenish, unarmed or with few small prickles; leaves even on the
first year's shoots chiefly 3-foliolate ; leaflets short, broadly ovate, glabrous or
nearly so above, velvety beneath, with deltoid teeth ; inflorescence a few-flowered
small corymb, leafy at base ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad ; petals narrowly obovate ;
fruit subglobose, of few large juicy drupelets. (R. villosus, var. Bailey? R.
nigrobaccus, var. Bailey?) — Alluvial soil, w. Vt. (Brainerd, Eggleston), and
presumably westw.

R. ARGtTus Link, of this group, an American species, described from
specimens cultivated in Berlin, has been variously interpreted, but cannot now
be certainly identified from the flowering material preserved.

17. R. reciirvans Blanchard. Erect or recurving, often rooting at the tip;
canes firm, obtusely 5-angled, often much elongated (2-4 m. long), purplish,
remotely armed along the angles with strong straightish prickles; leaflets
smoothish above, velvety beneath, sharply and irregularly toothed; racemes
short, leafy toward the base, corymbiform ; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals
obovate ; fruit short-cylindric, with rather numerous large juicy drupelets.
(R. arundelanus Blanchard.) — Open soil, in thickets, etc., N. E., common.

18. R. elegantulus Blanchard. Erect, 6-12 dm. high ; canes slender, glabrous,
armed chiefly on the angles with slender straightish prickles ; leaflets of the
mature 3-foliolate leaves small, glabrous on both surfaces, rather firm, sharply
toothed; inflorescence of slender sometimes compound leafy-bracted racemes;
pedicels filiform, sometimes bearing scattered setae, obscurely tomentulose ;
flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit globose, with few large
drupelets. — Uplands, s. w. N. H. and s. e. Vt.

19. R. peculiaris Blanchard. Erect or slightly recurving ; old canes purple,
5-angled, armed on the faces as well as the angles with numerous setiforni
prickles ; leaflets of the mature 3-foliolate leaves large, glabrous on both surfaces,
rather coarsely serrate-dentate ; inflorescence a short raceme, leafy-bracted at
base ; flowers 2.8-3 cm. broad ; petals oblong-obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few
rather large drupelets. — Dry ground, York Co., Me.

20. R. Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Slender iceakly armed reddish or greenish
canes suberect or recurved, sometimes elongated and rooting at the tip, subterete ;
leaflets thin, glabrous on both surfaces, sharply and irregularly toothed; inflo-
rescence a few-flowered corymbiform raceme, leafy-bracted at base ; pedicels
filiform, nearly unarmed, often glabrate, flexuous ; flowers 2-3 cm. broad;
petals narrowly obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few drupelets. {R. argutus, var.
Bailey, R. recurvicauUs Blanchard.) — River banks, alluvial soil, etc., Nfd.
to Vt. and Ct.

21. R. canadensis L. Erect or recurving, often stout; old canes glabrous,
unarmed or with rare prickles ; leaflets glabrous on both surfaces, finely, evenly,
and sharply toothed, those of the b-foliolate leaves caudate- acuminate ; racemes
cylindric, rather long, leafy-bracted at base ; pedicels filiform, tomentulose,
not glandular; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad; petals obovate; fruit subglobose to
short-cylindric, of large and juicy but somewhat acid drupelets. (R. amabilis
Blanchard.) — Rocky soil, in thickets, etc., Nfd. to L. Superior, s. chiefly in
the uplands to N. C.

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 491

R. MillspatJcxHi Britton, a robust plant of W. Va., is but little known.
In technical characters it scarcely differs from the preceding species, of which
it may well prove a luxuriant form.

22. R. laciniXtus Willd. Readily recognized by its laciniate-doft leaflets,
prickly calyx, and broad-based pale prickles. — Sometimes cultivated and now
locally established, s. N. Y., e. Pa., and Del. — A plant of unknown origin,
perhaps only a cut-leaved form of the European B. fruticosus L.

23. R, cuneif51ius Pursh. (Sand B.) Shrubby, 3-12 dm. high, upright or
ascending, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface
of leaves wMte-tomentose ; leaflets loedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above the
middle; peduncles 1-4-flowered ; corolla 2-3 cm. broad. — Rocky or sandy soil,
Ct. to ria.. La., and Mo.

24. R. Andrewsianus Blanchard. Erect or arched-ascending, not rooting at
the tip, 9-15 dm. high ; old canes stout and stiff, prominently angled and
furrowed, purplish, strongly armed with broad-based straight prickles; leaflets
sparingly pubescent above, velvety beneath, rather finely and sharply serrate ;
racemes short ; rhachis and pedicels tomentose and glandular-hispid, the latter
bearing slender hooked prickles ; calyx somewhat glandular ; flowers 2.5-3 cm.
broad ; petals obovate, abruptly narrowed at base to a long claw ; fruit short-
cylindric, large, of about 30 juicy drupelets. — Sandy plains near the coast,
Mass. to Va.

25. R. floricomus Blanchard. Erect and somewhat rigid, 8-14 dm. high ;
canes strongly angled and grooved, greenish or purplish, stoutly armed with
long firm straightish needle-pointed prickles ; branchlets somewhat tomentose,
and as well as the pedicels, petioles, and often midnerves beset with stout
hooked prickles; leaves i\v\\\,glabrate above, rusty-velvety beneath; leaflets
coarsely and sharply toothed;' raceme 7-12-flowered, corymbiform ; pedicels
widely spreading ; rhachis, pedicels, and calyx softly villous-tomentose ; fruit
subglobose, with feio rather large drupelets. — Southington, Ct. ; (?) Jaffrey,
N. H., and (?) Weybridge, Vt. (Brainerd).

26. R. Jeckylanus Blanchard. Becurved-ascending , the branches often root-
ing at the tip ; canes subterete, sparingly armed with short slender prickles;
leaves glabrate above, velvety beneath, those of the flowering branches over-
topping the corymbiform few-flowered inflorescence ; rhachis and pedicels softly
tomentose, not glandular, the latter sparingly beset with very fine straight
prickles ; leaflets sharply and unequally dentate ; flowers about 3 cm. broad ;
petals elliptical; fruit globose, of few large drupelets. — Open places, York
Co., Me.

27. R. abbrevians Blanchard. Erect, 3-6 dm. high ; the slender terete canes
firm, reddish brown, closely beset with fine straight prickles and gland-tipped
bristles; leaves rather small, smoothish above, velvety beneath; leaflets on the
fruiting canes broadly obovate, coarsely dentate ; racemes short, subcorymbi-
form, leafy-bracted at base ; rhachis and pedicels glandular-hispid and setulose ;
flowers 2.5 cm. broad; petals narrowly ohov ate ; fruit short-cylindric, of few
large finally sweet drupelets. — Uplands of Windham Co., Vt.

28. R. biformispinus Blanchard. Beclining ; the elongate terete purplish
flexuous canes armed with scattered straightish prickles and numerous smaller
in part gland-tipped bristles; leaves glabrous on both surfaces ; racemes short,
leafy-bracted at base ; rhachis and pedicels glandular-hispid and with scattered
hooked prickles; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; fruit globose, of few drupelets. —
Dry open ground, York Co., Me.

29. R. setbsus Bigel. Ascending ; the terete canes (in age purplish) densely
covered with retrorse bristles and shorter gland-tipped hairs; leaves rather
large, glabrous on both surfaces, usually equaling or surpassing the corymbi-
form several-flowered racemes ; petioles often setulose ; rhachis and pedicels
densely glandular-hispid and mostly setose ; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals
oblong-spatulate ; fruit subglobose. {B. nigricans Rydb., in part.) — Meadows
and swamps, P. E. I. to Vt. and Ct.

30. R. nigricans Rydb. Similar, more upright, 6-12 dm. high ; canes armed
With numerous fine prickles, but without glands; leaflets glabrous on both

492 RosACEAE (;rose EAMILY_)

surfaxjes ; pedicels and sepals ohscurely or not at all glandular, (i?. hispidus,
var. suberectus Peck ; li. setosus of auth., in part, not Bigel.; B verniontanm
Blanchard ; B. semisetosus Blanchard?) — Open places, e. Que. to N. Y. and
Mich.

31. R. permlxtus Blanchard. Recurving and soon pros^rafe ; stems (as well
as petioles, rhachis, pedicels, etc.) densely glandular-hispid and armed with
scattered stronger straightish or more often curved prickles; leaflets glabrous
above, velvety beneath, rather small, those of the flowering canes 2-6 cm. long;
racemes few-flowered, short; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; calyx glandular-hispid ;
petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit short-cylindric, with few large drupelets, sw^eet.—
Dry soil in open places, s, e. Vt.

32. R. tardsltus Blanchard. Decumbent, becoming prostrate ; the subteretQ
slender stems with numerous straightish prickles, but with few or no glands;
petioles smooth or sparingly prickly ; leaflets smooth on both surfaces, those of
the flowering stems 4-10 cm. long ; racemes somewhat compound, corymbiforra ;
pedicels glandular-hispid, occasionally setulose ; flowers 2 cm. broad ; petals
narrowly obovate ; fruit globose, of few large sour drupelets. — Sandy soil,
York Co., Me. — Perhaps merely a form of the next.

33. R. jacens Blanchard. Similar, but the stem more glandular; leaflets of
the flowering stems 2-5 cm. long ; sepals dorsally free from glands; fruit globose,
of a few sweet drupelets. — Dry open places, s. w. N. H.

34. R. hlspidus L. Prostrate or nearly so ; the slender terete often elongated
stems more or less beset with retrorse prickles ; the branches suberect, 5-30 cm.
high ; leaflets glabrous on both surfaces, of firm texture, subcoriaceous, rather
dark green and somewhat shining above; racemes feivfloivered, corymbiform ;
rhacliis and pedicels occasionally setulose ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad ; fruit small,
reddish-purple, of few small sour drupelets. — Low woods and swampy meadows,
N. S. to s. w. Ont. and N. C, common.

35. R. trivialis Michx. Prostrate ; stems terete, elongated, slender, armed
(as are also the petioles and often the peduncles) with broad-based flattish short
hooked retrorse prickles, not conspicuously glandular; leaflets coriaceous, ever-
green, elliptical, rather sharply serrate ; peduncles l-S-floioered , flowers 3-4 cm.
broad ; petals Ijroadly obovate ; fruit cylindrical, of many drupelets. — Dry
soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast.

36. R. rubris^tus Rydb. Similar ; the stems, petioles, and especially the
pedicels glandular-hispid with reddish or purplish hairs ; corymbs S-9-flowered ;
flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong-spatulate. — Sandy soil. Mo. to La.
and Fla.

37. R. villbsus Ait. (Dewberry.) Becoming prostrate; stems elongate,
subterete, rather woody, armed with stout slender retrorse straightish prickles ;
fruiting branches upright, 1-3 dm. high, (l-y?,-\b flowered ; leaflets rhombic-
obovate, doubly and rather finely serrate, acutish, membranaceous, smooth or
sparingly villous beneath ; flowers in leafy corymbiform racemes, 2-3 cm. broad;
sepals not foliaceous ; fruit subglobose to short-cylindric, with few-many large
juicy drupelets. (B. canadensis of auth., not L.; B. procumbens Muhl.) — Dry
open places, s. Me., westw. and southw., common. Var. roribaccus Bailey.
(LucRETiA D.) A large-flowered extreme, with elongated pedicels; the, flowers
4 cm. broad; sepals often foliaceous. — W. Va., where doubtfully native; and
in cultivation.

Var. humifiisus T. & G. Stems slender, less woody; flowering branches
chiefly \-flowered ; flowers large, 3-4 cm. broad. (B. Enslenii Trattinick ; B.
Baileyanus Britton ; B. subuniflorus Rydb.) —Chiefly near the coast, from e.
Mass. southw.

_ (Several recently proposed species are obviou.sly related to and not very clearly
distinct from i?. villosus and await further study.)

38. R. invisus (Bailey) Britton. Similar, but stouter ; the canes less pro-
cumbent ; leaflets, especially those of the vegetative shoots, .dimply and rather
coarsely toothed; pedicels long (becoming 1.5 dm. in length) ; sepals large,
foliaceous. — N. Y. to Kan. and southw. — The original of several cultivated
Dewberries.

ROSACEA E (KOSii FAMILY) 493

19. DALIBARDA Kalm.

Calyx deeply o-6-parted, 3 of tlie divisions lar^rer and toothed, l^etals 5 ses.
sile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becomin- nearly dry seed-like
drupes; styles terminal, deciduous. —Lovsf unarmed perennials, witii creepinf^
and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped c-enate leaves
on slender petioles. Flowers of 2 kinds, a few upright long-peduncled usually
sterile ones with white petals, and numerous fertile aietalous ones on short,
curved peduncles. (Named for Thomas Francois Dalibard, a French botanist
of the time of Linnaeus.)

1. D. repens L. Downy ; sepals of the petaliferous flowers spreading, of the
cleistogamous ones converging and inclosing the fruit. — Woods, N. B to Ont
s. to N. J., Pa., O., Mich., and Minn. June-Aug. ''

20. ALCHEMILLA L. Lady's Mantle

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the tliroat ; limb 4-parted with as
many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4 ; the
slender style arising from near the base ; achenes included in tlie tube of tlie
persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and
small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name, havinc'
reference to the silky pubescence of some species.) °

1. A. ARVENSis Scop. (Parsley Piert.) Small annual, 4-20 cm. hidi ;
leaves S-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2-3-cleft, pubescent ; flowers fasci-
cled opposite the axils. — N. S. (according to Lawson) ; D. C. (where said to be
extinct) ; Va. to Tenn. and Ga. (Adv. fmm Eurasia.)

2. A. PR A TENS IS F. W. Schmidt. Pereimial, 1-3 dm. high, from a stout
caudex ; leaves orbicular, 2-10 cm. in diameter, deeply cordate, finely serrate,
shallowly 5-9-lobed; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels filiform. — Dry road-
sides, etc., N. S., where locally abundant near coast; also casual at Westford,
Mass. {Miss Fletcher) (Nat. from Eu.)

21. AGRIM6nIA [Tourn.J L. Agrimony

Calyx-tube top-shaped or hemispheiical, the throat beset with hooked bristles,
indurated in fruit and inclosing 2 achenes; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flower-
ing. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens 5-15. Styles terminal. — Perennial herbs,
with interruptedly pinnate leaves, crenate-serrate leaflets, and small spicate-
racemose flowers. Bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Argemone.)

a. Fruiting' calyx more or less top-shaped, deeply furrowed h.

b. Leaflets (exclusive of the little intermediate ones) chiefly 5-9, ovate to
obovate or elliptic-oblong.
Khachis of inflorescence covered with minute glandular puberulence
interspersed with long- widely spreading hairs ; leaves sparingly

pubescent beneath ; roots not thickened 1. A. gryposepala

Ehachis appressed-villous or glandular-puberulent, without long
widely spreading hairs.
Eoots not thickened ; lower surface of leaflets conspicuously resin-
ous-dotted, only the veins villous 1. A. striata.

Hoots fusiform-thickened toward the end ; lower surface of leaflets
velvety-toinentose, scarcely or not at all resinous-dotted.
Larger leaflets 5-9, oblong or elliptical ; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm.

Avide (exclusive of spreading hooks) . . . " . , .8. A. mollis.
Larger leaflets 3-5, 'obovate ; fruiting calyx about 3 mm. wide

(exclusive of hooks) . . . . ' 4. A. microcarpa

b. Leaflets (exclusive of little intermediate ones) 11-13, lanceolate to nar-
rowly lance-oblong h. A. parriflora.

a. Fruiting calyx hemispherical, striped but scarcely furrowed . . .6. A. ro^telluta.

1. A. gryposepala Wallr. Tall (7-12 dm.); stem hirsute; leaflets large,
thin, smoothisli, scarcely paler beneath ; fruiting calyx nearly 1 cm. long ; hooks
long, widely spreading, the obiter deflexed. (A. Eupatoria Man. ed. 0, in part,
not L.; A. hirsuta Bicknell.) — Thickets, ravines, etc., s. N. S. and centr. Me.
to Va., and westw. ; frequent.

194 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

2. A. striata Michx. Erect, subsimple up to the inflorescence, 3-15 dm. high,
softly pubescent, the hairs incliniiig to be appressed ; leaflets mostly narrowed
to a point, somewhat costate ; fruiting-calyx strongly deflexed ; the hooks rela-
tively short and connivent or scarcehj spreading. {A. Eupatoria Man. ed. 6, in
part, not L.; A. BriWmiana Bicknell.) — Damp woods, alluvial soil, etc., Nfd,
to Sask., s. to W. Va., 111., Neb., S. Dak., and N, Mex. (Eurasia.)

3. A. m6llis (T. & G.) Britton. Grayish-pubescent, 6-15 dm. high ; leaflets
oblong, mostly obtuse, soft to the touch on both surfaces ; fruit broadly top-
shaped, the hooks borne on a broad disk, the outer widely spreading. {A.
piibescens WaHr. ?) — Open woods, dry ground, etc., Mass. to N. C, and westw.

4. A. microcarpa Wallr. Small, subsimple, mostly 3-5 dm. high ; leaflets
obovate, soft-tome ntose beneath, sparingly appressed-pubescent or subglabrous
above ; friiitiiig calyx nmch as in the last but smaller. (A. pumila Muhl.,
inadequately characterized.) — Woods, etc.. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.

5. A. parvifl5ra Ait. iStem hirsute, 7-12 dm. high, leafy ; leaflets numerous,
narrow, with many smaller intermediate ones of 2 or 3 different sizes ; fruiting
calyx small (4-5 mm. long), abruptly deflexed at maturity from an ascending
pedicel ; outer hooks widely spreading. — Chiefly in sandy and alluvial soil, Ct.
to Ga., westw. to Ont., Kan., and La.

6. A. rostellata Wallr. Slender, 4-8 dm. high ; stem nearly glabrous, rough-
ish ; leaflets few, obovate ; fruiting calyx small, almost hemispherical, not deeply
furrowed, the hooks small, the longest shorter than the connivent calyx-lobes.
(A. striata Bicknell, not Michx.) — Rocky woods, alluvium, etc., Ct. to Ga., and
wrestw.

22. SANGUIS6RBA [Rupp.] L. Burnet

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent ; the 4
bi'oad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none,
^aniens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1-3 j
the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene
(commonly solitary) inclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish calyx-tube. Seed
suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules
adherent to the petiole, and small often polygamous or dioecious flowers
crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle,
each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbere,
to drink up, to absorb, from reputed styptic properties in folk-medicine.) Pote-
RiuM L., in part.

* Stamens 4 ; leaflets 2-5 cm. long.

1. S. canadensis L. (Canadian B.) Stamens long-exserted, club-shaped,
white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem 3-16 dm.
high ; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse,
heart-shaped at base, as if stipellate ; stipules serrate. (Poterium Gray.) —
Bogs and wet meadows. Lab. to mts. of Ga., w. to Mich.

2. S. OFFICINALIS L. In habit similar to the preceding; spikes dense,
ovoid, brownish- or purplish-red. — Established in low fields near coast of Me.;
also reported from Minn. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

* * Stamens numerous; leaflets 8-15 mm. long.

3. S. MINOR Scop. (Garden B.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower flowers
of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary filaments, the upper flow-
ers pistillate only ; stems 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets small, ovate, deeply cut. {Po-
terium Sanguisorba L.) — Locally established in grassy places, cultivated
grounds, etc., Me. to Md. and w. N. Y. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

*

23. r6SA [Tourn.] L. Rose

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous

IIOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 495

pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit. —Shrubs, usually
prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules adnate to the petiole ; stalks, foli-
age, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Manyol the species highly variable
and often indeterminable from imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.)

a. Styles coherent in a protruding column, as long as the stamens . . 1. li. seUgera.
a. Styles distinct h.

b. Sepals connivent after flowering, persistent; pedicels and receptacle
naked c.
c. Prickles scattered or none, the infra-stipular when present not en-
larged.
Leaf-rhachis glandular-puberulent or -bristly.

Fruit pyriform, obovoid or oblong, top-shaped at base . . 2. R. adculnrU.
Fruit subglobose, obtuse or rounded at base (2) R. acicularis, v. Botirgeauiav a
Leaf-rhachis softly and finely villous or tomentulose ; glandular
hairs merely occasional or none.

Prickles numerous, scattered ; leaflets 7-11 3. R. pratincola.

Prickles occasionally present on main stem but mostly few or

none; leaflets 5-7 4. R.hlanda.

c. Prickles not wholly uniform, the infra-stipular somewhat stouter.
Calyx-lobes essentially entire.
Calyx-lobes 1-1.5 cm. long.
Leaves 6-10 cm. long ; leaflets pubescent beneath ; stem armed

chiefly near the nodes 5. R. Woodsii.

Leaves 2^ cm. long; leaflets essentially glabrous ; stem ex-
cessively spiny throughout 6. ^. spivosissima.

_ Calyx-lobes 2-2.5 cm. long 7. R. cinnamomea.

Outer calyx-lobes conspicuously pinnatifid %. R. canina.

b. Sepals spreading after flowering, deciduous from the mature fruit ;
receptacle and pedicels more or less hispid or tomentose.
Leaflets thick, evergreen or nearly so ; receptacle tomentose . . 9. R. bracieata.
Leaflets membranaceous ; receptacle not tomentose.
Leaf-rhachis very glandular.
Prickles strong, hooked ; leaflets rarely 2 cm. long . . .10. R. rtibiginosa.
Prickles weak, acicular, often gland-tipped ; leaflets 8-6 cm.

long 11. R. guinea.

Leaf-rhachis puberulent or glabrous, scarcely if at all glandular.
Young growth densely covered, even into the inflorescence,

with needle-like prickles 12. Z?. nitida.

Young growth armed at the nodes or not at all.
Stipules narrowly linear, their free auricles merely short-
lanceolate teeth ; leaflets serrulate ; infra-stipular prickles
short, 2-4 (.rarely 6) mm. long, broad-based and decidedly

curved 13. 7?. Carolina.

Stipules more dilated, oblanceolate, their auricles somewhat
deltoid ; serratures of the leaflets coarser and deeper ;
infra-stipular prickles longer.
Prickles decidedly curved ; leaflets somewhat shining above 14. R. Tirginiana.
Prickles straight or nearly so ; leaflets dull above . . 15. R. humilis.

1. R. setigera Michx. (Climbing or Prairie R.) Stems climbing, armed
with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate,
acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ;
flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ;
fruit globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to Fla., w. to Wise, Neb.,
and Tex. ; also an escape from cultivation in Ct. July. — Strong shoots growing
3-6 m. in a season.

2. R. acicularis Lindl. Stems 3-12 dm. high, very pricldy ; stipules usually
dilated., glandular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptical to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, usually pale and somewhat
resinous-puberulent beneath, the teeth serrulate; flowers large, solitary (very
rarely 2-3) ; outer sepals usually with 1-2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid ; fruit
obovoid or ellipsoid, top-shaped at base. {R. Engelmanni Wats.) — Sandy
thickets, L. Huron to Minn., Col., and Ida. (Siber.)

Var. Bourgeauiina Crepin. Fruit globose, rounded at base ; leaves some-
times smoothish but more often soft-pubescent and resinous-pulverulent beneath.
— Ledges, rocky woods, etc., Anticosti to s. Vt., n. Mich., centr. 111., Col., and
northw.

3. R. pratincola Greene. Stems low, very prickly ; stipules narrotc, more or
less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate) ; leaflets 7-11, broadly
elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, subcuneate at base, somewhat firm and strongly

^96 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

veined, simply toothed, not resinous; flowers corymbose; sepals rarely hispid,
the outer lobed. (R. arkansana of auth., not Porter.) — Prairies, etc., Man. to

Mont., s. to Mo. and Tex. , . , , „ a • n

4 R bUnda Ait. Stems 3-16 dm. high, wholly unarmed or occasionally
cove'red" with numerous prickles ; stipules dilated, naked and entire or slightly
crlandular-toothed ; leaflets 5-7, usually oblong-lanceolate, thinner and less
stront^lv veined than in the preceding, cuneate at base and petiolulate^ simply
serrate not resinous; flowers usually large, corymbose or solitary ; sepals his-
'pid, entire. — On rocks and shores, Nfd. to N. E., and westw. chiefly in the
region of the Great Lakes to Mo. and Assina. . , , ,

"5. R. Wo6dsii Lindl. Steins usually low (1-9 dm. high) , with slender straight
or recurved prickles, or wholly unarmed above; leaflets 5-7, obovate to oblong
or lanceolate, more or less toothed ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; sepals naked
or hispid, the outer usually lobed ; fruit globose, with a short neck. — Mmn. to
Mo., westw. and north westw. ,. , , ^ 1

6. R. spiNosissiMA L. (Scotch R.) Low spreading shrub; stems densely
covered' with long straightish prickles and innumerable shorter ones; leaflets
7-13 small, broadly elliptic to suborbicular, glabrous or nearly so ; stipules very
small ; fruit globular, black. — Often cultivated, and inclined to spread from
old gardens, N. E., Ont., etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

7. R ciKNAM^MEA L. (CiNNAMOxR.) Stems flcxuous, rcddlsh browQ, armcd
with pairs of light-colored broad-based slightly recurved infra-stipular prickles ;
leaflets rather narrowly elliptical, 2-3 cm. long, paler beneath, sharply and
finely serrate; flowers commonly double. — Once much cultivated, and now
established in hedgerows, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

8. R. CANixA L. (Dog R.) Stems armed with stout recurved prickles, the
branches sometimes unarmed ; leaflets 5-7, elliptical or oblong-ovate, glabrous
or somewhat pubescent, simply toothed, not resinotis-puberulent ; flowers soli-
tary (or 2-4) on usually naked pedicels ; sepals pinnatifid; fruit ovoid or nearly
globular. — A casual escape from cultivation, Mass. to Tenn.; thoroughly natu-
ralized on river-banks in Pa. {Porter). (Introd. from Eurasia.)

9. R. bracteXta Wendl. (Macartny R.) Leaflets mostly 7, narrowly
obovate, rounded at the apex, thick, shining, evergreen, glabrous; flowers
large; calyx densely villons-tomentose ; petals mostly white. —Cultivated from
China, extensively naturalized in parts of the Southern States, extending to Va.
(Introd. from Asia.)

10. R. rubigin6sa L. (Sweetbrier, Eglantine.) Armed with strong
hooked mostly infra-stipular prickles (with or without scattered smaller ones) ;
leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic, doubly serrate ; the short pedi-
cels and pinnatifid sepals hispid ; flowers pink, mostly 3-4 cm. in diameter ; fruit
obovate. — Rocky pastures, etc., common. (Introd. from Eu.)

Var. micrAntha (Sm.) Lindl. Leaves less glandular, nearly scentless, flow-
ers smaller (about 2-2.5 cm. in diameter) and paler; fruit somewhat flask-
shaped. — Along roadsides, etc., e. Mass. (Introd. from Eng.) — Inconstant and
suggesting relationship to no. 8.

'"11. R. GALLicA L. Erect, 1-1.6 ra. high ; stem glandular-hispid and armed
with straightish slender prickles ; leaflets 3-5, broadly elliptic, cordate at base,
rounded or obtusish at apex, doubly glandular-serrate; flowers large, mostly
deep red and double. —Often cultivated, and now well established in roadside
thickets, N. E., O., and probably elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.)

12. R. nitida Willd, Low, nearly or quite glabrous throughout, the straight
slender infra-stipular prickles scarcely stouter than those which usually thickly
cover the stem and branches; stipules mostly dilated ; leaflets bright green and
shining, usually narrow-oblong and acute at each end ; flowers solitary (rarely
2-3) ; sepals entire. — Margins of swamps, Nfd. to N. E.

13. R. Carolina L. Stems usually tall (3-25 dm. high), with stout straight
or usually more or less curved prickles ; stipules long and very narrow ; leaflets
5-9 (mostly 7), finely serrate, dull green, usually narrow-oblong and acute at
each end and peliolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent beneath. — Bor-
ders of swamps and streams, N. S. to Fla., "W. to Minn, and Miss.

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

497

14. R. virgmiana Mill. Stems often tall and stout (2-20 dm. high), ivith at
length stout and usually more or less hooked prickles ; stipules u^MoWy naked,
more or less dilated; leaflets (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, smooth and
often shining above ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; outer sepals frequently with
l" or 2 small lobes. (B. lucida Ehrh.) — Margins of swamps and rocky shores,
Nfd. and e. Que. to N. Y. and e. Pa.

15. R. hurailis Marsh. Stems usually low (3-9 dm. high), slender, with
straight slender prickles (spreading or sometimes reflexed) ; stipules narrow,
rarely somewhat dilated ; leaflets as in the last, but usually thinner and duller;
flowers very often solitary ; outer sepals alicays more or less lohed. — Mostly in
dry soil or on rocky slopes, N. S. to Ela., w. to Minn., Mo., Okla., and La.

1. P. seroUna.

2. P. virginiana-

24. PRUNUS [Tourn.] L. Plum, Cherry, etc.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or tubular-obconical, decidu-
ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Pistil solitary, with
2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone. — Small trees or shrubs,
with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) Cerasus B. Juss.
Amygdalus L.

a. Ovary j?labrous ; stone smoothish or shallowly sculptured h.
' h. Flowers racemose ; pedicels much shorter than the tioriferous part
of the rhachis.
Leaves oblong-, thickish, crenate-serrulate, the teeth incurved
Leaves mostly obovate, thin, sharply serrate ; teeth somewhat

spreading

&. Flowers umbellate or, if racemose, with pedicels exceeding- the flo-
riferous part of the rhachis c.
c. Flowc-rs small ; petals mostly 4-6 mm. long d.
d. Leaves broad or, if narrow, serrulate practically to the base 6.
e. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate, or obovate /.
/. Petioles tomentose at least on the upper side.
Leaves lanceolate, attenuate.

Petioles 15-33 mm. long

Petioles 5-8 mm. long

Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong to elliptical.

Leaves obovate, thinnish, mostly cuneate at base, 1-2.5
cm. wide, somewhat doubly serrate ; pedicels 1-3

In a fascicle

Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong, thickish, rugose,
mostly obtuse at base, usually 8-4 cm. broad, sim-
ply serrate ; pedicels 2-6 in a "fascicle
/. Petioles essentially glabrous.

Teeth of the ovate-lanceolate mostly falcate-acuminate

leaves unequal

Teeth of the lance-elliptical acute or obtusish leaves equal
6. Leaves suborbicular, rounded or subcordate at base.
Teeth of leaves fine, obtuse ; the sinuses glandular
Teeth of leaves coarser, bristle- tipped ; the sinuses not

glandular ■ . •

d. Leaves relatively narrow, spatulate-linear or -oblong, subentire
at the cuneate base.

Erect shrub ; leaves spatulate-oblong

Prostrate ; leaves linear- or oblanceolate-spatulate .
e. Flowers large ; petals.8-16 mm. long.

Teeth of leaves obtusish, some or all glandular.
Calyx-lobes entire or nearly Sf

Inner scales of the flowering buds subherbaceous, ligulate,

spreading

Inner scales not very unlike the outer, subappressed .
Calyx-lobes conspicuously glandular-serrulate.
Leaves thin, obovate ; petals 1'2-14 mm. long
Leaves thickish, firm in texture ; petals about 8 mm. long .
Teeth of leaves acute or acuminate, bristle-tipped, not glandular
a. Ovary and fruit velvety-tomentose ; stone deeply sculptured and pitted

15. P. Tiortulatra.
4. P. alleghanientds.

5. P. inaUtiiia.

6. P. maritima.

8. P. pennsijlranica

1. P. anguHtifolia.

8. P. Mahaleh.

9. P. Gravesii.

10. P. cuneata.

11. P.pwmila.

12. P. avium.

13. P. Cerasut.

14. P. yugra.

15. P. hortulana.

16. P. (nnericana,

17. P. Per idea.

§ 1. PAdUS [L.] Reichenb. Drupe small, globose, without bloom ; the stone
turgid-ovate, marginless ; flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches,
therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring. Padus Moench.
1. P. ser6tina Ehrh. (Wild Black or Rum C.) A large tree, with reddish

brown branches, the inner bark aromatic; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong

okay's manual — -32

498 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and calloiis teeth, thickish, shining
above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — Woods, N. S.
to Fla., w. to Dak. and Ariz. — Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous
flavor.

2. P. virginiana L. (Choke C.) A tall shrub or small tree, with grayish
hark, the inner layers with a rank disagreeable odor; leaves oval, oblong, or
obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply {often douldy) serrate with slender
teeth, thin ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson, austere and
astringent ; stone smooth. — Nfd. to Ga., and westw. Var. leucocArpa Wats.,
with short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit, has been found at
Dedhara, Mass.

§2. PRUN6pH0RA (Neck.) Endl. Drupe smooth; the stone smooth or
somewhat rugged ; flowers {usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds
in early spring, preceding or developing with the leaves; pedicels few or
several in simple umbel-like clusters.

3. P. pennsylvanica L. f. (Wild Red, Bird, Fire or Pin C.) Tree, 6-10
m. high, with light red-brown bark ; leaves oblong -lanceolate, pointed, finely and
sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ; flowers many in a cluster,
on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ;
stone globular. — Rocky woods and recent clearings. Lab, to B. C, s. to Pa.,
Great L. region, centr. la., and along the mts. to N. C, Tenn., and Col.

4. P. alleghaniensis Porter. (Sloe.) A low straggling shrub or small tree
(1-5 m. high), seldom thorny; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-
acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent when young, glabrate
with age ; fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple, with a bloom, less than 12 mm.
in diameter; stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge
on the other. — Thickets, s. Ct. {Fames, Graves) to the Allegheny Mts. of Pa.

5. P. iNSTiTiTiA L. (BuLLACE P.) Somcwhat thorny ; leaves obovate,
mostly obtusish at the apex and narrowed at base, sharply and somewhat
doubly serrate, soft-pubescent beneath ; fruit small, globular, black, with a
bloom. {P. spinosa, var. Gray.) — Roadsides and waste places, N. E. and
perhaps occasionally in the Middle States. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

6. P. maritima Wang. (Beach P.) Low and straggling (3-15 dm. high);
leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short,
pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson (rarely paler), with a bloom, 13-25
mm. in diameter ; the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely
grooved on the other. — Sea-beaches, dunes, etc., s. Me. to Va.

7. P. angustifblia Marsh. (Chickasaw P.) Scarcely thorny, 2-5 m. high ;
leaves membranaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous ; fruit glob-
ular, red, nearly destitute of bloom, thin-skinned, 12-16 mm. in diameter ;
the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them
minutely grooved. {P. Chicasa Michx.)— Del. to Fla., and westw. to Tex.
and Kan.

Var. Watsbni (Sarg.) Waugh. (Sand P.) Dwarf (1-1.3 m. high); stems
much branched and somewhat rigid ; leaves smaller and rather firm in texture ;
fruit small, red, thick-skinned. (P. Watsoni Sarg.) — Kan. and Neb.

8. P. MXhaleb L. (Perfumed C.) Shrub or small tree (7 m. high),
glabrous or nearly so ; leaves ovate-orbicular, short-pointed or obtuse, slender-
petioled, crenulate-denticulate, glandular between the teeth ; flowers corymbose ;
fruit ovoid to subglobose, black or nearly so, 7-10 mm. long. — Roadsides, river-
banks, open woods, etc., spreading from cultivation, Ct. to Del., and westw.
(Introd. from s. Eu.)

9. P. Gravdsii Small. Unarmed shrub, 1-1.3 m. high; leaves obovate-
orbicular, finely pubescent on both surfaces, serrate-dentate, rounded or even
retuse at the apex, 2-3 cm. in diameter ; flowers 1-3 in a fascicle, the pedicels
pubescent; fruit globose, bluish-black. 12-15 mm. in diameter; stone about 9
mm. long, subglobose but with one sharp edge. — GYa,Ye\\y ridge, Groton, Ct.
{ Graves. )

IC. P. cuneita Raf. Low erect shrub, obscurely puberulent to entirely

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 499

glabrous ; leaves spatulate-ohlong or more rarely lance-oblong, obtuse or acute,
serrate above the middle, entire toward the cuneate base, pale beneath ; flowers
2-4 in a fascicle ; fruit globose, without bloom, nearly black, about 1 cm.
in diameter. {P. pumila, var. Bailey.) — Thickets, sandy soil, s. Me. to N. C.
and Minn.

11. P. pumila L. (Sand C.) Prostrate, spreading and creeping; leaves
linear-spatulate to ohlanceolate, usually acute or acutish, pale beneath, sub-
entire or toothed above the middle ; flowers as in the preceding ; fruit globose,
pendulous, dark claret-color, without bloom, about 1 cm. in diameter. —
Sandy and rocky shores, e. Que. to Fa., n. Ind., Wise, and Man.

12. P. XviuM L. (Sweet C, Mazzakd.) Tree of pyramidal form and
reddish-brown bark; flowers large; petals mostly 12-16 mm. long ; inner hud-
scales at the base of the pedicels greenish, large, widely spreading, very hairy
on the inner surface and conspicuously glandular-serrate ; fruit depressed-glo-
bose, yellow or red, sweet and juicy. — Often escaping from cultivation and
forming thickets in hedgerows, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

13. P. Cerasus L. (Sour or Morello C.) Tree of lower growth and
rounder head than the preceding ; bark gray ; flowers as in the preceding but
inner bud-scales small, not conspicuously spreading; fruit depressed-globose,
red, acid. — Commonly cultivated, and occasionally escaping to hedgerows,
woods, etc. (Introd. from s. Eu.)

14. P. nigra Ait. (Wild or Canada P.) Shrub or small tree (2-8 m. high),
armed ; leaves thin, broadly obovate, subcaudately acuminate, doubly crenate-
serrate, the teeth usually gland-tipped; petioles mostly with 2 glands at the
summit ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within ; petals white, broadly
obovate, 12-14 mm. long; fruit orange-red or yellow, 2.5 cm. long, compres.sed-
ovoid to subglobose, almost without bloom. — River-banks and roadside thickets,
Nfd. to s. N. E. and westw. along the Great Lakes.

15. P. hortulana Bailey. (Wild Goose P.) Small unarmed tree; leaves
ovate- or lance-oblong^ caudate-acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, at
maturity 9-15 cm. long, rounded at base, finely and somewhat unevenly crenate-
serrate ; the teeth mostly gland-tipped; flowers 2-4 in a fascicle ; pedicels gla-
brous ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; petals obovate, about 8 mm. long ; fruit
globular, thin-skinned, light yellow to red. — Rich bottom lands, 111. and Mo.

16. P. americana Marsh. (Wild P.) Tree, 3-10 m. high, armed ; leaves
rather- narrowly obovate, long-acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the teeth
not glandular ; petioles with or without glands ; petals narrowly obovate, about
1 cm. long ; calyx-lobes entire, hairy on the inner surface ; fruit subglobose,
becoming red at full maturity, about 2 cm. in diameter. — River-banks and
borders of woods, Ct. to Fla., and westw. to Col.

Var. m611is T. & G. Leaves permanently soft-pubescent or tomentose
beneath. — la. to La. and Tex.

§3. AMYGDALUS (L.) B. & H. Drupe velvety-tomentosc ; the stone d reply
sculptured and pitted; flowers suhsessile, from a scaly bud, opening
before the leaves appear; the latter conduplicate in bud. Amygdalus
[Tourn.] L. Persica [Tourn.] Borkh.

17. P. Persica (L.) Stokes. (Peach.) Small tree ; leaves lance-oblong,
attenuate, serrate ; flowers pink; fruit subglobose. (^Amygdalus!,.) — Abun-
dantly cultivated, and tending to become established in thickets, etc., N. Y.
and southw. (Introd. from Asia.)

LEGUMIN6SAE (Pulse Family)

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 ayid
sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and
a single simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without
albumen. Leaves alternate^ with stipules^ usually compound. One of the

50U LEGUMINOSAE (^PULSE FAMILY^

sepals inferior (i.e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i e. next the
axis of the inflorescence). — A very large family.

Subfamily I. MIMOSOfDEAE

Flowers regular, small. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into s
4-5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens.
Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate.

* Stamens numerous.

1. Acacia. Filaments distinct. Pod and stem (in ours) unarmed.

2. Abizzia. Filaments united Into a tube at base. Unarmed shrubs or trees.

* * Stamens 5-10.

8. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pods smooth, flat. Herbaceous or nearly

so.
4. Sehrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with smsU

prickles or rough projections.

Subfamily II. CAESALPINIOfDEAE

Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular,
imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and inclosed by the others.
Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatro-
pous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.

* Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious ; trees.
6. Gymnocladus. Unarmed. Leaves doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit

bearing 5 petals resembling the cal3\\:-lobes. Stamens 10.
6. Gleditsia. Thorny. Leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short; its lobes,
as well as the petals and stamens, 3-5.

* * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect ; calyx 5-parted ; herbs.
T. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate.

* * * Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect; trees.
8. CerciS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.

Subfamily III. PAPILIONOfDEAE

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted
into the base of the calyx, of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more
or less distinctly papilio7iaceoiis, i.e. with the upper or odd petal {vexillum or
standard) larger than the others and inclosing them in the bud, usually turned
backward or spreading ; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and exterior to
the two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent
by their anterior edges, forming the cari7ia or keeJ, which usually incloses the
stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, mona-
delphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube which is cleft on the
upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or
transversely 2-many-celled by cross-division into joints ; style simple ; ovules
amphitropous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish ; radiclsj
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germina-
tion usually opposite, the rest alternate ; leaflets almost always quite entire
Flowers perfect.

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 601

I. Stamens (10) distinct,
♦ Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; herbs.
9. Baptisia. Pod inflated.
:o. Thermopsis. Pod flat, linear.

* * Leaves pinnate ; calyx -teeth short.

11. Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree.

12. Sophora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herhaceons.

IL Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5), nearly

distinct in no. 25.

* Anthers of two forms ; stamens monadelphous ; leaves digitate, simple, or rarely phyllodial.

+- Calyx 5-lobed ; pod inflated.

18. Crotalaria. Herbs with simple leaves.

+■ +- Calyx 2-lipped ; pod flat.
++ Shrubs with simple leaves.

14. Genista. Seeds estrophiolate. Corolla yellow.

•H- -H- Shrubs with 1-3-foliate leaves.

15. CytiSUS. Seeds strophiolate. Corolla yellow.

++++++ Shrubs ; leaves reduced to pungent petioles.
16- Ulex. Seeds strophiolate. Corolla yellow.

++++++++ Herbs ; leaves (in ours) 7-11-foliolate.
17. Lupinus. Seeds estrophiolate. Corolla (in ours) blue, roseate, or rarely white.
* * Anthers uniform (except in nos. 24 and 40).
-♦- Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foholate ; leaflets denticulate or serrulate ; stamens diadel-
phous ; pods small, 1-few-seeded, often inclosed in the calyx or curved or coiled.
IS. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to the
stamen-tube.

19. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded.

20. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1-few-seeded.

+- -i- Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in no. 24) ; leaflets eptire ; pod not jointed ; neither

twining nor climbing (except in no. 31).
■M- Herbage not resinous-dotted ; flowers umbellate, loosely capitate or solitary and axillary ; herbs.

= Filaments all connate.

21. Anthyllis. Leaves odd-pinnate (the basal sometimes 1-foliolate). Flowers loosely capitate.

Pod subindehiscent, included in the calyx.

« «= One filaraent free, the others connate.

22. Hosackia. Leaflets (in ours) 1-3. Flowers (in ours) solitary on leafy-bracted peduncles.

23. Lotus. Leaflets (in ours) 5, the lower pau- simulating foliaceous stipules. Flowers (in

ours) umbellate.
H- ++ Herbage glandular-dotted ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pod small, indehiscent, mostly
1-seeded ; leaves pinnate (except in no. 24).

24. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller or

less perfect. Leaves mostly palmate, 3-5-foliolate.

25. Amorpha. Corolla of one petal ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base.

26. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10 ; the cleft tube of filaments

bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.

27. Petalostemum. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the cleft tube of fila-

ments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.
*f +♦++ Herbage not glaxidular-dotted (except in no. 34); stamens mostly diadelphous; pod S'
valved, several-seeded ; leaves pinnately several-foliolate ; flowers racemose.
= Wings cohering with the keel ; pod flat or 4-angled ; hoary perennial herbs.
28 Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets Dinnatelv veirv-

602 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)

•= = Flowers large and showy ; standard broad ; wings free.
29. Sesbania. Leaves even-pinnate. Ours herbs.
80. Robinla. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.

31. Wisteria. Pod tumid, niarginless. Woody twiners. Leaflets obscurely stipeliate.

= = = Standard narrow, erect; pod turgid or inflated ; perennial herbs.

32. Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both th«

siUures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two.

33. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point ; otherwise as Astragalus.

34. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or murj

cute, short, nearly indehiscent.

*- -^ +- Herbs ; no tendrils ; pod transversely 2-several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints

indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to one such joint.

+<■ Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipeliate.

85. Aeschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several

jniiitfd ; joints square.
36. Coronilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints subcylin-

dric, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate.
3T. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several-jointed ;
joints roundish.

++ ++ Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foIiolate.

38. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod

several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipeliate.

39. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers uniform. Pod 1-2-jointed. Flowers

often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipeliate.

40. Stylosanthes. Stamens monodelphous ; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1-2-jointed, Calyx de-

ciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipeliate.
++++++ Leaves digitately 2- or 4-foliolate.

41. Zomia. Flowers spicate, each enveloped by 2 veiny leaf-like bracts.

<-■<--»--*- Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadel-
phous ; pod continuous, 2-valved, few-several-seeded.

42. Vicia. Wings coherent with the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs at

the apex.

43. Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded

down the inner face.

*-+-■'-■'-■•- Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs ; leaves pinnately 3(rarely 1 or 5-7)-foliolate/

no tendrfls ; peduncles or flowers axillary ; pod not jointed, 2-valved.

++ Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate.

44. Apios. Herbaceous twiners ; leaflets 5-9. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled.

++ -H- Leaves 3-foliolate ; ovules and seeds several.
•= Style bearded lengthwise on the upper surface.

45. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled ; standard recurved-spreading. Flowers racemose. Corolla

(in ours) purple. Seeds round-reniform.

46. Vigna. Keel strongly curved but not forming a spiral. Flowers few in pedunculate heads

or very short racemes. Corolla (in ours) pale yellow.

47. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved but not forming a spiral. Flowers few in

pedunculate heads. Corolla purple. Seeds oblong, mostly pubescent.

48. Clitoria. Keel scythe-shaped ; standard spurred at the base, large and showy, pale blue.

•= = Style bearded at the summit about the stigma.

49. Centrosema. Standard much longer than the other petals. Pod linear, narrow ; the valves

spirally twisted after dehiscence.

50. Dolichos. Standard little exceeding the other petals in length. Pod lunate-oblong : the

valves broad, not spirally coiled in dehiscence.

-= •= = Style beardless.
$1. Amphicarpa. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Standard erect; keel almost straight. Some
at>i'tali>us especially fertile flowers at the base of the plant. Bracts persistent.

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 603

52. Galactia. Calyx deeply 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bract and bractleta

mostly minute and deciduous.

■M- ++ ++ Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; ovules and seeds 1-2 ; flowers yellow.

53. RhynchOSia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4-5-parted. Pod short.

1. ACACIA [Tourn.] MiU.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular, small, capitate or spicate. Sepals
4-5, nearly distinct or united into a 4-5-toothed campanulate cup. Petals as
many, narrow. Stamens oo , exserted. Pod oblong to linear, compressed or
turgid. — Shrubs or trees (mostly armed), with bipinnate or (in certain Aus-
tralian species) vertically expanded phyllodial leaves. (Ancient Greek name of
an Egyptian species.)

1. A. angustissima (Mill.) Ktze., var. hirta (Nutt.) Robinson. Unarmed
hirsute undershrub ; pinnae 8-14 pairs and leaflets mostly 18-40 pairs (both less
numerous in young shoots) ; flowers in yellow or salmon-colored paniculate glo-
bose heads. (A. hirta Nutt.; A.fiUcioides Trel.) — Dry bluffs, McDonald Co.,
Mo. {Bush), Kan. {Hitchcock), and southw. — The typical form {Mimosa an-
gustissima Mill.) of Mex. has fewer pinnae and more numerous leaflets.

2. ALBiZZIA Durazzini.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-dentate. Petals united for
more than half their length into a tubular somewhat salver-formed corolla. Sta-
mens numerous ; the filaments much elongated. Pod narrowly oblong, the
valves neither twisted nor elastically spreading. —Unarmed trees with bipinnate
leaves. (Dedicated to the Albizzi, a noble Italian family, one of whom is said
to have introduced this genus into European cultivation.)

1. A. JULiBRfssiN Durazzini. Flowers in tassel-like clusters at the end of
slender naked peduncles. — Frequently cultivated in the Southern States, and
locally established as far n. (according to Small) as Va. (Introd. from Asia
and Afr.)

3. DESMAnTHUS Willd.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed.
Petals 6, distinct. Stamens 6 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat
coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves
of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous
stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers.
(Name composed of Sia-fit), a bundle, and &vdo%, flower.)

1. D. illinodnsis (Michx.) MacM. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect,
3-24 dm. high; pinnae 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; peduncles 2.5-7.5
cm. long ; stamens 5 ; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceo-
late, curved, scarcely 2.5 cm. long, 2-6-seeded. {3Iimosa Michx. ; Acuan Ktze.;
D. brachylobus Benth. ) — Prairies and alluvial banks, O. and Ky. to S. Dak.,
Mo., Tex., and Fla.

4. SCHRAnKIA Willd. Sensitive Brier

Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into
a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united
at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i.e.
the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. —Per-
ennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the pro-
cumbent stems and petioles recurved-prickiy, with twice pinnate sensitive leaves
of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of smail rose-
colored flowers. (Named for Franz von Paula von Schrank, a German botan-
ist, 1747-1836.) MaRONGiA Britton.

504 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY^

1. S. uncinata Willd. Prickles hooked ; pinnae 4-6 pairs ; leaflets elliptical^
reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short-
pointed, densely prickly, 5 cm. long. {Morongia Britton.) — Dry prairies and
open woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; north w. in Miss, basin to la. and 111. June,
July.

2. S. angustlLta T. & G. Leaflets oblong-linear^ scarcely veined ; pods slen-
der, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly, 1 dm. long. {Morongia Britton.) — Dry
sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla., Tenn., and Tex. June-Aug.

5. GYMN6CLADUS Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below,
5- cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx- tube.
Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened,
hard, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall unarmed tree,
with rough bark, stout branchlets, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves.
Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name from yvfxpos, naked, and /cXdSos,
a branch, alluding to the stout branches for many months destitute of spray.)

1. G. dioica (L.) Koch. Leaves 6-9 dm. long, with several large partial
leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets ;
stipules wanting; pod 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad; seeds over 1.3 cm.
across. (G. canadensis Lam.) — Rich woods, centr. N. Y. and Pa. to Minn., e,
Neb., Okla., and Tenn. May, June.

6. GLED!tSIA L. Honey Locust

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals
as many as the sepals and equaling them, the two lower sometimes united.
Stamens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod
flat, 1-many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice
pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns
above the axils. (Simplified and Latinized name of J. O. Gleditsch, a botanist
contemporary with Linnaeus.)

). G. triacAnthos L. (Honey Locust.) Thorns stout, often triple or com-
pound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate ; pods linear, elongated
(2-4.5 dm. long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich
woods, w. N. Y. and Pa. to Ga., w. to e. Neb., Kan., and Tex.; common in
cultivation, and establishing itself northeastw. May, June.

2. G. aquatica Marsh. (Water Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly simple ;
leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, 1-seeded, pulpless. — Deep swamps, S. C. to
Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., 111., and Mo. — A smaller
tree, 8-12 m. high

7. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. Senna

Sepals 5 , scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Sta-
mens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading ; anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often'^with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)

* Leaflets large; stipules deciduous; the three upper anthers deformed and
imperfect; flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled;
herbage glabrous.

1. C. mariUndica L. (Wild S.) Root perennial; stem 9-12 dm. high;
stipules linear-setaceous, c^AviCoxx^-, leaflets b-^ pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse;
petiole with a slender club-shaped gland near the base ; pods linear, slightly
curved, flat, at first hairy, 6.5-11 cm. long, their segments as long as broad,
seed flat, quadrate-orbicular. — AWmial soil, N. E. to O., Tenn., and N. G
luly, Aug.

LEGUMTNOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 505

2. C. Medsgdri Shafer. (Wild S.) Similar; root biennial (?); stipules
linear-lanceolate ; petiolar gland short-cylindric to conic-ovoid; leaflets 7-10
pairs ; pods thickish, 5-9 cm. long, their segments much shorter than broad;
seed plump, oblong-obovoid, twice as long as thick. (C. marilandica Man. ed.
6, in part; C. acuminata Moench ?) — Dry gravelly soil, Pa. to la. and Kan.,
s. to Ga. and Tex. Aug.

3. C. T5ra L. Annual ; leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with
an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender,
1.5 dm. long, curved. (C. obtusifolia L.) — River-banks, etc., s. Va. to Fla. and
Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to Kan., Mo., and Ind. July-Sept. (Trop.
regions. )

4. C. occidentAlis L. Annual ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
an ovoid gland at the base of the petiole; pods long-linear (12 cm. long), with
a tumid border, glabrous. — Waste places and shores, Va. to Fla. and Tex.;
Korthw. in Miss, basin to Mo. and Ind. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from the tropics.)

* * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch ; stipules striate, persistent ;
a cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets ; anthers all perfect ;
flowers in small clusters above the axils ; pods flat.

5. C. Chamaecrista L. (Partridge Pea.) Annual, suberect; branches
usually simple, ascending ; pubescence subappressed, usually scanty ; leaflets
10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers (large) on slender pedi-
cels, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base ; anthers
10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender. — •
Sandy fields, Mass. to Minn., and southw., except in the upland regions.
July-Sept.

Var. robiista Pollard. Stouter, hirsute with spreading hairs. — Ky. (Short)^
111. (McDonald), and southw.

6. C. depressa Pollard. Slender procumbent perennial C^) ', branches QtAximg
from near the base, usually again branched; leaflets (4-10 pairs) smaller and
less numerous and flowers larger and later than in the otherwise similar C.
Chamaecrista. — Potosi, Mo. (Pech) to Miss, and Fla. July-Sept.

7. C. nictitans L. (Wild Sensitive Plant.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong-
linear ; flowers very small, on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal;
style short. — Sandy fields, N. E. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Ariz. July-Sept.

8. CERCIS L, Redbud. Judas Tree

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; standard smaller than
the wings, and inclosed by them in the bud ; the keel-petals larger and not
united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the
upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded
heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-
like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before
the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the oriental Judas Tree.)

1. C. canadensis L. (Redbud.) Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile above ^
the calyx. — Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., w. to s. Out., e. Neb., and Tex. — ~-~
A small ornamental tree, often cultivated.

9. BAPTISIA Vent. False Indigo

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wii>.gs, its sides reflexed ;
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.
Pods stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or subcylindric, inflated, pointed,
many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple)
leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Name from
fiaiTTi^eLv, to dye^ from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor
indigo.)

606 LEGUMINOSAE (^PULSE FAMILY^

* Eacemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base ; flowers yellow.

1. B. tinctbria (L.) K. Br. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender, 3-9 dm.
high, rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets wedge-obovate, 1.5-2.5
cm. long ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; pods ovoid-globose, on a
stalk longer than the calyx. — Dry woods and plains, s. N. H. to Fla., locally
westw. to Ky. and Minn. June-Sept.

* * Eacemes fewer ^ opposite the leaves.
•*- Flowers yellow.

2. B. villbsa (Walt.) Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent
when young, erect, 6-9 dm. high, with divergent branches; leaves almost
sessile ; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and
persistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-flowered j
pedicels short ; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous ; pods ovoid-ellipsoid, taper-
pointed, minutely pubescent. — Va. to N. C. and Ark. May, June.

•*- +- Flowers white or cream-color.

3. B. bracteata (Muhl.) Ell. Hairy, low (3 dm. high), with divergent
branches; leaves almost sessile; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ;
stipnles and bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes long (often 3 dm.),
reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels, cream-color ; pods pointed at both ends,
hoary. (B. leiicophaea Nutt.) — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., s. to Tex. May.

4. B. leucantha T. & G. Smooth, tall, and stout ; leaflets oblong-wedge-
form, obtuse; stipules early deciduous; flowers ichite ; pods ovoid-ellipsoid,
on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ont. and 0. to
Minn., s. to Fla. and La. June, July.

5. B. alba (L.) R. Br. Smooth, 3-9 dm. high, tJie branches slender and
widely spreading ; petioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ;
leaflets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender, on a long naked peduncle ;
pods linear-oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, short-stalked. — Dry soil, N. C. to Fla. and
Ala.; and reported from Ind,, Mo., etc. May.

^_ ^_ ^_ Flowers indigo-blue.

6. B. australis (L.) R. Br. (Blub F.) —Smooth, tall and stout (1.2-1.6 m.
high); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the
petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (3-6 dm.) and many-flowered,
erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the ovoid-ellipsoid pods about the length of
the calyx. — Alluvial soil. Pa. to Ga., w. to s. Ind., Fan. and Ark.; cultivated
eastw., and established on alluvium of Ct. R. and tributaries, Vt. May, June. — «
Hybridizes with B. bracteata, according to Hitchcock.

10. THERM6pSIS R. Br.

Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved.
Otherwise nearly as Baptisia. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate
leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in
terminal racemes. (Name from dip/nos, the lupine, and dxpis, appearance.)

^ 1. T. m611is (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 4-6 dm.
high; leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; stipules narrow, mostly
shorter than the petiole ; raceme elongated ; pods narrow, short-stipitate, some-
what curved, 5-10 cm. long. — Mts. of s.Va., N. C, and Tenn. May.

11. CLADRASTIS Raf. Yellow Wood. Virgilia

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed ; the distinct keel-petals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A handsome tree, with yellow wood (yielding a
dye), smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets,
and ample panicled racemes (2.5-5 dm. long) of showy white flowers drooping

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 507

from the ends of the hranches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow,
inclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name
from kXciSos, a branch, and ftpavards, brittle.)

1. C. lutea (Michx. f.) Koch. Sometimes 15 m. high; pods 7.5-10 cm. long.
(C. tinctoria Haf.) — Rich woods and calcareous bluffs, Ky. to N. C, n. Ala.,
and Mo. ; also in cultivation. May.

12. SOPHORA L.

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded ; keel nearly
straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, terete,
more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds sul^globose. —
Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous
leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnaeus
to be the ancient name of an allied plant.)

1. S. sericea Nutt. Silky -canescent, erect, 3 dm. high or less ; leaflets
oblong-obovate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers white; pods few-seeded. — Prairies,
Neb. and Kan. to Col., Tex., and Ariz. Apr., May. (Mex.)

13. CROTALArIA [Dill.] L. Rattle-box

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped ; keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on tlie upper side ; 5 of
the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, subcylindric, many-seeded. —
Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from KpdraXov, a rattle;
the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

* Pubescence spreading-ascending., prominent.

\. C. sagittalis L. Annual, hairy, suberect, 7.5-25 cm. high; leaves oval
or ohlong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled, narrowed to each end; stipules often
conspicuous, united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-
shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than the calyx ; pod black-
ish.— Sandy soil, e. Mass. and s. Vt. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly coastal; and
northw. in Miss, basin to Tnd. and S. Dak. June-Sept. (Mex.)

2. C. rotundifblia (Walt.) Poir. Thick-rooted perennial; stems several,
prostrate or nearly so; leaves snborbicular or oval, rounded at each end;
stipules few or wanting. (0. ovalis Pursh.) — Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and
La. May-July.

* * Pubescence appressed and inconspicuous.

3. C. Purshii DC. Perennial ; stems several, erect or ascending ; leaves
linear to oblong ; stipules usually large and conspicuous. — Sandy soil, s. Va.
to Fla. and Tex. May-July.

14. GENISTA L. Woad-waxen. Whin

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading; keel oblong, straight,
deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers
shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple
leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)

1. G. tinct6ria L. (Dyer's GREENWEEn.) Low, not thorny, with striate-
angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. — Fstab-
lished on sterile hills and roadsides, s. Me. to Mass. and e. N. Y. June, July.
(Nat. from Eu.)

15. CYTISUS [Tourn.] L. Broom

Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse
and sfightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. I'od flat, nuich longer than
the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the hilum. — Shrubs, with stiff

508 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)

green branches,, leaves mostly digitately 8-foliolate, and large bright yellow
flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a Medicago.)

1. C. scofArius (L.) Link. (Scotch B.) Glabrous or nearly so, about 1
m. high; leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one ; flowers solitary
or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy
racemes along the upper branches ; style very long and spirally incurved.
{Sarothamnus Wimmer.) — Sandy barrens, etc., N. S. ; s. e. Mass. to Va., and
southw. May, June, (Nat. from Eu.)

16. tLEX L. Furze. Gorse

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Standard ovate ; wings and keel oblong, of about
equal length. Stamens monadelplious. Pod short-oblong. — Low densely
branched shrubs with spine-like phyllodial leaves. (An ancient name, used
by Pliny for some not certainly identified plant.)

1. U. EUROPAEUS L. Calyx large, yellow, tomentulose. — Sometimes culti-
vated as a sand-binder and now somewhat extensively established locally near
the coast from Nantucket to Va. (Introd. from Eu.)

17. LUPINUS [Tourn.] L. LrpmE

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed ; Trpel srvthe-
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire; auiiiers
alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by con-
strictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Herbs, with
palmately 1-15-foliolate leaves, stipules aduate to base of the petiole, and showy
flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from hqms, a ^Yolf, because
these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)

L L. per§nnis L. (Wild L.) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem erect,
3-6 dm. high; leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long raceme, showy,
purplish-blue (rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5-6-seeded. —Sandy soil,
s. w. Me. to Minn., and s. to the Gulf. May, June. Var. occidentalis Wats,
has stems and petioles more villous. — Mich., n. Ind. (C P. Smith) ^ and Wise.

18. TRIFdLIUM [Tourn.] L. Clover. Trefoil

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth usually bristle-form. Corolla mostly
withering or persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong
or ovate standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube ; keel short
and obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous,
often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the
sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately (sometimes pin-
nately; 3-foliolate ; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole.
Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres^ three, and folium, a leaf.)

a. Flowers sessile in dense heads.

Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, surpassing the corolla . . . . \. T. arxense-
Calyx-teeth ciliate, villous, or glabrous, surpassed bv the corolla.
Heads cylindrical ; corolla scarlet to deep red . ' . . . , 2. T. incarnalum.
Heads globose or ovoid ; corolla magenta or purple (rarely white)

Calyx soft-hairy 8. T. pratense.

Calyx nearly glabrous 4. T. medium.

a. blowers pedicellate, in looser heads; pedicels reflexed in age 6.
6. Corolla white, roseate, or purple c.
c. Calyx-teeth bristle-tii>iK'd.
Calyx villous or hispid.
Leaflets narrowly oblong ........ .5. r. rirginicum

Leaflets obovate ^ ^ . _. -"

Calyx essentially glabrous.
Stoloniferous.

7'. refieacum,.

Flowers 1-1.3 cm. long ; corolla red ; peduncles rarelv more

than twice the length of the head . , . ". .7. T. stolon if erum.

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 609

Flowers 6-9 mm. long ; corolla white or pink ; peduncl««

mostly 8-inany times tlie length of the heads . . . 8. 7". r»jien*.

Not Btoloniterous 9. 7". hybrid'um.

e. Calyx-teeth deltoid-lanceolate, herbaceous 10. J. carolinianum.

h. Corolla yellow.

Corolla conspicuously striate-suleate in age.

Leaflets all sessile . . • 11. 7*. agrarium.

Terminal leaflet stalked 12. T'. procumh«na.

Corolla not striate-suleate 18. T. dubitim.

L T. ARVENSE L. (Rabbit-foot or Stone C.) Silky branching annual,
1-4 dm, high ; leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very so/^s^7Z•-!/ and grayiiffi,
ovoid-cylindrical. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, roadsides, etc. (Nat. from Ea.)

2. T. incarnItum L. (Crimson or Italian C.) Suberect soft-pubescent
animal, 3-5 dm. high ; heads cylindrical, often 5 cm. long ; leaflets obovate. —
Often cultivated, and sparingly escaping. (Introd. from Eu.)
^^3. T. PRATENSE L. (EedC.) Perennial ; stems ascending, somewhat hairy :
leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side
with a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads ovoid, sessile or not rarely
pedunculate; corolla magenta to whitish ; calyx soft-hairy. — Fields and mead-
ows ; extensively cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.)

4. T. MEDIUM L. (Zigzag C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets oblong,
entire, and spotless; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple; calyx-tube
nearly or quite glabrous ; teeth slightly rigid, scarcely ciliate. — Dry hills, e.
Mass. ; several reports from other Am. localities appear to refer to the preceding
species. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. T. virginicum Small. Low villous perennial, not stoloniferous ; leaflets
narroioly oblong, denticulate ; flowers nearly white, in large heads ; short calyx
canescent-pubescent. — Rocky slopes, Kate's Mt., W. Ya.

6. T. refl^xum L. (Buffalo C.) Annual or biennial; stems ascending,
downy; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate ; standard
rose-red; wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3-5-seeded. —
Borders of fields and woods, w. N. Y. and Ont. to la., *' Neb.," Kan., and
southw.

7. T. stoloniferum Muhl. Smooth perennial; stems with long runners from
the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed ; heads loose ;
flowers white, tinged with purple; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prai-
ri^, O. and Ky., w. to la., ''Neb.," and Kan.

i^S. T. rdpens L. (White C.) Smooth perennial ; the slender sterns S7)r6a(f-
ing and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely
toothed ; stipules scare-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long; heads small and loose ; cahjx much shorter than the white corolla; pods
about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywhere ; indigenous only in the north-
ern part of our range, if at all. (Eurasia.)
y^ 9. T. HtBRiDUM L. (Alsike C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems
erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; leaflets ovate, rounded at apex;
flowers rose-tinted. — Generally common. (Introd. from Eu.)

10. T. carolinianum Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, pro-
cumbent, in tufts; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; stipules ovate,
foliaceous ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly
equaling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — Rocky places,
Va. to Fla., Tex., and Kan.; introd. on waste ground near Philadelphia.
•^11. T. agrXrium L. (Yellow^ or Hop C.) Smoothish annual, somewhat
upright, 1-3 dm. high; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point
(palmate) and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering unth the petiole for more
than half its length; corolla yellow, persistent, becoming dry and brown in age.
{T. aureum at least of Am. auth.) —Sandy fields and roadsides ; N. S. to Va. ;
also in w. N. Y., Ont., and la. (Nat. from Eu.)

u^ 12. T. PROcuMBENs L. (Low Hop C.) Similar; steins spreading or ascend-
ing, pubescent, 1-1.5 dm. high ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the
lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate,
ihort. — Sandy fields and roadsides, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

510 LEGUMINOSAE (^PULSE FAMILY)

13. T. DtiBiuM Sibth. Similar to the preceding but smaller throughout-,
head? loosely few-flowered; standard 4 mm. long, about 11-nerved, scarcely or
not at all striate in age. (T. procumhens, var. minus Man. ed. 6.) — Similar
situations, Mass. to Va. and Tenn.; also locally established westw. (Nat. from
Eu.)

19. MELIL6TUS [Touru.] Hill. Melilot. Sweet Clovsr

Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small. Corolla de-
ciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2 -seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fra-

y grant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves. (Name from fiiXi, honey, and

°^^ \ut6s, some leguminous plant.)

^ ^; "^ 1. M. officinXlis (L.) Lam. (Yellow M.) Upright, usually tall ; Zeq/?e^s

0 '^ obovate-oblong, obtuse, closely serrate ; petals yellow, of nearly equal length, 0-9
? ^ mm. long ; pod 2.5-3.5 mm. long, glabrous or glabrate, prominently cross-ribbed.
"^ —Waste or cultivated ground, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. ALTissiMA Thuill. Similar ; leaflets linear- to lance-oblong, subentire or
remotely toothed ; pod gibbous, 4.5-6 mm. long, pubescent, obscurely reticulate.
— Ballast about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. M. iNDicA (L.) All. Low; leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate or -obovate,
, truncate or emarginate,' tootheA above the middle; corolla yellow, 2-2.5 mm.

„^ long; pod gibbous, about 2 mm. long, alveolate. — Ballast and waste places

^ about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

; r4 + 4. M. Alba Desr. (White M.) Tall ; leaflets narrowly obovate to oblong,

[ I serrate, truncate or emarginate ; corolla lohite, 4-5 mm. long, the standard longer

. ^ than the other petals ; pod 3-4 mm. long, somewhat reticulate. — Rich soil, road-

1 sides, etc., common. (Nat. from Eu.)

20. MEDICAGO [Tourn.] L. Medick

^ Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in •

5^^ curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets toothed;

^ K stipules often cut. (M775t/c?7, the name of the Alfalfa, because it came to the

^ "; Greeks from Media.)

^^ * Perennials ; pods straightish or loosely coiled, unarmed.

1. M. SAxivA L. (Lucerne, Alfalfa.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaf-
ci li lets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers bluish-purple, racemed ; pods twisted. —

^ Cultivated for green fodder and often spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)
: ^ -y. 2. M. falcXta L. Similar ; leaflets linear ; flowers yelloio ; pod straightish
I I or scarcely coiled. — Waste ground, eastw., rare and casual ; perhaps not
*■ persisting. (Adv. from Eu.)

♦ * Annuals; pods (often armed) reniform or tightly coiled.

3. M. ldpulina L. (Black M., Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pubescent,
annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers yellow, in short
spikes; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. — Waste places, common. (Adv. from
Eu.)

4. M. arAbtca Huds. (Spotted M.) Spreading or procumbent annual, some-
what pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely toothed ;
peduncles S-iS-floirered ; flowers yellow ; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns,
compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of
curved prickles. {M. maculata Sibth.) —Middle Atlantic States to N. B., on
waste ground, not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. M. HfspiDA Gaertn. (Bur Clover.) Nearly glabrous ; pods deeply re-
ticulated, and with a thin keeled edge ; otherwise as the last. (If. denticulata
Willd. ) — Waste places, frequent ; a fodder plant westw. (Introd. from Eu. ^

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 511

21. ANTHYLLIS [Rivinius] L.

Calyx 5-toothed, loose, persistent and somewhat vesicular in age. Corolla
yellow to crimson. Keel blunt or short-pointed. Pod mostly stalked* included
in the calyx, nearly or quite indehiscent, 2-several-seeded. — Herbs, with
pinnate leaves and large loose clover-like heads. (An ancient plant-name
employed by Dioscorides.)

1. A. VulnerAria L. Pubescent, 2-3 dm. high; leaflets mostly 5-13 (on
the basal leaves often fewer and sometimes reduced to a solitary enlarged
terminal leaflet); heads ovoid or subglobose, involucrate. — In clover fields
Oxford Co., Out. (Burgess); also occasional as a ballast plant about Atlantic
ports. (Adv. from Eu.)

22. HOSACKIA Dougl.

Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens ; stand-
ard ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others ; wings obovate
or oblong ; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile,
several-seeded. — Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in ours 1-3-foliolate, with gland-
like stipules), and small yellow or reddish flowers in umbels (ours solitary)
upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for Dr. David Hosack, 1769-
1835, professor of botany and materia medica in Columbia College.)

1. H. americana (Nutt.) Piper. Annual, more or less silky-villous or sub-
glabrous, often 3 dm. high or more ; leaves nearly sessile, the 1-3 leaflets ovate
to lanceolate (0.6-1.8 cm. long); peduncles often short, bracteate with a single
leaflet. {Lotus Bischoff; H. Purshiana Benth.) — Dry soil, w. Minn, to Ark.,
and westw. ; also introduced in Greene Co., 111. (according to McDonald).

23. l6tUS [Tourn.] L. Bird's-foot Trefoil

Similar to the preceding genus but with pinnately 5-foliolate leaves, the
basal pair of leaflets simulating stipules. (Ancient Greek plant-name.)

L. corniculXtds L. Diffuse many-stemmed perennial ; flowers yellow in
slender-peduncled capitate umbels. — Dry meadows, Washington, D. C. {Peek),
and on ballast, etc., to N. S. (Adv. from Old World.)

24. PSORALEA L.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often
wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over
or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with glandular dots or points.
Leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly
blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, \//upa\^os,
scurfy, from the glands or dots.)

* Leaves pinnately S-foUolate.

1. P. On6brychis Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect, 1-2 m.
high; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed, 7-8 mm. long; stipziles ajid
bracts aid -shaped ; racemes elongated; peduncles shorter than tlie leaves;
pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks and deciduous woods, O. to 111.
and Mo.; also s. and e. to S. C.

2. P. stipuUta T. & G. Nearly smooth and glandless- ; stems diffuse ; leaflets
ovate- elliptical, reticulated; stipules ovate; flowers in heads on rather short
peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Limestone ledges, Ohio R.
above Louisville, Ky., and New Albany, Ind. ; very local. June.

3. P. peduncuUta (Mill.) Vail. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glandu-
lar; stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong;
spike cylindrical, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shnped ; bracts ovate or lanceo-
late, taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (P. melilotoides

512 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY^

Michx.)— Dry soU, Fla. to Tenn., Sandusky, O. (^Moseley) , s. Ind., and Kan,
June.

* * Leaves palmately o-6-foliolate ; roots not tuberous.

■t- Fruit more or less compressed-, ovate.

4. P. tenuiflbra Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy, 6-12
dm.hii, minutely hoary-puhesce.nt when young; leaflets varying from lineat
to obovate-oblong, 1.2-3.6 cm. long, glandular-dotted ; /oioers (4-6 mm. long)
in loose racemes; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute ; pod glandular.—
Prairies, ill. to Minn., Tex., and westw. June-Sept.

Var. floribunda (Nutt.) Rydb. Flowers more numerous, slightly larger and
in denser racemes. ( P. floribunda Nutt.) — Same range.

5. P. argophylla Pur.sh. Silvery silky-ivhite all over, erect, divergently
branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted; flowers
8-10 mm. long ; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, n.
Wise, to la., Mo., and westw. June.

6. P. digitata Nutt, More slender and less hoary, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets
linear- oblanceolate ; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; calyx-lobes
oblong, acute.— Sandy soil, Kan. to Col. and Tex. June, July.

•1- -I- Fruit globose.

7. P. lanceolata Pursh, Glabrous or neariy so, yello^vish-green, densely
punctate ; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate ; flowers small, in very short spikes ;
calyx 2 mm. long, with short broad teeth. (P. micrantha Gray.) — la. and
Kan. to the Sask., and westw.

* * * Leaves palmately b-foliolate ; root tuberous; spike-like racemes dense.

8. P. escul6nta Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout, 1-4 dm. high,
erect, from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root ; leaflets obovate- or
lanceolate-oblong ; spikes ellipsoid, long-ped uncled ; lobes of the calyx and
bracts lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla (1.2 cm. long).— High plains,
Wise, to Tex., and north westw. May-July. — The Pomme blanche, or Pommb
DE Prairie, of the voyageurs.

25. AM6RPHA L.

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals
entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, mona-
delphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the
calyx, 1-2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate
leaves ; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the midvein
excurrent. Flowers violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal spikes.
(Name, d^iop^os, deformed., from the absence of four of the petals.)
* Leaflets small (1.2 cm. long or less), crowded.

1. A. caniscens Pursh. (Lead Plant.) Whitened ivith hoary down, 3-14
.dm. high; leaflets 31-51, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish above ; spikes

usually clustered at the summit. — Hills and prairies, Ind. to Man., and south w.
June-Aug.

2. A. microphyila Pursh. Nearly glabrous throughout, 3 dm. high or less ;
leaflets rather rigid; spikes usually solitary. — Prairies, Minn, and Man. to
Kan. June, July.

* * Leaflets larger, scattered.

3. A. fruticbsa L. (False Indigo.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent or
smoothish; leaflets 9-25, oblong to broadly elliptical. — River-banks, s. Pa. to
Fla., w. to Sask., Tex., and the Rocky Mts.; often cultivated, and escaping
eastw. May. -Tune. (Mex.) — Very variable.

Var. angustifolia Pursh. Leaflets narrower, lance-oblong or lance-elliptic,
of flrnier texture ; fruit somewhat smaller, 6-8 mm. long. (A. angustifolia
Boynton.) — Banks of streams, la., westw. and south westw.

LBGUMINOSAE CPULSE FAMILYJ 613

26. dALEA Juss.

Calyx 5-cleft or -toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals all on
claws ; the standizd heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx ; the
keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheatli of filaments,
which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous'
1-seeded, indehiscent, inclosed in th: persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more
or less glandulr.r-dotted, with minute stipules ; the small flowers in terminal
spikes or heads. (Named for Samuel Dale, 1659-1739, an English botanist.)
Parosela Cav.

lo D alopecuroides Willd. lOrect annual, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets 19-35, gla-
brous, linear-obxong ; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical spikes;
bracts ovate-ianceolate, acuminate, deciduous ; calyx very villous, with long
slender teeth. {^Parosela Dalea Britton.) — Alluvial soil, 111. to Minn, and
Ala., w. to the Kocky Mts. Aug., Sept. (Mex.)

2. D. enneandra Nutt. Erect perenwm?, 3-12 dm. high, branching; leaflets
5-13, linear, 4-6 mm. long ; spikes loosely flowered ; bracts conspicuous, per-
sistent, almost orbicular and very obtase ; petals white ; calyx densely villous,
the long teeth beautifully plumose. {D. laxijlora Pursh,) — Dry soil, la. and
Mo, to Tex. and Col. May-Aug.

27. PETALOSTEMUM Michx. Praieie Cloveb

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous ; petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly alike and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 6 anthers; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, inclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads
or spikes, (Name, often but not originally spelled Petalostemon, combined of
the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to the peculiar union of
these organs in this genus.) Kuhnistera Lam.

* Corolla rose-colored.

1. P. purpureum (Vent.) Eydb. Smoothish ; leaflets 5, narrowly linear;
heads glohose-ovoid or short-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer
than the silky-hoary calyx. (P. violaceum Michx. ; Kuhnistera MacM.) — Dry
prairies, Ind. to Man. and La., w. to the Rocky Mts. June-Aug.

2. P. villbsum Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over; leaflets 1.3-17, linear or
oblong, small (8-10 mm. long); spikes cylindrical, 2.5-12 cm. long, short-
peduncled, soft-villous. {Eiihniastera Ktze.) — Sandy soil, Wise, to Sask. and
Tex., w. to Rocky Mts. July.

3. P. foli5sum Gray. Smooth, very leafy; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong;
spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate
base, exceeding the glabrous calyx. {Kuhniastera Ktze.) — River-banks and
rocky hills. 111. and Tenn. July-Sept.

* * Corolla white.

4. P. multifl5rum Nutt. Glabrous throughout, erect, branching ; leaflets
3-9, linear to oblong ; heads globose, the subulate-setaceous bracts much
shorter than the acutely toothed calyx. {Kuhnistera Heller.) — Prairies, w.
la. (Pammel) to Ark. and Tex. Aug.

5. P. candidum Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-oblong,
heads short-cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx.
{Kuhniastera Ktze.)— Dry prairies, Ind. to Man., La., and w. to the Rocky
Mts. June, July.

gray's manual — 33

514 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)

28. TEPHR6SIA Pers. Hoary Pea

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, tamed
back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphoua
or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary perennial
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets
mucronate, veiny. (Name from recppos, ash-colored or hoary.) Cracca L.

1. T. virginiana (L. ) Pers. (Goat's Rue, Catgut.) Silky-villoiis with
whitish hairs when young ; stem erect and simple^ 3-6 dm. high, leafy to the
top; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a
terminal ellipsoid dense raceme or panicle^ yellowish-white marked with pur-
ple. {Cracca L.) — Dry sandy soil, s. N. H. to Minn., and southw., chiefly
at low altitudes. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Var.
HOLOsERfcEA (Nutt.) T. & G. has more copious or even woolly pubescence and
usually narrower leaflets. — With the typical form, westw.

2. T. spicata (Walt.) T. & G. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending, 6 dm. long, few-leaved; leaflets 9-15, obovate
or oblong- wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers few^ in a loose and interrupted
very long-peduncled spike, reddish. (Cracca Ktze.) — Dry soil, Del. and Va. to
Fla. and La. May-July.

3. T. hispidula (Michx.) Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only
minute and appressed pubescence ; stems slender, 2-6 dm. long, divergently
branched, straggling; leaflets 5-17, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped
and oblanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2^-flowered; flowers red-
dish-purple. {Cracca Ktze.) — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. May-July.

29. SESBANIA Scop.

Calyx campanulate, equally toothed. Standard large, round. Stamens dia-
delphous. Ovary many-ovuled ; pod long. — Herbs or shrubs with long even-
pinnate leaves. Flowers on axillary peduncles or lateral racemes. (Name
latinized from the earlier Sesban Adans., said to be of Arabic origin.)

1. S. macrocdrpa Muhl. Erect annual, 0.7-3 m. high ; leaflets 12-25 pairs,
narrowly oblong ; corolla pale yellow, often spotted ; pods 2 dm. in length,
narrow, with thickened margins. — Mo. to Fla. and Tex. ; introd. in s. Pa.

30. ROBINIA L. Locust

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned
back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod
linear, flat, several-seeded, at length 2-valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with
spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate.
Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. (Named for John Bohin, herbalist
to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian Bobin, who first cultivated the
Locust-tree in Europe.)

1. R. Pseudo-Acacia L. (Common L., False Acacia.) Branches glabrous
or glabrate ; racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth. —
Along the mts., Pa. to Ga., and in the Ozark Mts. of Mo., Ark., and Okla. ;
commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, and for its valuable timber, and
naturalized in many places. May, June.

2. R. viscbsa Vent. (Clammy L.) Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy;
flowers croicded in short racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ;
pod glandular-hispid. — Va. to Ga., in the mts. ; cultivated, like the last, and
often escaping. May, June.

'-'3. R. hlspida L. (Bristly L., Rose Acacia.) Shrub, 1 to 3 m, high.
branchlets and stalks bristly; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous,
pods glandular-hispid. —Mts. of Va. to Ga. ; cultivated and established north w.
May, June,

LEGUMINOSAE (^PUL8E FAMILYJ 615

31. WISTERIA Nutt.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned baek, with 2 callosities
at Its base ; keel scythe-shaped ; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens
diadelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded at
length 2-valved. Seeds large. — Ovate-lanceolate leaflets 9-13 ; racemes of larf^e
and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to Professor Caspar Wistar dCs-
tinguished anatomist of Philadelphia.) Kraunhia Kaf. Wistaria SpreiK^ U
later spelling). ®" ^

>^ 1. W. frutescens (L.) Poir. Downy or smoothish when old, without club-
shaped hairs; racemes short and dense; calyx-teeth very short. (Kraunhia
Raf. ; Bradleya Britton. ) —Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla. May. — Sometimes
cultivated for ornament as is the still handsomer and more showy Chinese
species, W. chinensis DC.

2. W. macrostachya Nutt. Racemes 1.5-2 dm. long ; pubescence of the pedi-
cels and calyx mixed, including club-shaped hairs; calyx-teeth half to three
fourths the length of the tube; standard less strongly auricled than in the pre-
ceding. {Kraunhia macrostachys Small ; Bradleya Small.) — Rich soil, swamps,
etc. , Ind. ( ?) to Mo. , Kan. ( ?) , and La. May.

32. ASTRAGALUS [Tourn.] L. Milk Vetch

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow ; standard narrow, equal-
ing or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Pod several-many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or
both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the
cavity lengthwise into two. —Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate
leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually necessary for
certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous
plant, as also of the ankle-bone.)

§ 1. Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal
suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply injlexed.

* Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipi-
tate, completely 2-celled.

1. A. caryocarpus Ker. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely appressed-
pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ;
corolla violet-purple; fruit glabrous, ovoid-globular, more or less pointed, about
1.6 cm. in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. {A. crassi-
carpus Nutt.)— Prairies, Sask. and Minn, to Mo.,s. w. and w. to Tex. and
Col. Apr., May.

2. A. mexicanus A. DC. (Ground Plum.) Smoother, or pubescent with
looser hairs, larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (2-2.5
cm. long) ; calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip; fruit
globular, vei'y obtuse and pointless, 2.5 cm. or more in diameter ; otherwise like
the last. — Prairies and open plains, 111. to Kan., s. to La. and Tex. Apr., May.
— The unripe fruits of this and the preceding species resemble green plums
(whence the popular name) and are eaten raw or cooked.

3. A. platt^nsis Nutt. Loosely villous ; leaflets oblong, often glabrous above ;
flowers crowded in a short spike or head, cream-color, often tinged or tipped
with purple ; /r?n"^ ovoid, pointed, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, with surface even; calyx
villous. — Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn, to Col. and Tex. Apr.-June.

4. A. tennesseensis Gray. Hirsute ; stipules large ; leaves and flowers as in
the last ; fruit 2.4-2.8 cm. long, pointed, strongly wrinkled. {A. plattensis, var.
Gray.) — 111., Moiris (Vasey)^ Ogle Co. {Bebb) ; Tenn. and Ala.; reported also
from Mo. Apr., May.

516 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY;

♦ * Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent
■i- Pud completely 2-celled, sessile. -

5. A. canadensis L. Tall and erect, 3-16 dm. high, somewhat pubescent oi
glabrate; leaflets 21-27, oblong ; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous,
in long dense spikes; pods crowded, oblong (1.2 cm. long), glabrous, terete^
scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight. (A. carolinianus L.) —
Dry or gravelly soil, w. Que., shores of L. Champlain, Vt. {Brainerd), N. Y. to
n. Ga., and far westw. July, Aug.

6. A. adsiirgens Pall. Ascending or decumbent, 1-4.5 dm. high, cinereous
with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate ; leaflets about 21, narrowly ob-
long ; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers ; pubescence of
calyx appressed; pod oblong, 8-10 mm. \owg, finely pubescent, triangular-com-
pressed, with a deep dorsal furrow, straight. — KeQVf?^tn\ to Minn., w. Kan., and
westw. (Asia.)

7. A. hypogl6ttis L. Slender; stems 1.5-6 dm. long, diffusely procumbent
or ascending, vnth a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous ; leaflets 15-21,
oblong, obtuse or retnse ; flowers violet, capitate; calyx loosely pubescent ; pod
as in the last, but ovate and silky -villous. — Minn, to centr. Kan., and uorth-
westw. May-July. (Eurasia.)

H- ^- Pod not completely 2-celled.

++ Pod stipitate, pendent.

8. A. alpmus L. Diffuse, from a very loosely forking base, the prostrate or
decumbent branches O.o-l.Q dm. long, smooth or slightly hairy; leaflets 11-23;
flowers violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; calyx cam-
panulate ; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, intensely black-pubescent with
long slightly spreading hairs, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back,
straight or curved, its stipe usually rather exceeding the calyx. — Rocky banks
and gravelly shores, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., e. Que., and Col. (Eurasia.)

Var. Brunetianus Fernald. Commonly larger, the branches mostly 2-6 dm.
long ; leaflets usually 15-29 ; mature pods greenish or pale brown, strigose with
shorter black or even whitish hairs. — Limestone ledges and gravelly shores, e.
Que. to Hudson B., s. to s. N. B., centr. Me., and Vt.; also in the Rocky Mts.
May-Sept.

9. A. Robbinsii (Oakes) Gray. Nearly smooth and erect, 3 dm. high, slender ;
leaflets 7-11 ; calyx more oblong; flowers white; pod oblong (1.2 cm. long),
obtuse or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, some^yhat laterally compressed,
not dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather ab-
ruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe. — Rocky ledges of the
Winooski R., Vt. (station now extinct).

10. A. Blakei Eggleston. Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding, more
robust ; corolla larger, bluish-purple ; pod triangular in section, sulcate dorsally.
{A. Pobbinsii, var. occidentalis AVats., var. jesupi Eggleston & Sheldon ; A.
Jesupi Britton ; A. occidentalis Jones.) — Rocky banks, n. Me. to Vt.; also in
Rocky Mts.

11. A. racembsus Pursh. Stout, 3-6 dm. high, erect or ascending, appressed-
pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 13-25 ; flowers numerous, irihite, pendent ; calyx
campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent ; pod straight, narrow, 2.5 cm. long^
acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the hack, the ven-
tral edge acute. — Neb. to Mo., westw. and northwestw.

++ -M. Pod sessile.

12. A. parviflbrus (Pursh) MacM. Subcinereous, slender, 3 dm. or more
high; leaflets 11-17, linear-filiform, 1.4-2 cm. long, obtuse or retuse ; racemes
loose; flowers small (6 mm. long); pod pendent, 4-6 mm. long, coriaceous,
elliptic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral suture prominent, white-hairy, at
length glabrous, transversely veined. {A. gracilis Nutt.) — Minn, to Mo., and
westw. A. microlohus Gray, with leaflets linear-oblong, retuse, 1-1.2 cm. long,
said to have been collected in Mo. , is scarcely more than a variety of this.

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 517

17 l^p;* ^A^^^^^'^^s ^: ^,^- ^Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, sub^labrous ; leaflets
17-26, oblong, emargmate ; flowers in a slwrt spike, pale purple; pod ovale or
lance-oblong curved, 12-1.8 cm. long, glabrous, thick-coriSceoul somewhat
grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat.-- VV. Va." and Misl to
xii>, la*, anci lex.

.\.}t' f iPt'^^V? ?°''^- Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs; stems very
short ; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong ; flowers yellowish, in few-flowered heads with
peduncles exceedmg the leaves or very short ; calyx cLpLulate theTihZate
teeth exceeding the lube; pod oblong-ovate, 1.8-2.4 cm. long, acuminate acute at
base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearlv
straiglit. — Man. to Mo. (Bush), Tex., and B. C. "taiiy

§ 2. Fod 1-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded

than the dorsal.
* Pod sessile in the calyx ; valves strongly convex.
1 l^ -^-^^fSlectus (T. & G.) Sheldon. Nearly smooth, erect, 3-6 dm. hi-h •
leaflets 11-21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath-
flowers white, rather numerous, in a short spike ; calvx dark-pubescent • vod
coriaceous, inflated, ovoid-globose, 1.2-1.8 cm. long, acute, glabrous, sliahtly sul-
cate on both sides, cavity webby. (A. Cooperi Gray.) — Cliffs and clayey banks
e. Que. (according to Macoun); Ont., and w. N. Y. to Minn, and la.

16. A. flexu5sus Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending, 3 to 6 dm. h'gh • leaf-
lets 11-21, Diostly narrow ; flowers small, in loose racemes; pod thin-coriaceous, 4,
cylmdric, 1.6-2.2 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, pointed, straight or curved, puberulent
very shortly stipitate. — Minn, to Col. , and north w. '

17. A. euc6smus Robinson. Decumbent, ashy-puberulent, 3-6 dm. high •
^aflets 1.3-15, oblong, 1.2-2.8 cm. long, glabrous above ; long-peduncled racemes
at length loose ; flowers small, pale blue or purple ; pod sessile, ovate-obloncr
strongly compressed. (A. oroboides, var. americanus Gray ; A. elegans Britton'
not Bunge.) —Gravelly banks. Lab. to n. Me. ; Eocky Mts. '

* *

Pod slender-stiped ; valves flattish.

18. A. ten§llus Pursh. Slender, decumbent, branched from the base, 2-4 dm.
high; leaflets 11-15, narrowly oblong to linear, obtuse, pale green; racemes
axillary, short-peduncled ; flowers small, 7-9 mm. long ; petals ochroleucous,
sometimes pink-tinged ; pod lance-oblong, 1-1.2 cm. long, thin. {A. multiflorus
Gray ; Homalobus tenellus Britton.) — Dry sandy plains, w. Minn, to N. Max.
and B. C.

33. OXtTROPIS DC.

Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage ; otherwise as in
Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral
suture. — Our species low nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of numerous
very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly
adnate stipules ; pinnate leaves of many leaflets ; peduncles scape-like, bearing
a head or short spike of flowers, (Name from d^vs, sharp, and rpdiris, keel.)
Spiesia Neck. Aragallus Neck.

* Leaves simply pinnate.

1. 0. camp6stris DC, var. johann§nsis Fernald. Villous, 3-5 dm. high ; leaf-
lets lanceolate or oblong ; flowers showy, rose-colored, drying purplish-blue ; pods
2-2. b cm. long, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thin and papery. (Var. caornlea
Man, ed. 6, not Koch ; Spiesia campestris Britton, in part ; Aragallus johaii-
nensis Rydb.) — Gravelly shores, Gasp6 Co. to Isle of Orleans, Que., s. to the
Restigouche R., N. B., and the Aroostook R., Me.

2. 0. Lamb6rti Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs; leaflets mostly
linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous
or firm-coriaceous in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-
lanceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture

518 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY^

{Spiesia Ktze. ; Aragallus Greene.) —Dry plains, Sask. and Minn, to Mo. and
Tex., w. to the mts.

* * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles o/3-i along the rhachis.
3. 0. splendens Dougl. Silky-villous, 1.5-3 dm. high; scape spicately several-
many-flowered ; flowers erect-spreading; pod ovate, erect, 2-celled, hardly sur-
passincr the very villous calyx. (Spiesia Ktze. ; Aragallus Greene.) — 1 lams of
Sask. and w. Minn, to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts.

34. GLYCYRRHiZA [Tourn.] L. Liquorice

Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con-
fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-lmear,
compressed, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in
Astragalus —Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, from yXvKvs, sweet,
and ^l^a, root) ; herbage glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute
stipules -/flowers in axillary spikes, white or bluish. , r, .

1. G lepidbta (Nutt.) Pursh. (Wild L.) Tall (6-9 dm. high) ; leaflets
15-19 oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when
younf' and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled, short ; flowers
whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles. — Hudson B. and Minn, to
Mo., N.Mex., and westw. ; also sporadically on waste land, etc., eastw.

35. AESCHYN6mENE L. Sensitive Joint Vetch

Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft, Standard roundish ; keel
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com-
posed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs
of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name,
from alaxvvofx^vT], being ashamed). , , ^ or, r-, i-

1. A. virginica (L.) BSP. Erect bristly annual; leaflets 37-51, linear;
racemes few-flowered ; flowers yellow, reddish externally ; pod stalked, 6-10-
jointed. (^. hispida Willd.) —Along rivers, N. J. and s. Pa. to Fla. and La.

36. CORONILLA L.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9
and L Pod terete or 4-angled, Jointed ; the joints subcylindric — Glabrous herbs
or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary
peduncles. (Diminutive of corona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.)

1. C. vXria L. a perennial herb with ascending stems ; leaves sessile ; leaf-
lets 15-25, oblong ; flowers rose-color ; pods coriaceous, 8-7 -jointed, the 4-angled
joints 6-8 mm. long. — Koadsides and waste places, N. E. to N. J. (Nat. from
Eu.)

37. HEDYSARUM [Tourn.] L.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, 9 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable
roundish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate.
(Name composed of -^Si/s, sweet, and dpoofxa, smell.)

1. H. boreglle Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous ;
stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed magenta to
white flowers; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3-4, smooth,
reticulated. (H. anipricannm Britton.) — Rocky or gravelly banks, Nfd. and
Lab. to Alaska, s. to St. John Valley, N. B. and Me., mts. of n. Vt., n. shore
of L. Superior. S. Dak., and Rocky Mts. to Co' June-Aug

LBGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY")

519

38. DESM6dIUM Desv. Tick Trefoil

Calyx usually 2-lipped. Standard obovate ; wings adlierent to the straight
or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little transverse append-
age on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous
below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into flat reticu-
lated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs). — Perennial herbs
with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in axil-
lary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple of
purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like, often
striate. (Name from Sea-fxds, a bond or chain^ from the connected joints of the
pods.) Meibomia Adans.

N.B. — In this genus the figures of the loments are on a scale of 1 J.

§ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed
calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply

sinuate on the lower; the 1-4 joints mostly
half-ohovate and concave on the hack; sta-
mens monadelphous below; plants nearly
glabrous; stems erect or ascending ; raceme
terminal, panicled ; stipules bristle-form,
deciduous.

1. D. nudifl5rum (L.) DC. Leaves all crowded
at the summit of sterile stems; leaflets broadly
ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elon-
gated on an ascending mostly leafless stalk or scape
6-10 dm. high. (Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry woods,

TOK Tx Ata s. Me. to w. Que., Ont., Minn, and south w. Fig,

785. D. nudiflorum. -j^^ ^ ' '

2. D. grandiflbrum (Walt.) DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the
stem from which arises the elongated naked raceme o-*' panicle; leaflets round-
ovate, taper-pointed, green both sides, the
end one round (1-1.3 dm. long). (Z>. acu-
minatum DC. ; Meibomia grandiflora Ktze.)
— Rich woods, centr. Me. to Ont., S. Dak.,
and south w. Fig. 786.

3. D. pauciflbrum (Nutt.) DC. Leaves
scattered along the low (2-4 dm. high)

ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate. ^gg ^ grandiflorum.

bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few-flowered,

terminal. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Woods, Ont. to Pa., Mich., Kan., and southw.

§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply cleft calyx ;

stems long and prostrate or decumbent; racemes axillary and terminal.
* Stipules conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent ; racemes mostly simple.

4. D. rotundif51ium (Michx.) DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate ; leaf-
lets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple ; pods almost

equally sinuate on both edges, 3-5-jointed ;
the joints rhomboid-oval. (Meibomia Mich-
auxii Vail.) — Dry woods, e. Mass. to Fla.,
w. to Minn., Mo,, and La. — A form with
ovate leaflets occurs in Va. (Curtiss).

5. D. ochroleucum M. A. Curtis. Stems
sparsely hairy, decumbent ; leaflets nearly
glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely
T87. D. ochroleucum. reticulated beneath, the lateral ones smaller

or sometnnes wanting; racemes much elon-
gated; corolla whitish; pods timsted, 2-4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints
smooth and reticulated but the margins downy. (Meibomia Ktze.) ^^"— ^
lands, N. J. and Del. to Ga. and Mo. Fig. 787.

Wood-

520

LEGUMINOSAE (^PULSE FAMILY^

D. glabellum.

* * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent ; racemes panicled,

6. D. glabellum (Michx.) DC. Glabrous
or nearly so, procumbent ; leaflets ovate or
ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller
than in the two preceding (3-6 cm. long) ;
corolla purple ; pods 2-4-jointed, flat, the ovaU
rhomboid joints minutely scabrous through-
out. (D. humifusum Beck ; Meibomia gla-
bella Ktze.) — Dry sandy soil, Mass. to s. Pa.,
Md., and south w. Fig. 788.

§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; racemes panicled.

* Stems tall (1-2 m. high) and erect ; the persistent stipides and decidtious bracts

large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers rather
large.

'*- Pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than
broad {about 1.2 cm. long).

t. D. canlscens (L.) DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy, branches clothed
with both minute and hooked as well as longer spreading rather glutinous
hairs ; leaflets ovate., bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and

. D. canescens.

reticulated beneath, both sides roughish with a close fine pubescence; joints
of the pod very adhesive. (Meibo7nia Ktze.) — Dry chiefly sandy soil, Mass. to
Minn, and south w. Fig. 789. Var. HiRstixuM (Hook.) Robinson. Panicle
and upper part of the stem very villous ; leaflets oblong-ovate. (D. canadense,
var. Hook. ; D. canescens, var. villosissimum T, & G.; Meibomia canescens,
var. hirsuta Vail.) — 111. and Mo. to Tenn.

8. D. bractebsum (Michx.) DC. Very smooth except the panicle ; stem
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green and glabrous on both
sides, longer than

the petiole ; the
conspicuous bracts
and stipules 1-1.6
cm. long ; joints of
the pod rhomboid-
oblong, smoothish.
(Z>. cuspidatum
Hook. ; Meibomia
brarteosa Ktze.) —
Thickets, s. N. H.
to Minn., and
southw. Fig. 790.

Var. longifblium (T. & G.) Robinson. Stem with some persisting pube*.
cence ; leaflets scabrous above, villous beneath. (D. canadense, var. T. & G. ;
Meibomia longifolia Vail.) — Mich, to Kan. and Ark.

•^ H- Pods of 3-5 oval joints (not over 6 mm. long).

9. D. illinolnse Gray. Erect, 1-2 m. high ; stem and leaves with short
rough pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong or -lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse,

790. D. bracteosum.

LEGUMINOSAE (PtJLSE FAMILY)

621

illlnoense.

798. D. viridiflorum

subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and vein-
lets prominent, strongly reticulated, the lower
leaflets nearly equaling the petiole ; pods scarcely
over 2. 5 cm. long, sinuate on both margins (more
deeply below). (Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry ground,
Lakeside, 0. (Moseley) ; Jackson Co., Mich.
{Wheeler); 111. to Neb., Kan., and Okla. Fig. 791.
** Stem 6-15 dm. high, erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, small and
inconspicuous ; joints of the pod 3-5, triangular or half-rhimibic or very
unequal-sided and rhomboidal, longer than broad, C mm. or less in length ;
flowers middle-sized.

10. D. laevigatum (Nutt.) DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem
straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath, 5-7.5 cm. long, thin and
without prominulous reticulation ; panicles mi-
nutely rough-pubescent. (Meibomia Ktze.)— Pine
woods, s. N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.
Fig. 792. From Va. south w. passing to D. rhom-
bif6lium (Ell.) DC, a more pubescent plant,
with thickish leaves, the veins
prominulous beneath. {Mei-
bomia Vail.)

11. D. viridiflbrum (L.) ^gg d laeTiffatum

Beck. Stem vei-y downy, rough ' ' fi-

at the summit ; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough
above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneatli,
5-7.5 cm. long. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry open woods,
common, s. N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo., and Tex. Fig.
793.

12. D. Dilldnii Darl. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate,
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent, mostly thin, 5-7.5
cm. long. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Open woodlands, centr. Me,
to Ont., Minn., and south w. Fig. 794.

13. D. panicul^tum (L.) DC. Essentially smooth
throughout ; stem slender, tall ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,

tapering to a blunt

point, thin, 7.5-12.5

cm. long ; racemes

much panicled. {Mei-
bomia Ktze.) — Copses,

s. w. Me. to Out.,

Minn., and southw.

Fig. 795.
D. paniculatnm. ^^r- angUStifMium

narrow^er, Ian ce-li near.
culata, var. Chapmani Britton.) — Va., Ky., and southw.

Var. pubens T. & G. Stem puberulent ; leaves sparingly pubescent beneath.
{Meibomia paniculata, var. Vail.) — N. J. to Kan., and southw.

14. D. striatum (Pursh) DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple,
6-9 dm. high, the upper part and narrow panicle rough-
glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish,
very smooth, 2.5-5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide ; joints of the
pod 1-3, serai-obovate or very gibbous, only 4 mm. long.
{Meibomia Ktze.) — Pine woods, N. J. to Fla. and La.
Fig. 796.

* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous ; pods of few roundisl
or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints 3-5 mm. long.

*- Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous ; racemes densely flowered.

16. D. canad^nse (L.) DC. Stem hairy, 6-16 dm. high ; leaflets oblonr,-

Dillenii.

T. & G. Leaflets
{Meibomia pani-

796. D. strictum.

622

LEGUMINOSAE (^PULSE FAMILY^

lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numer«
ous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole^
^.1-l.b cm. long ; flowers showy, larger than in any
of our otiier species, 8-12 mm. long. {Meihomia
Ktze.) — Open woods and banks of streams, N. B.
to N. C, L. Winnipeg, Kan., and Okla. Fig. 797.

16. D. sessilifblium (Torr.) T. &G. Stem pubes-

cent, 6-12 dm. high; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets

linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,

, rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the

• -caoa ense. panicle long; flowers small. (Meibomia Ktze.) —

Sandy soil, s. e. Mass. to Pa. ; and from O. and Mich, to 111., s. to Miss.

and Tex.

+- ^- Stems ascending, 3-9 dm. high ; bracts small ; racemes or panicles elon-
gated and toosely flowered ; flowers smalL

17. D. rigidum (Ell.) DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer
than the petiole. (Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry hillsides, s. N. H.
and e. Mass. to Fla., Mich., Neb., and La. Fig. 798.

18. D. obtusum (Muhl.) DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-
pubescent ; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets
round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins
and underneath, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. (D. ciliare DC. ; Meibomia
obtusa Vail.) — Dry hills and sandy fields, Mass. to Fla., w. to
Ont., Mich., Mo., and Tex.

19. D. marilandicum (L.) DC. Nearly smooth throughout, slender ; leaflets
ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the

slender petiole; otherwise resembling the preceding. {Meibomia
Ktze.) — Copses, Mass. to Fla., w. to Minn., Mo., and La.

■<- f- -t- Stems reclining or prostrate ; racemes loosely flowered.

798. D. rigidum.

26. D. lineatum (Michx.) DC. Stem minutely pubescent,
striate-angled ; leaflets orbicular, smoothish, 1-2.5 cm. long,

799 D lineatum °^^^ch longer than the petiole ; pod scarcely stalked in the calyx.
{Meibomia arenicola Vail.) — Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and

La. ; also (?) Erie Co., O. {Moseley). Fig. 799.

39. LESPEDEZA Michx. Bush Clover

Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and
1) ; anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. —
Herbs with piiinately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often polyga-
mous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of
Florida in the time of Michaux.)

o. Stipules subulate-setaceous; bracts minute; calyx-lobes attenuate;
perennials h.
b. Flowers of 2 kinds; the larger (violet-purple) perfect but seldom
fruitful, racemose or panicled ; the smaller pistillate and fertile
but mostly apetalous, in small sessile clusters or intermixed with
the others c.
C. Petaliferous flowers 1-6, on elongate filiform peduncles, which are
mostly 2-4 times as long as their subtending leaves.

Stems soft-downy with short spreading hairs 1. L. procumbens.

Stems glabrate or sparingly appressed-pubescent.
Stems prostrate or trailing ; stipules mostly 2-4.5 mm. long . 2. L. repens.
Stems upright ; stipules mostly 5-8 mm. long . . . . 3. Z. violacea.
C Petaliferous flowers few-many ; peduncles stouter, some or all of
them shorter than the leaves d.
d. Many of the peduncles elongate and exceeding their subtending
leaves.

LEGUMINOSAE (^PtJLSE FAMILY) 523

Calyx 4-5 mm. long-, much shorter than the pod.

Leaflets densely velvety beneath 4 jr BrittonU

Leaflets appressed-oubescent or sparingly villous beneath * 5* l' Kuttnllii

Calyx 6-9 mm. long, about equaling the pod . . . . 6. L Manniana

Few if any of the peduncles exceeding the' ^. i^. mannxana.

Calyx of the petaliferous flowers 3-5 mm. long, rarely half as
long as the pod.

Leaflets densely woolly or velvety beneath . . . . 1. L Sirnvfii
Leaflets glabrate or appressed-pubescent beneath.
Leaflets linear to linear-oblong; petaliferous inflorescences

mostly sessile or subsessiie 8. Z. mrginica

Leaflets oval to oblong; petaliferous inflorescences often

short-peduncled 9 2: frutescena

e. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers 6-8 mm. long, two thirds as '

long as the pod 10. Z siviulata

£>• Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads ; corolla whitish

or cream-color, with a purple spot on the standard, about the

length of the calyx /.

/. Peduncles mostly shorter than the dense subglobose heads ; flowers

closely appressed-ascending.

Stem pubescent with long spreading or loosely ascending hairs.

rarely glabrate; calyx 8-12 mm. long 12. L.Capiiata.

Stem short-pubescent with chiefly appressed hairs or glabrate •

* -D A ^''^^^ ^' '"'"• i'?"^ • ,. • , 13. Z. anguati/olia.

/. Peduncles elongate, chiefly equahng the cylindric or subcylindric
spikes.
Spikes thick-cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. thick.
Stems with long spreading or loosely ascending pubescence ;
leaflets oblong to orbicular; flowers spreading or loosely

ascending U. L.UHa.

Stems chiefly appressed-pubescent or glabrate; leaflets linear to

linear-oblong ; flowers appressed-ascending . . . . 13. Z. anguMfolia

Spikes slender-cyhndric, 5-S mm. thick 14. Z. leptoxtachya.

%. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious ; calyx-lobes broad ; annual . 15. Z. striata.

1. L. procumbens Michx. Stem trailing, prostrate or nearly so, soft-downy
with short spreading hairs ; leaflets downy, oval or obovate-elliptical, 6-18 mm.
long ; peduncles very slender, few-flowered ; keel equaling the wings ; pod snmll,
roundish. — Dry sandy soil, chiefly near the coast, s. N. H. to Fla. and Tex. ;
inland in Miss, basin to Mo., 111., and Ind. Fl. late Aug., Sept.

2. L. rdpens (L.) Bart. Like the preceding but more slender and glabrous
or finely appressed-pubescent; stipules subrigid, mostly 2-4.5 mm. long. —
Sandy or rocky soil, chiefly near the coast, Ct. to Fla. and Tex., inland in
Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., and Minn. ; common and said to flower earlier than
the preceding.

3. L. violacea (L.) Pers. Stems upright or spreading, slender, branched,
2-7 dm. high, rather sparsely leafy and sparingly pubescent ; stipules setaceous,
mostly 5-8 mm, long; leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong, finely appressed-
pubescent beneath, those of the stem-leaves mostly 2-5 cm. long, 1.2-2.2 cm.
broad; peduncles very slender, loosely few-flowered, mostly longer than the
leaves ; petals 6-8 mm. long, the keel often the longest ; pod ovate, 4-6 mm.
long, minutely strigose. — Dry copses, s. N. H. and Vt. to Minn., e. Kan., La.,
and Fla., chiefly at low altitudes. July-Sept. Var. PRAfREA IMackenzie &
Bush. Principal leaflets 1-2 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad. {L. prairea Britton.)
— Dry prairies. Mo. and Kan., south w.

4. L. Britt5nii Bicknell. Densely cinereous-velvety or -tomentose ; stems
loosely ascending or arching, 6-13 dm. long ; leaves mostly short-pet ioled, the
thick oblong or lance-elliptic leaflets velvety beneath, cinereous-pilose or glabrate
above, the principal ones 1.5-4 cm. long; inflorescences numerous along the
upper half of the stem or on short lateral branches ; peduncles rarioits, some
shorter than the leaves, others elongate ; calyx 4-5 mm. long ; corolla 6-8 mm.
long, pink and purple, the standard deeper purple at base ; pod tomentose,
sharply acute or acuminate — Dry soil, near the coast, e. Mass. to Md. ; local
and little known.

5. L. Nuttallii Darl. Stems erect, stoutish, 6-12 dm. high, villous; leaves
mostly long(l-3 cm.)-petioled, the oval leaflets glabrous or glabrate above,
appressed-pubescent or sparingly villous beneath, the principal ones 2.5-4 cm.
long ; peduncles of various lengths; calyx 4-6 mm. long, much shorter than the

524 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY;)

narrowly oval strigose pod. — Dry rocky woods, s. N. H. to- Mich., s. to N. C.
and Ky.

6. L. Manniana Mackenzie & Bush. Erect or ascending^ 3-7 dm. high, the
rather slender stems appressed-pubescent or slightly pilose ; leaves mostly short
(0.5-1.6 cm.)-petioled, the linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic thick leaflets
strigose-puhescent beneath ; pedancles various, many of them elongate ; cahjx
6-9 mm. long, about equaling the corolla and the strigose pod. — Barrens and
dry open woods, Mich, to Kan. and Ark.

7. L. Stiivei Xutt. Stem upright-spreading, 3-12 dm. high, very leafy,
downy vnth spreading piibescence, simple or with few densely flowered im7id-
like branches ; leaves crowded, short-petioled ; the elliptical firm leaflets woolly
or velvety beneath and sometimes above, mostly 1-2.6 cm. long ; pedancles all
short, the crowded racemes appearing sessile or subsessile ; calyx 3-5 mm. long,
much shorter than the villous-canescent pod. — Dry soil, e. Mass. and s. Vt. to
Mich., and southw. Var. neglecta Britton. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong.
— N. J. to Mo., and southw.

8. L. virginica (L.) Britton. Stems upright, 3-11 dm. high, wand-like or
with few erect branches, minutely appressed-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves very
crowded ; the principal cauline ones with slender rather long petioles, their
thickish linear or linear-oblong leaflets 1.5-4 cm. long, S-7 mm. broad, finely
appressed-pubescent ; flowers on very crowded short peduncles ; keel shorter than
the standard ; calyx 3-5 mm. long, shorter than the strigose pod. (Z<. reticulata
Pers.) —Barrens and dry open woods, s. N. H. to Fla. ; and from s. Ont. to
Kan., La., and Tex.

9. L. frutescens (L.) Britton. Stems erect, slender, 1.5-7 dm. high, slightly
appressed-pubescent or glahrate; leaves mostly with slender long (1.5-3 cm.)
petioles ; the oval to oblong firm leaflets finely appressed-pubescent or glabrate,
those of the cauline leaves 1.5-4 cm. long; peduncles of various lengths, mostly
very short, a few sometimes nearly equaling the leaves ; calyx 3-5 mm. long,
much shorter than the strigillose pod. (L. Stuvei, var. intermedia Wats.) —
Open rocky woods, etc., s. Me. to Minn., and southw.

L. AcuTicARPA Mackenzie & Bush, described from Mo. and Ark., but unknown
to us, seems from its description to resemble no. 9, but to have more elongate
peduncles.

10. L. simulata Mackenzie & Bush. Stems erect, with few upright branches,
rather stout, 3-9 dm. high, short-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves short-petioled,
the linear-oblong to elliptic firm leaflets appressed-pubescent, often silvery, those
of the cauline leaves 1.5-4 cm. long ; petaliferous flowers in subcapitate sessile
or short-peduncled clusters; calyx 6-8 mm. long, nearly equaling the corolla
and the strongly pubescent pod. — Dry open woods and plains, Ct. to O., Mo.,
and southw. — Resembling no. 12.

11. L. hlrta (L.) Hornem. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence ; petioles
4-12 mm. long ; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate, hairy ; .spikes thick-
cylindric, on elongated peduncles ; pod (at maturity) oblong-ovate, pubescent,
nearly 6 mm. long, hardly shorter than the calyx, {l. polystachya Michx.) —
Dry hills and plains, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Var. oblongif6lia
Britton. Leaflets narrowly oblong. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

12. L. capitata Michx. Stems rigid, tomentose (rarely glabrous or glabrate),
0.6-1.2 m. high; petioles very short; leaflets oblong to narrowly elliptical, thick-
ish, reticulated and smooth or silky above, silky beneath ; heads of flowers
globular, on peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, much
shorter than the calyx. — Dry and sandy soil, N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn., Neb.,
and La. Passing gradually to

Var. velutina (Bicknell) Fernald. Stems and both faces of the leaves reZve^y
with short dull ashy tomentum. (L. velutina Bicknell ; L. Bicknellii House.) —
N. H. to N. J.

Var. longifblia (DC.) T. & G. Leaflets narrower, lance-oblong to linear,
acute, glabrous above. — 111. and Mo. to Ky. and La.

13. L. angustifblia (Pursh) Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky ,
leaflets linear ; the smaller often short-cylindric heads on distinct and sometimes

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSB FAMILY) 525

slender peduncles; the pod round-ovate, acutish, 3-4 mm. long, hardly shorter
than the calyx. — Sandy barrens, e. Mass. to Fla. and La.

14. L. leptostachya Engelm. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence ,
stems often branched, slender ; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong ; spikes sleri-
der, somewhat loosely flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves ; pod ovate,
small (3 mm. long), about equaling the calyx, densely pubescent. — 111., Wise,
Minn., and la.

16. L. striXta (Thunb.) H. & A. Diffusely branched decumbent sub-
pubescent annual; petioles very short; leaflets oblong-obovate, 1.2 cm. long or
less ; peduncles very short, 1-5-flowered ; pod small, little exceeding the calyx. —
Roadsides and open soil, D. C. to Mo., and southw. (Nat. from e. Asia.)

40. STYLOSANTHES Sw.

Calyx early deciduous ; tube slender and stalk-like ; limb unequally 4-5-cleft,
the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and nionadelphous stamens inserted at
the summit of the calyx-tube ; standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Anthers 10,
in two series. Style filiform, its upper part deciduous, the lower incurved or
hooked, persistent on the 1-2-jointed short reticulated pod ; the lower joint when
present empty and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with
wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow flowers in terminal
heads or short spikes. (Name composed of o-rOXos, a column, aud dvdos, a flower,
from the stalk-like calyx-tube. )

1. S. biflbra (L.) BSP. Erect or spreading, pubescent and tawny-setose about
the few-flowered heads; leaflets narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends;
uppermost floral bracts entire; style not quite apical on the fruit. (S. elatior
Sw.) — Pine barrens and dry soil, near the coast, L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and
Tex. ; north w. in Miss, basin to Kan., Mo., 111., and Ind. June-Aug.

Var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball. Stems covered with tawny
6etose pubescence. (S. elatior, var. T. & G.) — Va., Okla., and southw.

2. S. riparia Kearney. More slender and decumbent, scarcely setose ; stems
tomentulose in lines ; leaflets oval or elliptical, obtuse, mucrotmlate ; uppermost
bracts cleft; terminal joint of the loment symmetrical. — Del. to Ala. July,
Aug.

41. z6RNIA Gmel.

Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed, the tube not elongated. Corolla yellow. Stamens
monadelphous. Ovary sessile. — Prostrate wiry-stemmed perennials with long
tough root. (Named presumably for Johann Zorn, a German apothecary of the
I8th century.)

1. Z. bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Leaves 4-foliolate. — Sandy fields, s. e. Va.
{Heller), and southw. (Mex.)

42. viCIA [Tourn.] L. Vetch. Tare

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest
longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens more
or less diadelphous (9 and 1) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style filiform,
hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2-several-
seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in
germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of
the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or peduncles axillary.
(The classical Latin name. )

Peduncle very short or wanting^; flowers few, 1-3 cm. long.
Annuals ; calyx-teeth nearly equaling the tube.

Flower 2-8 cm. long 1- U ^^^^^'"\.^ ,.

Flower 1-1.8 cm. long 2. V. angiutUfoli^

Perennial ; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tub« . . •. < .8. V. s»p*um.

526 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY^

Peduncle well developed.
Flowers 1-6, tiny (2^ mm. long); seeds 2-4; annuals.

Pods glabrous, -t-seeded 4. F. tetrmp&rmek

Pods hairy, 2-seeded 5. F. Mrsuta.

Flowers usually mure numerous, larger; perennials except no. 10.
Smooth or merely appressed-pubescent perennials.
Flowers 6-12 mm. long.

Flowers 2-8 ; seeds 4-6 6. F. ludoviciana.

Flowers more numerous ; seeds 6-12.

Flowers 1-1.2 cm. long, blue and purple 7. F. Cracca.

Flowers barely 1 cm. long, white, the keel tipped with blue . . 8. F. carotiniana.

Flowers 1.6-1.8 cm. long 9. F. americana.

Villous annual or biennial 10. P'. mllosa.

1. V. s.A.TivA L. (Spring V.) Annual (or winter-annual), pubescent^ becom-
ing glabrate ; the stem simple or branched at base ; leaves essentially uniform ;
leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to oblong-obovate, truncate to emarginate and mucro-
nate at apex, 1.5-3 cm. long, 5-13 mm. broad; flowers chiefly in twos in the
upper axils, 2-3 cm. long, showy, purple and rose-color; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long;
pod pubescent when young, torulose, 4-8 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide. — Cultivated
for forage in eastern Canada and occasionally elsewhere, and sometimes persist-
ing or spreading to waste ground. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

2. V. angustif6lia (L.) Reichard. (Common V.) Similar, glabrous or
glabrate; leaflets 2-5 (rarely 6) pairs, those of the lower leaves oblong and trun-
cate, of the upper linear- to lance-attenuate, mucronate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-4 mm.
broad; flowers smaller (1-1.8 cm. long) ; calyx 7-11 mm. long; pod 4-5.5 cm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide, less torulose. — Gravelly waste places, chiefly eastw. May-
Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. segetalis (Thuillier) Koch. Leaflets of the tipper
leaves truncate or emarginate and mucronate at apex, oblong to oblong-obovate,
2-8 mm. broad. (V. sativa Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Roadsides, waste places, etc.,
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. SEPiuM L. Perennial ; leaflets 5-8 pairs, elliptic-ovate ; flowers 3-4, in
subsessile racemes; pod oblong, obliquely acuminate, many-seeded. — Locally
in fields and waste places. Me. to Ont. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. V. TETRASPER.MA (L, ) Mocuch. Pedunclcs l-2-floicered ; leaflets 4-6
pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; corolla bluish ; pods narrow^
4:-seeded, smooth. — Waste places, e. Que. to Ont., Ela., and Miss. May-Sept.
(Nat. from Eu.)

5. V. HiRsdTA (L.) S. F. Gray. Peduncles S-6-flowered; leaflets 6-8 pairs,
truncate ; calyx-teeth equal ; corolla whitish ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. —
Waste places, e. Que. to Ont. and Ga. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. V. ludoviciana Nutt. Peduncles |-U times as long as the leaves, 2-8-
flowered; leaflets 7-11, elliptical to oblong; flowers 6-8 mm. long, blue or pur-
ple.— Greene Co., Mo. (Blankinship), and southw. Apr., May.

7. V. Cracca L. Appressed-pubescent ; leaflets 8-24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate; racemes densely many-flowered, 1-sided; flowers blue,
turning purple (rarely white), 1-1.2 cm. long, reflexed ; calyx-teeth shorter than
the tube. — Borders of thickets or in fields, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ky., la., and
Minn. June-Aug. (Eu.)

8. V. caroliniana Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse,
scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely flowered ; flowers small, more scattered
than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue ; calyx-teeth very short.
— River-banks, Ont. to Ga., Minn., and Kan. Apr.-June.

9. V. americina Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-oblong,
very obtuse, many-veined ; peduncles 'i-S-fl^owered ; flowers purplish (1.5-1.8 cm.
long).— Moist soil, N. Y. to Va., Minn., Kan., and westw. May, June. Var.
TRUNCA.TA (Nutt.) Brewer. Leaflets conspicuously truncate. — Reported from
e. Kan. Var. a\gustif6lia Nees. Leaflets linear. (Var. linearis Wats.) — -
Minn., westw. and southw.

10. V. vill6sa Roth. (Hairy or Winter V.) Resembling V. Cracca, but
annual or biennial; the stems, peduncles, and leaves villous; the violet and
white flowers larger. — Frequently planted for fodder, and inclined to persist oj
escape into dry open soil. May-Sept. (Introd. from Eurasia-^.

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 527

43. LATHYRUS [Tourn.] L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea

Style dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner side
(next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the apex.
Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. — Our species perennial and mostly smootli plants.
(Ad^vpos, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.)

Stipules broadly ovate, regularly halberd-shaped 1. Z. maritimus.

Stipules semi-cordate, semi-sagittate, or with unequal sides.
Flowers purple or purplish to pink or white.
Leaflets 4-12.

Principal leaves with 4-S leaflets ; flowers 2-8 2. Z. paluntria.

Principal leaves with S-12 leaflets ; flowers 10-25 (rarely as few as 6) . 3. Z. lenonus.
Leaflets 2.

Stems and petioles winged . . . . c 5. L. hitifolius.

Stems and petioles slender and wingless 6. Z. tuberosus.

Flowers yellow or yellowish.

Leaflets 4-6 ; flowers yellowish-white 4. Z. ochroleucits.

Leaflets 2 ; flowers bright yellow T. Z. praiensia.

1. L. maritimus (L.) Bigel. (Beach Pea.) Stout, trailing or climbing, 0.3-
1 m. high ; stipules nearly as large as the leaflets^ the lower lobe larger and
usually coarsely toothed ; leaflets mostly 6-10, thick, ovate-oblong, 2-6 cm. long ;
peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6-10-flowered ; fiowers large (1.8-2.5
cm. long), purple. — Seashores from N. J. and Ore. to the Arctic Sea; also on
Oneida L., N. Y., and the Great Lakes. June-Sept. (Eurasia.)

2. L. paliistris L. Slender^ glabrous., the usually unnged stems 0.5-1 ra.
high ; stipules obliquely lanceolate to ovate, sharp-pointed at both ends; leaflets
3-4 (rarely 5) pairs, mostly 3.5-7 cm. long., lanceolate to elliptic, rather firm ;
peduncles 2>-b{rarely ^)-flowered; floxoers purple, 1.6-2.6 cm. long. — Banks of
rivers and lakes, Que. to Alaska, s. to Me., Vt., w. N. Y., and the Great L.
region. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb. Lower surface
of leaves, peduncles, calyces, Qic. ., pubescent. (L. myrtifolius, var. macranthus
T. G. White.) — ^'fd. and e. Que. to e. Me. (E. Asia.)

Var. linearifblius Ser. Stems winged, 2-7 cm. high ; leaflets 2-3 (rarely 4)
pairs, linear to lanceolate, firm; peduncles 2-5-flowered ; flowers 1.4-1.7 cm.
long. — Meadows (often brackish), shores, and open woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to
R. I., vf. N. Y., and Minn.

Var. myrtifblius (Muhl.) Gray. Stems very slender, wingless, 0.3-1 m. high ;
stipules sometimes broader ; leaflets 2-3 pairs, elliptical, thinner, mostly 2-
4 cm. long; peduncles 3-9-flowered ; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long. (L. myrtifolius
Muhl.) — By lakes and streams, w. Que. to Man., s. to N. C. and Tenn.

3. L. ven5sus Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy ; stipules
very small and mostly slender ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse,
about 5 cm. long ; peduncles mamj-flowered ; flowers 1.2-1.6 cm. long. — Shady
banks, N. J. and Pa. to the Sask., and southw. May-July.

4. L. ochroleucus Hook. Stem slender, 3-9 dm. high ; stipules semicordate,
half as large as the thin ovate leaflets; peduncles 7-10-flowered ; floicers 1.5-1.8
cm", long, yellowish-white. — Hillsides, w. Que. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., Great
L. region, la., S. Dak., and Wyo. May-July.

5. L. latif6lius L. (Everlasting or Perennial Pea.) Tall perennial
with broadly \innged stems; leaves and stipules coriaceous and veiny; petioles
mostly winged; the 2 elliptic to lanceolate leaflets 0.5-1 dm. long; peduncles
stiff, many-flowered; flowers showy, pink, purple, or white. — Frequently
cultivated, and escaping to roadsides and thickets, Ct. to I). C. (Introd.
from Eu.)

6. L. TUBEROSUS L. Slender perennial ; the rootstocks bearing numerous
tubers ; stems glabrous ; leaves and stipules thin; petioles and tendrils filiform ;
the 2 oblong leaflets 2-3.5 cm. long ; peduncles filiform, 3-6-flowered ; the fra-
grant violet flowers about 1.5 cm. long. — Fields and meadows, locally established
in Vt. and Ont. June-Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

7. L. PRATENSis L. Low and straggling ; the 2 bright green leaflets narrowly

528 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)

lanceolate to linear, acute; peduncles 4-9-flowered ; the yellow flowers 1.5-2
cm. long. —Fields and waste places, local, N. B. to N. Y. and Out. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)

44. ApIOS [Boerh.] Ludwig. Groundnut. Wild Bean

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper
very siiort, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reliexed ; the long
scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. —
Perennials, twining and climbing over bushes; the rootstocks with tuberous
enlargements. Leaflets 3-9, ovate-lanceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers
in dense and short often branching racemes. (Name from dTrtoj^, a pair, from
the shape of the tubers.)

1. A. tuber5sa Moench. Bootstocks moniliform^ the tuberous enlargements
numerous ; flowers hrown-purple, violet-scented; standard unappendaged at the
summit. (^A. Apios MacM.) — Thickets, N. B. to Fla., Minn., Kan., and La.
July-Sept.

2. A. Priceana Robinson. Tuber solitary, very large; flowers pale rose-
color; standard bearing a fleshy knob at the apex. — Woods and thickets,
Warren Co., Ky. (^Miss S. F. Price). July-Sept.

45. PHASEOLUS [Tourn.] L. Kidney Bean

Calyx .5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often shallower. Stamens
diadelphous. Stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several-many-
seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and
fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, produced
in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.)

1. P. polystachyus (L.) BSP. (Wild Bean.) Perennial; leaflets round-
ish-ovate, short-pointed ; flowers purple, handsome, but small ; pods drooping,
4-5-seeded. (P. perennis Walt.) — Copses, chiefly near the coast, Ct. to Fla.
and La.; northw. in Miss, basin to Mo., 111., and Lid.; reported northw. to
Minn, and Neb. July-Sept.

46. ViGNA Savi

Habit and floral characters nearly as in Phaseolus, but the keel merely arcu-
ate not spirally coiled at the tip. — Twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate
leaves. (Dedicated to Dominico Vigna, Italian scientist of the 17th century.)

1. V. SINENSIS (L.) Endl. (Cow Pea.) Annual ; leaflets broadly ovate,
often very oblique or sometimes slightly contracted above an obtusely hastate
base ; flowers few, loosely subcapitate at the end of the long stii!ish peduncle ;
pods 1-2 dm. long. (F. Catjang Walp.) — Cultivated, and tending to escape,
Mo. {Bush), s. to the Gulf. (Introd. from Asia.)

47. STROPHOSTYLES Ell.

Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly
incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish, straight or nearly
so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or glabrate ;
hilum linear. Otherwise as Phaseolus. — Stems prostrate or climbing, more or
less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from <TTpo<p'r], a turn-
ing, and (ttOXos, a style.)

1. S. helvola (L.) Britton. Annual; stems branched, 0.3-2 m. long; leaf-
lets ovate to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), with a more or less prominent
rounded lobe toward the base {the terminal 2-lobed), or some or all often entire,

legumi:nosae (pulse family) 529

1.2-4 cm. long ; corolla greenish- white and purplish ; pod terete, 0-7.5 cm. wide,
4-8-seeded, nearly glabrous ; seeds oblong, about 6 mm. lour/, usually very pu-
bescent. (*S'. aw/ulosa Ell.) — Sandy shores and river-banks, coast of Mass. and
south w.; along the Great Lakes to Minn., and s. to Kan. and Tex. June-Sepl.
Var. missouriensis (Wats.) Britton. Climbing high (o-lOm.) ; leaflets often
8 cm. long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed ; seeds 6-8 mm. long. — River bot-
toms, D. C., 111., Mo., and Kan. Flowering somewhat later.

2. S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Stems more slender, 0-12 dm. long, from
0, perennial rootstock; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, rarely at all lobed, 2.5
cm. long or less ; pod 3.5-5 cm. long, scarcely 4 mm. wide; seeds much smaller,
short-oblong to quadrate. (S. peduncularis Ell.) — Damp sandy ground, L. I,
to Fla. and Tex.; noithw. in Miss, basin to s. Ind. Sept., Oct.

3. S. paucifl5ra (Benth.) Wats. Annual, slender, low-climbing, pubescent;
leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, 2.5 cm. long; pod
pubescent, 2-3 cm. long, flattish ; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon
glabrate. — River-banks, Ind. to Minn., Kan., Tex., and Miss. July, Aug.

48. CLIT6rIA L. Butterfly Pea

Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, erect, rounded, notched at
the top, not spurred on the back ; keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved,
acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, sev-
eral-seeded, pointed with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials,
with mostly pinnate 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Pedun-
cles 1-3-flowered ; bractlets opposite, striate. ^I^erivation recondite.)

1. C. mariana L. Low, ascending or twining, smooth ; leaflets oblong-ovate
or ovate-lanceolate ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short ; the showy
pale blue flowers 5 cm. long. — Dry banks, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., northw. in
Miss, basin to 111, and Mo. June-Aug.

49. CENTROSEMA (DC.) Benth.

Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading standard with a spur-
shaped projection on the back near the base ; keel broad. Pod long and linear,
flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges,
the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining
perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. (Name
from K^vTpov, a spur, and a-TJ/xa, a standard.') Bradburya Raf.

1. C. virginianum (L.) Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun-
cles 1-4-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla violet, 2.5 cm. long;
pods straight, 1-1.2 dm. long. — Sandy woods, " N. J." and Md. to Fla., Ark.,
and Tex. July, Aug.

50. d6lichos l.

Calyx bell-shaped, with deltoid teeth, the upper pair united nearly or quite
to the apex. Standard orbicular, with incurved auricles at base. Flowers fas-
ciculate-racemose. Pods linear and falcate, or oblong-lunate, compressed ; seeds
several. (The Greek 8o\lx^s, long, a word also employed by Theophrastus as
the name of some kind of pulse.)

1. D. LXblab L. (Hyacinth Bean.) Stoutish twining annual, 3-6 m. in
length ; leaflets large, deltoid-ovate ; flowers purple ; pods 2 cm. broad. — Often
cultivated for ornament and in tropical countries for its seeds ; tending to escape,
D. C. to O. (Introd. from India. )

51. AMPHICARPA Ell. Hog Peanut

Flowers of 2 (or 3) kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches
perfect ; those near the base and on filiform creeping branches with the corolla

gray's MANTTA.L 34

530 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)

none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful ; reduced flowers of
sli<^htly different form sometimes also on aerial racemes. Calyx about equally
4(rareiy 5) -toothed. Stamens diadelphous. Tods of the upper flowers, when
formed, somewhat scimiter-shaped, stipitate, 3-4-seeded ; of the lower ones
commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually
but one large seed. — Low and slender perennials; the-twining stems clothed
with brownfsh hairs. Leaves pinnately 8-foliolate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sti-
pellate. Petals purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as
well as the stipules. (Name from d/xcpl, both, and Ko/)7r6s, fruit, in allusion to the
two kinds of pods.) Falcata Gmel.

1. A. monoica (L.) Ell. Leaflets thin, 1.3-5 cm. long; racemes nodding;
calyx of the upper flowers 4 mm. long ; the ovary glabrous except the mostly
appressed hairy margin ; pod 2.5 cm. long ; ovary and pod of the rudimentary
flowers hairy. (Falcata comosa Am. auth.; Glycine comosa L. ?) — Rich damp
woodlands, common. Aug., Sept.

2. A. Pitcheri T. & G. Leaflets usually 5-10 cm. long ; rhachis of the ra-
cemes usually villous ; calyx 6 mm. long, the teeth acuminate ; pod sometimes
hairy on the valves, the margins retrorse-hispid. (Falcata Ktze.) — Rich woods
and thickets, near the coast, Mass. to D. C; and from w. N. Y. to S. Dak., s. to
La. and Tex. July-Sept.

52. GALACTIA p. Br. Milk Pea

Keel scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Pods linear, flat,
several-seeded (a few of them rarely subterranean and fleshy or deformed). —
Low mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate.
Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in summer.
(Name from ydXa, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which
is unlikely.) n- • i

1. G. regularis (L.) BSP. Steins nearly smooth, prostrate; leaflets elhptical
or ovate-oblons:, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-flowered ;
pods somewhat hairy. {G. glabella Michx.) —Sandy woods, near the coast,
s. N. Y. to Fla. and Miss.; locally northw. in Miss, basin to Kan. July, Aug.

2. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. Steins decumbent and somewhat twining,
hoary-pubescent ; leaves glabrous above, soft-downy and hoary beneath; leaflets
oval; racemes many-flowered; pods very dovmy. {G. pilosa Ell.)— Dry soil,
near the coast, L. I. to Fla. and Tex. Var. mississippiensis Vail. Leaves
pubescent above. — Miss, basin, from Mo. south w.

53. RHYNCH6SIA Lour.

Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1-2-seeded, flat, 2-valved.—
Perennial herbs, with leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not
stipeUate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from p^yxos, a beak,
from the shape of the keel.)

* Stem elongated, trailing or twining ; leaflets 3.

1. R. tomentbsa (L.) II. & A. Trailing and twining ; the stem and leaves
more or \ii.^?> pubescent with spreading hairs ; leaflets 3, roundish or ronnd-rhom-
bic, acute or acutish ; racemes short, few-flowered,- almost sessile; calyx 8-10
nun. long, about equaling the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleit ; pod
oblong. — Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

2. R. latifblia Nutt. Soft-pubescent ; leaflets large, ovate, rounded at the
base ; racemes long, many-flowered, equaling or usually exceeding the leaves ;
calyx-lobes lance-linear, 1.1-1.3 cm. long, equaling the corolla. —Mo. {Bush)
to La. and Tex.

* * Erect ; stem shorter.

3. R. er6cta (Walt.) DC. Stem (3-6 dm. high) and leaves more or less tJ-
mentose ; leaflets 3, oval to oblong, obtuse or acutish ; racemes short and
shortlv pedunculate. — Dry soil, Del. to Fla. and Miss.

LINACEAE (flax FAMILY) 531

4. R. simplicifblia (Walt.) Wood. Dwarf (1-2 dm. higu) ; pubescence
spreading ; leaflets solitary (rarely 8), round- reniform^ very obtuse or apiculate ;
racemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (^. reniformis DC.) — Va. to Fla.
and Miss.

LINACEAE (Flax Family)

Herbs (rarely shrubs) ivith the regular and symmetrical hypogynous floicers
4-6-mej'o?<s throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 sta-
mens monadelphous at base, and an S-\Q-seeded pod having twice as many cells
as there are styles.

1. Linum. Flowers 5-merous.

2, Millegrana. Flowers 4-merous.

1. LINUM [Tourn.] L. Flax

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with
each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence),
6-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or
completely divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the
carpel, the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flat-
tened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with
tough fibrous cortex, simple and sessile entire leaves, without stipules, but often
with glands in their place, and with corymbose or panicled flowers. Corolla
usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

Petals blue, large (1 cm. or more in length); capsule 10-12 mm. in
diameter.
Annuals ; stigmas elongated.

False septa of the capsule not ciliate 1. Z. usiiatissimum.

False septa of the capsule ciliate 2. L. humile.

Perennial ; stigmas scarcely longer than broad 8. Z. Lewisii.

Petals yellow or white ; capsule 3-6 mm. in diameter.

Petals more than 1 cm. long ; western .4. L. rigidum.

Petals 4-8 mm. long.

False septa very incomplete, conspicuously ciliate.
Petals white ; leaves chiefly opposite ; fruiting pedicels 4-10 mm.

long 5. Z. caiharticum.

Petals j^ellow ; leaves chiefly alternate ; pedicels 1-3 mm. bng . . 6. L. stdcatum.
False sep'ta nearly complete, not ciliate.

Stem-leaves chiefly opposite ; branches striate-angulate . . . 7. Z. striatum.
Stem-leaves chiefly alternate ; branches subterete.
Capsule depressed-globose.
Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, deep green ; flowering branches

filiform, flexuous, ascending-spreading 8. Z. mrginianum.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, dull or pale green ; flowering

branches slightly rigid and fastigiate 9. L. medium.

Capsule globose-ovoid 10. L.floridanum.

1. L. usiTATfssiMUM L. (CoMMON F.) Erect annual; stem 3-5 dm. high,
corymbosely branched at top; sepals acute, ciliate; fruit nearly indehiscent.
Its septa not ciliate. — Occasionally spontaneous in fields and on roadsides.
(Introd. from En.)

2. L. HUMILE Mill. Similar but of lower growth ; capsule dehiscent, its
septa ciliate. — Similar situations. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. L. Lewisii Pursh. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, 3-0 dm. high ;
leaves linear, acute ; flowers rather few on long peduncles ; sepals obtuse or
acutish, not glandular-serrulate; styles distinct; pod ovoid. — Plains, Wise,
to Tex. and Alaska.

4. L. rigidum Parsh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulent, often low
and cespitose, the rigid branches angled; leaves narrow, erect, usually icith
stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate; styles
united; cap-sule ovoid, 5-valved. — Dry soil, Sask. and Minn, to Kan., ana
Bouthwestw. (Mex.)

&32 OXALIDACEAE (WOOD SORREL FAMILYJ

5. L. cathIrticum L. Delicate annuaL 1-2 dm. high, corymbosely branched j
leaves small (3-8) mm. long), elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse. — Old fields, etc.,
N. S. and Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. L. sulcatum Kiddell. Annual; branchlets grooved; leaves linear ov
suhiilate, commonly with dark glands in the place of stipules ; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, glandular-ciliate. — Dry or sandy soil, e.
Mass. and Vt. to Man., and southwest w.

7. L. striatum Walt. Erect from a slightly decumbent base ; flowers small,
somewhat crowded on the stiffish spreading-ascending angulate branches.— Wet
woods, sandy shores, etc., Mass. to Ga., Mo., and Tex. —The fruiting plant has
much the habit of Lechea.

8. L. virginianum L. Tall, 3-5 dm. high; stem and branches subteretCy
leaves thin, deep green, elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, the lower spatu-
late and often opposite, chiefly spreading-ascending ; flowers scattered on a few
often subsimple branches ; sepals ovate, short-pointed, nearly or quite entire ;
capsule depressed-globose. — T>Yy woods and barrens, s. Me. to Ga., Ky., and s.
Ont.

9. L. medium (Planch.) Britton. Leaves of fii^m texture, *iicute, erect or
ascending ; pedicels short (1-7 mm. long); the inner sepals commonly erose or
somewhat glandidar-ciliolate ; capsule depressed-globose. — Dry or sandy soil,
Vt. to Ont. and Mich., southw. and south westw.

10. L. floridanum (Planch.) Trel. Similar to the preceding, perennial;
leaves firm, erect, pale, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, acute ; branches few,
slender, arched-ascending; sepals glandular-ciliate on the covered margins;
capsule ovoidy pointed. — Bogs and sterile soil, e. Mass. to Fla.

2. MILLEGRANA Adans. All-seed

Sepals (toothed), petals, stamens, and styles 4. Pod of 4 almost 2-celled
«5arpels, each carpel 4-seeded. Seeds without albumen. — A minute annual
with filiform simple stems or forking branches, opposite leaves, and tiny corym-
biform cymes. Corolla fugacious. (Name from mille, thousand, and granum^
seed.) Radiola Roth.

1. M. Radiola (L.) Druce. The only species. (Badiola Linoides Roth.)
— Ditches, Louisburg, Cape Breton {Macoun). (Nat. from Eu.)

OXALIDACEAE (Woob Sorrel Family)

Plants loith regular ^-merous \Q-\b-andro\is flowers. Ovary superior^
5-celled, the carpels 2-co -ovuled, usually distinct above, loculicidal. — Ours
low herbs with sour watery juice and delicate impunctate palmate alternate or
Tadical leaves with 3 obcordate leaflets.

1. 6XALIS L. Wood Sorrel

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering after
expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter.
Styles 5, distinct. Pod prismatic, cylindric, or awl-shaped, membranaceous ;
valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds pendulous
from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large
and straight in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat. — Several species produce small
peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in the bud and particularly fruitful ; and
the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous in the relative
length of the stamens and styles. (Name from d|us, sour.)

^. B, — In this genus the figures are on the scale of |.

OXALIDACEAE (WOOD SORREL FAMILY)

533

Stemless ; petals white or purple.

Kootstock creeping r scapes 1-flowered 1.

Bulbose ; scapes umbellately several-flowered 2.

Caulescent ; petals yellow.
Flowers large ; petals 1.4-2 era. long ; Pa. and southward.

Petals hairy on the margin ; leaflets 8-15 mm. broad 3.

Petals essentially glabrous ; leaflets 2^ cm. broad 4.

Flowers smaller ; petals 8-12 mm. long.
Stems erect or decumbent but not extensively creeping.
Peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; pedicels appressed- pubescent or strigillose,
deflexed in fruit.

Stem covered with closely appressed short hairs 5.

Stem covered with loose spreading woolly pubescence . . . .6.
Peduncles mostly several-flowered ; pedicels ascending or widely dive. •

gent, their pubescence sparse, spreading 7.

Stems prostrate, elongated, rooting at the nodes 8.

O. Acetosella.
O. viola cea.

0. Priceae.
0. gran die.

0. stricta.
0. Jilipes.

0. corniculata.
0. repens.

1. 0. Acetosllla L. (Common W.) Creeping; leaves radical; scapes
1-flowered J 5-15 cm. high ; petals white, with rose-colored or purple veins. —
Deep woods, N. S. and e. Que. to Sask., s. to N. E., N. Y., and in the mts. to
N. C. (Eu.) Var. subpurpurAscens DC, with petals rose-colored or purple,
has been found at Chesterville, Me. (Miss Eaton), and at Manchester, Vt.
{Grout). (Eu.)

2. 0. violacea L. (Violet W.) Nearly glabrous; base bulbous, scaly;
leaves radical; scapes nmheWsitely several-flowered, 1.2-2.5 dm. high, exceeding
the leaves ; petals violet. — Rocky places and open woods, e. Mass to Minn,
and southw.

3. 0. Priceae Small. Caulescent; stems erect, soft-villous, from a long
slender dark-colored rootstock ; leaflets 8-12 mm. broad ; pedicels in 2's or 3's
at the ends of long slender peduncles, deflexed in fruit ; petals yellow, dilate. —
Bowling Green, Ky. {Miss Price) ; and Ala.

4. 0. grdndis Small. Tall
(3-4.6 dm. high), smoothish or
covered with soft spreading pu-
bescence ; leaflets large (often
3.5-4.1 cm. broad), frequently
brownish-purple at the margin ;
long-peduncled inflorescences 3-
several-flowered ; petals yellow,
1.4-1.8 cm. long, not ciliate. —
Sandy woods and alluvial soil, Pa.
to 111. and southw. May-Aug.

5. 0. striata L. Pale green,
appressed-pubescent or strigose ;
stems usually several, decumbent,
stoutish ; stipules evident ; pedi-
cels 1-4 {mostly 2), subumbellate

at the end of the peduncle, at length deflexed ; the fruit large, columnar,
short-pointed, 15-23 mm.
long. — Dry or sandy soil,
s. Me. to Dak. and southw,,
common. — The petals pale
yellow, often with a reddish
spot near the base. Fig. 800.
6. 0. filipes Small. Very
slender, pubescence of the
stem loose and spreading;
petioles and peduncles fili-
form, elongated ; umbels
chiefly 2-flowered ; petals
yellow. (0.-Bn«owae Small.)
— Sandy soil, s. Me. {Cham-
berlain & Collins) to n. N. Y.,
Ct., Fla. , and Tex. Fig. 80). 801. o. filipes.

stricta.

5154

GERANIACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY^

7. 0. corniculllta L. (Lady's Sorrel.) Erect or decumbent, apparently
flowering the first year but perennial by numerous slender pale runners ; leaflets

green or often purplish ; pedicels
subiimbellately or at length cy-
mosely arranged at the summit of
the peduncle, ascending^ sparingly
pubescent, the hairs spreading;
petals yellow. ( 0. cymosa, Bushii^
& rufa Small ; 0. stricta of many

O. corniculata.

auth., not L.) — Dry or moist open soil, a
very common weed. (Eu.) Fig. 802.

8. 0. ripens Thunb. Stems several, pros-
trate and creeping, the numerous erect
branches low, seldom 1 dm. high ; leaflets
small ; flowers small, 2-6 on very short at length deflexed pedicels.

repens

(O. corni-
culata of L., in part, and of many later authors.) — A weed, chiefly in and
about greenhouses. (Cosmopolitan.) Fig. 803.

GERANlACEAE (Geranium Family)

Plants with perfect regular b-merous hypogynous flowers. Sepals imbricated
in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, alternate with the petals. Stamens^
counting the sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice as many as the sepals.
Ovary deeply lobed; carpels 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, separating elastically with their
long styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Cotyledons plicate, incum-
bent on the radical. — Our species herbs with lobed or divided stipulate leaves,
and astringent roots.

1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or tails of

the carpels in fruit naked inside.

2. Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, often

spirally twisted.

1. GERAnIUM [Tourn.] L. Cranesbill

Stamens 10 (rarely 5), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at
their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in fruit when they
separate from the axis.— Stems forking. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. (An old
Greek name, from y^pavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to
resemble the bill of that bird.)

Perennials with stoutish caudex and tough fibrous roots.
Petals more than 1 cm. long.

Pedicels puberulent but not glandular ; petals light purple

Pedicels glandular-puberulent ; petals deep purple
Petals less than 1 cm. long.

Sepals strongly awned ; flowers mostly solitary .

Sepals merely pointed ; flowers in pairs ....
Aqnuals or biennials ; flowers small ; petals not over 1 cm. long.
Petals about 1 cm. long, twice the length of the sepals.

Petals entire ; leaves ternatelv dissected ....

Petals deeply retuse ; leaves palmately lobed
Petals less than 1 cm. long, l~\^. times the length of the sepals,

Fertile part of the carpel pubescent.

1. G. maculaium.

2. G. pratense.

8. G. sihiHciim,

5. G. pyrenaicum.

4. G. Rohertiannm.

5. G. pyrenaicum-

GERANIACEAE QGERANIUM FAMILY^

535

Fruit 1.7-2.4 cm. long ; seeds pitted.
Flowers crowded . . . , ,
Inflorescence lax

Fruit 1-1.5 cm. long^.
Seeds pitted ; sepals short-awned
Seeds smooth ; sepals awnless •
Fertile part of the carpel essentially glabrous.

Pedicels 8-15 mm. long . . , .

Pedicels 3-6 cm. long . . . . .

6. G. cnrolinianuTn.

1. G. Bicknellii.

8. G. rotundifolium.

9. G. pusiUum.

10. G. mollfi.

11. G. columbinum.

1. G. maculatum L. (Wild C.) Erect, hairy; leaves about ^-parted, the
wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; sepals slender-pointed ; pedi-
cels and beak of fruit hairy but 7iot glandular; petals entire, light purple,
bearded on the claw. — Open woods and fields, centr. Me. to Man., and southw.
Apr.-July.

2. G. PRATENSE L. Tall (7 dm. high) ; leaves mostly l-parted, the narrow
lobes incised; pedicels and beak glandular-pubescent; petals deep pui-ple. —
Fields and meadows, n. e. Me., N. B., and Que. ; also locally, e. Mass. (Introd.
from Eu.)

3. G. siBfRiouM L. Weak, diffusely bra7iched ; stem leafy; leaves 3(-5)-
partcd, the segments broadly lanceolate or rhombic, sharply cut-toothed, acute ;
carpels finely pubescent ; seeds lineolate. — Said to be established on Manhattan
I. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

4. G. Robertianum L. (Herb Robert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, strong-
scented; leaves ^-divided or pedately b-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid;
sepals awned ; petals red-purple, long-clawed ; carpels wrinkled ; seeds smooth.
— Moist woods and shaded ravines, e. Que. to Minn., s. to N. J., Pa., and Mo.
June-Oct. (Eu.)

6. G. pyrenXicum Burm. f. Soft-pubescent and somewhat glandular, 2-6 dm,
high ; leaves orbicular, 5-7 -cleft two thirds of the way to the base, the lobes

obovate-oblong, again toothed ; sepals puberulent,
merely pointed, not awned ; petals rose-colored, deeply
notched; carpels puberulent; seeds smooth. — Road-
sides and waste places, about Quebec ; also at Bethle-
hem, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. G. carolinianum L. Diffusely branched, hairy ;
leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cut and cleft into
many oblong-linear segments ; floxoers glomerate-
cymose ; sepals ovate, about as long as the whitish or
very pale pink petals ; beak of fruit tipped with a
short filiform style; seeds ovoid, minutely reticulated.
— Rocky places, etc., mostly in poor soil, e. Mass.,
southw. and westw., common ; May-June. Fig. 804.

7. G. Bicknellii Britton. Diffusely branched ; leaves somewhat angular in
contour, deeply cleft into narrow segments and lobes ;
flowers in pairs, the peduncles scattered; petals rose-
colored, somewhat exceeding the sepals ; beak of fruit
tipped with a prolonged filiform style (4-6 mm. in length) ;
seeds nearly black, finely reticulated. — Open woods, clear-
ings, etc., Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. E., N. Y., Mich., Utah, etc.
Fig. 805.

8. G. rotundif6lium L. Weak, diffusely branched, vil-
lous with gland-tipped hairs ; leaves orbicular in outline,
cleft half to two thirds the way to the base, the broadish
segments crenate-toothed or lobed ; petals rose-color,
entire ; seeds finely reticulated. — Waste places about New
York City, Philadelphia, etc., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

9. G. PusfLLUM Burm. f. Similar to the preceding in
habit and foliage ; flowers very small ; petals purplish,
about equaling or little exceeding the awnless sepals ; sta-
mens 5 ; fruit pubescent ; seed smooth. — Waste places and cultivated ground,
Mass., southw. and westw., casual. (Adv. from Eu.)

804. G. carolinianum. x %.

536 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (;CALTROP FAMILY)

10. G. MOLLE L. Weak, spreading, soft-pubescent; leaves orbicular, cleft
to the middle, the segments crenate or incised ; sepals ovate-oblong, not awned^
villous ; petals rose-colored, notched ; stamens 10 ; carpels transversely wrinkled,
glabrous. — Recently seeded lawns, etc., casual but not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. G. coLUMBiNUM L. (LoNG-sTALKED C.) Minutely hairy, with slender
decumbent stems; leaves 5-7-parted, and cut into narrow linear lobes; pedun-
cles and pedicels filiform, much elongated ; sepals awned, about equaling the
retuse purple petals ; carpels subglabrous ; seeds minutely reticulated. — Borders
of fields, etc., N. J. and Pa. to Va. ; also Dak. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. ER6dIUM L'H6r. Storksbill ,

The 6 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally,
bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from epw8i6s, a heron.)

1. E. cicutAkium (L.) L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading;
stipules acute ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1-2-pinnatifid ; sepals bristle-
tipped ; filaments not toothed. — About cities, not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. E. MOscHATUM (L.) L'Her. Similar, but stouter; leaflets less divided;
sepals not bristle-tipped; antheriferous filaments 2-toothed. — WsiSte ground,
etc., eastw., infrequent. (Adv. from Eu.)

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family)

Herbs (or southward woody plants), with opposite (or alternate) in our spe-
cies abruptly pinnate undotted leaves, andperfect regular mostly b-merous flowers.
Stamens free, essentially hypogynous, in ours twice as many as the petals. Pistil
of several united 1-feiv-ovuled carpels. Ovules anatropous with superior micro-
pyle and large straightish embryo. — Chi-efly tropicaL

1. Tribulus. Carpels 5, several-ovuled, prickly.

?/. KallStroemia. Carpels 10, one-ovuled, tubereulate.

1. TRIBULUS [Tourn.] L.

Sepals and petals (4-) 5. Filaments slender, unappendaged ; those before the
petals sometimes slightly united with them, the alternate ones subtended by
glands. Cells of ovary as many as the petals, 3-5-ovuled. — Ours spreading
annuals. (The Latin name of the caltrop, which in form its prickly fruit suggests.)

1. T. TERRESTRis L. (Caltrop.) Brauchcd from the base ; leaflets 5-7 pairs ;
flowers small, short-peduncled ; petals pale yellow ; mature carpels crested and
armed with 2-4 spreading prickles. — Occasional in Atlantic States; also 111^,
Neb., and Kan. ; chiefly on dumps. (Adv. from Old World.)

2. KALLSTROEMIA Scop.

Sepals, petals, and stamens as in Tribulus. Cells of the ovary twice as many
as the petals, each 1-ovuled, becoming 1-seeded nutlets, dorsally rounded,
smooth or tubereulate but not prickly, at maturity falling away from the per-
sistent stylar axis. — Diffuse annuals. (Name unexplained, given presumably
in honor of some obscure botanist.)

1. K. MAXIMA (L.) T. & G. Prostrate, grayish-hirsute; leaflets 4-6 pairs,
oblong, obtuse, about 1 cm. long ; flowers 9-15 cm. in diameter ; petals yellow ;
fruit depressed-ovoid, beaked with a stoutish columnar style. — Railroad yards,
etc., w. Mo. and e. Kan., where presumably adventive from the Southwest,
(Trop. Am.)

RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY^ 637

RUTACEAE (Rue Family)

Plants with simple or compound leaves^ dotted with pellucid glands and
abounding with a pungent or hitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil^ producing hypogy-
nous almost always regular S-b-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice
as many as the sepals {rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com-
bined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of the
receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. i:mbryo large, usually in fleshy
albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves
in ours alternate. Stipules none. —A large family, chiefly of the Old World
and the southern hemisphere.

1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious ; ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods.

2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous ; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm.
8. Ruta. Flowers perfect ; ovary 4-5-lobed, forming a several-seeded capsule.

1. ZANTH6xYLUM L. Prickly Ash

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5,
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods
thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth
and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with
mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small,
greenish or whitish, (From ^avdos, yellow, and ^vXov, loood.)

1. Z. americanum Mill. (Northern P., Toothache-tree.) Leaves and
flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters; leaflets 2-4 pairs and an odd one,
ovate-oblong, downy when young; calyx none; petals 4-5; pistils 8-5, with
slender styles; pods short-stalked. (Xanthoxylum of auth.). —Rocky woods
and river-banks, w. Que. to Minn., s. to Va., Ky., Mo., and e. Kan. Apr, May.
— An aromatic shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves.

2. Z. Clava-H6rculis L. (Southern P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-8 pairs and
an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers in an
ample terminal cyme ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 2-3, with short styles ; pods
sessile. (Z. carolinianum Lam.) —Sandy coast of Va., and south w. June. —
A small tree with very sharp prickles.

2. PTELEA L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Treb

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Sta-
mens as many. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and
2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. —Shrubs, with 3-foliolate
leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The
Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar frait.)

1, P. trifoliata L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky
places, L. I. to Out., Minn., and south w. ; cultivated and often established else-
where. June. —A tall shrub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor
of the flowers disagreeable. , ,, , u

Var. m611is T. & G. Branchlets, petioles, and both surfaces of the somewha*
thickish leaflets densely and permanently velvety. — Shore of L. Mich., Sauga
tuck, Mich. {Wheeler)', also Tex., etc.

3. RtTTA [Tourn.] L. Rue

Flowers perfect, 4-5-merous. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow, the sides
and apex strongly inrolled, the margin denticulate or ciliate-dentate. Stamens
8-10, inserted about the base of the torus, the alternate ones smaller. Capsule
4-6-lobed. dehiscent at the summit, many-seeded. — Heavy-scented herbs or

638 SIMARUBACEAE fQUASSIA FAMILY)

andershrubs with alternate simple or variously compound leaves. (The ancient
name.)

1. R. GRAvioLENS L. (CoMMON R.) Suffruticose, glaucous, 8-6 dm. high ;
leaves thickish, 2-3-pinnatifid, ultimate lobes or divisions obovate-cuneate ;
petals denticulate. — Formerly much cultivated for aromatic qualities and sup-
posed medicinal value ; now locally established in pastures, Weybridge, Vt.
(Brainerd), Peaks of Otter, Va. (Curtiss), and very likely elsewhere. (Introd.
from Eu.)

SIMARUBACEAE (Quassia Family)

Trees and shrubs with floral structure much as in the Rutaceae but the foliage
destitute of pellucid dots. — Chiefly tropical.

1. AILANTHUS Desf. Tree of Heaven

.Flowers polygamous. Calyx regular, 5-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals
6, infolded-valvate. Stamens in staminate flowers 10, in perfect flowers 2-3, in
pistillate flowers none. Disk lobed. Ovary 2-5-parted, becoming in fruit 1-5
narrowly oblong membranaceous samaras (1-seeded in the middle). — Handsome
trees of rapid growth. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers small, green or yellowish,
in ample terminal panicles, especially the staminate of unpleasant odor. (Name
said to be from a vernacular Moluccan designation, meaning tree of heaven, in
allusion to the height in the native habitat.)

1. A. glandul6sa Desf. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, 11-23-foliolate ; leaflets
ovate, acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed toward the base. — Extensively
cultivated as a shade tree, freely spreading by suckers, and locally self-sown.
(Introd. from Asia.)

POLYGALAcEAE (Milkwort Family)

Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadelphoui
stamens, their \-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink; the fruit
a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod.

1. POLYGALA [Tourn.] L. Milkwort

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper-
most and the 2 lowest) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or
inner (called wings) are much larger and colored like the petals. Petals 8,
liypogynous, connected with each other and wath the stamen-tube, the middle
(lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 ; their
filaments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with
the petals, free above ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with an anatropous
ovule pendulous in each cell; style prolonged and curved; stigma various.
Fruit a small loculicidal 2-seeded pod. usually rounded and notched at the apex,
much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds carunculate.
Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albumen. —
Bitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted
leaves, and no stipules. (An old name co'mposed of woXijs, much, and yd\a, milk,
applied by Dioscorides to some low shrub reputed to increase lactation.)

* Perennial or biennial ; flowers purple or white; leaves alternate.

-*- Flowers showy, commonly rose-purple, conspicuously crested; also some

inconspicuous colorless cleistogamous flowers on subterranean branches.

1. P. paucifblia Willd. (Fringed Polygala, Flowering Wintergreex.)
Perennial ; flowering stems short (7-10 cm. high) ; lo^oer leaves small and
scale-like, scattered, the upper ovate, petioled, croivded at the summit ; flowers
1-3, large, peduncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the fringe-crested
keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed. -^

POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) 539

Woods, in light soil, e. Que. to Man., s. to Ga.,. 111., and Minn. May, June. —
A delicate plant, its handsome flowers 1.8 cm. long, rarely white.

2. P. polygama Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly
simple, ascending, very leafy, 1.5-2.6 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or oblong;
terminal raceme loosely many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than
the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short subterranean runners;
lobes of the camncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil,
N. S. , westw. and south w. July.

-I- -(- Flowers white, in a solitary close spike ; none cleistogamous.

3. P. Senega L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Stems several from thick and
hard knotty rootstocks, simple, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ;
caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay, Alberta,
and south w. May-July.

Var, latifblia T. & G. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate or lanceo-
late, 5-10 cm. long, tapering to each end. — Md. to L. Huron, Dak., and Tenn.
* * Annuals, with all the leaves alternate ; flower's in terminal spikes, heads, or

racemes, chiefly purple or rose-color, in summer; none subterranean.

t~ Keel conspicuously crested ; claim of the true jjetals united into a long and

slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings.

4. P. incarnata L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves
minute and linear-awl-shaped ; spike cylindrical ; flowers flesh-color ; caruncle
longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, N. J. to s. Ont.,
Wise, Neb., and southw., rather rare.

H- ■«- Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals not longer hut
mostly shorter than the wings ; seed pear-shaped.

5. P. sanguinea L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ;
leaves oblong-linear; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (8-10 mm.
thick), bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any;
wings broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parted caruncle
almost equaling the seed. (P. viridescens lu.) —Sa.ndy and moist ground;
common, N. E., westw. and southw.

6. P. mariana Mill. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched ; leaves
narrowly linear, acute, 6-16 mm. long ; spikes short and dense (6 mm. in diam-
eter); the small rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of the pod;
wings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the
pod ; bracts deciduous with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly
enveloping the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. fastigiata Nutt.)
— Pine barrens of N. J. to Ky., Fla., and Tex.

7. P. Nuttallii T. & G. Resembling the last, but usually lower; spikes
cylindrical, slender ; flowers duller or greenish-purple, on very short pedicels;
the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or fruits fall ;
seed very hairy, the caruncle smafler. — Dry sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Del.,
Md., and southw. — Spike sometimes rather loose.

8. P. Curtissii Gray. Slender, 2.5 dm. high; leaves, etc., as m the two
preceding ; flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes ; pedicels about equal-
ing or exceedino; the persistent bracts ; the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice
the length of the pod; caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of
the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at the broader end.— ma.
to Ky., Ga., and Ala. — Founded upon an abnormal form with elongated
racemes and pedicels.

^** Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours or fives ;

spikes terminating the stem and branches; flowering summer and autumn.

^- Spikes short and thick (8-18 mm. in diameter) ; bracts persisting after the

fall of the middle-sized rose- or greenish-purple flowers ; crest small.

9 P. cruciata L. Stems 1-2.5 dm. high, almost winged at the angles,
witli spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some-

540 EUPHOilBIACEAE (^SPUKGE FAMILY)

what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so ; wings broadly
deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point cr rarely point-
less ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Margins of swamps, and occasionally
in drier places, s. Me. to S. C, mostly near the coast ; and from Mich, to Minn,
and Neb.

10. P. brevif51ia Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered
on the branches, narrower; spikes pedunded; vnngs lanceolate-ovate, pointless
or barely mucronate. — Margins of sandy bogs, R. I., N. J., and southw.

.^ ^_ Spikes slender (about 4 mm. thick), the bracts falling with the flowers,
which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the
keel larger.

11. P. verticillata L. Slender, 8-25 cm. high, much branched; stem-leaves
all whorled, tliose of the mostly opposite branches scattered, linear, acute ;
spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute ; wings round, clawed ; the
2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil, N. E., westw. and
southw.

Var. amblgua (Nutt.) Wood. Usually taller (2-3.5 dm. high) ; leaves (and
branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours; spikes long-peduncled, more
slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered. (P. ambigua Nutt.) — Me. to
Mich., and southw.

* * * * Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which
are disposed to turn greenish in drying ,' crest small ; flowering all summer.

12. P. lutea L. Low; flovjers bright orange-yellow, in solitary ovoid or sub-
tylindric heads (1.8 cm. thick) terminating the stem or simple branches; leaves
2-5 cm. long, obovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the
seed. — Sandy swamps, L. I. to s. e. Pa., and southw. near the coast.

13. P. rambsa Ell. Flowers lemon-yelloio, in numerous short and dense
spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong-
linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, fioi'ce the
length of the caruncle. — Damp pine barrens, Del., and southw. June-Sept.

14. P. cymbsa Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes in a
usually almost simple cyme; leaves narrow, acuminate; seeds globose, without
caruncle. — Del., and southw.; fl. midsummer.

EUPHORBlACEAE (Spurge Family)

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monoecious or dioecious flowers,
mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous {occasionally polypetalous or gamo-
petalous) ; the ovary free and usually ^-celled, loith one or sometimes two ovules
hanging from the summit of each cell ; stigmas or branches of the style as many
or twice as many as the cells; fruit commonly a S-lobed capsule, the lobes or
carpels separating elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valved ;
seed anatropous; embryo straight, almost as long as and the flat cotyledons
mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. Stipules often present. —A vast
family in the warmer parts of the world ; most numerously represented in
northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very reduced flowers
within a calyx-like involucre.

* Flowers with a calyx, without Involucre.

-»- Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.

++ Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2-3-chotomous) ; stamens 10, erect in the bud.

1. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form. Armed with stinging hairs.

** ■>+ Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes ; stamens inflexed in the bud ; stellate-downy or scurfy
or hairy and glandular ; leaves mostly entire.

2. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3 (rarely 2-4) -celled.
3 Crotonopsis. Flo-^vars scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit l-celled.

EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) 641

H. f+4-i. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except no. T), apetalous (except no. 4) ; stamens 8 or
more ; anthers erect in the bud.

4. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10-15, united. Styles bifid, linear,

5. Mercurialis. Sepals 3 or calyx 3-parted. Stamens S-20; anther-cells attached at tip, pen-

dulous. Styles (slightly united at the base) strongly papillose, undivided.

6. Acalypha. Calyx 4(o-5)-parted. Stamens mostly 8. I^lrtile flowers in the axils of leafy

bracts. Stigmas finely dissected.

7. Ricinus. Eacemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3-5-parted. Stamens very numerous •

the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-iiarted.
++++++++ Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base ; stamens 2 or 3 ; styles simple.

8. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent.

9. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glanduliferous.

Glabrous.

+■ -t- Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell ; flowers monoecious,

10. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.

11. Andrachne. Stamens 5 or 6. Flowers axillary, the staminate petaliferous,

* * Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre, — the whole liable tc
be mistaken for a single flower.

12. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked stamen)

and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistU),

1. JATROPHA L.

Flowers monoecious;, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forkiufjj cyme ; the
fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate
« flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; in the pistillate 5-parted, imbricated or
convolute in the bud. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens
10-30, monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; styles 3, united belo'w
their summits once or twice forked. Capsule separating- into 3 two-valved car-
pels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly
tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stip-
ules. Our species has apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, and
is armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnaeus, without entire clear-
ness or classical accuracy, to be formed of larpbv, a remedy, and (pdyu, I eat.)

1. J. stimulosa Michx. (Tread-softly, Spurge Nettle.) Herbaceous,
from a long perennial root, brandling, L5-6 dm. high; leaves roundisii-heart-
shaped, 3-5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles ; the divisions entire or
acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored ; flowers white, fra-
grant, 1.8 cm, long or more; fllaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly
base, the outer set almost distinct. — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La.
June-Sept.

2. cr6ton l.

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes
or spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 6(rarely 4-(i)-parted ; the divisions lightly imbri-
cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, but mostly
small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and
alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more ; fila-
ments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5-10-cleft or
-parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers ; but petals none or minute rudiments.
Ovary 3(rarely 2-4)-celled, with a single ovule in each cell ; styles as many,
from once to thrice 2-cleft Capsule separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded
carpels. Seeds carunculate. — Stellate-downy, scurfy, or hairy and glandular
plants, mostly strong-scented ; the fertile flowers usually at the base of the
sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite,
with or without obvious stipules. (K/iotw;/, the Greek name of the Castor-oil
Plant, of this family.)

542 EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY)

Sterile Hewers ivith A-parted calyx, as many petals, a i-rayed disk, and 8
stamens; fertile flowers with hearted calyx, very minute rudimentary petals,
and the 3 styles 2-cleft.

1. C. glandulbsus L., var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Annual, rough
hairy and glandular, 3-6 dm. high, somewhat umbellately branched; leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland
on each side ; fertile flowers captitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike,
sessile in the' forks and terminal. — Open waste places and sandy barrens, Va.
to Fla., and Tex. ; north w. in Miss, basin to Kan., la., Ill, and Ind. ; rarely on
ballast northeastw.

* * Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the petals,

and 10-U stamens ; fertile flowers with 7-12-parted calyx, no petals, and
the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted.

2. C. capitatus Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat glandu-
lar, 2-6 or more dm. high, branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or
elongatea-oblong, rounded at base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely
fimbriate ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter-
minal sterile spike. -Barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; northw. in Miss, basin to
Ind., 111., Mo., and Kan. July-Sept.

* * * Sterile flowers with unequally 3-6-parted calyx, as many petals and scale-

like glands, and 3-8 stamens; fertile flowers with equally ^-parted calyx, no
petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas.

3. C. monanth6gynus Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty-
glandular ; stems 1.4-6 dm. high, slender, erect, below often umbellately 3-4-
forked, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong-ovate
or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish, 1.5-3 dm. long, about twice the length
of the petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short
and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short
recurved peduncles; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1-
seeded ; the seed broadly oval. — Barren and dry prairies, s. Ind. to N. C. and
Fla., w. to la., e. Kan., and Tex. ; occasionally adv. northeastw, June-Sept.

**** Dioecious; calyx equally ^-parted; petals none; stamens 10 or more;
styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted.

4. C. texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Annual, covered with a close canescent
stellate pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves
narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear ; staminate spikes or racemes very short,
often sessile ; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate. — Sandy soil,
Del. {Commons); and from Ala. to Wyo., Col., Ariz., and Mex. ; rarely on
ballast northw.

3. CR0T0N6pSIS Michx.

Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the
lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the petals ; filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged
at the apex. Pert. Fl. Calyx unequally 3-5-parted. Petals none. Glands
(petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled,
bearing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-seeded.
Seed without caruncle. — A slender low annual, with short-petioled linear or
elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery-
hoary with stellate hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath. {Croton
and 6\pis, appearance, from likeness to Croton.)

1. C. linearis Michx. Fruit about 2 mm. long. — Dry sandy soil, s. Ct.
(Fames) to Pa., south w. near the coast to Fla. and Tex.; inland in Miss,
basin to 111., Mo., and Kan. July-Sept.

EUPHORBIACEAE QSPURGE FAMILY) 543

4. ARGYTHAmNIA p. Br.

Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, im-
bricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the
prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5-15, united into a central
column in 1-3 whorls. Styles 1-3-cleft. Capsule depressed, S-lobed. Seeds
subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not caruiiculate. — Erect herbs or under-
shrubs, with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from
dp-yvpos, silver, and ddfxvos, bush, from the hoariness of the original species.)

1. A. mercurialina Muell. Arg. Stem erect, nearly simple, 3-0 din." high,
sericeous ; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with
appressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid ; raceme many-flowered, exceeding
the leaves ; spatulate petals of the sterile flowers as long as the calyx-lobes •
ovary sericeous ; capsule appressed-pubescent, 8-10 mm. in diameter. (Ditaxis
Coult.) — Kan. to Ark. and Tex,

5. MERCURIAlIS [Tourn.] L. Mercury

Dioecious or monoecious. Flowers apetalous, in interrupted axillary spikes.
Stamens 8-20, distinct. Calyx small, green, globose in bud, 3-parted. Carpels
2(-3). — Herbs, with opposite pinnately veined leaves. (A plant-name used
by Pliny and meaning heJonging to the god Mercury.)

1. M. Annua L. Weak erect leafy-stemmed annual ; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate ; carpels hispid, — Waste places and ballast
ground, N. S. to S. C. and O. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ACAL'S'PHA L. Three-seeded Mercury

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes ; the few or
solitary fertile flowers at the base of the same spikes, or sometimes in separate
ones. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud ; of the fertile,
3-5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8-16 ; filament short, monadelphous at
base ; anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex
of the filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red).
Capsule separating into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel. —
Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or
Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile
flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like
cut-lobed persistent bract. ('A/ca\r/077, an ancient name of the Nettle.)

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent; seeds nearly smooth.

1. A. virginica L. Smoothish or hairy, .3-6 dm. high, often turning purple ;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-petioled ;
sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf-like pal-
mately 5-9-cleft fruiting bracts; fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil. — Fields
and open places, N. S. to Out. and Minn., s. to the Gulf. July-Sept.

2. A. gracilens Gray. Finely pubescent and often villous ; leaves lanceolate
or even linear, less toothed and shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike
often 2 cm. long, and much sin-passing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting
bracts. (A. virginica, var. Muell. Arg.) — Sandy or dry soil, s. N. H. to Fla. .
w. to e. Kan. and Tex. — Carpels by abortion sometimes reduced to one (A.
monococca Engelm.).

* * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections ; seeds rough-wrinkled.

3. A. ostryaefblia Riddell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, axillary ;
the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut into
many linear lobes. (A. caroliniana Ell., not Walt.) — N. J. to Fla.. w. to O.,
Kan., and Tex.

544 EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY)

7. RICINUS [Tourn.] L. Castor-oil Plant

Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate
below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching
filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule large. 8-lobed,
with 3 larc^e seeds.— A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate
and palmately 7-11-clett leaves often 3-6 dm. broad. (Ancient Roman name.)

1. R. COMMUNIS L. — Cultivated for ornament, and sometimes spreading to
waste ground. (Introd. from the tropics.)

8. TRAGIA [Plumier] L.

Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-5 (chiefly
3)-parted. valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; filaments short ; anther-cells
united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3-8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ;
the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three
2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants
(ours perennial herbs), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly
alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite
the leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small
bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.)

1. T. urens L. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy, 1.5-3 dm. high;
leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at base, obtusely
or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile,
paler beneath ; sterile calyx usually 4-parted ; stamens 2. ( T. innocua Walt.) —
Dry sandy soil, e. Va. to Fla. and La. May-Aug. — Not stinging.

2. T. "nepetaefblia Cav. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute
with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the
lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed,
short-petioled ; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. ( T. urticaefolia
Michx.) — Va. (Pursh), and common southw. to Fla. and Tex.; Mo., Kan.,
and westw. T. ramus a Torr. (T. stylaris MueU. Arg.), with 4-6-parted sterile
calyx, 4-6 stamens, and elongated styles, is probably only a variety. — Mo. to
Kan. and southwestw.

3. T. macrocarpa Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute ; leaves deeply cor-
date, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate, 6-11 cm. long, all but
the uppermost long-petioled ; pod 1.3 cm. broad. (Tl cordata Michx.) — Ky,
and Mo. to Ga., Fla., and Tex.

9. STILLINGIA Garden.

Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of
the disk none. Calyx 2-3-cleft or -parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 2 or 3 ; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick ; stigmas 3,
diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. —
Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at base ;
the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separated) ;
the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B.
Stillingfleet, English naturali.st of the 18th century.)

1. S. sylvatica L. Herbaceous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves almost sessile, oblong-
lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and diy soil,
Va. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Tex. May-Oct. — Sometimes cafled Qceen"s-root
or Qdeen's-delight.

10. PHYLLANTHUS L.

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5-6-parted, imbricated in the
bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules
2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded.
Seeds not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name

EUPHORBIACEAE (^SPUBQE i AMILY) 546

ftomposed of ^iWov, lm,f\ and dvdos^ hlossom^ because thefiowers in a few species
are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)

1. P. caioliniensis Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves obovato
or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, one
staminate, the other fertile ; calyx 6-parted ; stamens 3 ; styles 3, each 2-cleft ;
glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united into a cup. — Gravelly banks,
e. Pa. to centr. 111., s. e. Mo., and southw.

11. ANDRACHNE L.

Flowers monoecious, pedicellate, the sterile petaliferous, fasciculate, the
fertile often petaliferous, usually solitary in the axils. Stamens and calyx-
segments 5-6. Pod dry, splitting into three 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs and
undershrubs, v^ith many ascending leafy branches. Leaves oval or obovate,
entire. (From dvSpdxvr], classic Greek for the purslane.)

1. A. phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Muell. Arg. Kearly glabrous shrub ; stems and
ascending simple branches lithe ; leaves broadly obovate, membranaceous, 1.5
cm. long, shortly petiolate ; pedicels capillary, 7-14 cm. long ; petals in the
sterile flowers about as long as the obovate calyx-segments, in the fertile obsoles-
cent. — Rocky and gravelly places, s. Mo. to Tex.

12. EUPH6RBIA L. Spurge

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4-5-1 obed involucre (flower of
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick
glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers nu-
merous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little bract,
and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the filament ;
anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the
involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled
ovary with no calyx (or a mere vestige). Styles 3, each 2-cleft ; the stigmas
therefore 6. Pod separating into three 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically
into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in §§ 5 and 6). — Plants (ours
essentially herbaceous) with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often
umbellate-clustered ; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really
axillary. (Named for Eupliorhiis^ physician to King Juba.)

A. Glands of the involucre with petnl-UJce usually vMte or rose-colored margins
or appendages ; these almost obsolete in no. 1.

§ 1. ANISOPHYLLUM Koper. Leaves all opposite, short-petioled, small, oblique
at base; stipules atcJ -shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent ; stems
much branched, spreading or usually procumbent ; involucres solitary in the
forks or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands;
annuals.

* Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire; whole plant glabrous.

t- Leaves oblong to linear, 6-20 7nm. long; pod 2-P) mm. in length.

++ Appendages of the involucral glands minute or none.

1. E. polygonif51ia L. (Seaside S.) Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-
linear, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base, 8-16 mm. long;
stipules setaceously divided; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles:
lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands; pods
obtusely angled; seeds ovate, over 2 mm. long, the largest of this section.—
Sandy shores of the Atlantic (from N. S southw.) and of the Great Lakes ; also

•reported from centr. la. and westw. ,. , ,

2. E Geyeri Engelm. Procumbent; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly
mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate, 6-12 mm. long ; stipules
setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foli-
%ceous lateral clusters ; glands with narrow white or red appendages ; pods

UliAY'a MANUAL — 36

546 EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY^)

acutely angled ; seeds ovate, acute at one end, 1 mm. long. —Sandy soU, HI. to
Wise, Minn., and Kan. June-Sept.

-M- -M- Appendages of the involucral glands broad and conspicuous, white and

petaloid.

3. E. petaloidea Engelm. Half -erect and spreading ; leaves narrowly oblong,
refuse or emarginate ; peduncles 2 mm. in length, longer than the petioles ; pod
obtusely angled; seeds nearly 2 mm. long. — la. and Mo., westw. and south-
westw. June-Sept.

4. E. zygophylloides Boiss. Habit of the preceding but taller and more
slender; leaves linear; peduncles capillary, 5 mm. long ; capsule deeply 3-sul^
cate, the lobes carinate ; seeds obscurely 4-angled. {E. Nuttallii Small.) —
Limestone barrens, Greene Co., ^NIo. {Blankinship) to Kan., and southwestw.

•*- •*- Leaves suborbicular, 1-3 mm. long ; pod 1-1.5 mm. long,

5. E. serpens HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; leaves
round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, only 1-3 mm. long ; stipules membrana-
ceous, triangular; peduncles much longer than the petioles, at length in loose
foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the very small involucre with minute crenu-
late appendages; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled, 1 mm. long or
less. — Rich soil, s. w. Ont., 111., and la. to Kan., and southw. ; rarely adv. eastw.

** Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled; leaves more or less

serrulate.

•*- Glabrous or nearly so.

■*-*' Seeds acutely angled ; leaves 4-12 mm. long.

6. E. serpyllifblia Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading ; leaves obovate-ob'
long, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the obtuse apex,
6-12 mm. long, often with a red spot ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles
as long as or longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clus-
ters ; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages ;
pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled, often
pitted, nearly 1.5 mm. long. — Sandy and alluvial soil, n. Mich. {Farwell) to Mo.,
Tex., and westw.

7. E. glyptosplrma Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), erect-
spreading; leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, slightly
serrulate toward the obtuse apex, 4-10 mm. long ; stipules lanceolate, seta-
ceously divided ; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clus-
ters ; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages ;
pods sharply angled ; seeds sharply 4i-a7igled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse
wrinkles, 1 mm. long. — Oxford Co., Me. {Parlin, Miss Furbish) ; Fisher's I.,
N. Y. ; Ont. to Wise, Mo., and westw.

** ++ Seeds obtusely angled; leaves 1-3 cm. long.

8. E. Preslii Guss. Stem often subsimple below, erect or obliquely ascend-
ing, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-
oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate, 1-3 cm. long, usually with a
red spot or red margins ; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the petioles,
collected in loose leafy terminal cymes ; appendages entire, larger and white, or
smaller and sometimes red ; pod glabrous ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled
and tubercled, 1 mm. long, blackish. {E. hypericifolia Man. ed. 5, not L.? E.
nutans Lag.) — Dry open soil, Mass. to Ont., Wise, Neb., and southw.

••- •»- Puberulent to hirsute.

9. E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. Of lower stature and more procumbent than
the preceding ; steins hirsute, copiously branched from near the base ; leaves
smaller, 8-14 mm. long, oblong to ovate ; seeds black with pale semi-transparent
envelope, sharply 4-angled, the flattish or concave sides obscurely wrinkled.
(E. hypericifolia, var. Torr.) — Dry sandy soil, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to N. ,T
Pa.. O., and HI., common.

I

EUPHOEBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) 547

10. E. maculata L. (Milk Purslane.) Prostrate ; stems puberulent or
hairy ; leaves oblong-hnear, very oblique at base, serrulate upward more or less
pubescent or sometimes smoothish, 8-12 mm. long, usually with 'a brown-red
spot in the center ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as the peti
oles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the small involucre minute
with narrow slightly crenate usually red appendages ; pods acutely an^ded pu'
berulent ; see(?s 0.4 mm. long, red, with pale envelope, sha7^}ly i-aiigled and with
about 4 shallow grooves across the concave sides. — Open places, roadsides etc
common. ' ''

11. E. humistrata Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy • leaves
elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely
hairy underneath, 8-18 mm. long, sometimes with a brown spot above'; stipules
lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense
scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters ; involucre cleft on the back, its red or white
appendages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate
red, with pale envelope, obtusely angled, minutely roughened, 1 mm. long —
Rich soil, Ont. to Minn., and south w.

12. E. stict6spora Engelm. Similar in habit and pubescence ; leaves mostly
shorter, oval or suborbicular, not spotted ; seeds at maturity reddish-gray,
finely and distinctly pitted. — Kan., westw^ and south westw.

§ 2. ZYGOPHYLLfDIUM Boiss. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not
oblique, with stipular glands ; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes
terminal; involucres with 5 glands; seeds tuberculate.

13. E. hexagona Nutt. Somewhat hairy, 3-15 dm. high ; branches striate-
angled ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; involucre hairy without and within ;
glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length ; capsule smooth •
seeds ovate. — la. to Tex., w. to Col. and Mont.; also on waste ground, Wil-
mington, Del. {Commons).

§ 3. PETALOMA Boiss. Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like
margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered; erect annuals, with
leaves equal at base and entire, and loith lanceolate deciduous stipules:
involucres b-lobed, in an umbel-like infiorescence.

14. E. marginata Pursh. (Snow-on-the-Modntaix.) Stem stout, 3-9 dm.
high, erect, hairy ; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute ; umbel with three

dichotomous rays ; glands of the involucre with broad white appendages.

Minn, to Mo., Col., Tex., and S. C; spreading eastw. to O,, and frequently
escaping from flower-gardens.

§4. TITHYMAL6pSIS (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. Only the uppermost

leaves whorled or opposite; erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at

base; stipules none; involucres mostly b-lobed, in the forks of the
branches and terminal; infiorescence umbelliform.

15. E. corollata L. (Flowering S.) Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy,
4-10 dm. high ; root deep; stem usually simple for more than half its length;
leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5 (3-7) -forked, and the
forks again 2-3(or rarely 5)-forked; involucres long-peduncled, with sho^^■y
white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes minute and incurved ; pod
slender-pediceled, smooth ; seeds thick, 2 mm. long or more, ash-colored, slightly
uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, N. Y. to Fla., w. to Minn, and La.; also locally
naturalized in N. E. July-Oct.

16. E. marildndica Greene. Pale green ; root or rootstock horizontal, near
the surface; stem 3 dm. high, trichotomous from near the base; leaves lance-
linear, whorled below, the upper opposite, and floral reduced to subulate bracts.
— Sand hills, Anne Arundel Co., Md. {Greene). — Not seen; description
compiled.

548 EUPHOBBTACRAE (SPURGE FAMn.V')

AA. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendaget

5 5 POINS:fcTTIA (Graham) Baill. Involucres in terminal clusters, i-b-lohed,

' with few (or often solitary) cup-shaped glands; erect annuals, with entire,
dentate, or sinuate leaves, all or onh/ the upper ones opposite, the uppermost
often colored, especially at base; stipules reduced to small glands.

17 E dentata Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy, 2.5-12 dm. high; leaves
ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed, 4-8 cm. long, only the
lowest alternate, the upper often paler at base ; involucres alinost sessile, with

6 oblon^ dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked glands; seeds
ovoid-o-h)bular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Fa. to Wyo. and Tex. July-Sept.

18 E heterophylla L. (Painted Leaf.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous;
leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate
or linear and entire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper usually
with a red base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised
lobes and one or few almost sessile glands ; seeds nearly globular, tubercled. —
Slopes and rocky soil, Minn, to w. 111., Kan., Tex., and Fla.

§6. TITHYMALUS [Tourn.] Pers. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or

' commonly umbelliform inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many
flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands; seeds carunculate (except
in no. 19) ; ours ascending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules.

* Perennials icith entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite ; involucres long-

peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong
glands ; seeds ivithout caruncle.

19. E. Ipecacudnhae L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root,
erect or diffusely spreading, 1-2.5 dm. long, forking from near the base ;
leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narroAvly linear, almost sessile,
glabrous; peduncles elongated (1.3-2.5 cm. long) ; pod long-pediceled, obtusely
angled, nearly smooth ; seed ovoid, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots.
— Sandy soil, near the coast, Ct. to Fla. ; also barrens of s. Ind.

* * Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or

opposite and of a different shape; glands mostly 4.

-.- Leaves serrulate or rarely entire; glands transversely oval, obtuse.

++ Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough.

20. E. Darlingtbnii Gray. Tall perennial, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves entire,
minutely downy beneath; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow
base ; the floral oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate
base ; umbel 5-8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty ; large globular
seed witha small caruncle. —Copses, Pa. to the mts. of N. C. July-Sept.

21. E. obtusata Pursh. Erect anmmZ, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves oblong-spatulate,
minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones
ovate, dilated, barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then
into 2 ; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands ; styles distinct,
longer than the oyary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle ; pod beset with long warts. —
Damp woods, Pa. to S. C., w. to la , Kan., and (?) Tex.

22. E. PLATYPHYLLA L. Erect annual, 2-4.5 dm. high ; upper stem-leaves
lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scat-
tered hairs bmienth; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ;
involucre with cilinte lobes and large sessile glands ; sttjles longer than the
ovary, united at base, slightly '2-cleft ; pod covered with depressed warts. —
L. Champlain to w. Pa. and Man. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

•w. ++ Seeds rugose or reticulated ; leaves serrulate ; annuals.

23. E. dictyosplrma Eisch. & Mey. Stem erect, 2-4.5 dm. high ; leaves
oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper
ones cordate at base ; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped,
Blightly mucronate ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; involucrt

CALLITRICHACEAE (WATER STARWORT FAMILY^ 6^^

witli nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands; styles shorter than
the ovary, spreading or recurved; pod warty; seeds delicately rctirxlated
(E. arkansana and var. mlssouriensis Norton.) — rrairies and roadsides Mo
to Ala., and westvv. May-July. '

24. E. Heliosc6pia L. (Wartweed.) Stems ascending, 1.5-3.5 dm. hiirh,
stout ; leaves all obovate and very rounded or retuse at the end^ji)iely serrate
smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5
rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orbicular, stalked; pod<t
smooth and even ; seeds with coarse honey comb -like reticulations. — Waste places
and dry open soil, e. Que. to Ont., abundant ; locally s. to Ta., O., and 111. C^'^.i,
from Eu.)

•«- •<- Leaves entire ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned.
•*■*■ Seeds smooth and dark-colored; perennials, with running rootstocks.

25. E. EsDLA L. Stems clustered, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate to linear,
the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many
rays, then forking; glands short-horned (brown) ; pods smoothish and granular.
— Sandy banks, s. Me. (Pai'lin) to N. J., Pa., and Mich. (Nat. from Eu.)

^ 26. E. Cyparissias L. (Cypress S.) Stems densely clustered, 1.2-3 dm.
high; stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed ;
glands crescent-shaped; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens, common.
(Introd. from Eu.)

27. E. LUC IDA Waldst. & Kit. Stout and tall glabrous perennial ; leaves
oblong or oblong -lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; termi-
nal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; pods finely
wrinkled. (E. nicaeensis Man. ed. 6, not All.) — Field and roadsides,' Sus-
quehanna Valley, N. Y. and Pa. (Nat. from Eu.)

t-t. ++ Seeds sculptured, ash-colored ; pod smooth; annuals or biennials.

28. E. Peplus L. (Petty S.) Erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands
long-horned ; lobes of the pod ^-wing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-grooved on
the inner face, pitted on the back, scarcely over 1 mm. long. — Waste places
and cultivated ground, N. B. to N. J., Pa., and la. (Adv. from Eu.)

29. E. commutata Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent
base, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves obovate, obtuse, the upper all sessile, the upper
floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands with
slender horns ; capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovoid, pitted all over, 2 mm. long.
' — Along streams and shady slopes, Pa. to Fla., Mo., and Minn.

* * * Glabrous annual or biennial u'ith entire opposite and decussate leaves, an
umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands.

30. E. LAthyrus L. (Caper S., Mole Plant.) Stem stout, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel
4-rayed, then forking. — Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ct. and N. Y. to N. C.
(Introd. from Eu.)

CALLITRICHACEAE (Water Starwort Family)

Low slender and usually tufted chiefly aquatic herbs (glabrous or beset icith
microscopic stellate scales), with entire spatulate or linear leaves, monoecious
floioers (solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf) wholly naked or
inclosed by a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen,
the filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes
1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, bear-
ing 2 distinct filiform stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled,
separating at maturity into as many closed 1 -seeded portions, v^eeds peiuhilous
embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumeo

550 BUXACEAE (BOX FAMILY)

1. CALLfXRICHE L. Watek Starwort

The only genus. (Name from /caXos, beautiful^ and dpl^^ hair, from the
slender stems.)

* Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves

uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, S-nerved, crowded; bracts
none.

1. C. defl6xa A. Br., var. Austin! (Engelm.) Hegelm. Stems 1-2.5 cm. high ;
fruit 0.7 mm. wide, broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a
pedicel often nearly of its own length or almost sessile ; lobes of the fruit nar-
rowly winded and with a deep groove between them ; persistent stigmas shorter
than the fruit, spreading or reflexed ; leaves 2-4 mm. long. (C. Austini Engelm.)
— Damp soil, Ct. to Del.; also from Tenn. to Mo. and Tex. (Mex., S. A.)

* * Amphibious perennials ; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate

and S-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrowly oblong in
terrestrial forins) ; flowers usually between a pair of bracts.

2. C. paliistris L. Fruit 1 mm. long, higher than broad, obovate, slightly
obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very
narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them ; stigmas shorter
than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a
tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole. {C.verna L., in part.) — Common in
quiet waters. (Eu. )

3. C. heterophylla Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad as or broader than high,
deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely
angled, with a small groove between them ; stigmas as long as the truit, erect,
persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse,
abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. — Quiet water, Nfd. to Md., La., and
westw.

* * * /Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves ; flow-

ers icithout bracts ; carpels separate nearly to the axis.

4. C. autumnalis L. Stems 7-15 cm. high ; fruit large (2 mm. wide or
more), flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its
lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them ;
stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ; leaves all hnear from a broader base,
retuse or notched at the tip, 4-12 mm. long. (C. bifida Morong.) — Lakes and
cold streams, w. Mass., L. Champlain, and w. Que. to L. Superior, and westw.
(Eu.)

BUXACEAE (Box Family)

Perennial herbs or more often trees or shrubs, with simple opposite or alter-
nate usually evergreen leaves, watery juice and small greenish monoecious or
dioecious apetalous flowers; sepals imbricated or none; stamens opposite the
sepals or indefinite ; carpels 3 ; ovary S-celled ; styles 3, simple ; ovules (in ours)
geminate in the cells, suspended, the rhaphe dorsal. — A small family, often
united with the Euphorbiaceae.

1. PACHYSAnDRA Michx.

Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals none.
Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate ; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat ; anthers
oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Styles thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down
their whole length inside. Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at
length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels. — Nearly glabrous low and procumbent peren-
nial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alternate ovate or obovate
coarsely toothed leaves narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1-3-
bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented ;

LIMNANTHACEAE (FALSE MERMAID FAMILY) 651

sepals greenish or purplish ; filaments white (their size and thickness rivinc the
name, from iraxvs, thick, and dvifip, used for stamen).

1. P. procumbens Michx. Stems 1.6-2.8 dm. long, bearing several approxi-
mate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes
along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales —
Woods, mts. of Ky., W. Va., and southw. ; adv. north w. March-May.

EMPETRAcEAE (Ckowberry Family)
Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, hut the divided or laciniate
stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae. — Probably only an apetalous and degen-
erate form of Ericaceae, and comprising three genera, two within the limits of
this work, the third farther south.

1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary In the axils. Sepals 8, petalold.

2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.

1. Empetrum [Toum.] l. Crowberrt

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves, incon-
spicuous, scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short ; stigma 0-9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, wiih"
6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. (An ancient
name, from iv, upon, and ir^rpos, a rock.)

1. E. nigrum L. (Black C.) Procumbent and spreading ; branchlets and
scattered linear-oblong leaves glabrous or merely pulverulent; fruit black.—
Arctic Am., s. to the coast of e. Me., mts. of n. N. E. and N. Y., n. Mich , and
coast of Ore. (Eurasia.) Var. PURPtiREUM (Raf.) DC. Fruit red or purple. —
Less common.

Var. andinum (Philippi) DC. Branchlets and young leaves tomentose ; ber-
ries reddish or plum-colored, larger and more juicy. — Nfd., and mts. of Me. and
N. H. (Chili.)

2. CORl^MA D. Don. Broom Crowberry

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly
bract, and with 6 or 6 scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Sta-
mens 3, rarely 4. Style slender, 3(or rarely 4-5) -cleft ; stigmas narrow, often
toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nutlets. — Diffusely branched little
shrubs, with subverticillate narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name Kdprjfia, a
broom, from the bushy aspect. )

1. C. Conradii Torr. Shrub, 1.5-6 dm. high, diffusely branched, nearly
smooth ; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. — Sandy pine-barrens
and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. I. (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of
s. e. Mass. and Me. to Nfd. — The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account
of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.

LIMNANTHAcEAE (False Mermaid Family)

Herbaceous plants icith perfect regular S-^-merous slightly perigynous sym-
metrical flowers, the persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate xoith the petals.
Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, unth a common style, l-ovuled, at
length fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from a very short axis.
Embryo straight; cotyledons very thick; radicle very short. — Low tender
annuals, with alternate pinnate exstipulate leaves.

652 ANACARDIACEAE (CASHEW FAMILY)

1. FLOERKEA Willd. False Mermaid

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6." Ovaries 3,
opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the center ; stig-
mas 8. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, erect.—
Small and inconspicuous herbs, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pedun-
cles. (Named for (histav Hcinrich Fl'orke, a German botanist.)

1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, sometimes 2-3-cleft.
— Marshes and river-banks, w. Que. to Del., Ky., and westw. Apr.-June. —
Taste slightly pungent.

ANACARDlACEAE (Cashew Family)

TS'ees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves,
and small often polygamous regular 5-merous flowers, but the ovary l-celled and
l-ovtiled, with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly
drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises from the
base of the cell. Stipules none. Some species pervaded by an exceedingly ac-
tive poisonous principle.

1. RHtrS L. Sumach

Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or be-
tween the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and
indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves usually compound. Flowers green-
ish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name. )

§ 1. SIjMAC DC. (in part). Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thijrsoid pan-
icle; fruit globular, symmetrical, clothed with acid crimson hairs; stone
V smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate. {Not poisonous.)

\. R. typhina L. (Staghorn S.) Shrub or tree, 1-10 m. high, with orange-
colored wood; branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale
beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. (B. hirta Sudworth.) — Dry or
gravelly soil, e. Que. to Unt., s. to Ga., Ind., and la. June, July. — Apparently
hybridizes with the next species. Forma laciniXta (Wood) Rehder. Leaflets
and bracts more or less deeply and laciniately toothed. — A frequent form, at
least in some cases pathological and with inflorescence transformed in part into
contorted bracts (the Datisca hirta of L.). Forma dissecta Rehder. Leaves
bipinnatifid to bipinnate. — An occasional form, now in cultivation.

2. R. glabra L. (Smooth S.) Smooth glaucous shrub, 6-30 dm. high;
leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Common
in dry soil, centr. Me., westw. and southw. June, July. Forma laciniata
(Carr.) Robinson. Leaves laciniately bipinnatifid to bipinnate. — Pa. and Del.

3. R. copallina L. (Dwarf S.) Shrub, 0.3-2 or (especially southward)
even 10 m. high ; branches and stalks downy ; petioles wing-margined between
the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate often entire leaflets, which are oblique or
unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills, s. Me., southw,
and westw. July.

§2. VENENAtaE Engl. Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary
panicles; fruit symmetrical, globular, glabrous or pubescent, ichitish or
dun-colored ; the style terminal; stone striate ; leaves odd-pinnate or 'i-foli-
olate, thin. {Poisonous.) Toxicodendron Mill.

4. R. V§rnix L. (Poison S. or Dogwood.) Shrub, 2-5 m. high, smooth or
neariy so ; leaflets 7-13, ob ovate-oblong, entire. {B. venenata DC.) — Swamps,
w. Me. to w. Ont., and southw. June. — Our most poisonous species; also
called Poison Elder.

5. R. Toxicodendron L. (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak.) Suberect and bushy.

CYRILLACEAE (CYRILLA FAMILY) 565

scrambling over fences, walls, etc., or In woods climbing by rootlets to consid-
erable heights (var. radicans (L.) Torr.), sparingly pubescent or glabrate ;
leaves pinnately S-foliolate, leaflfts ovate to rhombic, mostly acuminate, entire]
cremdate, or irregularly and coarsely few-toothed, paler and with some persist^
ent or tardily deciduous pubescence beneatli ; berries whitish or cream -colored
subglobose, glabrous or nearly so, 5-6 mm. in diameter, in a^e sulcate. —
Abundant in hedgerows, thickets, and woods. June, July. — To many persons
poisonous to the touch. Passing on our western limits to a thicker-leaved
smoother form (B. Bydbergi Small).

Var. microcarpa Michx. Similar ; fruit 3-4 mm. in diameter. (B. micro-
carpa Steud.)— Apparently local, w. Que. to Fla., and westw.

6. R. quercif51ia (Michx.) Steud. (Poison Oak.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high*
leaflets broadly rhombic-ovate, conspicuously ^7-lobed, permanently and some-
what copiously pubescent beneath, rather firm in texture and somewhat veiny ;
fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, at ^rst pubescent, in maturity glahrscte hut papillose'.
— Woods and barrens, Va., southw. and southwestw.

§3. LOBAdIUM (Raf.) DC. Flowers poly gamo-dioecious, in small solitary
or clustered spikes or heads which develop in spring before the leaves ; leaves
S-foliolate; fruit as in the first group. Schmaltzia Desv,

7. R. canadensis Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becoming gla-
brate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed, 2.5-7.5 cm.
long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft ; flowers pale yel-
low. {B. aromatica Ait.) — Dry rocky banks, w. Vt. to Minn., and southw. —
A straggling bush, 1-2 m. high ; the crushed leaves not unpleasantly scented.

Var. illinoensis (Greene) Fernald. Branchlets and petioles tomentulose ;
leaves permanently appressed-pubescent above, velvety beneath. {Schmaltzia
illinoensis Greene.) — Dry sandy banks, centr. 111.

Var. trilobata (Nutt.) Gray. With smaller somewhat flabelliform and ob-
tusish leaflets, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, crenately few-lobed or incised toward the sum-
mit. — 111. {Hall), and common westw. — Unpleasantly scented.

§ 4. C6tINUS (Adans.) DC. Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the
remains of the styles lateral ; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels
elongating and becoming plumose ; leaves simple, entire.

8. R. cotinoides Nutt. A tree, 8-12 m. high, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves
thin, oval, 7-15 cm. long. {Cotinus Britton.) — Wooded calcareous banks, s. e.
Mo. to Tenn., and southw., rare and local. — Flowers and fruit much as in the
cultivated Smoke-tree {B. Cotinus L.), which is an occasional escape within
our range.

CYRILLAcEAE (Ctrilla Family)

Shrubs or small trees with alternate entire thickish leaves, no stipules, and

(i-)^-parted small regular and perfect flowers. Stamens hypogynous, 5 or 10,
when 5 alternate with the petals. Ovary 2-5-celled ; cells 1-4-ovuled. Petals
(white or roseate) imbricated or convolute in bud, sessile or unguiculate.
Fruit a small corky drupe or tardily dehiscent pod. Flowers racemose-spicate.

1. CYRILLA Garden. Leatherwood. Black Ti-ti

Petals sessile. Stamens 5, attached with the petals under a disk; anthers
somewhat sagittate. Ovary 2-J^-celled ; ovules anatropous or half-anatropous ;
cotyledons terete, small ; radicle superior. — Leaves oblanceolate, coriaceous,
evergreen or nearly so. (Named in honor of Dominica Cyrillo, professor of
medicine at Naples.)

1. C. racemifl5ra L. Glabrous shrub, with shining somewhat veiny leaves
and innumerable small flowers in clustei^d racemes. — Edges of swamps, s. e.
Va., and southw. (W. L; S. A.)

554 AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY^

AQUIFOLlACEAE (Holly Family)

Trees or shrubs, ivith small axillary 4:-S-merous flowers, a minute calyx fre«
from the 4:-S-celled ovary and the 4:-S-seeded berry-like drupe; the stamens as
'many as the divisions of the almost or quite ^S-petaled corolla and alternate
with them, attached to their very base. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers
opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds
suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropons, with a minute embryo in fleshy
albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish, mostly
polygamo-dioecious. —Small family, related to the Ebenaceae.

1. Ilex. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Stamens adnate to the base of the ooroDa.

2. Kemopanthus. Petals linear, free from each other and from the stamens.

1. Ilex l. holly

Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate or united only at the base, oval or
obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing
4-6 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary,
and the sterile or partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient
Latin name of the Holly Oak, rather than of the Holly.)

§ 1. AQUIF6lIUM [Tourn.] Gray. Parts of the flower commonly in 4'5,
sometimes in 5's or 6's ; drupe red or yellow, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or
1-grooved on the back; leaves mostly smooth, coriaceous and evergreen.
* Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; trees.

1. I. op^ca Ait. (American H.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with
scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young
branches and in the axils ; calyx-teeth acute ; fruit red. — Moist woodlands,
Mass. to N. J., near the coast, w. to s. Mo., and south w. June. — Tree, 6-12
m. hish ; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the European Holly. Forma
xanthocArpa Rehder. Fruit bright yellow. — New Bedford, Mass. (Hervey).

* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny ; shrubs.

2. I. vomitbria Ait. (Cassena, Yaupon.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical,
crenate, 2.5-8.8 cm. long; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth
obtuse. (7. Cassine Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Va. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. May.
— Leaves used for tea by the people along the coast, as they were also to make
the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. (W. I.)

3. I. Cassine L. (Dahoon H.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or
sharply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins, 5-7.5 cm. long, the
midrib and peduncles pubescent; calyx-teeth acute. (/. Dahoon Walt.) —
Swamps, s. Va., and southw. May, June.

Var. myrtifolia (Walt.) Sarg. Leaves smaller (2.5 cm. long or less) and
narrower. (/. myrtifolia Walt.)— Same range. May.

§ 2. PRINOtDES Gray. Parts of the polygamous or dioecious flowers in 4's
or 5'« {rarely 6's) ; drupe red or purple; nutlets striate-many-ribbed on the
back; leaves deciduous ; shrubs.

4. I. decidua Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate,
downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of
the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth
smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Va. to Mo., Kan., and southw. May.

5. I. monticola Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (6-12 cm. long),
taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers
very short-peduncled ; calyx cihate. — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mts.^
and Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., and southw. along the Alleghenies. May.

AQUIFOLIACEAE QHOLLY FAMILY) 555

Var. mollis (Gray) Britton. Leaves soft-downy beneath. (7. mollis Gray )

— Taconic Mts., Mass. (Hoffmann) to N. C. At the South appearinc' to pass
without clear limits into a form with shorter rounder leaves and tomentose
calyx (/. Beadlei Ashe).

§ 3. PRINOS Gray. Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in 4's, 5's, or 6's,
those of the fertile flowers commonly in G's {rarely in 5's, 7's, or 8'&') • nut-
lets smooth and even ; shrubs. '

* Leaves deciduous ; fruit red or yellow.

6. I. verticiliata (L.) Gray. (Black Alder, Winterberry.) Leaves ^1
cm. long, oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate,
downy chiefly on the veins beneath; flowers all very short-pedunclcd ; calyx-
lobes ciliate on the margins; fruit red. — Low grounds, common. May, June.
Forma chrysocArpa Robinson. Fruit yellow. — Georgetown, Mass. (Mrs.
Horner).

Var. tenuifblia (Torr.) Wats. Leaves thinner, smoother, pellucid-puncticu-
late under a lens ; fertile flowers more inclined to be solitary. (7. bronxensis
Britton.) — A northeastern woodland form, N. S. to Ont., Mich., and N. J.

Var. cyclophylla Robinson. Leaves small, suborbicular, finely pubescent
upon the veins beneath, tending to be clustered at the ends of the branclilets.
(Var. padifolia Britton, not T. & G.) —Shores of L. Erie ; a similar form with
small and clustered but narrower leaves on Mt. Desert I., Me. (Hand).

Var. padifblia (Willd.) T. & G. Leaves 6-12 cm. long, as in the tvpical
form, but tomentulose on the surface (as well as the veins) beneath. — Mass. to
Minn., and south w.

7. I. laevigata (Pursh) Gray. (Smooth Winterberry.) Leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, shining above, mostly glabrous be-
neath ; sterile flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes not ciliate. — Wet grounds,
N. H. to the mts. of N. C. June. — Fruit larger than in the last, ripening
earlier. Forma HERvi:Yi Robinson. Fruit bright yellow. — New Bedford,
Mass. (Hervey).

* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining, often dotted beneath; fruit black.

8. I. glabra (L.) Gray. (Inkberry.) Shrub, 6-9 dm. high, the twigs ashy-
puberulent ; leaves wedge -lanceolate or oblong, sparingly toothed toward the
apex, smooth, 1.4-4.8 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide ; peduncles (L2 cm. long) of
the sterile flowers 3-6-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth rather
blunt. — Low sandy grounds, s. w. N. S.; and from Cape Ann, Mass., to Fla.
and La., near the coast. June.

9. I. lucida (Ait.) T. & G. Larger shrub, with glabrous or viscid-puberuJpnt
branchlets ; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, coriaceous, entire or remotely toothed,
short-acuminate, mostly 3-7.5 cm. long, L 6-2.8 cm. wide, on thickish petioles
6-10 mm. in length. — Swamps, Va. to Fla. and La.

2. NEMOPANTHUS Raf. Mountain Holly

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute
deciduous teeth, in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, S]irea(l-
ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5 ; filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets,
light red. — A much branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate deciduous
entire or slightly toothed smooth leaves on slender petioles. Flowers on lon^
slender axillary peduncles, solitary or si^iringly clustered. (Name said by
the author to mean "flower with a filiform peduncle," presumably from
vrjfxa, a thread, trovs, foot, and Q.vdos, flower.)

1. N. mucronata (L.) Trel. Erect, 0.3-8 m. high ; bark gray; leaves ellip-
tic-oblong, thin, slightly paler beneath. — (Nemopanthes fascicularis Raf.;
Ilicioides mucronata Britton.) — Damp cool woods, from the mts. of Va. to
Nfd., Ind., Wise, and north w.

556 CELASTRACEAE (STAFF TREE FAMILY)

CELASTRACEAE (Staff Tree Family)

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flovers, the sepals and the
petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 pengynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which Jilh the bottom
of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. Ovule anatropous ;
styles united into one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large,
in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious.
Pedicels jointed.

* Leaves opposite ; flowers in axillary cymes or solitary.

1. Evonymus. Erect shrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3-5-lobed, 8-5-valved. Aril red.

2. Pachistima. Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, 2.valved. Aril

white

* * Leaves alternate ; flowers in terminal racemes.

3. Celastrus. A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril scarlet.

1. EV6nYMUS [Tourn.] L. Spindle Tree

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens short, borne on the edge or
face of a broad and flat 4-5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx and is
stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or none.
Pod 3-5-lobed, 3-5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, inclosed in a
red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose
pedunculate cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name from eS,
good, and 6voim, name, but used ironically, the plants having had the bad
reputation of poisoning cattle.) x rr. ti ^ ^

1. E. atropurpureus Jacq. (Burning Bush, Waahoo.) Tree-like shrub,
2-4 *m. high ; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed ; parts of the dark-purple
flower coramonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply Zo6e(?. — N. Y. to Wise, Keb.;
southw. and westw.; also cultivated, and locally establishing itself northeastw.
June. —Ornamental in autumn, its copious crimson fruit drooping on long
peduncles. .

2. E. EDROPAEUS L., the European Spindle Tree, with similar foliage
but less numerous greenish or yellowish-ichite flowers, occasionally escapes from
cultivation in the Atlantic States. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. E. americanus L. (Strawberry Bush.) Shrub, low, upright or strag-
gling, 1-2 m. high ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, acute or pointed; parts of the greenish-purple flowers mostly in 5's ;
petals distinctly clawed ; pods rotigh-warty. depressed, crimson when ripe ; the
aril and dissepiments scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, N. Y. to 111., Fla. and
Tex. June.

4. E. obovatus Nutt. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flowering stems 3-6
dm. high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong, obtuse; petals icithout
distinct claw. (E. americanus, var. T. & G.) — Low or wet places, w. Ont. to
Pa., Ky , and 111.; commoner than the preceding.

2. PACHiSTIMA Raf.

Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad
disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free ; style very short. Pod small, oblong,
2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, inclosed in a white membrana-
ceous many-cleft aril. — Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coria-
ceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in the
axils. (Name from rax^s, thick, and ot^y/ao, stigma.')

ACER ACE AE (^MAPLE FAMILY^ 557

1. P. Cdnbyi Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse
6-25 mm. lung; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter than the leaves'
fruit 4 mm. long. — Steep rocky slopes, mts. of s. Va. and W. Va. '

3. CELAsTRUS L. Staff Tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod globose,
orange-color and berry-like, 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds i or 2 in
each cell, erect, inclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient
Greek name for some evergreen.)

1. C. scandens L. (Waxwork, Climbing Bitter-sweet.) Twining
shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and in
thickets, Me. to Man., and southw. June. — The opening orange-colored pods,
displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn,

STAPHYLEACEAE (Bladder Nut Family)

Shrubs or small trees with opposite chiefly pinnate stipulate leaves and perfect
flowers. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, borne outside a
large disk. Fruit (in ours) a bladdery inflated 2-3-horned capsule. Seeds (in
ours) with scanty albumen and straight embryo. — Chiefly Asiatic.

1. STAPHYLEA L. Bladder Nut

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate.
Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly
cohering. Pod large, inflated, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the
cells containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Cotyledons broad and thin. — Up-
right shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white
flowers in drooping raceme-like clusters terminating the branchlets. Stipules
and stipels deciduous. (Name from a-racpvXri, a cluster.)

1. S. trif51ia L. (American B.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. — Thickets, in
moist soil, w. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., and southw. May. — Shrub, 3 m.
high, with greenish striped branches.

ACERACEAE (Maple Family)

Trees and shrubs with watery saccharine sap, opposite simple and palmatehj
lobed or more rarely palmately or pinnately divided leaves, small regular mostly
polygamous or dioecious sometimes apetalous flowers. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed ;
ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo coiled or folded ; cotyledons long and thin. —
Chiefly trees of temperate regions.

1. Acer [toutu.] l. maple

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Caiyx colored, 5 (rarely 4-12)-lobed or -parted.
Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of a perigynous or hypogynous disk. Stamens 3-
12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell ; styles 2, long and slender,
united only below, stisimatic down the inside. From the back of each carpel
grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1-seeded at lengtli separable samaras
or keys. — Trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed leaves, and
small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic aCy
hard.)

558 ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY)

§ 1. Acer proper. Disk usually present. Leaves in ours simple^ palmatel^
lobed or cleft.

* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish^ appearing after the leaves; stamens

6-8.

1. A. pennsylv^nicum L. (Striped M., Moosewood.) Leaves 3-lobed at
the apex, finely and sharply double-serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed and
also serrate; racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg-
ing winj^s.— Rich woods, e. Que. to w. Dnt., s. to N. E., N. Y., Great L.
region, and in the mts. to Ga. June. — A small and slender tree, with light
green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit.

2. A. spicatum Lam. (Mountain M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3(or
slightly 5) -lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; racemes upright^
dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small erect or
divergent wings. — Moist woods, Nfd. and Lab. to Hudson B. and Man., s. to
N. E., N. Y., Great L. region, e. la., and in the mts. to Ga. June. — A tall
shrub or small tree, with reddish fruit.

* * Flowers in nearhj sessile terminal and lateral umbellate-corymbs, greenish"

yellow, appearing with the leaves.

3. A. sdccharum Marsh. (Sugar or Rock M.) Leaves 3-6-lobed, with
rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-
shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on
the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds,
drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ;
wings of the fruit broad, usually slightly diverging. (A. saccharinum Wang.,
not L.) — Rich woods, especially north w. and along the mts. southw. Apr.,
May. — A large and handsome tree.

Var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton. (Black Sugar M.) Leaves green and
scarcely paler but usually dovmy beneath, the lobes wider, often shorter and
entire, the sinus at the base commonly closed; stipules often conspicuous.
— Rich soil, w. Que. and w. N. H., southw. and westw. ; sometimes appearing
distinct.

* * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much

preceding the leaves / stamens 3-6.

4. A. saccharinum L. (White or Silver M.) Leaves very deeply 5-lobed,
with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) under-
neath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers on short pedicels ;
petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with large divergent wings. (^A. dasy-
carpum Ehrh.) — River-banks. March, Apr. — A fine ornamental tree.

6. A. rubrum L. (Red or Swamp M.) Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular,
truncate or cordate at base, tomentose when young, soon glabrate, whitened
beneath, 8-15 cm. long ; the 3-5 acuminate lobes irregularly serrate and notched,
the middle one oblong at base ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods, e. Que. to w. Ont., and
southw. Apr. — A medium-sized tree, with reddish twigs; the leaves varying
greatly in shape, turning bright crimson in early autumn.

Var. Drumm6ndii (H. & A.) T. & G. Leaves large and firm, permanently
tomentose beneath. (J.. Brummondii H. & A.) — Mo., and southw.

Var. tridens Wood. Leaves small (5-10 cm. long), obovate, narrowed or
rounded and subentire or sparingly toothed below the 3 short lobes ; the middle
lobe broadly triangular. {A. carolinianum Britton, perhaps Walt.) — Local,
Mass. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.

§ 2. NEGtJNDO (Moench) Koehne. Flowers strictly dioecious. Disk none.
Leaves pinnate. Negundo Moench.

6. A. Negundo L. (Box Elder.) Leaflets 3-5 (-9), smoothish when old,
very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed: petals none; fruit smooth, with large

SAPINDACEAE (^SOAPBERRY FAMILY) 659

rather incurved wings. (Negundo aceroides Moench.) — River-banks, w. N. E.
to Man., southw. and westw. ; extensively cultivated and frequently seeding
itself eastw. Apr. — A small but handsume tree, with light-green twigs, and
very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers rather earlier than the
leaves.

SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry Family)

Trees, shrubs, rarely herbaceous climbers, with exstipulate chiefly alternate and
compound leaves. Flowers often polygamous, mostly unsymmetrical. Stamens
commonly more numerous than the petals, rarely twice as many. Embryo

curved or convolute, rarely straight ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. Large

family, chiefly woody climbers in the tropics.

1. Sapindus. Flowers subregular. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
2« AeSCUluS. Flowers Irregular. Leaves opposite, palmate.

1. SAPINDUS TTourn.] L. Soapberry

Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals
4-5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, upon the hypogynous disk. Ovary
3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2-3-lobtd
berry, 1-3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate
abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or
panicles. (Name a contraction of sapo indicus, Indian soap, having reference
to the saponaceous character of the berries.)

1. S. Dnimm6ndi H. & A. Tree, G-18 m. high ; leaflets 4-9 pairs, obliquely
lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 3.7-7.5 cm. long; the rhachis of the leaf
not winged ; flowers white, in a large panicle ; fruit mostly globose, 1.2 cm. in
diameter. (^S*. acuminatus Man. ed 6, not Eaf.) — Kan. to La. and Mex.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum L., the Balloon Vine of cultivation, an
herbaceous climber with bi-ternate leaves and bladdery pods, is occasionally
spontaneous. (In trod, from Tropics.)

2. AESCULUS L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye

Calyx tubular, 6-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4-5, more or
less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) ; fila-
ments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1 ; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, or usually by abortion
1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick shin-
ing coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their
contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination ; plumule
2-leaved ; radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate; leaf-
lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse
or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imperfect pistils and
sterile ; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and nar-
cotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing tree.)

§1. EUA;feSCULUS Pax. Fruit covered with prickles lohen young.

1. A. HippocAsTANUM L. (Common H.) Corolla spreading, white, spotted
with purple and yellow, of 5 petals; stamens declined; leaflets 7. — Com-
monly planted and occasionally self-sown. (Introd. from Asia via Fai.)

2. A. glabra Willd. (Fetid or Ohio B.) Stamens curved, longer than the
pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; leaflets usually 5. — River-banks, w. Pa.
to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southw. June. — A large tree; the bark exhahng an
unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy.

660 BALSAMINACEAE (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY)

Var. argiita (Buckley) Robinson. Leaflets mostly 6 or 7, lanceolate, attenu.
ate, sharply serrate. (A. arguta Buckley. ) — la. {Mills), Mo. (Bush), to Kan.
and Tex.

§ 2. pAvIA [Boerh.] Pers. Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving; the 2 upper
smaller and longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very
long claw.

3. A. octandra Marsh. (Sweet B.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla ;
calyx ohlong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely
downy underneath. {A. flava Ait.) — Rich woods, Pa. to Wise. , la., and south w.
May. — A large tree or a shrub.

Var. hybrida (DC.) Sarg. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color or dull
purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. {A. flava, va.r. purpurasceiis Gra^y.)

— W. Va., south w. and westw.

4. A. Pa via L. (Bed B.) Stamens not longer than the corolla, which is
bright red, as well as the tubular calyx; leaflets glabrous or soft-downy beneath.

— Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and south w. May. — A shrub or small tree.

BALSAMINACEAE. (Touch-me-xot Family)

Herbs or undershrubs with bland watery juice, alternate simple exstipulate
leives, irregular flowers, and petaloid imbricated spurred calyx. Stamens 5,
with short flat fllaments and introrse more or less connivent anthers. Ovary
b-celled. Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. — Ours glaucous succulent
annuals.

1. IMPATIENS [Rivinius] L. Balsam. Jewelweed

Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex (probably
two combined) ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its
stalk) largest, and forming a usually spurred sac. Petals 2, 2-lobed (each a pair
unitM) . Filaments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales con-
nivent over the stigma ; anthers introrse. Pod with evanescent partitions, and
a thick axis bearing several anatropous seeds ; valves 5, coiling elastically and
projecting the seeds in dehiscence. — Leaves in ours ovate or oval, coarsely
toothed, petioled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., the
larger ones which seldom ripen seeds ; and very small ones which are fertilized
early in the bud, their floral envelopes never expanding but forced off by the
growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting
of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation.)

1. I. pallida Nutt. (Pale Todch-me-not.) Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly
dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped
with a short incurved spur. (/. aurea Muhl. ?) — Moist shady places and along
rills, in rich soil, n. Me. and w. N. E., westw. and south w. July-Sept. — Larger
and greener than the next, with larger flowers. A form with unspotted flowers
occurs.

2. I. biflbra Walt. (Spotted Todch-me-not.) Flowers orange-color, thickly
spotted with reddish brow-n ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into
d^ strongly inflexed spur half as long as the sac. (/. fuJva Nutt.) — Rills and
shady moist places. June-Sept. — Plant 6-8 dm. high. Forms with spotless,
whitish, or roseate flowers have been found.

I. n6li-tangere L., of Eurasia and n. w. Am., with pale yellow flowers and
the sac much longer than broad, is reported from Ottawa, Out. {Macoun)»

RHAMNAcEAE (Buckthorn Family)

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers {some-
times apetaJons), in'th the i or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate
9epals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals ! Druve or pod

RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) 561

with only one erect seed in each cell, not ariUed. Petals folded inwards in the
bud, hooded or concave, inserted with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy
disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the
lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5.
Embryo large, ^\^th broad cotyledons, in sparse fleshy albumen. Flowers often
polygamous, sometimes dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate ; stipules small or
obsolete. Branches often thorny. — Slightly bitter and astringent ; the fruit often
mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.

* Calyx and disk free from the ovary,

1. Berchemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 2-celled

bony putamen.

2. Rhamnus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry -like, with 2— t sepa-

rate seed-like nutlets.

* * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary.

3. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.

1. BERCHEMIA Neck. Supple-jack

Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equaling the 6 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe ellipsoid, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins
of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small
panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.)

L B. scandens (Hill) Trel. Glabrous ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate ; style short. {B. voluhilis DC.) — Damp soils, Va. to Mo., and south w,
June. — Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular name.

2. RHAMNUS [Tourn.] L. Buckthorn

Calyx 4-5-cleft; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small,
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some-
times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry -like (black), containing 2-4
separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture. — Shrubs or small trees,"with
loosely pinnate-veined leaves, and greenish perfect, polygamous, or dioecious
flowers, in axillary clusters, (The ancient Greek name.)

§ 1. EURHAmNUS Griseb. Flowers usually dioecious; nutlets and seeds
deeply grooved on the hack; rhaphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceous, the mar-
gins revolute.

* Calyx-lobes and stamens 5 ; petals wanting.

1. R. alnifblia L'H^r. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly
straight-veined; fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., 111.,
Neb.^ Wyo., etc, June,

* * Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4.

2. R. cavhArtvca L. (Common B.) Leaves ovate, minutely serrate ; fruit
3-4-seeded; branchlets rigid, often spine-like. — Cultivated for hedges; locally
naturalized eastw. May, June, (Tntrod. from Eu.)

3. R. lanceolata Pursh, Tall unarmed shrub ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and
acute, or on flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or
minutely downy beneath ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct
plants, both perfect ; one with short pedicels clustered and with a short included
style ; the other with pedicels oftener solitary, style exserted ; petals deeply
notched; fruit 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks, Pa. to Neb., southw- and
westw. May.

GRATIS MANUAL — HG

562 RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY)

§ 2. FRAnGULA S. F. Gray. Flowers perfect ; nutlets and seeds not furrowed '^
cotyledons flat, thick; rhaphe lateral.

4. R. caroliniana Walt. Thornless shrub or small tree ; leaves 7-13 cm
long, oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers 5-merous,
in one form solitarij in the axils, in another in short-peduncled umbels; drupe
globose, 3-seeded. — Swamps and river-banks, rarely on dry rocky hills, N. J. to
Kan., and south w. June.

5. R. FrAngula L., with sessile umbels, is established in Ont., on L. I., and
in n. N. J. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. CEANdTHUS L. Red-root

Calyx 5-lobed, incurved ; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the
ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on slender
claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and split-
ting into its 3 carpels when ripe. — Shrubby plants ; flowers in little umbel-like
clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-
branches ; calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name used
by Theophrastus, probably misspelled.)

1. C. americanus L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
2.4-5.5 cm. broad, acutish to acuminate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubes-
cent, often slightly heart-shaped at base ; common peduncles elongated. — Dry
woodlands and gravelly shores, centr. Me. to w. Ont., and southw. July. —
Stems 0-9 dm. high from a dark red root ; branches downy. Flowers in pretty
white clusters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea
during the American Revolution.

2. C. ovatus Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, 7-22 (-26)
mm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or
nearly so, as well as the short common peduncles. — Dry rocky or sandy soil,
w. Vt. and e. Mass. to Man., Minn., 111., and south westw. ; rare eastw. May.
Var. PUBESCEN8 T. & G. has leaves permanently sordid-tomentose. — la, and
southwestw.

VITACEAE (Vine Family)

Shrubs with watery acid juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular
greenish commonly polygamous flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb
mostly obsolete, and the ^amens as many as the valvate petals and opposite
them! Berry 2-celled, usually 4-seeded. Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogy-
nous or perigynous. Filaments slender ; anthers introrse. Style short or none ;
stigma slightly 2-lobed ; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules from the
base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of the hara
albumen. Stipules deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or com-
pound ; tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves.

* No distinct hj-pog-ynous disk ; some or all the tendril-braiiches with dilated adhesive tips.

1. Psedera. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate.

* * Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk ; tendrils coiling, naked-tipped.

2. Cissus. Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, inedible. Leaves
simple or pinnately compound.

3. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the
stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple.

1. PSEDERA Neck. Virginia Creeper. Woodbine

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none.— Woody climbers, with digitate leaves; leaflets 6 (^-7), oblong-

VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY) 563

/anceolate, rather coarsely serrate. Flower-clusters cymosely compound. Ten-
drils branched, their tips tmning or affixing themselves by enlarged terminal
adhesive disks. (Name supposedly intended as a contraction of \ped8os, false,
and Hedera, the Ivy.) Ampklopsis Michx., in part. Parthexocissl-s Planch.'

1. P. quinquefblia (L.) Greene. Glabrous even upon the young shoots;
leaflets dull green, decidedly paler beneath, d\^i\r\Q,l\y petiolulate ; tendrils irith
6-12 rather long branches mt)Stly ending in adhesive disks ; peduncles 1-4 cm.
long; inflorescence paniculate, its main branches unequal; fruit sul)globose',
scarcely fleshy, about 6-7 mm. in diameter, (/impel opsis Michx.; Partheno-
cissus Planch.) — Copses, etc., s. N. H., westw. and southw.' common. CAIex
W.I.) ^ ■'

Var. hirsuta (Donn) Rehder. Branchlets, tendrils, petioles, and to some
extent the \efiQets pubesce7it at least when young ; aerial rootlets often present ;
otherwise like the typical form. (Ampelopsis quinquefolia, var. pubescens
Bailey.) — Vt. to la., southw. and southwestw.

Var. Saint-Paiilii (Koehne & Graebner) Rehder. Somewhat pubescent upon
the younger parts ; aerial rootlets more prevalent than in the other forms of
the species; leaflets cuneate to a sessile or scarcely petiolulate base; cymules
somewhat racemosely arranged, rendering the elongated main branches of the
inflorescence subcylindric. — la., Ill, and southwestw.

2. P. vitacea (Knerr) Greene. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent; leaflets
deep green, thin, somewhat shining above, scarcely paler beneath ; tendrils with
2-5 long tivining branches, these only exceptionally ending in adhesive disks ;
atrial rootlets none ; peduncles mostly 4-8 cm. long ; inflorescence regularly
dichotomous, the primary branches nearly equal ; fruit somewhat obovoid,
6-10 mm. in diameter, more fleshy than in the preceding species. (Ampelopsis
quinquefolia oi auth., in part, not Michx.; Parthenocissus vitacea Hitchc.) —
Moist woods, alluvial thickets, etc., centr. Me. to Assina. and Tex., common.

2. cissus L.

Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous.
Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the ovary. Berry
inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate. Tendrils in our
species few and mostly in the inflorescence. — Avast genus, mainly tropical.
(Greek name of the Ivy.) Ampelopsis Michx., in part.

1. C. Ampel6psis Pers. Nearly glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or truncate at
the base; coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed; panicle small
and loose ; style slender ; berries of the size of a pea, 1-o-seeded, bluish or
greenish. (Ampelopsis cordata Michx., not C. cordata Roxb.) — River-banks,
Va. to Neb., Tex., and Fla. June.

2. C. arbbrea (L.) Des Moulins. (PEPi bk-vine.) Nearly glabrous, bushy and
rather upright; leaves twice pinnate or tcr?i, f.e. the leaflets cut-toothed ; flc-wers
cymose ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adnerent to the ovary ; berries black,
obovoid. (C. stans Pers.; Ampelopsis arbor ea Rusby.) — Rich soils, Va. to
Mo. , and southw.

3. C. incisa (Nutt.) Des Moulins. A stout vine, with somewhat succulent
deeply S-parted or pinnately S-foliolate leaves, the leaflets ovate or obovate,
cuneate, coarsely and irregularly toothed ; inflorescence suggesting a compound
umbel. — Open sandy or rocky woods, "Mo." and Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

8. VillS [Tourn.] L. Grape

Flowers poly gam o-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others staml-
nate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 6-merous. Calyx very short, usually
?7ith a nearly entire border or none at all. Peta,ls separating only at base and
falling off without expanding. Hypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glands
alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyriform, with beak-like
base. — Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a

564 VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY)

compound thyrse, very fragrant ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves
simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.)

Lower surface of leaves velvetv-tomentose or covered with flocculent wool.

Berries large, 14-18 mm. in diameter 1. V. iabruaca.

Berries smaller, rarely over 12 mm. in diameter.
Branchlets terete or nearly so, glabrous, glabrate, or retaining only floccu-
lent remnants of wool. , ,, , X
Branchlets. petioles, and lower surface of leaves covered with somewhat

persistent reddish flocculent wool 2. V. aeatitalis.

Branchlets even when young glabrous or nearly so ; lower surface of

leaves very pale and glaucous, at length nearly smooth . . . 3. F. bicolor.
Branchlets distinctly angled, covered with a fine dense and persistent

grav tomentum 4, F. cinerea.

lower surface of the leaves merely pubescent (chiefly along or in the axils of

the nerves) or glabrous. ttt.-

Leaves very glaucous or even whitened beneath 3, V. Mcolor.

Leaves green beneath.

Bark of stem loose and shredding; berries 7-10 mm. in diameter.
Leaves ovate to suborbicular ; berries mostly acid ; tall climbers.
Teeth of leaves narrowly deltoid or even lanceolatf^, sharply acumi-
nate, and often slightly falcate ; berries blue, with copious bloom 6. V. Tulpina.
Teeth of leaves broadly deltoid, cuspidate; berries black or dark
purple, with httle or no bloom.
Leaves scarcely or not at all 3-lobed ; the basal sinus mostly rather

deep, narrow, and acutish 5. F. cordifolia.

Leaves habitually and rather incisely 3(-5)-lobed ; the basal sinus

mostly wide, shallow, and rounded 7. F. palmata.

Leaves reniform or depressed-ovate, broader than long ; berries sweet ;

bushy or sprawling 8. F. I'upestrift.

Bark of stem close and firm ; berries 12-18 mm. in diameter . . . 9. V. rotundifoUa

§ 1. EUVItIS Planch. Baric loose and shreddy ; tendrils forked; nodes solid.
* A tendril {or inflorescence^ opposite each of several successive leaves.

1. V. labriisca L. (Northern Fox G.) Branchlets and young leaves very
woolly ; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, continuing rusty-
woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; berries large. — Moist or dry thickets,
N. E. to the Allegheny Mts,, and s. to Ga.; also n. w. Ind. — Fruit ripe in Sept.
or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by
cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other
varieties.

* * Tendrils intermittent {none opposite each third leaf).
•*- Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath and when young.

2. V. aestivalis Michx. (Summer or Pigeon G.) Branchlets terete^ loosely
pubescent ; leaves large, unlobed or more or less deeply and obtusely 3-5-lobed,
with short broad teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young, tawny-
flocculent even in age; petioles rather short, pubescent ; berries middle-sized,
black, with a bloom, in compact bunches. — Thickets, s. N. H. to Fla., w. to
Kan, and Tex. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept.

3. V. bicolor Le Conte. (Summer G.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or nearly
so ; petioles long, glabrous ; leaves thickish, very glaucous and early glabrate
beneath ; teeth less salient ; otherwise resembling the preceding. — N. H. to
N. C, and westw.

4. V. cinerea Engelm. (Sweet Winter G.) Branchlets angular; pubes-
cence whitish or grayish, persistent ; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed ; inflores-
cence large and loose ; berries small, black, without bloom. — Centr. 111. to Kan.
and Tex.

>- H- Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the ribs
beneath, incisely lobed or undivided.

5. V. cordifblia Michx. (Frost or Chicken G.) Leaves 7.5-10 cm. wide,
unlobed or slightly 3-lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate, coarsely
and sharply toothed ; stipules small ; inflorescence ample, loose ; berries small,
hiack and shining, very acerb, ripening after frosts ; seeds 1 or 2, with promi-
ti.ent rhaphe, (F. Baileyana Munson.) — Thickets and stream-banks, Pa., s

TILIACEAE (;LINDEN FAMILY) 565

N. Y. ? to centr. HI., Mo., Neb., and south w. May, June. Var. foAtida

Engelm., of the Mississippi Valley, has unpleasantly aromatic fruit.

6. V. vulpina L. (River-bank or Fhost G.) Differing from the last in the
larger and more persistent stipules (4-6 mm. long), more shining and usually
3-lobed leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or acumi-
nate teeth ; smaller compact inflorescence ; berries 8-10 mm. in diameter blue
with a bloom, acid and very juicy, ripening from Sept. to Nov. ; rhaphe indistinct.
( V. riparia Michx.) — Stream-banks or near water, N. B. to W. Va., N. Dak.
and Kan. Var. praecox Bailey has small sweet early fruit, — Mo.

7. V. palmlita Vahl. (Red or Cat G.) Branches bright red; leaves dark
green and dull, 3-5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate ;
inflorescence large and loose ; berries black, without bloom, ripening late ; seeds
very large and rounded ; otherwise like no. 6, (F. rubra Michx.) — 111., Mo.,
and southw,

8. V. ruplstris Scheele. (Sand or Sugar G.) Usually low and bushy, often
without tendrils; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate, abruptly pointed,
with broad coarse teeth, rarely a little lobed ; berries rather small, sweet, in
very small close bunches, ripe in Aug. — Sandy banks, hills, etc., s. Pa. {Porter)
to Mo., and southw. Var. dissecta Eggert has more ovate and somewhat
laciniately toothed leaves. — Mo.

§ 2. MUSCADInIA Planch. Bark closely adherent on the branches; pith con-
tinuous through the nodes; tendrils simple, intermittent; seeds with trans-
verse wrinkles on both sides.

9. V. rotundifblia Michx. (Muscadine, Bullace, or Southern Fox G.)
Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, with broad
and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely flowered ; berries
large (1.2-L8 cm. in diameter), musky, purplish, without a bloom, with a
thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. ( V. vulpina Man. ed. 5, not L.) —
River-banks, Del. {Commons) to Ky., Mo., Kan., and southw. May. — Branch-
iets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scuppernong Grape, etc.

TILIAcEAE (Linden Family)

Trees {rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous hark, valvate
calyx, etc., of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in
the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 2-celled. — Repre-
sented in northern regions by the single genus

1. TfllA [Tourn.] L. Linden. Basswood

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous ; filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with
a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a
5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent, globular, becoming 1-celled
and 1-2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin, 5-lobed,
crumpled. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and tough inner
bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (oblique and (^ften
truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers hanging
on an axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous bract.
Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name.)

1. T. americ^na L. (Basswood.) Leaves large, green and glabrous or
nearly so ; floral bract usually tapering or stalked at base ; fruit ovoid, obscjirely
ribbed. — Rich woods. May, June. — Here rarely called Lime-tree, ofiener
Whitewood, commonly Basswood ; the last name now obsolete in England.

2. T. Michauxii Nutt. Leaves smaller (5-7.5 cm. long), rather densely j>?^
tesceni and grayish-green beneath ; floral bract usually rounded at base ; fruit

566 MALVACEAE QMALLOW FAMILY^

globose, smaller, 6 mm. thick. (T. pubescens Man. ed. 6, not Ait.) — Ct. to
Fla., and westw.

3. T. heterophylla Vent. (White B.) Leaves larger, smooth and bright
green above, silvery -ivhitened with a fine down underneath ; bract usually taper-
ing at base. — Chiefly on limestone, s. N. Y. and mts. of Pa. to s. 111., and
southw.

MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the calyx
valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens monadelphous
in a column and united at base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled
anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent, often
involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of -exterior calyx. Petals
5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, the ovaries
united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen ;
embryo curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous in-
nocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks
with a joint, axillary.

Tribe I. MAlVEAE. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and carpels 5-20
or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening.
* Stigmas terminal, capitate ; carpels 1-few-seeded, usually dehiscent.

1. Abutilon. Involucel none. Seeds 3-9 in each cell.

2. Sphaeralcea. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell.

3. Modiola. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse partition between them.

4. Malvastrum. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seed solitary, filling the cell, ascending.

5. Sida. Involucel none. Seed soUtary in each cell, pendulous.

* * Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles ; carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.

6. Althaea. Involucel of 6-9 bractlets.

j-l. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.

8. Calllrhoe. Involucel of 1-3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

9. Napaea. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few (15-20). Carpels beakless.

Tribe II. HIBfSCEAE. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length,
naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, locuUcidal, leaving scarcsly any
axis in the center after opening.

10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-cened, 5-seeded.

11. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

1. ABtTILON [Tourn.] Mill. Indian Mallow

Carpels 2-9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in-
ward. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

1. A. Theophrasti Medic. (Velvet Leaf.) Tall annual, 6-12 dm. high ;
leaves roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than
the leaf-stalks ; corolla yellow ; carpels 12-15, hairy, beaked. (A. Avicennae
Gaertn.; A. Abutilon Rusby.) — Waste places, vacant lots in cities, etc. (Nat.
from India.)

2. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil.

Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in
Malvastrum. (Name from a<f>a'ipa, a sphere, and d\K^a, a mallow — from the
commonly spherical fruit.)

1. S. rembta (Greene) Fernald. Perennial, erect, bushy-branched, 1-2 m.
high, densely and stellately pubescent ; leaves maple-shaped, 5-7-cleft ; flowers
clustered in the upper axils and subspicate ; calyx densely pubescent, its cau-
date-acuminate lobes 1-1. .5 cm. long ; petals rose-color. (S. acerifolia Man. ed.
^ npt Nutt.) —Known only from a gravelly island in the Kankakee R., 111.

MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY^ 567

3. MODiOLA Moench.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stiginafl
capitate. Carpels 14-iiO, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the
top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a sini;le seed in each
cell. — Humble procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves
and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad
and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)

1. M. caroliniana (L.) G. Don. Hairy ; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised ; fruit
hispid at the top. (M. muUifida Moench.) — Low grounds, Va. and southw
(Trop. Am.)

4. MALVASTRUM Gray. False Mallow

Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the
end or entire. Styles 5 or more ; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or else
as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle point-
ing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from Malva.)

1. M. angiistum Gray. (Ybllow F.) Annual, slightly hairy, erect, 1.5-3
dm. high ; leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth ;
flowers in the upper axils, on short peduncles ; bractlets and stipules setaceous ;
petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx ; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth,
at length 2-valved. — Gravelly and rocky hills, centr. Tenn. to la. and Kan.
Aug.

2. M. coccineum (Pursh) Gray. (Red F.) Perennial, low and hoary ;
leaves 5-parted or pedate ; flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red
petals very much longer than the calyx ; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the
sides and indehiscent. — Man. and w. la. to Tex., and westw.

5. StDA L.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5
or more, tipped with capitate stigmas ; the ripe fruit separating into as many
1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily
separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle
pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus. )

\. S. hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. A smooth tall (1.2-3 m. high) perennial ;
leaves ^7-cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers white, umbellate-
corymbed, 2.5 cm. wide; carpels 10, pointed. (S. Napaea Cav.) — Glades and
river-banks, Pa. to Tenn., rare ; cultivated in old gardens.

2. S. Elli6ttii T. & G. A smooth erect perennial, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves
linear^ serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short ; flotcers
yellow, rather large ; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a
depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, s. Va. to s. Mo., and southw. May-Aug.

3. S. 8pin6sa L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (2.6-6
dm. high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrnte, rather
long-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers
yellow, small ; carpels 5, combined into an ovoid fruit, each splitting at the top
into 2 beaks. — Waste places, Mass. to Mich., Kan., and southw., where com-
mon.— A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives
the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. (Nat. from the Tropics.)

6. ALTHAEA L. Marsh Mallow

Calyx surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old
Greek and Latin name, from dXdeip, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)

1. A. officinXlis L. (Marsh Mallow.) Stem erect, 6-12 cm. high ; leaves
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy ;
peduncles axillary, many-flowered ; flowers pale rose-color. — Salt marshes,

568 MALVACEAE QMALLOW FAMILY)

coast of N. E. and N. Y., also locally westw. to Mich, and Ark. Aug., Sept. —
Perennial root thick, abounding in mucilage. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. CANNABINA L. , with digitatsly 5-parted leaves, is said to be somewhat
established at Washington, D. C. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. R69EA Cav., the Hollyhock of gai'dens, sometimes persists after culti-
vation.

7. MALVA [Tourn.] L. Mallow

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals
obcordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An old
Latin name, from the Greek name, fiaXdxv, having allusion to the emollient
leaves.)

* Flowers fascicled in the axils.

1. M. rotundif6lia L. (Common M., Cheeses.) Stems procumbent irom
a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate,
obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish ; carpels pubes-
cent, even.— Waysides and cultivated grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. verticillIta L. Erect annual, with round crenately b-1 -lobed leaves;
flowers small, pale, sessile, crowded in the axils ; carpels slightly reticulated. —
Roadsides, waste places, etc., N. S., Que., and w. Vt. ; Pa. (Nat. from Asia.)
M. cRfsPA L. (the Curled M.), which scarcely differs save in its crisped leaves,
is occasionally spontaneous about gardens, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. M. sylvestris L. (High M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched, 6-9 dm.
high ; leaves shaiply b-1 -lobed ; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large,
purple and rose-color ; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysides and about gardens,
rarely escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from Eu.)

* * Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate.

4. M. moschXta L. (Mdsk M.) A low perennial, with mostly simple
pubescence; stem-leaves b-parted, and the divisions once or timce parted or cleft
into linear lobes, faintly musky-scented ; flowers rose-color or white, large, on
short peduncles crowded on the stem and branches ; fruit downy. — Fields and
roadsides, abundant in e. Canada and n. N. E., occasional elsewhere. (Nat.
from Eu.)

5. M. Alcea L. Similar, with short stellate pubescence ; stem-leaves only
once b-parted or -cleft, the lobes incised ; large flowers as in the last ; fruit
smooth ; bractlets of the involucel ovate. — Escaped from gardens in N. E., Pa.,
and Mich. (Introd. from Eu.)

8. CALLfRHOE Nutt. Poppy Mallow

CaJyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
ghaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded
cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing
downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.)

* Involucel ^-leaved.

1. C. triangulUta (Leavenw.) Gray. Stellate-pubescent; stems nearly erec^,
6 dm. high, from a fusiform root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the
lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3-5-cleft ;
flowers panicled, short-pediceled, purple ; involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved
calyx ; carpels not rugose. — Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and southw.

2. C. involucrata (T. & G.) Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent ; leaves
rounded, b-1-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed ; peduncles elongated,
1-flowered ; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3-6- nerved sepals twice as long as
the involucel ; petals red or purplish ; carpels indehiscent, rugose-reticulated. —
Minn, to Tex., and westw.

MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) 669

* * Involucel none ; calyx 5-parted ; carpels strongly rugose.

8. C. alcaeoides (Michx.) Gray. Strigvse-puhescent ; stems slender, 3 dm.
high, erect from a perennial root ; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised,
the upper 5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ;
flowers rose-color or white, corymbose, on slender peduncles. — Barren oak
lauds, s. Ky. to Neb. and Tex.

4. C. digitata Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect ; leaves few, roundn
cordate, 5-7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions ; peduncles sub-
racemose, long, filiform ; flowers red-purple to white. — 111. to Kan. and Tex.

9. NAPAEA [Clayt.] L. Glade Mallow

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dioecious ; the
staminate destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short col-
umn of usually antherless filaments. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside.
Fruit depressed-globular, separating into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beak-
less scarcely dehiscent carpels as styles. Radicle pointing downward. — Tall
roughish perennial herb, with very large 9-11-parted lower leaves, the pointed
lobes pinnatifid-cut, and small white panicled flowers. (Named from vdvr), a
glade, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.)

1. N. dioica L. Stems nearly simple, 1.5-3 m. high. — Pa. to Va., w. to
la. and Minn., rare. July.

10. K0STEL6tZKYA Presl.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. —
Shrubs or, as in the case of our single species, perennial herbs, chiefly of tropical
America. (Named for V. F. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. virglnica (L.) Presl. Roughish-hairy perennial, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves
halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed ; corolla 5 cm. wide, rose-
color ; column slender. — Marshes on the coast, N. Y., and south w. Aug.

11. HIBfSCUS L. Rose Mallow

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 6-cleft. Col«
umn of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united,
stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in
each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old
Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

a. Oalvx herbaceous, not inflated about the capsule ; perennials h.

b. ,8hpub, with rhombic-ovate glabrous leaves 1. ff. ayriacas.

b. 'Herbs c.
0. Stems and lower surfeces of leaves pubescent.

Capsule smooth ; leaves glabrous or glabrate above.
Corolla rose-color ; capsule depressed-globose, abruptly beaked . 2. ff. Moscheutoa-
Corolla white, with crimson center; capsule ovoid, gradually-
pointed 8. ZT. oculiroeeus.

Capsule hirsute ; leaves pubescent above.
Leaves minutely stellate-canescent ; capsule beaked . . . 4, ZT. incanu«.
Leaves loosely and coarsely stellate-tomentose ; capsule rounded

or truncate at tip b. ff. laHocarpoe.

e. Stems and leaves glabrous 6. ff. militarU.

a. Calyx bladdery -inflated, soon becoming acarious ; annual . . . . 1. B. Trionum.

1. H. syrIacus L. (Shrubby Althaea of gardens.) Tall shrub, smooth;
leaves rhombic- or wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed ; corolla usually
rose-color. — Established in thickets and by roadsides, N. J., Pa., and south w.
July-Sept. (Introd. from Asia.)

2. H. Moscheutos L. (Swamp R.) Tall perennial (1-2.5 m. high); the
Stem puberulent above; leaves ovate, pointed- toothed, the lower and sometimes

570 TERNSTROEMIACEAE (tEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY)

the upper 3-lobed, downy-v-hitened underneath, glabrous or slightly downi
above; calyx and bracts densely stellate-puberulent ; calyx in anthesis 2-3 cm.
long, its lobes ovate or ovate-oblong; petals 6-12 cm. long, rose-color; capsuU
glabrous, subglobose, abruptly 6ea^•ed. — River-banks and fresh or brackish
marshes, near the coast, e. Mass., soiithw. ; also lake-shores and swamps
(especially near salt springs) westw. to Ont. and Mo. July-Sept.

3. H. oculirbseus Britton. (Crimson-kyed or White Hibiscus.) Similar ;
calyx in anthesis 3-4 cm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate ; petals white, with a
cnmson blotch at base; capsule ovoid, gradually ^)omfed. — Marshes near the
coast, N. J., and southw. July-Sept.

4. H. incanus Wendland. Resembling the preceding ; leaves ovate to lanceo-
late, toothed, rarely lobed; calyx in anthesis 2.5-3 cm. long; petals white,
yellowish, or pink, crimson-blotched at base ; capsule ovoid, beaked, closely
stellate-tomentose and loosely hirsute. — Swamps, Md., and southw.

6. H. lasiocArpos Cav. Leaves broadly to narrowly ovate, soft-pubescent
upon both surfaces, the upper surface bearing many simple or subsimple hairs;
bractlets ciliate; petals white or rose-color, crimson-blotched at base; capsule
short-cylindric, subtruncate, densely villous-hirsute. — Marshes, Ga. to Tex.,
north w. in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., 111., and Mo. July-Sept.

6. H. militaris Cav. (Halberd-leaved R.) Smooth throughout ; lowei
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; upper leaves commonly halberd'
form ; peduncles slender ; corolla 5-7.5 cm. long, flesh-color, with purple base
fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Pa. to Minn., and southw.

7. H. Tri6xum L. (Flower-of-an-hodr.) A low rather hairy annual;
upper leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the
longest ; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, b-winged, ivith numerous dark
ciliate nerves; corolla sulphur-yellow, with a blackish eye, ephemeral. — Culti-
vated and waste ground, rather local. (Nat. from Eu.)

TERNSTROEMlACEAE (Tea or Camellia Family)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves and no stipxdes,
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both
imbricated in aestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base loith each
other (monadelphous or S-5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. Anthers
2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds few, with
little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons. — A family with
showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia and the more
important Tea Plant.

1. Stewartia. Stamens monadelphous. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending'.

2. Gordonia. Stamens 5-adelphous. Ovules 4-8 in each cell, pendulous.

1. stewArtia l.

Sepals 4, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crusta-
ceous, anatropous, ascending. Radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs
with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy
beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named
for John Stuart, — or as formerly often written Stewart, — Marquis of Bute.)

1. S. Malachod^ndron L. Petals 5, white, 2.5 cm. long; sepals ovate ; style
1; stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. {S. virginica
Cav.) — Woods, Va., and southw.

2. S. pentdgyna L'H^r. Leaves larger, 1.3-1.5 dm. long; sepals acute;
petals often 6 ; styles 5, distinct ; pod angled, pointed ; seeds wing-margined. •—
Mts. of Ky. and N. Car. to Ga.

HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHn's-WORT FAMILY) 571

2. GORDOnIA Ellis. Loblolly Bay

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 6-adelphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 6-valved ; the
valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2-8-seeded. Seeds pendulous ;
radicle short; cotyledons thin, longitudinally plaited. — Shrubs or small trees,
with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr.
Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to
a London nurseryman of the same name.)

L G. Lasianthus L. (Tan Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceo-
late-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; petals
3-4 cm. long ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. — Swamps near the coast, Va.,
and southw. May-July.

HYPERICACEAE (St. John's-wort Family)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted mostly sessile leaves and no
stipules, regular hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in
the bud, and many or few stamens sometimes collected in 3 or more clusters or
bundles. Pod 1-celled with 2-5 parietal placentae, and as many styles, or 3-7-
celled by the union of the placentae in the center; dehiscence mostly septicidal.
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. I'etals 4 or 5,
mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds numerous,
small, anatropous, with no albumen. — Plants usually smooth. Flowers solitary
or cymose.

1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct.

2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and often in 8 or 5 clusters.

1. Ascyrum l. St. peter's-wokt

Sepals 4 ; the two outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller.
Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ;
the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-
valved. — Low rather shrubby smooth pale green plants, with nearly solitary
light yellow flowers. (Ancient Greek name for some plant probably of this
family. )

1. A. stans Michx. (St. Peter's-wort.) Stem suberect, 2-edged, 3-6 dm.
high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish ; flowers showy ;
outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate; petals obovate; styles 3 or 4. —
Pine barrens, L. L to Pa., and southwestw. July, Aug.

2. A. hypericoides L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much branched and
decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals
linear-oblong; styles 2, very short: pod flat. (^. Crnx-Andreae L. 176.S, not
1753.) — Wet sand or rocky barrens, Nantucket L, Mass., to s. 111., Neb., and
southw. July-Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching
each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross.

2. HYPERiCUM [Tourn.] L. St. John's-wort

Sepals 5, usually subequal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud (except
in § 6). Stamens frequently united or clustered in 3-6 parcels ; no interposed
glands. Pod 1-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or
shrubs, with cymose yellow, flesh-colored, or purplish flowers. (Au ancieni
Greek name of obscure meaning.)

572

HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY)

a. Petals yellow (at most mottled or striped with red, pu'ple, or black) b.
b. Styles 5; pods 5-celle(l.

Tall herb; flowers 4-6 cm. broad ; pods 2-3 cm. long . , 1. H. Aaoyron.
Slender shrub; flowers 1.5-8 cm. broad ; pods 5-10 mm. long 8. H. Kalmia/)mm.
J. Styles 3, rarely 4 ; pods 3( rarely 4)-celled c.
c. Stamens very'numerous (more than 12) d.
d. Shrubs, 0.5-2 m. high.

Pods 1-1.5 cm. long 6. H. prolificum.

Pods 5-8 mm. long 1. H. denaijlorum.

d. Herbs, at most slightly woody at base e.

e. Stamens in 3-5 clusters ; petals marked with black dots
or lines /.
/. Petals bearing black dots only on the margin.

Flowers and leaves few, the latter 1.5-8 om. broad . 2. H. graveolens.
Flowers and leaves very numerous, the latter rarely

1 cm. broad Z. H. perforatum.

f. Petals bearing several rows of black dots or lines.

Leaves rounded at tip ; sepals blunt or acutish ; pods

4-6 mm. long 4. H. punctatum.

Leaves (at least the upper) narrowed to the tip ; sepals

acuminate ; pods 6-8 mm. long . . . . b. H. pseudomaculaUnn
e. Stamens obscurely if at all clustered ; petals without black

dots g.

g. Stems herbaceous, from slender creeping freely stolonif-

erous bases.
Leaves and linear-lanceolate acute firm sepals with

revolute margins 10. ^. adpreasum.

Leaves and oblanceolate or obovate thin foliaceous

sepals plane 14. ^. ellipticum.

g. Stems woody at base, or if herbaceous without slender
stolons h.
h. Stems freely branching, woody at base ; cymes leafy-
bracted ; styles united below ; stigmas elongate i.
i. Capsule thick-ovoid to subglobose, somewhat 3-
angled, essentially 1-celled.
Sepals 6-13 mm. long ; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad.
Sepals 6-10 mm. long, 2-5 mm. broad . . 11. H. dolabriform-6.
Sepals variable, the larger 1-1.3 cm. long, 6-8

mm. wide 12. ^. Bissellii.

Sepals 3-5 mm. long; corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad . 13. H. cisUfolium.
i. Capsule conic-subulate, distinctly 3-celled . . 9. JI. galioideg.
h. Stems simple below the loosely "forking essentially
naked inflorescence, herbace"ous ; styles distinct ;
stigmas capitate . . . , . . . 15. iT. virgatum.
C Stamens 5-12 j.
J, Stem simple or loosely branched ; leaves- linear to ovate,
spreading Ir..
k. Bracts of the inflorescence foliaceous, resembling reduced

stem-leaves 16. S. horeale.

k. Ultimate bracts of the inflorescence setaceous to linear-
subulate.
Leaves orbicular, ovate-deltoid, or rounded-oblong,
clasping.
Leaves ovate-oblong or short-elliptic, rounded at tip ;

pod short-ellipsoid 11. H. muUlv/m.

Leaves ovate-deltoid, acutish or blunt ; pod slender-
conical IS. H. gym,nanthv>m.

Leaves lanceolate to linear, merely sessile (if clasping
with lance-attenuate outline).
Leaves lanceolate, chiefly 5-7-nerved at base . . 19. H. majus.

Leaves Hnear, 1-3-nerved 20. H. canadetise.

j. Stems fastigiately branched ; leaves scale-like or linear-
subulate, strongly ascending.
Leaves 6-20 mm. long; pods ovoid, slightly exceeding the

caly.x 21. ^. Drummondii.

Leaves shorter, scale-like; pods lance-subulate, much

exceeding the calyx 22. ZT. genUanoides.

SI. Petals flesh-color or purplish.

Leaves sessile or clasping 23. H. virginieum.

Leaves narrowed to distinct petioles 24, J7. peUolaium.

§ 1. ROSCYNA (Spach) Endl. Stamens very numerous, b-adelphous; styleu
5, united below, the stigmas capitate; pod 5-celled, the placentae turned far
back into the cells; perennial herb ; flowers very large.

1. H. Ascyron L. (Great S.") Stems 5-15 dm, hiijh ; branches 2-4-angled ;
leaves 4-9 cm. long, ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate, 2. 6

HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY) 573

em. long, not deciduous until after they wither; pod 2-3 cm. long, conical.

Banks of rivers, w. Que. to Man., s. to Pa., 111., Mo., and Kan. July, Aug. *

§ 2. EUHYPERtCUM Bois.s. Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 clusters; styles 3,
separate and usually diverging; pod S-celled; calyx erect; petals and an-
thers with black dots ; perennials.

2. H. graveolens Buckley. (Mountains.) Zeaues elliptic-oblong, 5-7 cm.
long; flowers large, 2-5 cm. broad ; petals sparingly dotted on the margin ; pod
rather large, 7-10 mm. long. — Summits of the higher mts. of s. w. Va. and N. C.

3. H. PERFORATUM L. (CoMMON S.) Stem much branched and corymbed,
somewhat 2-edged, producing runners from the base; leaves elliptic- or linear-
oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals deep yellow, black-dotted along the margin,
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy
cymes. — Fields, etc. June-Sept. — A pernicious weed, difficult to extirpate;
juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu. )

4. H. punctitum Lam. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid
dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, rounded at tip, the base
either subclasping, sessile, or subpetiolate ; flowers crowded ; petals pale yellow,
marked with dark lines and dots, about twice as long as the oblong bluntish or
acute sepals; pods 4-Q mm. long. (H. macu/atum Walt., not Crantz; H. corym-
bosum Muhl.) — Damp places, e. Que. to Ont., and south w. July-Sept.

5. H. pseudomaculatum Bush. Similar ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
at least the upper narrowed to the tip ; petals three or four times as long as the
acuminate sepals; pods 6-8 mm. long. — Woods and prairies, 111. and Mo. to
Tex. and Ga.

§3. MYRIAnDRA (Spach) Endl. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at a^l
clustered; styles more or less united, the stigmas elongate ; pod more or less
S-b-celled; placentae central or parietal.

* Bushy shrubs, 5-20 dm. high, leafy to the top.
•^ Styles 3 ; pod completely S-celled.

6. H. prollficum L. (Shrubby S.) Branchlets 2-edged ; leaves narrowly
oblong, 3-7 cm. long, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers numerous,
in simple or compound clusters ; pods subulate to ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. — N. J.
to s. Ont., Minn., and south w. July-Sept. — Varies greatly in size, etc.

7. H. densiflbrum Parsh. Exceedingly branched above, 0.5-2 m. high, the
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves ; flowers smaller (1.2-1.7 cm.
in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes ; pod 5-8 mm.
long. — Pine barrens of N. J. to glades of Ky., Ark., and south w.

•*- •(- Styles 5 ; pod completely b-celled,

8. H. Kalmianum L. (Kalm's S.) Branches 4-angled ; branchlets 2-edged ;
leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate, 3-4.5 cm. long ; flowers few in
a cluster, 3-5 cm. wide ; pods ovoid. — Rocky or sandy soil, Pontiac Co., Que.,
to Niagara Falls, and along the Great Lakes to w. Ont., Mich., and 111.

* * Perennials, herbaceous or a little icoody at base ; pod incompletely S-4-celled.

9. H. galioides Lam. Slender, branching, looody below; leaves linear- ob-
lanceolate, narrowed downward, 1.5-7 cm. long, mostly acute ; flowers small in
terminal and axillary cymes ; sepals very narrow, 3-5 mm. long ; pod 5-6 mm.
long, ovoid. — Del. to Ga. and e. Tenn.

10. H. adpressum Bart. Stem simple, 3-6 dm. high, herbaceous, from a
slender creeping freely stoloniferous base, obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged
above ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin, 4-5 cm.
long ; cyme terminal, leafy at the base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ;
petals bright yellow, 7-10 mm. long ; pods ovoid. — Moist sandy shore.*?, e. Mass.
to Pa., and southw., chiefly near the coast. July, Aug. Var. sroNci^suM Kob-
inson. Taller (7 dm. or more high), the stem spongy-thickened at base; leaver
oblonp. — Marshy borders of ponds, s. e. Mass.

5T4 HYPERICACEAE (^ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY) ,

§ 4. BRATHYDroM (Spach) Endl. Similar to %Z\ pod l-celled, loith S
parietal placentae.

11 H dolabrif6rme Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, woody
below, 1.5-5 dm. high, terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading, vein-
less • 'cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the
length of the very oblique petals (1-1.2 cm. long) ; pods ovoid-conical, the walls
very thick and hard. — Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. June-

12 H. Biss^llii Robinson. Stems suhsimple or with short ascendhig branches,
somewhat woody below, 4-5 dm. high ; leaves narrowly oblong, obtusish, as-
cending, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, 1-nerved, deep green above, pale
beneath; cyme about 20-flowered, leafy-bracted, the bracts ovate; flowers 1.5
cm broad ; sepals very unequal, the largest broad-ovate, 1.3 cm. long, 8 mm.
wide, subcordate, acuminate ; petals oblong-obovate, oblique, with a mucro on
one side near the tip. — Southington, Ct. (Bissell).

13 H. cistifblium Lam. Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, 3-5 dm. high,
with a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines ; leaves
narrowly oblong to nearly linear, 3-7 cm. long, sessile with a somewhat claspmg
base; the cyme naked, compound, usually many-flowered; sepals ovate; pods
depressed-globular or ovoid-conical; seeds large, oblong, very rough-pitted.
(H. sphaerocarpum Michx.) —Rocky river-banks, s. w. O. to la., and south w.
July-Sept. — Flowers small.

14. H. ellipticum Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous, 2-5 dm. high, obscurely
4-angled, from a slender creeping stoloniferoiisbasi ; leaves spreading, elliptical-
oblong, obtuse, usually narrower toward the subclasping base, thin ; cyme nearly
naked, rather few-flowered ; petals bright yellow, 6-10 mm. long ; sepals oblong;
pods ovoid, vei-y obtuse; seeds minutely striate. — Wet places, N. B. to Man.,
s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, and Minn. July, Aug. —Aberrant plants often have
small red or purplish petals.

§ 5. BRAtHYS (Mutis) Choisy. Stamens distinct or in 3 clusters; pod
l-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placentae ; styles short, distinct, with capi-
tate stigmas; petals small, oblong or linear; sepals narrow, erect; slendei
plants, with 4i-angular branches, flowering all summer.

* Stamens co .

15. H. virglltuni Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled, her-
baceous, 3-6 dm. high; leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 1.5-2.7 cm. long, closely sessile by a broad base ; inflorescence compound.,
naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches; petals copper-
yellow, 8-10 mm, long ; sepals herbaceous, erect, inclosing the ovoid pod. {H.
angulosum Michx.) — Wet pine barrens, Pa. to Ga., westw. to 0., Ky., and
(?) m. July-Sept.

Var. ovalifblium Britton. Leaves oval, erect, 1-1.8 cm. long, more than half
as broad. — Pine barrens, N. J. and southw.

** Stamens 5-12.
■*- Stem simple or loosely branched; leaves linear to ovate, spreading.

16. H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Perennial ; the stems decumbent and
leafy-bracted at base, slender, 5-30 cm. high (rarely submersed and very elon-
gate) ; leaves elliptic, rounded at tip, sessile, 3-20 mm. long, 3-5-nerved ; cymes
leafy-bracted, all the bracts foliaceous and broad; pedicels short ; sepals linear,
blunt, shorter than the rounded short-ellipsoid pod (3-5 mm. long). (H. cana-
dense, var. minimum Man. ed. 6.) — Bogs, margins of ponds, etc., Nfd. to w.
Ont- s. to N. J., Pa., 0., and Ind. July, Aug.

17. H. mutilum L. Stem flaccid, widely branching, annual, or perennial
with leafy-bracted decumbent bases ; leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse,
partly clasping, b-nerved; cyme (in well developed plants) diffuse, somewhat
feafy bracted, the ultimate bracts setaceous; flowers 4 mm. broad ; sepals linear-

ELATINACEAE (WATERWORT FAMILY) 676

lanceolate, acute ; pods 2.5-3.5 mm. long^ short-ellipsoid., rounded at apex. —
Low grounds, conmion. July, Aug.

18. H. gymndnthum Engelm. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict stem and
branches, 8-9 dm. high ; leaves clasping, heart-shaped, acute or obtuse ; cyme
naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts ; pods slender-coni-
cal, pointed, 4-5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the lance-acuminate sepals.

Wet sandy barrens, N. J. and e. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.; north w. in Miss, basin to
Mo., 111., Ind., and O. ; reported also from Minn.

19. H. majus (Gray) Britton. Annual, or perennial by short leafy offshoots ;
stems solitary or tufted, erect, rather stout, 1-7 dm. high ; leaves chiefly 5-7-
nerved at the rounded or suhcordate sessile or clasping base, lanceolate, the upper
acute or bluntish, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, 3.5-13 mm. broad ; cymes essentially naked,
the bracts slender ; sepals lance-attenuate, 5-7 mm. long, nearly equaling the
conic-ellipsoid bluntish pod. (11. canadense, var. Gray.) — Wet or dry open
soil, e. Que. to Man., s. to L. I., N. J., Pa., 111., la., and S. Dak.; also e. Wash.
July, Aug.

20. H. canadense L. Annual, or perennial by short leafy offshoots ; stems
slender, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves l-^-nerved, linear to linear-oblanceolate, rounded
at tip, narrowed to the sessile or subpetiolar base, 1-4 cm. long, 1-0 mm. broad ;
cymes naked except for the linear-setaceous bracts ; sepals linear-lanceolate,
blunt or acutish, 2.5-5 mm. long, much shorter than the slender-conical red or
purplish pod. — Wet or dry, chiefly exsiccated places, Nfd. to Man., s. to Ga. ,
ky., Wise, and Minn. July-Sept.

(- ^- Stems fastigiately branched; leaves linear or bract-like, ascending oi

appressed.

21. H. Dnimm6ndii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect, 1.5-8 dm. liigh ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect,
\-nerved, 6-20 mm. long ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pediceled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. — Dry soil,
Ashtabula Co., O. {Louth), 111., la., Kan., and southw.

22. H. gentianoides (L.) B S P. (Orange Grass, Pineweed.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
appressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches;
pods ovoid-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. {Sarothra L. ; H.
nudicaule Walt.) — Sandy or rocky soil. Me. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly e. of the
Alleghenies ; and from s. w. Out. to 111., and southw.

§ 6. EL6dEA (Juss.) Choisy. Petals imbricated in bud, flesh-colored or pur-
plish. Stamens mostly 9, in 3 bundles. Styles 3, distinct. — Elodea Juss.;
Elodes Man. ed. 6, not Adans.

23. H. virginicum L. (Marsh S.) Stoloniferous ; leaves closely sessile or
clasping by a broad base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse ; filameuts united below
the middle. (Triadenum Raf.; Elodea campatiulata Pursh.) — Common in
swamps. July, Aug. — The entire plant frequently has a pink or crimson
tone,

I 24. H. petiolitum Walt. (Marsh S.) Taller, more branching ; Z^ayes «a;)<'7--
ing into a short petiole, oblong ; filaments united beyond the middle. (Triade-
num Britton.) — Cypress swamps, etc., N. J. to Mo., and southw.

ELATINACEAE (Waterwort Family)

Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite dot
less leaves, minute axillary floioers like those of the Chickweeds, but the pod
2-5-celled, and the seeds as in St. John's-wort.

1. Elatine. Flowers 2-l-merou8. Capsule globose. Glabrous, growing In or near water.

2. Bergia. Flowers 5-raerous. Capsule ovoid. Plant pubescent, terrestrial.

576 CISTACEAE (^ROCKROSE FAMILY)

1. ELATtNE L. Watebwort

Sepals 2-4, obtuse. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely twice

as many. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod membranaceous, 2-4-
celled, several-many-seeded, 2-4-valved ; the partitions left attached to the axis,
or evanescent. — Dwarf plants, often rooting at the nodes. (A Greek name for
an obscure herb.)

1. E. americana (Pursh) Arn. Tufted, 1-2.5 cm. high, creeping; leaves
obovate, obtuse, 2-6 mm. long; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatie
form ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell,
rising from the base, relatively large, marked by 9 or 10 longitudinal lines anC-
20-30 crossbars.— Margin of ponds, etc., e. Que. to B. C, s. to Va., Mo., and
In the Rocky Mts. to Mex.

2. E. triindra Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate; petals
and stamens commonly 3 ; seeds more slender, covering the axis. — Ponds, 111.
to Neb., and westw. (Eu.)

3. E. brachysp6rma Gray. Leaves oblong or oval, with narrowed base;
flowers mostly dimerous ; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal lines and
10-12 crossbars. — 111. and south westw.

2. BliJRGIA L.

Sepals 5, acuminate, with thickened midnerve and scarious margins. Petals
5. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod of firm texture. — Diffuse or ascending plants, chiefly
tropical. (Named for P. J. Bergius, a Swedish botanist of the 18th century.)

1. B. texana (Hook.) Seubert. Branched from the base , branches 1-4 dm.
long ; flowers scarcely peduncled in the axils of the lance-oblong serrulate
leaves. — Swamps and wet banks, s. 111. to Kan., southw. and westw.

CISTACEAE (Rockrose Family)

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a l-celled o-d-valved capsule with as many
parietal placentae borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albumi-
nous seeds. Sepals 5 ; the two external much smaller, bra-ct-like, or sometimes
warning ; the 3 others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in
the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on
slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender
<}talks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or
curved, in mealy albumen ; cotyledons narrow. Leaves simple and mostly
entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. — Inert plants.

1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stignia nearly sessile.

Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.

2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-80. Style long and slender. Pod strictly l-celled,

2-(;-seeded. Heath-like.
8. Lechea. Petals 3, flat in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 8-12. Style none. Pod
partly 3-celled, the imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae.

1. HELIANTHEMUBir [Tourn.] Mill. Rockrose

Capsule strictly l-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring.
Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., primary or earlier
ones, with large yellow petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many-seeded
pods ; and secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters,
with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3-few-seeded pods.

CISTACEAB fROCKROSE FAMILY) 577

— The large flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next
day. (Name from tjXlos, the sun, and dude/xov, flower.)

1. H. canadense (L. ?) Michx. (Frost\vei:i>.) Erect, hoary-pubescent, 3-5
dm. high, at first simple ; leaves lance-oblong, pale beneath ; large flowers
solitary, 2.5 cm. broad, soon surpassed by lateral branches, their pods 0 mm.
long ; the small flowers clustered on short l-i-floioered bra)ichlets, their pods
light brown, unequal, those of the terminal flowers coumionly larger, 3—4 mm.
in diameter. — Sandy or gravelly dry soil. Me. to Mich., N. C, and Miss. June-
Aug. — Late in autumn crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the base
of this and the next species, whence the popular name. A dwarf and rather
more cespitose plant with crowded stems only 1-2 dm. high, common on ster-
ile shores and sandy hills near the sea, from e. Mass. southw. (//. propinquum
Bicknell) appears to be only a stunted form of this species.

2. H. majus BSP. (Frostweed.) Similar in habit and more canescent ;
primary flowers clustered at the summit of the stem, not surpassed by branches ;
petals slightly paler yellow than in the preceding ; secondary floicers very small,
numerous, closely clustered along slender branches, their pods dark brown, 2
mm. in diameter. — Similar situations, N. S. to Minn., Col., and southw. — This
is II. majus BSP., at least in part, and of recent auth. It seems probable,
however, that Lechea major L. represented rather the preceding species. Until
the Linnean types both of Cistus canadensis and of Lechea major can be
definitely identified, it seems best to allow the current interpretation of the
names under Helianthemum to stand as above.

3. H. corymbbsum Michx. Flowers all corymbosely clustered at the summit
of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks ;
calyx woolly, — Pine barrens, N. J., and southw. along the coast.

2. huds6nia l.

Petals much larger than the calyx. Style long and slender ; stigma minute.
Pod terete, inclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached
near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a
closed hook. — Bushy heath-like little shrubs, covered with the small awl-shaped
or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous small but
showy bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches.
(Named in honor of William Hudson, an early English botanist.)

1. H. ericoides L. Downy but greenish ; leaves slender, awl-shaped, loose;
flowers on slender naked stalks ; ovary hairy. — Dry sandy soil near the coast,
Nfd. to Va. May.

2. H. tomentbsa Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly oblong,
2 mm. long, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile or nearly so. — Sandy
shores, dunes, etc., N. B. to Va., and along the Great Lakes to Minn. ; rarely
on banks of streams inland. May, June. Passing into var. iNXERMiiDiA Peck.
Leaves tending to be more awl-shaped; flowers obviously peduncled. — Sand
hills, etc., e. Que. to Mackenzie, s. to e. N. B., Saco Valley, Me. and N. II. ,
shores of L. Champlain, Vt., and the Great L. region.

3. LECHEA [Kalm] L. Pinweed

Stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular or obovoid. Embiyo straightish. — Slen-
der erect paniculately branched perennial herbs, developing leafy shoots from
the base. Flowers very small, greenish or purplish, in summer, (Named in
honor of Johan Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

Leaves of the basal shoots elliptical or oblong^.
Pubescence of the stem spreading ; panicle of small dense corymbose

clusters ^- ^^- vmo>^a.

Pubescence of the stem appressed ; panicle more operi.

Outer sepals exceedinf^ the inner . - 2. L. minor.

Outer sepals shorter than the others.

gray's manual — 37

678 CISTACEAE (rOCKROSE FAMILY^

Fruiting calyx narrow, obovoid or pyriform ; leaves of the basal shoots

g^reen ..... = . 8. Z. racemuloaa.

Fruiting: calyx subglobose ; leaves of the basal shoots hoary -pubescent . 5. L. maritima.
Leaves of the basal shoots narrowly lanceolate to Unear.
Inner sepals l-nerved, usually exceeded by the narrow outer ones . . . 6. Z. tenuifolia.
Inner sepals ;3-nerved, equaling or longer than the outer.
Canescent-pubescent.

Panicle strict, fastigiate, spire-like 4. Z. siricta.

Panicle broadly pyramidal 5. Z. maritima.

Green, more sparingly pubescent.

Fruiting calyx depressed -globose, 2.5-3 mm. broad 3. Z. intermedia.

Fruiting calyx obovoid, l.o-'i mm. broad 7. Z. Leggeitii.

* Pubescence villous^ spreading ; leaves oblong ; flowers very short-pediceled, in

cymulose clusters.

1. L. vill5sa Ell. Stem upright, 3-7 dm. high, stout, simple, veiy leafy,
producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucro-
nate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely
crowded ; pedicels shorter than the very small depressed-globose pod ; sepals
narrower than ttie valves of the capsule. {L. major Michx. , not L.) — Sterile
grounds, s. N. H. and s. Vt. to Fla. ; also from s. Ont. and O. to Neb., and
south w.^ common.

* * Pubescence appressed; flowers open-paniculate.

-t- Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin.

2. L. minor L. Erect, about 3-6 dm. high ; stem-leaves oval or oblong,
6-12 mm. long, commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite, those
of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovoid-globose. (L. thymi-
folia Michx.) — Dry soil, s. N. H. and s. Vt. to Fla. and Miss. ; also s. Ont. and
Mich.

•w- •»- Leaves firmer^ narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate ; panicles
more naked and racemiform.

•w Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid; pod nearly globose.

S. L. intermedia Leggett. Rather strict, 3 dm. high or more, usually gla-
brate in age ; leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate, 3-^ mm. long, the cauline
linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long; panicle elongated, subcylindrical ; pod large
for the genus, depressed-globose, 2-3 mm. in diameter. (L. minor Man. ed. 6,
in part.) — Dry soil, N. B. to e. N. Y. and Pa. ; also s. Ont., Mich., and Wise.
Passing to

Var. juniperina (Bicknell) Robinson. Branches short, fastigiately appressed ;
leaves erect, mostly appressed ; pedicels short ; leafy panicle spire-like. {L.
juniperina Bicknell.) — Sandy soil, coast of s. Me., extending inland in the
Androscoggin and Saco valleys to n. N. H.

4. L. stricta Leggett. Virgate, fastigiately branched, very pale with fine
appressed pubescence ; inflorei^cence close, spire-like; pod 1.7-2 mm. in diameter,
—-Borders of woods, etc., w. N. Y. to 111. and Minn.

5. L. maritima Leggett. Stout and rigid for the genus, 3-5 dm. high, pale ;
leaves of the basal shoots lance-oblong, hoary-pubescent, thickish, those of the
stem and inflorescence linear or nearly so; panicle broadly pyramidal ; calyx
canescent-pubescent, globular in fruit; pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm", long. {L. minor,
var. Gray.) —Sandy soil near the coast, from the mouth of the Kennebec, Me.,
to Ga. Passing inland to

Var. interior Robinson. Lower (2-3 dm. high), more slender, thinner-leaved
and greener; pedicels filiform, 2-3 mm. long. — Open sandy places, s. N. H. to
w. Mass. — Distinguished from L, intermedia by its pyramidal inflorescence
and slightly smaller pods.

6. L. tenuifblia Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent oi
glabrous; loaves all srriall and very narrow; flowers mostly on very short pedi,
eels, diffusely racemose-paniculate ; one or both the narrow outer sepals exceed,
ing the inner ones, the latter strictly l-nerved; pod subglobose. — Dry sterile
soil, s. N. H. to Wis., Neb., and south w.

nOLACEAE (^ VIOLET FAMILY^ 57^

++ ++ SmaJler-flowered ; fruiting calyx narrower, ellipsoidal or pyriform.

7. L. Legg6ttii Britton & Hollick. Slender, 8-5 dm. hi<rh, glabrate ; all
leaves lance-linear to narrowly linear, green; panicle open, diffuse, ovoid-
pyramidal, the flowers often inclining to be secund-racemose ; fruiting calyi
obovoid or pyriform. (L. moniliformis Bicknell.) —Nantucket to Ind. and
southw.

8. L. racemulbsa Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly
glabrous ; leaves of radical shoots oblong, the cauline oblong-linear, 1-2 cm.
long ; inflorescence loose and diffuse ; fruiting calyx glabrous, ellipsoidal. —
Dry and rocky soil, L. I. to Ky. and southw.

VIOLAcEAE (Violet Family)

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular l-spurred or gibbous corolla of 5 petals,
6 hypogynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and
a l-celled S-valved pod with 3 parietal placentae. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments continued
beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually
club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule
bearing the several-seeded placentae on their middle ; after opening, each valve
as it dries folding together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds
anatropous, with a hard seed-coat, and a large straight embryo nearly as long
as the albumen ; cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers
axillary, nodding.

1. Hybanthus. Sepals not auricled. Petals (in ours) equal in length. Stamens united into a

sheath.

2. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the two lower spurred.

1. HYBANTHUS Jacq. Green Violet

Petals nearly equal (or in extralimital species very unequal) in length,
but the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than
the others at the apex. Stamens (in ours) completely united into a sheath
inclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked
at the summit. — Perennials, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-8 small greenish-
white flowers on short recurved axillary pedicels. (Name from v^6s, hump-
backed, and dvdos, flower, from the dorsal gibbosity.) Calceolaria Loefl.
SoLEA Spreng. Ionidium Vent. Ccbelium Raf.

1 . H. c6ncolor (Forster) Spreng. Plant 4-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire ; pod 2 cm. long. (Solea Gingins ; Cubelium Raf.) —
Rich woods, moist ravines, etc., N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southw. Fl. Apr.-
June ; fr. July.

2. ViOLA [Tourn.] L. Violet. Heart*s-easb

Revised by E. Brainerd

Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely
surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other ; the two lower
bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. Besides these con-
spicuous blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later, on shorter
peduncles or on runners, often concealed under the leaves ; tliese never open
nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud and are far more fruitful than
the ordinary blossoms. — The closely allied species of the same section, when
growing together, often hybridize with each other, producing forms tliat are
confusing to the student not familiar with the specific types. The hybrids

580

VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY^

commonly display characters more or less Intermediate between those of the
parents, and show marked vegetative vigor but greatly impaired fertility. (The
ancient Latin name of the genus.)

iV.5. —In this genus the figures are of the stigmas, styles, and upper part of
the ovary, and are on a scale of 5.

I. Plants stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from
runners. (For Group II. see p. 585. )

§ 1. Style clnb-shaped, heakless, ohliqtiely concave at the summit; stigma within
a small protuberance near the center of the cavity (Fig. 806).
1. V. pedata L. (Bird-foot V.) Nearly glabrous; rootstock short, erect,

not scaly ; leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions o-5-parted or -cleft, the segments
all linear or narrovt^ly spatulate, often 2-3-toothed or cut near the
apex ; the leaves of early spring or of autumn often less dissected ;
flowers 2-3 cm. broad ;'^the upper petals dark violet, the others
pale to deep lilac-purple, all beardless ; the orange tips of the
stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower ; cap-
sules green, glabrous ; seeds copper-colored ; apetalous flowers
wanting, but petaliferous flowers often produced in late summer
and autumn. (Var, bicolor Pursh.) — Open sunny slopes in
sandy soil, s. N. E. (where rare) to Md. Var. lineariloba DC.
All the petals of the same lilac-purple color. ( V. pedata Man.
ed. 6, not L.) — Locally abundant, e. Mass. to Minn., and southw.
Fig. 806.

806. V. pedata
V. lineariloba.

§ 2. Stijle dilated upward in a vertical plane, capitate, with a conical beak on
the lower side; stigma within the tip of the beak (Fig. 807).

. Kootstock fleshy and thickened, without runners ; petals violet-blue

to purple, the lateral bearded (Blue Violets) b.
b. Leaves heart-shaped, the margins merel}'^ crenate-serrate, or in
nos. 8-10 some leaves lobed but the cleistogamous flowers on
prostrate peduncles c.
c. Plants essentially glabrous.

Beard of lateral petals strongly knobbed; cleistogamous flow-
ers long and slender

Beard of lateral petals not strongly knobbed ; cleistogamous

flowers ovoid or ovoid-acuminate.

Cleistogamous flowers mostly on ascending peduncles ;

capsules 5-10 mm. long.

Leaves and sepals obtuse ; capsules green ....

Leaves and sepals acute ; cleistogamous capsules usually

purplish

Cleistogamous flowers mostly on short prostrate peduncles ;
capsules 10-15 mm. long.
Leaves all undivided.

Vernal leaves purpHsh beneath ; plantsof sandy or dry soil
Vernal leaves green beneath ; plants of moist soil.
Leaves narrow, gradually attenuated ; flowers pale

violet

Leaves broad, merely acute or abruptly pointed

flowers deep violet

Leaves palmately lobed or parted

c. Plants more or less pubescent d.
d. Leaves for the most part palmately 5-9-lobed

d. Some leaves hastately 3-5-lobed

d. Leaves all undivided e.

6. Spurred petal glabrous or bearing only scattered hairs ; cap

sules 8-12 mm. long

e. Spurred petal villous ; capsules 5-8 mm. long.

Pubescent only on upper surface of leaves . ,
Pubescent on petioles and lower surface of leaves.
Sepals and their auricles ciliolate ....
Sepals and their auricles not ciliolate
b. Leaves not heart-shaped, usually sharply dentate toward the base
or lobed ; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on erect peduncles
capsules green /,
/. Spurred petal villous ff.
g. Leaves ovate-oblong, pubescent, short-petioled .
g. Leaves lanceolate, usually glabrous, long-petioled ; basal lobes
often dilated and incised

2. V. cttcullata.

3. V. nephrophylla.

4. F. aMnis.

5. V. latiusaula.

V. missourieneis.

7. V. papilionacea.

8. F. Stoneana,

9. F. palmata.
10, F. triloba.

11. F. sororia,

12. F. hirsutula.

13. F. fieptentrionahs.

14. F. novae-anglian.

15. V.fimbriaiula.

16. F. sagiUaia

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) 581

g. Leaves deltoid, glabrous, sharply dentate below the middle . 17. V. emarainaia
g. Leaves parted into narrow lobes ; species of the Atlantic coast 18. V. Brittonianvi
g. Leaves ovate-deltoid, the margins closely pectinate or sharply

dentate 19. pr. pecUnaia.

g. Leaves parted into many linear segments, or sometimes only

cleft ; species of the Middle West 20. V. pcdatifida

f. Spurred petal glabrous, narrow 21. V. viarum.

a. Rootstock long and filiform, producing slender runners except in
no. 29 A.
h. Petals hiac or pale violet.

Leaves minutely hairy on the upper surface ; spur large . . 22. V. Selkirkii.

Leaves glabrous ; spur very short 28. F". palutitria.

h. Petals white, with purple lines on the three lower (White Violets) i.
i. Leaves glabrous on both sides, rarely pubescent in no. 25;
cleistogamous capsules ellipsoid, green, on erect peduncles.

Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 24. F. lanceolata.

Leaves ovate, acute, base subcordate or tapering . . . 2^\ V. primuli/oiia

Leaves heart-shaped, usually obtuse 26. F. pallens.

i. Leaves pubescent on one or both sides ; cleistogamous capsules
ovoid, usually purphsh, on erect peduncles only when ripe ;
seeds brown, 1.5-2 mm. long.
Leaves heart-shaped, minutely hairy above ; plant elsewhere gla-
brous ; lateral petals beardless 27. F. Manda.

Leaves broadly heart-shaped ; plant more or less pubescent ;

lateral petals bearded 28. F. incognita.

Leaves reniform, pubescent ; lateral petals beardless . . 29. F. reni/olia.

2. V. cucullata Ait. Leaves except the earliest acute or pointed ; petalif-
erous flowers violet-blue becoming darker toward the throat, commonly on
peduncles much taller than the leaves ; spurred petal glabrous, generally some-
what shorter than the lateral ; sepals narrowly lanceolate ; cleistogamous flowers
on erect or ascending often elongated peduncles ; capsules ovoid-cylindric, green,
10-15 mm. long, but little exceeding the long-auricled sepals ; seeds dark brown,
1.5 mm. long. {V. palmata, var. Gray, in part.) — Wet places, common. —
Forms with flowers white or pale lavender are not infrequent.

3. V. nephrophylla Greene. Nearly or quite glabrous ; earliest leaves orbic-
ular or sliglitly reniform, later leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, obscurely
crenate, 3-6 cm. wide ; flowers large, violet, on peduncles generally exceeding
the leaves ; spurred petal villous, the upper pair often with scattered hairs ;
sepals ovate to lanceolate, obtuse and often rounded ; cleistogamous flowers on
erect or recurved peduncles ; capsules green, glabrous, short-ellipsoid ; seeds
olive-brown. (F". vagida Greene.) — Cold mossy bogs, and borders of streams
and lakes, e. Que. to B. C, s. to centr. Me., n. w. Ct., s. Ont,, Wise, Col.,
and Wash.

4. V. affinis Le Conte. Leaves that unfold at flowering time narrowly heart-
shaped and commonly attenuate toward ilie apex, becoming 4-6 cm. broad in
summer, the margins noticeably crenate-serrate or sometimes irregularly sinu-
ate ; petioles slender ; petals violet, with the white base conspicuous, spurred
petal more or less villous ; cleistogamous flowers small, ovoid, on rather long
ascending peduncles ; capsules ellipsoid, usually purple-dotted, sometimes green,
either glabrous or clothed with minute dense pubescence; sepals acuminate, half
the length of the capsule, with small appressed auricles ; seeds buff-colored.
{V. venustula Greene.) — Moist thickets and boggy meadows, w. N. Yj. to Wise,
and southw.

5. V. latiuscula Greene. Earliest leaves round-cordate, 2-3 cm. wide, ob-
tuse ; mature leaves 4-10 cm. wide, often dilated and abruptly pointed, glabrous
except for occasional puberulence or granular roughness on the edges of the
petiole near the blade ; flowers large, rich violet ; spurred petal somewhat vil-
lous ; outer sepals lanceolate, glabrous, with short rounded auricles ; clei.stoga-
mous capsules ovoid or ellipsoid, flecked with purple, 8-12 mm. long, the per-
sistent sepals one third as long ; seeds brown. — Dry open woods, in light soil,
Vt. to N. J.

6. V. missouri^nsis Greene. Aestival leaves narrowly deltoid with a cordate
base, or sometimes broader with rounded basal lobes and pointed apex, rather
coarsely crenate-serrate ; flowers pale violet, with a darker band above the white
center ; spurred petal glabrous ; sepals ovate-oblong to lanceolate, narrowly

582 VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY}

white-margined, slightly ciliolate ; capsules from apetalous flowers broadly ellip-
soid, finely dotted with purple; seeds buff-colored. — River bottoms and low
woods, Mo. and southw.

7. V. papilionacea Pursh. Plants commonly robust from a stout horizontal
branching rootstock ; leaves often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in outline
above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly
pointed ; petioles often sparingly pubescent ; petals deep
violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly
white ; the spurred petal often narrow and boat-shaped, usu-
ally glabrous ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, rarely ciliolate ;
cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually
underground but lengthened and erect when the capsules
ripen ; capsules ellipsoid to cylindric, green or dark purple,
10-15 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long, dark brown. (V. pal-
mata, var. cucullata Gray, in part.) — Moist meadows and
groves, frequently about dwellings, Mass. to Minn., and
807. V. papilionacea. SOUthw. FiG. 807. , „ , ,

8. V. Stoneana House. Leaves variously 3-9-lobed or
parted, the outer segments broadly lunate, all somewhat dentate or incised,
narrowed toward the base ; the vernal and late summer leaves less deeply cut
or not at all, glabrous except for minute hairs on the margin and sometimes
on the veins ; flowers large, violet, darker towards the throat ; spurred petal
glabrous ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers ovoid, blotched with purple ;
seeds buff-colored. — Moist woodlands, N. J., e. Pa., and Md.

9. V. palmata L. Leaves of early summer palmately 5-9-lobed or -parted,
the segments variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest ; the
first leaves of spring sometimes undivided ; petioles and veins of the lower sur-
face densely villous, upper surface often glabrous ; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm.
broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt ; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate
peduncles, their capsules ovoid, purple-dotted, 8-12 mm. long ; seeds brown. —
Dry rich woodlands, Mass. to Minn., and southw.

10. V. triloba Schwein. Early foliage purplish, turning yellowish-green at
flowering time ; some leaves broadly heart-shaped, others 3-5-lobed, the middle
segment always broad, the basal segments lunate, the lateral if present narrow,
the blade 10-15 cm. wide when mature ; petioles densely villous ; peduncles
mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves ; petals deep violet within, paler with-
out ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliolate ; cleistog-
amous capsules ovoid, purplish ; seeds buff or pale brown. ( V. congener
Le Conte; V. palmata, var. dilatata Pollard, not Ell.) — Dry woodlands, s.
N. E., s. N. Y., and southw. — Freely intergrades with the following.

11. V. sorbria Willd. In size and habit like no. 7, into which it passes ;
leaves villous-pubescent especially on the petioles and under surface when
young ; vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves, violet to lav-
ender and occasionally white ; outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, cili-
olate below the middle and on the short rounded auricles ; cleistogamous flowers
ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; capsules of these usually purple ; seeds
dark brown. ( V. palmata, var. Pollard.) — Moist meadows, alluvial woods, shady
iedges and doojyards, w. Que. to Minn., and southw.

12. V. hirsutula Brainerd. The smallest species of the group ; leaves com-
monly appressed to the ground, 2-4 cm. wide, broadly cordate, obtuse, purplish
and glabrous beneath, silvery-pubescent above and marked with varying shades
of green ; petaliferous flowers violet-purple, on peduncles taller than the leaves ;
apetalous flowers small, ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; their capsules
ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, purple, when ripe raised 3-4 cm. above the leaves ; seeds
yellow-brown, 20-30 in a capsule. (V. viUosa of recent auth., not Walt.) —
Dry rich woods, s. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. — V. villosa, var. cordifolia Nutt., with
broader acute leaves less pubescent above, and with infertile capsules and darker
seeds, seems to be a cross between V. hirsutula and V. papilionacea.

13. V. septentrionalis Greene. Leaves 3-7 cm. wide, hirsutulous especiallj
on the margins, veins, and petioles, somewhat pointed but the apex blunt

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY^ 583

petioles slender, wiry, often purplish at base; petals variable, 4-12 mm. wide
deep violet to pale lilac, rarely pure white or wliite suffused with violet, all occa-
sionally bearing scattered hairs ; sepals ovate, usually obtuse, closely ciliolate
nearly to the tip ; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on horizontal or recurved
peduncles; their mature capsules purple (sometimes green), subglobose, iV-S
mm. long, subtended by the spreading ciliolate auricles of the sepals ; seeds
brown. — Moist open woodlands, especially under conifers, P. E. I., Que and
Ont. to Ct. and w. N. Y. ^ ^ ■■>

14. V. nbvae-angliae House. Differs from the last in its narrow cordate-
triangular leaves, 2-4 cm. wide at time of petaliferous flowering, in not having
ciliolate sepals and auricles, and in flowering a week or two later ; in late sum-
mer the breadth of leaf often equals its length. — Gravelly beaches of the St.
John R., n. Me. (Fernald); rocky banks of the Penobscot R., Me. {Knight).

15. V. fimbridtula Sm. Rootstock becoming long and stout in age, usually
erect; the earliest leaves ovate, obtuse, the later ones ovate- oblong, acute,
finely pubescent, obscurely crenulate toward the apex, the basal lobes sometimes
sharply toothed or incised ; flowers violet-purple, on peduncles commonly longer
than the leaves ; cleistogamous capsules green, ovoid, 6-10 mm. long ; auricles
of the sepals spreading and ciliate ; seeds brown. (F. ovata Nutt.; V. sagittata
Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Sandy fields and dry hillsides, N. S. to Wise, and south w.

16. V. sagittata Ait. Mature leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the
blades 4-8 cm. long, hastately or sagittately incised or toothed at the base ; the
earliest and those produced in late summer often nearly deltoid, obtuse, merely
crenate at the base; petals violet-purple; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute,
glabrous ; capsules 8-14 mm. long, containing 50-70 brown seeds. — Moist banks
and fields, Mass. to Minn., and south w., especially near the coast. — In O. and
westw. a pubescent form of the species is prevalent (F. suhsagittata Greene).

17. V. emarginata Le Conte. Mature leaves approximately triangular, the
base truncate or slightly cordate, often decurrent, obscurely crenate-serrate
above the middle, coarsely toothed or incised below ; petals violet-blue, fre-
quently emarginate ; cleistogamous capsules narrowly ovoid, 8-14 mm. long, on
peduncles somewhat shorter than the leaves; seeds brown. — Dry woods and
hillsides, N. J. and southw.

18. V. Brittoniana Pollard. First leaves reddish beneath, merely dentate :
later leaves reniform to ovate in outline, 5-9-lobed or -parted, the lateral seg-
ments narrow, the middle segment often much the widest, glabrous except for
minute pubescence on the upper surface and margin ; flowers large, rich violet,
with the white throat conspicuous ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; capsules
ovoid-cylindric, 10-18 mm. long, on peduncles about the length of the petioles ;
seeds about 1.6 mm. long, bufl'-colored. (V. septemloha of auth., not Le Conte ;
V. atlantica Britton, not Pomel.) — In moist sandy or peaty soil near the
coast, s. Me., and southw.

19. V. pectinata Bicknell. Leaves ovate-deltoid in general outline, some-
times narrower but often much wider than long, the base truncate, subcordate,
or somewhat decurrent on the petiole, the apex acute to acuminate or occa-
sionally blunt, the margin sharply dentate or below the middle closely pectinate ;
in pubescence, flower, "fruit, and seed quite the same as V. Brittoniana, with
which it is associated in all the known stations. — Damp meadows, Dedham,
Mass. ; Stratford, Ct. ; Woodmere, N. Y. ; Dayton, N. J.

20. V. pedatifida G. Don. Rootstock short, vertical; leaves palmately
parted, the divisions variously cleft and incised into linear lobes ; leaves usually
cuneate at the base, with prominent flabelliform veins, minutely pubescent on
the margin ; scapes exceeding the leaves, bearing showy violet flowers ; cleistoga-
mous capsules light gray when ripe, 10-15 mm. long, on peduncles commonly
shorter than the petioles ; seeds 2 mm. long, light brown. —Prairies, n. O. to
Sask., south westw. to N. Mex.— Varies much in leaf-pattern. pa,ssiiig tlirou.ch
forms less deeply dissected and with wider oblong lobes ( V. Bernardi Greene)
to forms with leaves somewhat rliomboidal in outline, the base broadly cunea'e
and entire, the upper contour rounded, sharply cleft and toothed (T. indivisQ
Greene).

58i VIOLACEAE (^VIOLET FAMILYJ

21. V. viSlrum Pollard. Leaves broadly deltoid, with the basal angleg
rounded, some undivided, merely crenate-serrate or with a few slight incisions,
others hastately 3-7-lobed or -parted, the middle segment broad, acute, serrate ;
petals rich violet, spurred petal glabrous, narrow, emarginate, nearly tubular
from the inrolling of the margins, lateral pair narrow, convergent about the
spurred petal, bearing a sparse short clavate beard, upper pair broader, diver-
gent, emarginate ; sepals narrowly lanceolate, with rather short entire auricles ;
cleistogamous fruit on peduncles somewhat shorter than the petioles, pale green
when ripe, cylindric-ovoid ; seeds olive-brown. — Open ground, waysides and
river-banks. Mo. to Kan. and Okla.

22. V. Selkirkii Pursh. (Great-spurred V.) Small and delicate ; runners
all underground; leaves round-cordate, tlie basal lobes converging or over-
lapping, crenate, at vernal flowering about 2 cm. wide, when mature 3-4 cm.
wide, the upper surface bearing minute spreading hairs, plant otherwise gla-
brous ; scapes about as tall as the leaves ; petals all beardless ; peduncles of
cleistogamous flowers erect or ascending, the capsules subglobose, dotted with
purple ; seeds small, straw-colored. — Shaded ravines and cold woods, N. B. to
w. Mass., n. Pa., L. Superior, and north w., rare. (Greenl.)

28. V. paliistris L. Smooth ; leaves round-cordate and reniform, slightly
crenate ; flowers small ; petals pale lilac, with purple lines, the lateral pair
somewhat bearded, spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine region of the White
Mts., N. H., and far northw. (Eu.)

24. V. lanceolata L. (Lance-leaved V.) Stolons leafy, often bearing
apetalous flowers ; leaves and scapes glabrous, 5-8 cm. high at time of vernal
flowering ; later leaves 20-30 cm. high, the blades obscurely crenulate, gradually
tapering into a long margined often reddish petiole ; lateral petals usually
beardless ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; cleistogamous capsules 6-12 mm. long, on
erect peduncles that are usually shorter than the leaves; seeds dark brown. —
Open bogs, moist meadows, and shores, N, S. to Minn., and south w.

25. V. primulifblia L. (Primrose-leaved V.) Leaves oblong or ovate,
with either subcordate, obtuse, or tapering base, obscurely crenate-serrate,
commonly glabrous ; stolons, flowers, and fruit as in the preceding ; seeds
reddish-brown, about 1.6 mm. long. — Moist or almost dry soil, N. B., southw.
along the coast.

26. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Leaves heart-shaped, obtuse or rarely
acute ; petioles and scapes often with scattered hairs, sometimes dotted with
red ; lateral petals usually bearing a small tuft of hairs, upper petals broadly
obovate ; seeds small, 1 mm. long, almost black. ( V. blanda of recent Am.
auth., not Willd.) — Springy land and along brooks. Lab. to B. C, s. to the mts.
of S. C. and Tenn., Mich., and Wyo. — This and the two species following are
commonly known as Sweet White V.

27. V. bUnda Willd. Glabrous except for minute white hairs on the upper
surface of the leaves especially on the basal lobes ; leaves commonly acute,
often pointed ; midribs, petioles, and scapes usually tinged with red ; lateral
petals beardless, the upper pair often long, narrow, and strongly reflexed,
sometimes twisted ; in flower 10-15 days later than the two following ; freely
producing in summer slender leafy runners. (F. amoena Le Conte ; V. blanda,
var. palustriformis Gray.) — Moist rich woodlands, w. Que. to Minn., and
souihw. to Ga. and La.

28. V. inc6gnita Brainerd. Peduncles, petioles, and lower surface of leaves
more or less pubescent with soft white hairs especially when young, the uppei
leaf-surface often glabrous ; aestival leaves large, rugose, broadly heart-shaped,
acute ; lateral petals bearded, upper pair obovate ; flowering early ; in summer
producing numerous filiform runners. — Mountain slopes and low moist wood-
lands, Nfd. and e. Que. southw. to Pa., and westw,

29. V. renifblia Gray. Leaves reniform, often abruptly pointed, more oi
less pubescent, but upper surface often quite glabrous ; petals all beardless, the
upper pair o/bicular ; flowering early ; runners rarely present, very short,
raceme-like, bearing cleistogamous flowers. — Arbcr Vitae swamps and cold
woods, Nfd. to the Mackenzie R., s. to N. E., Pa., Mich., and Minn.

VIOLACEAE Q VIOLET FAMILY)

685

V. rotundifolia.

3. Style enlarged upward, abruptly capitate, heakless ; stigma within a small
orifice on the lower side of the summit (Fig. 808) ; petals yellow.

30 V. rotundifblia Michx. (Round-leaved or Early
Yellow V.) Kootstock stout, jagged with the persistent
bases of former leaves ; runners sliort, usually without roots
or leaves, bearing 1-5 cleistogamous flowers, thus simulating
racemes ; leaves oval or round-cordate, obtuse, repand-crenu-
late, with short and narrow basal sinus, at flowering time
minutely pubescent, 2-3 cm. wide, in midsummer mostly
glabrous, 6-10 cm. wide, prostrate ; petals bright yellow, the
three lower with brown veins, the lateral bearded ; capsules
ovoid, C-8 mm. long, closely dotted with purple ; seeds nearly

white. — Cold woods, centr. Me. to s. w. Ont., O., Pa., Del., and

along the Alleghenies to n. Ga. Fig. 808.

§ 4. Style not club-shaped nor capitate, ending in a small hook
pointing downward (Fig. 809); petals violet or sometimes
white.

3L V. odorIta L. (English or Sweet V.) Producing
above ground leafy stolons ; leaves broadly cordate, finely pu-
bescent; flowers very fragrant; summer-capsules broadly ovoid,
angled, pubescent, purple ; seeds relatively large, cream-colored.
— Often cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous. (Introd. from

Eu.) Fig. 809. 809. V. odorata.

IL Plants with leafy stems

§ 5. Style capitate, beakless, bearded at the summit (Fig. 810); spur short; stip'
ules entire, the lower more or less scarious.

Stems numerous, ascending, bearing leaves and flowers from near the

base 82. r. Nuitallii.

Stems few, mostly erect, not leafy below.
Petals yellow.
Nearly glabrous; stem-leaves halberd-shaped or narrowly heart-shaped 33. V. hastata.
Softly pubescent ; root-leaves often wanting ; stem-leaves broad, often

over 7 cm. wide 34. F. pubescens.

Sparingly pubescent; root-leaves usually 1-2 ; stem-leaves rarely over 7

cm. wide 35. F. scabriuxcule^

Petals white inside, outside tinged with violet 86. F. canadensia.

32. V. Wuttallii Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, tapering into margined
petioles; petals yellow, sometimes violet on the outside. — Prairies, Mo., N.
Dak., and westw.

33. V. hastata Michx. (Halberd-leaved V.) Stem slender, 1-2.5 dm.
high, from a horizontal fleshy rootstock ; stem-leaves 2-4 near the summit,
halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; stipules ovate,
small. — Woods, n. O., mts. of Pa., and southw,

34. V pubescens Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Softly pubescent, 2-3.5 dm.
high ; stems often solitary ; leaves 2-4 near the summit (or occasionally a long-
petioled root-leaf), broadly ovate with cordate or truncate-decurrent base,
crenate-dentate, somewhat pointed ; stipules large, ovate-oblong ; petals purple-
veined, the lateral bearded ; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute ; apetalous flowers
abundant in summer on short peduncles ; capsules ovoid, glabrous or woolly ;
seeds light brown, large, nearly 3 mm. long. — Dry rich woods, s. Me. to Ont.,
Kan., and Md.

35. V. scabriiiscula Schwein. (Smooth Yellow V.) Similar to the preced-
ing, with which it intergrades ; the more pronounced forms have commonly 2-4
stems and 1-3 radical leaves from one rootstock, the stems shorter and more
leafy, the leaves smaller and sparingly pubescent to glabrate, the time of flower-

586 VIOLACEAE QVIOLET FAMILY)

ing earlier ; flowers, capsules, and seeds as in the preceding. --
Moist thickets, often in heavy soil, e. Que. to L. Winnipeg, and

36. V. canadensis L. (Canada V.) Usually 3-4 dm. high,
minutely pubescent, glabrate ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed,
serrate ; stipules sharply lanceolate ; petaliferous flowers often
borne throughout the summer, lateral petals bearded, spurred
petal yellow at the base and striped with fine dark lines ;
canadensis sepals slender, acuminate ; capsules subglobose, 6-10 mra long,
■ often downy or puberulent ; seeds brown. — Woods, Nfd. to
n. Vt., thence south w. and westw. Fig. 810.

§6. Style not capitate, slender (Fig. 811); length of spur at least twice its
width; stipules fringed-toothed, somewhat herbaceous.

Tip of the style bent downward, slightly pubescent near the summit;

lateral petkls bearded ; spur less than 8 mm. long. ^^,-^/^

Petals white or cream-colored 61. V. striaia.

Petals pale violet or violet-purple.
Stems ascending.

Plants glabrous or nearly so. , . . oo tt- ^.^.^

Stipules ovate-lanceolat« ; later leaves subacuminate . . . 88. V. conspersa.

Stipules lance-linear; later leaves rounded to an obtuse apex; alpme ^^ , ^ ^ .

and northern 39. V. labradorica.

Plants densely puberulent 40. V. arm arm.

Stems prostrate ; leaves suborbicular . . . . . • , • *l- y-^atu^i.

Style straight and glabrous ; lateral petals beardless, spur slender, 10-li .^ ^ . .

mm. long 4^. K. rostrata.

37. V. striata Ait. Usually 15-30 cm. high when in flower, often in late
sumrner 6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves heart-shaped, finely crenate-
serrate, often acute ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate ; spur rather thick, shorter
than the petals ; sepals ciliate, narrow, attenuate ; capsules ovoid, glabrous, 4-6
mm long ; seeds light brown. — Low or shady ground, Ct. to Minn., and south w.

38. V. conspersa Reichenb. Rootstock oblique, often much branched ; at
time of vernal flowering stems 8-16 cm. high ; lower leaves round-reniform,
upper round-cordate, crenate, 1.5-3 cm. wide; flowers numerous,
usually pale, sometimes white, raised above the leaves on axillaiy
peduncles 5-8 cm. long ; in summer the leaves becoming wider, the
stems elongating and bearing cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles
from the same axils that bore vernal flowers or from the axils of
later leaves ; seeds straw-colored. ( V. 3fuhlenbergii Torr. ; V. labra-
dorica of recent Am. auth., not Schrank.) —Common in low or
shaded ground, e. Que. to Minn., and southw. Fig. 811.

39. V. Iabrad6rica Schrank. Habit of the preceding but more
dwarf ; stems and petioles nearly or quite glabrous ; stipules narrow, gll. V. con-
lance-linear ; leaf-blades more or less hispidulous above, the later spersa.
ones rounded to an obtuse (not in the least acuminate) apex ; petals
commonly deep violet, more rarely paler ; seeds light brown. ( F. Muhlen-
beniiana, var. minor Hook. ) — Greenl. and Lab., s. to cool or alpine situations
of Me., N. H., andn. N. Y. , i o

40. V. arenaria DC. Low, tufted ; stems several or many ; leaves \-i
cm. broad, thickish, densely puberulent on both surfaces, ovate, often subcor-
date, narrowed above to an obtuse apex ; spur usually straight and blunt, but
sometimes with a sharp point abruptly bent inward ; cleistogamous flowers and
capsules abundant in late summer ; seeds brown. ( V. canina, var. puberula
Wats.) — Sandy and sterile soil, e. Que. to n. e. Mass., westw. to Minn, and
Sask. (En.) ^ ^. , ,

41. V. Walt^ri House. Blossoming first from rosettes of radical leaves,
afterwards producing prostrate leafy stems that bear cleistogamous flowers ;
leaves orbicular to reniform, with cordate base, 1-4 cm. wide, crenulate, often
dark-colored along the veins ; flowers and fruit much as in V. conspersa. (V.
multicaulis Britton, not Jord.) —Rocky or sandy ground, Ky. to Fla. and Tex.

PASSIFLORACEAE QPASSION FLOWER FAMILY! b^l

42. V. rostrita Pursh. (Long-spurred V.) Stems often numerous, com<
monly 1-1.2 dm. high ; leaves round-heart-shaped, nearly or quite glabrous ser-
rate, the upper acute or pointed ; petals lilac-colored with a violet spot near the
centei', borne on long peduncles above the leaves ; cleistogamous tlowers with
minute or abortive petals appearing later on short peduncles from the axils of the
upper leaves ; capsules ovoid, 8-5 mm. long, glabrous ; seeds yellowish-brown —
Shaded hillsides, w. Que. to Mich., and southw. in the Alleghenies to Ga.

§ 7. Style much enlarged upward into a globose hollow summit with a wide ori-
fice on the lower side (Fig. 812) ; stipules large, leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid.

Stipules pinnatisect at the base ; upper leaves crenately serrate ; introduced
species.

Petals 2-3 times as long' as the sepals 43. F. tricolor

Petals seldom longer than the sepals '. 44. V. arvensis.

Stipules palmately pectinate at the base ; upper leaves entire or nearly so;

indigenous 45. V. Raflnesquii.

43. V. TRf COLOR L. (Pansy, Heart's-ease.) Stems angled, 1.5-3 dm.
high ; lower leaves roundish or cordate, upper oblong, crenate ; flowers large

and widely spreading, variously marked with yellow, white, and
purple ; capsules ovoid ; seeds brown. — An escape from cultiva-
tion, rarely persisting. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 812.

44. V. ARVENSIS Murr. (Wild Pansy.) Similar to the pre.
ceding, but smaller ; petals all pale yellow, usually shorter than
the rather long lanceolate acute sepals ; capsules globose. — Old
fields, frequent, Nfd. to N. E. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

45. V. Rafinesquii Greene. (Wild Pansy.) Very slender,
often branched from the base ; root annual ; leaves small, the
earliest suborbicular, on slender petioles, the later obovate to
linear-oblanceolate, attenuate at the base ; internodes usually
exceeding the leaves ; flowers small, 7-10 mm. long, the obovate

n2. V. tricolor, bluish-white to cream-colored petals nearly twice the length ol
the sepals. {V.tenella Raf., not Poir. ; V. tricolor, var. arvensu
Man. ed. 6, not DC.) — Woods and open places, N. Y. to Mich., Tex., and Ga.

PASSIFLORACEAE (Passion Flower Family)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadel-
phous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4
parietal placentae, and as many club-shaped styles.

1. PASSIFLORA L. Passion Flower

Calyx of 5 sepals shortly united at the base ; the throat crowned with a double
or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of tlie calyx. Filaments united into a
tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above ; anthers large,
fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded. Leaves alternate,
generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. — Ours
are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of flos passionis, a translation of fior della
passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the flower from a fancied
resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.)

1. P. lutea L. Smooth, slender ; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless ; flowers greenish-yellow, 2.6 cm. broad; fruit
1.2 cm. in diameter. — Damp thickets, s. Pa. to Mo., Tex., and Fla.

2. P. incarnita L. Pubescent ; leaves H-5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the base
bearing 2 glands ; flower large (5 cm. broad), nearly white, with a triple purple
and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved ; fruit as large as a hen's egg. -^
Dry soil, Va. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. — Fruit called Maypops.

588 LOASACEAE (LOASA FAMILY)

LOASACEAE (LoASA Family)

Herbs, with a ro2igh or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube adher-
ent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or S parietal placentae ; — represented here only by
the genus

1. MENTZELIA [Plumier] L.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in-
serted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united
into 1 ; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length dry and openhig at the
summit. Seeds flat, anatropous. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhe-
sive by the barbed pubescence. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German
botanist.)

1. M. oligosp^rma Nutt. (Stick Leaf.) Much branched, 3-9 dm. high;
leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled ; flowers yellow,
1.5-2 cm. broad, opening in sunshine ; petals 5, wedge-oblong, pointed ; stamens
20 or more ; capsule small, about 9-seeded. — Limestone hills and banks, 111. to
Kan. and Col., s. to Tex. May-Aug.

2. M. decapltala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. Larger in all its parts ; leaves
elongate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely dentate ; flowers white or pale yellow,
7-12 cm. broad, opening in the evening ; petals 10, lanceolate ; stamens abun-
dant ; seeds numerous. — Rocky hillsides and dry prairies, n. w la. to Sask.,
Tex.» and westw. July-Sept.

CACTACEAE (Cactus Family)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, globular or columnar and mamj-
angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile ;
the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, the bases adherent
to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens numerous, inserted on the inside of the tube or
cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 ; stigmas numerous.

1. Mamillaria. Globose or ovoid plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from

between the tubercles. Ovary naked ; berry succulent.

2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants ; the joints flattened or cylindrical.

1. MAMILLArIA Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped.
Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent
berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crnstaceous. — Globose or
ovoid plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, ovoid, or conical tubercles,
the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from
mamilla, a nipple, referring to the tubercles. )

1. M. vivipara (Nutt.) Haw. Single or tufted, 2.5-12 cm. high, the almost
terete tubercles bearing bundles of 6-8 reddish-brown spines (2 cm. long or less)
surrounded by 15-20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and rigid ; floio-
ers red or purple, with fringed sepals and lance-subulate petals ; berries ovoid,
green; seeds pitted, light brown. (Cactus Nutt.) —Granite ledges, w. Minn.
{Moyer), and on prairies and dry plains to Alb. and Cal.

2. M. missouriensis Sweet, var. caespitbsa (Engelm.) Wats. Smaller, stems
globose, clustered, the tubercles with fewer (10-20) weaker ash-colored spines;
flovjers yelloio. 2.5-5 cm. broad; berry subglobose, scarlet; seeds few, pitted,
black. ( Cactus missouriensis, var. similis Coult.) — Dry prairies, e. Kan. to
Tex., and westw.

THYMELAEACEAB (MEZEREUM FAMILY) 589

2. OPTStNTIA [Tourn.] Mill. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig

Sepals and petals not nnited into a prolonged tube, spreading, re^iar, the
inner roundish. — Stem composed of joints (ilattened in ours), bearing very
small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with
clusters of barbed bristles and often spines in their axils. Flowers in our spe-
cies yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theo-
phrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)

* Spines small or none; fruit pulpy.

1. 0. vulgaris Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green; joints broadly ob,
ovate, 5-10 cm. long; leaves minute (4-5 mm. long), ovate-subulate, generally
appressed; bristles short, greenish-yellow; spines solitary or more often none;
Jloicers pale yellow, about 5 cm. broad, ivith about 8 petals; fruit 2.5 cm. long.
— Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C, near the coast ; Falls of the
Potomac.

2. 0. Rafinlsquii Engelm. Prostrate, deep green ; joints broadly obovate oi
orbicular, 7-12 cm. long ; leaves 6-8 mm. long, spreading; bristles bright red-
brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (1.8-2.4 cm. long) oi
none; flowers yellow, 6-9 cm. broad, sometimes icith a reddish center; petah
10-12 ; fruit 3.6 cm. long, with an attenuated base. (Probably O. cespitosa,
mesacantha, and humifusa Raf., in part.) — Sandy soil, limestone bluffs, etc.,
n. O. and Mich, to Minn., and s. to Ky. and Tex.

Var. minor Engelm. Dwarf; joints orbicular, 5 cm. in diameter, nearly
spineless. — Sandstone rock, s. Mo. (Engelmann according to Coulter.)

* * Very spiny ; fruit dry and prickly.

3. 0. polyacdntha Haw. Prostrate, joints light green, broadly obovate, flat
and tubercidate, 5-15 cm. long; leaves small (3-4 mm. long), their axils armed
with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines (2,5-5 cm,
long) ; flowers light yellow, 5-7.5 cm. broad ; fruit with spines of variable length.
{O. mis sour iensis DC.) — Wise, to Mo., and westw. across the plains; very
variable.

4. 0. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Subdecumbent ; joints small (2.5-5 cm. long oi
less), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete; leaves hardly 2 mm. long, red ;
bristles few, larger spines 1-4, cruciate., with 4-6 smaller white radiating ones
below; flowers yellow. — Minn., la., Kan., and westw.

THYMELAEAcEAE (Mezereum Family)

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough {not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovrry, which
forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed.
Embryo large ; albumen little or none.

1. Dirca. Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens (S) and style exserted.

2. Daphne. Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens (8) included. Style short or none.

1. dIRCA L. Leatherwood. Moosewood

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or ob-
scurely about 4-toothed. Stamens inserted on the calyx above the middle, the
alternate ones longer. Style thread-form. Drupe ovoid, reddish. —A much
branched bush, with jointed branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves on very
short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers
;ight yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many
dark-hairy scales, these forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds
a leafy branch. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

590 ELAEAGNACEAE (OLEASTER FAMILY)

1. D. paliistris L. (Wicopy.) Shrub, 1-2 m. high; the wood white, SDtt,
and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough (used by the Indians
U)T thongs, whence the popular names). — Damp rich woods, N. B. to Ont., and
southw. Apr.

2. DAPHNE L. Mezereum

Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped. Anthers nearly sessile on
the calyx-tube. Stigma capitate. Drupe red. — Hardy low shrub. (Mytho-
logical name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a Laurel.)

1. D. MEzi:REUM L. Shrub, 3-9 dm. high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely
white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, before the
lanceolate smooth leaves. — Escaped from cultivation, and locallj'- established,
w. Que. and Ont. to Mass- and N. Y. Early spring. (Introd. from Eu.)

ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family)

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect or dioecious
flowers; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or
ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube which becomes pulpy and berry-
iike in fruit, strictly inclosing the achene,

1. Elaeagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.

2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.

1. ELAEAGNUS [Tourn.] L.

Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent cylindrical or globose base,
the limb valvately 4-creft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in the throat. Style linear,
stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with an ellipsoid 8-striate stone.—
Leaves alternate, entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedicellate.
(From Aat'a, the olive, and dyvos, the Greek name of the Chaste-tree, Vitex
Agnus-castus.)

1. E. arg^ntea Pursh. (Silverberry.) A stoloniferous unarmed shrub,
2-4 m. high, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales ; leaves elliptic
to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous ; flowers
numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant ; fruit round-
ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 8-10 mm. long. — Bonaventure R., Que. (Post) ;
and from Isle of Orleans, Que., to Hudson Bay and B. C, s to Minn., S. Dak.,
and Utah.

2. SHEPHERDIA Nutt.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud)
and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile
with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, inclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the
teeth of the disk) and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender ; stigma
1-sided. — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile
in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for
John Shepherd, once curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) Lepargyrea
Raf.

1. S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. Shrub, 1-2 m. high ; leaves elliptical or ovate,
nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales
beneath; fruit yellowish-red, nauseous. (Lepargyrea Greene.) — Calcareous
rocks and banks, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. S., Me., Vt.. n. and w. N. Y., Mich.,
Wise, and along the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. May.

2. S. arg^ntea Nutt. (Buffalo Berry.) Somewhat thorny, 1-6 m. high;
ieaves cuneate-oblong, silvery on both sides; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid and edible.
{Lepargyrea Greene.) — Man. and n. Minn, to Kan., and westw

LYTHRACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY) 69^

LYTHRAcEAE (Loosestrife Family)

Herts, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx inclosing
but free from the 1-i-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat, the latter lower
down. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. Flowers axillary or whorled,
rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on
different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter.
Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away
of the thin partitions ; placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without
albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.

* Flowers regular or nearly so.
■H Calyx short, campanulate or globular.

1. DidipliS. Calyx without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule globular, Indehls-

cent, 2-celled. Small aquatic.

2. Rotala. Calyx with the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsules 4-celled,

septicidal, with 3-4 valves.

3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4-8. Capsula

globular, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly.

4. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8-10. Capsules 8-4-valved,

loculicidal. Leaves often whorled.

+- +- Calyx tubular, cylindrical.

5. Lythrum. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12.

* * Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11-12 stamens in 2 seta.

6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.

1. DIDIPLIS Raf. Water Purslane

Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite
linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. (In the
words of Rafinesque " Didiplis means tivo doubling;'''' from 5ls, twice, and
8nr\6os, double, in reference presumably to the stamens.)

1. D. diAndra (Nutt.) Wood. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin,
closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base ;
calyx with broad triangular lobes ; style very short ; capsules very small. (i>.
linearis Raf.) — Minn, and Wise, to Tex., e, to N. C. and Fla.

2. ROTALA L.

Petals 4 (in ours). Capsule-valves (under a strong lens) transversely and
closely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves
of the original species.)

1. R. rambsior (L.) Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole,
linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary (rarely r>) in the
axils, sessile ; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (Am-
mannia humilis Michx.) — Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla. and Tex., and Id
the interior from O. to Minn., and south w. (Trop. Am.)

3. AMMAnNIA [Houston] L.

Flowers small, in 3-many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-
shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little "horn-.shapt,d appendage at each
eimig. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometiuies wanting. — Low
Sftd mconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves. (Named foi
x^ul Ammann, a German botanist prior to Linnaeus.)

692 LYTHRACEAE (^LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY)

1. A. coccinea Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, with a broad
auricled sessile base ; cymes suhsessile, dense ; petals purplish ; stamens more
or less exserted ; style long and slender. — Muddy banks and wet sandy shores,
N. J. to ria. ; and from O. to Dak. and southw.

2. A. Koehnei Britten. Lea-ves oblong to oblanceolate, the lo^vest con-
tracted, the others broadly auricled at the base ; cymes sessile or nearly so ;
style very short; petals minute, pink, fugacious. — Swamps, N.J. (according
to Britton) to Fla. — Differs from the tropical A. latifolia L. only iu having
petals.

3. A. auriculslta Willd. Erect, few-branched ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
oblong, acute; cymes on slender peduncles (4-6 mm. long); fruit small; style
relatively lono-. — Borders cf ponds, etc., w. Mo. and Neb. to Tex., and southwestw.

4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife

Calyx with 5-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like
processes at the sinuses. Stamens exserted, of tw^o lengths. Capsule globose,
3-5-celled, loculicidal. —Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite
or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from
5^/ca, ten, and 65ovs, tooth.)

1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. (Water Willow.) Smooth or downy ; stems
recurved, 6-26 dm. long, 4-6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite
or whorled, the upper with clustered short-pediceled flowers in their axils;
petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, magenta, 1.2 cm. long; stamens 10, half of them
shorter. — Swampy grounds, Me. to Fla., La., and Minn. — Bark of submersed
parts of the stem often spongy-thickened.

5. LYTHRUM L. Loosestrife

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5-7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number,
inserted low down on the calyx. Capsule subcylindrical, 2-celled. — Slender
herbs, with pink or magenta (rarely white) flowers in summer. (From XOepov^
blood; perhaps from the styptic properties.)

* Stamens and petals 5-7 ; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils

of the mostly scattered upper leaves ; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than,
the intermediate processes ; plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifblia L. Annual, 1-6 dm. high, pale ; leaves oblong-linear,
obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers ; petals pale-purple ; stamens
usually 4-6, included. — Marshes and sterile soil, near the coast, Me. to N. J.j
also on the Pacific coast. (Eu.)

2. L. lineare L. Stem slender and tall (1-1.3 m. high), bushy at top, icith
2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite; petals whitish; flowers with
6 included stamens and a long style, or the stamens exserted and style short ;
ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring. — Brackish marshes,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. L. alatum Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches icith mar-
gined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or
rounded base, the upper mostly alternate ; calyx about 4-6 mm. long ; petals
rather large, deep purple; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy
hypogynous ring prominent. — Swamps and meadows, Ont. to Minn., s. to Ga.,
La., and Col. ; also locally in e. Mass. and Ct.

The allied Mexican L. VulnerXria Ait., with calyx 9-12 mm. long, has been
reported from the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo.

* * Stamens 12 {rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6

shorter ; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike.

4. L. SaligXria L. (Spiked L.) More or less downy and tall; leaves
lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes ; flowers magenta,

MELASTOMACEAE (^MELASTOMA FAMILY) 593

trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style ; calyx and bracts
greenish, somewhat pubescent, the calyx-lobes much shorter than the subulate
appendages. — Wet meadows, local, N. E. to Del. and I). C. (Introd. from Eu.)
June-Sept. Var. toment6sum (Mill.) DC. Calyx and bracts white-tomeritose
— • Wet meadows and shores, e. Que. to Vt. and s. Ont. (Nat. from Eurasia.)

5. L. virgXtum L. Similar, glabrous throughout; leaves narrowed to the
sessile or short-petioled base; the calyx-lobes shorter than or eciualiii"- the
appendages. — Locally established, e. Mass. (^S*. F, Poole). (Introd. from Eu-
rasia.)

6. CtPHEA P. Br.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side,
6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses.
Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1-2-celled ;
style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured
through one side. — Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from" /fv065,
gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.)

1. C. petiolata (L.) Koehne. (Clammy C.) Annual, very viscid-hairy,
branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple ; seeds
flat. (O. viscossima Jacq, ; Parsonsia Rusby.; — Dry fields, N. H. {Miss
Scorgie) to Ga., w. to Kan. and La.

MELASTOMACEAE (Melastoma Family)

Plants with opposite S-7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers
opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the Onagraceae. — All
tropical, except the genus

1. RHEXIA L. Deergrass. Meadow Beauty

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, adherent to the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique,
inserted with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long,
1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 ; stigma 1. Capsule 4-celled, with 4
many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a
snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial often bristly herbs with showy
cymose flowers in summer ; the petals falling early. (A name used by Pliny
for some unknown plant.)

* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of
the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. virginica L. Stem square, with wing-like angles ; leaves oval-lanceo-
late, sessile, acute ; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped
hairs ; petals magenta. — Sandy swamps and shores. Me. to Fla. ; also from s. w.
Ont. to s. e. la., and south w. July-Sept. — Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.

2. R. aristosa Britton. Branches somewhat wing-angled ; leaves linear-
oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy ; hairs of tlie
calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped ; petals sparsely villous, pink
or purplish. — Wet pine barrens. Egg Harbor City, N. J. {J. E. Peters) to Ga.
July, Aug.

3. R. mariana L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-nblong, narrowed below,
mostly petiolate ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, L. L to FJa., w. to Mo. and
Tex.

* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur ; flowers few, sessile.

4. R. cilibsa Michx. Stem square, glabrous ; leaves broadly ovate, cillate
with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Md. to Fla. and La.

gray's KANUAi. — 38 .

594 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY)

ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)

Herbs, tmth ^-merous (sometimes 2-3- or o-O-merous) perfect and symmetrical
flowers; the tube of the calyx adhering to the 2-4-ceUed ovary, its lobes valvate
in the bud or obsolete; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting ; and
the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on
the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender ; stigma 2-4-lobed or capi-
tate. Pollen-grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous,
small, without albumen. — Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stip-
ules none or glandular.

♦ Parts of the flower in fours or more numerous.
■»- Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.

++ Calyx-limb (divided to the summit of the ovary) persistent.

1. Jussiaea. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated, 4-6-celled.

2. Ludvigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short.

«• ++ Calyx-tube or deeply cleft limb deciduous from the summit of the capsule ; petals 4 ;

stamens 8.
8. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers (in ours) not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite.

4. Oenothera. Seeds not tufted. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate.

•«- +- Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-4-seeded.
++ Terrestrial ; leaves alternate ; stamens 6-8.

5. Gaura. Calj-x-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base.

6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments (8) not appendaged.

++ ++ Aquatic ; leaves opposite or whorled ; stamens 4.

7. Trapa. Calyx-tube short. Filaments unappendaged. Fruit large, coriaceous, turbinate.

* * Parts of the flower in twos ; leaves opposite.

8. Circaea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1-2-seeded, bristly.

1. JUSSIAEA L. Primrose-willow

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6^
herbaceous and persistent. — Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly
entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers in summer. (Dedicated
to Bernard de Jussieu^ the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)

1. J. decurrens (Walt.) DC. Stem erects 3-6 dm. high, winged by the decur-
rent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; capsule cylindric-
club-shaped, wing-angled ; seeds in several rows in each cell. — Wet places,
•* Md." and Va. to Fla.; s. HI. and Mo. to La. and Tex.

2. J. diffusa Forsk. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting ; leaves oblong,
tapenng int^ a slender petiole ; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and
obovate petals 5; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base ; seeds quadrate,
in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endorarp. (J. repens of auth.,
probably not of L.) — In water or on muddy banks, Ky. and 111. to e. Kan., and
southw.

2. LtJDViGIA L. False Loosestrife

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per-
sistent. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
axillary (rarely capitate) flowers through summer and autumn. (Named lor
C G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemoorary with Linnaeus.)

ONAGRACEAE ^EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 595

* Leaves all alternate^ sessile or nearly so.

- Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (8-16
mm. long), equaling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.

1. L. alternifblia L. (Skedhox.) Smooth or nearly so, branched, 1 m.
high ; roots fascicled, fusiform ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or
pointed at both ends; capsules cubical, rouuded at base, wing-angled. — Shady-
banks, low wet woods, and swamps, e. Mass. to Fla. and Tex.; and in the
interior from s. w. Ont. to l^an., and southw.

Var. linearifMia Britton. Leaves linear; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate —
W. Va.

2. L. hirtella Raf. Hairy; roots clustered, fusiform-thickened; strms
Nearly simple, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at
both ends; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist
pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

<*- -t- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils; petals
small and greenish or none; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect
stems (3-9 dm. high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping
sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate
or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except no. 3.)

•w. Capsule about as broad as long.

3. L. sphaerocdrpa Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly
glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of the run-
ners obovate with a wedge-shaped base, glandular-denticulate ; bractlets minute,
obsolete, or none ; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not
longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 4 mm. long). — Water or wet swamps, e.
Mass. to Fla. and La. — Bark below often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polycdrpa Short & Peter. Stoutish ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute
at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets
linear-awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped
capside, which is longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Wet places, e. Mass.
to Ct. ; s, w. Ont. and O. to Neb., s. to Tenn. and Kan.

5. L. alata Ell. Very similar to the preceding but more slender ; calyx-lobes
short, broadly deltoid. — Jackson, Mo. (5ws^ according to Tracy); N. C. to
Fla and "La."

++ ++ Capsule decidedly longer than broad.

6. L. linearis Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those of
the short runners obovate ; minute petals usually present ; bractlets minute, at
the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is G mm. long and
much longer than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of "N. Y.," N. J., and
southw.

7. L. glandulbsa Walt. Much branched ; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceo-
late, tapering at the base or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at the base of
the cylindrical capsule, which is 6 mm. long, and several times exceeds the calyx-
lobes. (L. cylindrica Ell.) — Low shady woods, about ponds, and in swamps,
B. 111. to Fla. and Tex.

* * Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating.

8. L. paliistris (L.) Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth; leaves ovate or
oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the
plant grows out of water ; calyx-lobes very short ; capsules 4-sided, not tapering
at base, sessile in the axils, 4 mm. long. (Isnardia L.) — Ditches and wet
shores, common. (Ku.)

9. L. arcuata Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, nearly
Bessile ; flow^ers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yelloio, exceeding the calys
(6 mm. long); capsules club-shaped, somewhat curved, 8 7nm. long. (Ludwigi
antha Small.) --Swamps, Va. to Fla.

596 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY)

8. EPIL6BIUM L. Willow-herb

Calyx-tube scarcely or not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cieft or
-divided. Petals 4, violet, magenta, pink, or white. Capsule slender, many-
seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Mostly perennial herbs
with nearly sessile leaves. (Name from eTrt, on, and \6^iop, a little pod.)

§ 1. CHAMAENERION [Tourn.] Tausch. Petals entire, large, magenta
(rarely lohite) ; calyx-limb divided essentially to the summit of the ovary ;
stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long lobes; flowers
racemed.

1. E. angustifblium L. (Great W., Fireweed.) Tall (0.3-2 m. high),
simple ; leaves scattered, long, lanceolate, subentire, pinnately veined. {E.
spicatnm Jjam. ; Chamaenerion angustifolium Scop.) — Low ground, especially
in clearings and newly burned lands, common. July, Aug. (Eurasia. )

§ 2. LYSIMACHION Tausch. Petals notched at the summit; calyx-tube pro-
longed a little beyond the ovary ; stamens and style erect; flowers corymbed
or panicled or few in the upper axils.

a. Stigma 4-parted ; petals 1-2 cm. long .... , . 2. E. hirsutvan.

a. Stigma entire ; petals smaller b.

h. Stems terete, no decurrent lines rnnning- down from the bases of
the leaves ; leaves entire or subentire, with revolute margins.
Stem and pods densely covered with fine short straight spread-
ing hairs Z. E. moUe.

Stems and pods cinereous with appressed or incurved hairs, or
glabrous.
Leaves closely and evenly pubescent above ; well developed

plant freely branching 4:. E. densum.

Leaves glabrous above, or with scattered hairs ; plant simple

or subsimple 5. E. palustre.

b. Stems subterete, with decurrent lines running down from the
bases of the leaves ; leaves toothed (rarely entire), flat, the
margins not revolute.
Stems solitary ; the basal shoots (developing in late autumn)
in the form of sessile or short stalked rosettes.
Seed abruptly contracted above ; mature coma cinnamon-
color ; leaves elongate-lanceolate . . . . . 6. E. coloratum.
Seed gradually contracted to a hyaline neck ; coma whitish ;

leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate . . .I.E. adenocaulon.
Stems tufted ; the basal shoots quickly developing into elongate
branches.
Seed (under a microscope) smooth.
Stems erect ; flowers chiefly 3-6, the lowest in the axila of

the foliage-leaves Q. E. alpinvm.

Stems strongly decumbent; flowers 1 or 2 (rarely 3), es-

sentially terminal 9. E. anagallidifolium.

Seed (under a microscope) papillose 10. jK Hornemanni.

2. E. HiRstTUM L. Tall (1-2 m. high), the much branched stem densely
covered by rather long fine straight spreading hairs; leaves oblong, serrulate,
sessile and clasping ; petals magenta, showy. — In waste places and about
dwellings, local, s. Me. to Ont. and s. N. Y. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. E. m611e Torr. Erect, 2-15 dm. high, simple or with few upright
branches toward the summit, stems, leaves, and pods grayish-velvety ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate to linear, entire or undulate, the margins revolute ; petals
pmk, 7-8 mm. long ; seed nearly 2 mm. long, minutely papillate, coma dingy.
(E. strictum Mnhl.? as nomen subnudum.) — Bogs and mossy meadows, rather
local, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to Va., 111., and Mmn. July-Sept.

^- ^^°sum Raf. Minutely hoary-pubescent, 3-10 dm. high, usually much
branched and very leafy, rarely stoloniferous ; leaves linear or nearly so, revo-
lute, axjute, canescent above (the lateral veins inconspicuous'), erect, usually much
exceedmg the internodes, commonly proliferous in the axils ; pedicels ^-l as
long as the canescent pods; petals 3-5 mm. long, pink or white ; seed 1.5 mm.
long. (E. lineare Muhl. ? as nomen sub yiudum. )— Open low grounds, e. Qua
to Alb., s. to Del, W. Va., Kan., arid Col. July-Sept.

ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 597

5. E. paliistre L. Decumbent, stoloniferous, 1-G dm. high, the simple or
sparingly branched stem minutely pubescent above or glabrate ; leaves thin
green, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, subacute, spreading -ascending , raiher re-
mote, the middle ones 3-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. broad; flowers few; pedicels
much shorter than the slightly pubescent or glabrate pods ; petals pink or wliite,
5-7 mm. long. — Bogs and wet banks, Nfd. and Lab. to Alaska, s. to n. N. E.
and L. Superior. July, Aug. (Eurasia.)

Var. Iabrad6ricum Haussk. Dwarf, 6-15 cm. high, often freely branched ;
leaves elongate-oblanceolate to linear, approximate, with rounded tips and definite
petioles, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; pedicels mostly as long as the pods. —
Lab. to the alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H. (Greenl.)

Var. monticola Haussk. Mostly simple, 1-5.5 dm. high ; leaves thick, mostly
linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, strongly ascending, remote, the middle ones 1-3
era. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide; pedicels various. (E. oliganthum Michx. ; E.
lineare, var. oliganthum Trel.) — Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. and Lab. to
Man., s. to Mass., Pa., and the Great L. region. (Eu.)

6. E. coloratum Muhl. Stem erect, not stoloniferous (often developing in
late autumn sessile or subsessile basal rosettes), 3-9 dm. high, usually much-
branched, glabrous below, canescent at least in lines above with incurved hairs ;
leaves elongate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, distinctly short-
petioled, closely and irregidarly serridate; flowers abundant on the divergent
branches; petals pink, 3-5 mm. long; pedicels short; seed 1.5 mm. long,
abruptly rounded at tip, minutely papillate ; mature coma cinnamon-colored. —
Low ground, Me. to Neb., and south w. July-Sept.

7. E. adenocaulon Haussk. Similar in habit, 1-10 dm. high ; stem glabrous
below, minutely inibescent above with more or less incurved pale hairs, sometimes
glandular or viscid; leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, short-petioled
or subsessile., rounded or cordate at base, less toothed than in the preceding,
the middle ones 2-8 cm. long, 7-30 mm. broad ; seed about 1 mm. long, short-
beaked, papillate; coma whitish. — Rich damp soil, Nfd. to B.C., s. to Del.,
W. Va., Great L. region, Neb., Col., and Cal. Jul^^-Sept. Var. perplex ans
Trel. Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent above; leaves flaccid, gradually
narrowed to the distinct petiole. — A somewhat local extieme, e. Que. to B. C,
s. to N. E., N. Y., Wise, N. Mex., and Cal.

8. E. alpinum L. Glabrous or essentially so, tufted, the erect stems 1.5-3.5
dm. high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest obovate-
spatulate, distinctly petioled, slightly repand-denticulate, obtiise, 1.5-4 cm. long,
7-17 mm. broad ; flowers mostly 3-6 (rarely 12), terminal and in the upper
axils; petals white or pinkish, 3-6 mm. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the
green or red-tinged pod; seed 1.2-1.5 mm, long, smooth. (E. lactiflorum
Haussk.) — Arctic Am., s. to alpine slopes and cliffs of the White Mts., N. H.,
Col., and Ore. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

9. E. anagallidif51ium Lam. Dwarf., the fruiting stems decumbent, finally
5-20 cm. high, the basal shoots wide-spreading and leafy; leaves narrowly
elliptic to oblong, obscurely petioled, subentire or remotely denticulate, obtuse,
1-1.7 cm. long, 2.5-8 mm. broad ; flowers 1 or 2 (rarely 3), terminal, often
nodding ; petals pink, 4-6 mm. long ; pedicels upright in fruit, mostly equaling
or exceeding the purplish pod; seed 1.5 mm. long, smooth. — Arctic Am., s. in
alpine districts to e. Que., Me.?, Col., and Cal. —Immature specimens from
Mt. Katahdin, Me., are apparently of this species, although Hausskneclit's
records of its occurrence in the White Mts. and the Adirondacks have not been
confirmed. July, Aug. (Eurasia.)

10. E. Hornemanni Reichenb. Resembling no. 8 ; the upper leaves usually
exceeding the internodes, ovate and mostly acutish, pellticid, 2-4.5 cm. long,
7-23 mm. broad ; flowers 2-several, in the upper axils; petals pink to crimson,
6-7 mm. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the pod; seed 1 mm. long, papillate.
(E. alpinum, var. fontanum Wahlenb.)— Arctic Am., s. in cold and alpine
situations to N. S., Me., N. H., Col., and Cal. July, Aug. — The plant from the
Dells of the Wisconsin R. formerly reported as E. Hornemanni is apparently
E. adenocaulon^ var. perplexans, (Eurasia.)

S98 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY^

4. OENOTHERA L. Evening Primrose

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed.
Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds naked or with an obscure membranaceous crest. — Leaves
alternate or rarely all basal. Flowers yellow, white, or rose-color. (An old
name of unknown origin, for a species of Epilohium.)

§ 1. 6NAGRA (Adans.) Ser. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated; floioer-huds up-
right; petals yellow; fruit suhcylindrical, elongated; seeds in 2 rows in
each cell ; caulescent annuals or biennials. Onagra Adans.

a. Pods lance-cylindric or -prismatic, i.e. tapering from a thickish base 6.

ft. Petals linear 1.0. cruciata.

b. Petals obovate c.
c. Pods glabrous even when young 2. (?. argillioola,

c. Pods more or less pubescent at least when young.

Bracts decidedly leaf-like. i.e. at least the lower flowers in the axils
of foliage leaves, even the upper bracts exceeding the pods.
Sepals appendaged on the back somewhat below the tip ; pubes-
cence'of the stem altogether fine and appressed . . .8. o. Oakesiana.
Sepals appendaged essentially at the tip ; pubescence of the
stem usually including long spreading hairs with reddish or

purplish enlarged bases i. O. muricata.

Bracts reduced and somewhat deciduous, the flowers and espe-
cially the pods in elongated exposed spikes, the upper bracts

usually shorter than the pods . b. 0, biennis.

a. Pods more slender and of essentially uniform diameter.

Flowers in a distinct terminal spike . . . . . . , 6. (?. rhombipetala.

Flowers in the axils of foliage leaves.
Grayish-pubescent and somewhat silky ; floral leaves mostly entire

or nearly so ; seed smoothish 1.0. humifttsa.

Green, more loosely and sparingly pubescent; floral leaves mostly

pinnatifid toward the base ; seed distinctly pitted , . . 8, (?. laeiniata.

1. 0. cruciata Nutt. Simple or sparingly branched, 3-8 dm. high ; stem com-
monly reddish, smooth or somewhat strigose ; stem-leaves lanceolate, remotely
and shallowly dentate ; sepals appendaged somewhat below the tip ; petals very
narrow., linear, 5-12 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, light yellow. (O. biennis., var.
T. & G. ; Onagra cruciata Small.) — Sandy or gravelly soil, centr. Me. to w.
Mass. and n. N. Y.

2. 0. argillicola Mackenzie. Glabrous., 5-15 dm. high ; stem stoutish, very
leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, only 5-8 mm. wide, subentire or remotely and
obscurely few-toothed ; flowers large ; calyx glabrous ; petals bright yellow,
broadly obovate, 3-4 cm. long ; capsules crowded, mostly curved, 2-3 cm. long,
glabrous, tapering to a slender summit. {Onagra Mackenzie.) — Mts. of Va.
and W. Va.

3. 0. OakesiUna Robbins. 'F'me]y p7(berule7it, the hairs irniinlj appressed ;
stem-leaves lanceolate, shallowly denticulate, 8-15 mm. broad ; sepals append-
aged considerably beloio the tip; petals obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long; pods rather
large, slightly spindle-form, 3.5-4 cm. long, appressed-pnberulent. (0. biennis,
var. Gray ; Onagra Britton, in part.) — Sandy fields, etc., e. Mass. to Ct.

4. 0. muricata L. Simple or nearly so, 2-8 dm. high, very leafy; stem pu-
berulent and usually beset at least above with longer spreading hairs on enlarged
reddish tuherculate bases; leaves lanceolate, ascending, entire or sparingly and
very shallowly denticulate, passing without marked transition into the foliaceous
bracts ; flowers axillary, the lower much exceeded by the bracts ; sepals not
prominently appendaged; petals obovate, light yellow, 1.2-2 cm. long; capsule
more or less hirsute, subfusiform-cylindric, 2.5-3 cm. long. — Sandy or gravelly
shores, Nfd. and e. Que. to N. Y. Var. canescexs (T. & G.) Robinson. Hoary-
pubescent or somewhat silky throughout, the tuberculate-based hairs few or
none. (0. biennis, var. T. & G.; Onagra strigosa Rydb.) — From the Great
Lakes to Mo., Col., and north westw.

6. 0. biennis L. (Common E.) Rather stout, erect, 3-15 dm. high, usually
simple, more or less spreading-pubescent to hirsute ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-
or rarely ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate, acute or acuminate ; bracti

ON AGE ACE AE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 599

lanceolate, shorter than or scarcely exceeding the capsules; calyx-tube 2,6-8.5
cm. long; petals yellow, obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pods more or less hirsute,
narrowed almost from the base, 2-3.5 cm. long. {Onagra Scop.) — Open places,
common.

O. guandifl6ra Ait. (O. biennis, var. Lindl.; Onagra Cookerell), a related
species of Alabama, with much larger flowers, the petals 4-(5 cm. long, was for-
merly cultivated and has on rare occasions been found, presumably as an escape,
within our range.

6. 0. rhombip6tala Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and sub-
canescent ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate or subentire, the
lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatijid, diminishing upward into the
close elongated conspicuously bracted spike ; calyx silky-canescent, the tube
2-3.5 cm. long; petals rhombic-ovate, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. — Ind. to Minn., Neb,,
and Tex.

7. 0. humifusa Nutt. Hoary with short dense oppressed hairs; stems de-
cumbent or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. long; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves
pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; petals 1.2-2.5 cm. long; capsule 2-3.5 cm.
long, silky ; seeds smoothish. — Sandy coast, N. J. to Fla.

8. 0. laciniata Hill. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched,
1-7 dm, high, more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent ; leaves oblong or
lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral simi-
lar ; petals 5-12 mm. long ; capsules 2-3 cm. long ; seeds strongly pitted. ( 0.
sinuata L.) — Dry open mostly sandy places, N. J. to Fla., Tex., and S. Dak.
also adventive northeastw.

Var. grandifl5ra (Wats.) Robinson. Flowers larger; the petals 2.5^ cm.
long. (0. sinuata, var. Wats.; O. laciniata, var. grandis Britton.) — Common
in sandy fields, etc-., Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

§2. AnOGRA (Spach) Endl, Stigma-lobes linear, elongated ; Jloicers nodding
in the bud; seeds in a single row in each cell ; fruit subcylindric or pris^
matic, elongated; caulescent perennials. Anogra Spach.

9. 0. pallida Lindl. Stems erect, 1.5-12 dm. high, commonly branched,
white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent ; leaves linear to oblong-ob-
lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid
toward the base ; calyx-tips free in bud, throat naked ; fiowers axillary ; petals
white, turning rose-color, suborbicular, obcordate, 1.5-3 cm. long ; pod.s 2-5 cui.
long, often curved or twisted ; seeds lance-linear, smooth, (0. albicaul is 'Ma.n.
ed. 6, not Nutt.; Anogra pallida Britton.) — Dry plains and prairies, Sack, to
w. Minn., westw. and southwestw. (Mex. )

§ 3. KNEfFFIA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated; flowers yellow,
erect in the bud {the whole floral axis recurved in no. 11); fruit short, obo-
void, tetragonal ; seeds clustered in each cell, not in distinct rows, not
crested; caulescent. Kneiffia Spach.

a. Pods 4-6 mm. long; calyx-tube about 2 mm. long; stem-leaves al-
most filiform 10. 0. linifolia.

a. Pods 5-12 mm. long: calyx-tube 7-15 mm. long; stem-leaves linear
to linear-oblong or ovate &.
b. Pods smooth to sparingly puberulent ^^^th spreading gland-tipped
hairs.

Petals 5-10 mm. long ... 11. 0. pumUa.

Petals 1.4—3 cm. long.
Leaves ovate, glaucous, entirely glabrous ; capsule more than

9 ram. long l'^- O. glauoa.

Leaves lance- to linear-oblong, pubescent or at least ciliolate ;

capsule usually less than 9 mm. long 18. O. fruticosa.

b. Pods grayish-pubesceiit with fine incurved glandless hairs . . 14. O. linearis.
b. Pods covered with copious widely s[ireading .straight glandless hairs.
Stem, pedicels, calyx, etc., finely and softly puberulent ; sepals
whollv connivent or their free tips very short (1 mm. long

or less) 15. ^. longijiediceliato.

Stem, pedicels," calvx, etc.. coarsely hirsute; tips of sepals free

in bad, usually spreading, 2 mm. long . . , . . 16. O. praieimis.

600 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY)

10. 0. linifblia Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple oi
diffuse, 1-4 din. high, glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent; cauline
leaves linear-filiform, 1.5-4 cm. long, the radical oblanceolate ; spikes loosely-
flowered, the bracts inconspicuous; corolla 4-6 mm. long; stigma-lobes short;
pods obovoid to short-clavate, glandular-puberulent, 4-6 ram. long, not winged,
nearly sessile. {Kneiffia Spach.) — Prairies and rocky hills, 111. to e. Kan.,
Tex., and Ga.

11. 0. pumila L. Perennial, puberulent, 1-6 dm. high ; leaves mostly gla-
brous, entire., obtuse or obtusish, the basal spatulate, the cauline narrowly
oblanceolate to lanceolate; spikes loose, at first nodding; petals 5-10 mm.
long ; pods obscurely glandular-puberulent., clavate, 6-12 mm. long, sessile or
shortly pediceled, slightly winged. (Kneiffia Spach.) — Open places, e. Que.
to Man., s. to Wise, O., and in the mts. to Ga. ; common.

12. 0. glaiica Michx. Perennial, erect, 5-9 dm. high, glabrous and glau-
cous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, repand-denticulate ; flowers
in sJiort leafy corymbs; petals 2.5-3.5 cm. long; capsule glabrous, glaucous,
ovoid-ellipsoid, broadly winged, rather abruptly contracted at base. {Kneiffia
Spach.) — Mts., Va., Ky., and south w.

13. 0. fruticbsa L. (Sundrops.) Perennial, erect, 3-9 dm. high, puberu-
lent or nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate,
ciliolate ; spikes short narrow-bracted, usually on naked peduncles ; petals
1.4-2.6 cm. long ; capsule glabrous or sparingly glandular-puberulent, ellipsoid
to slightly clavate, winged. {Kneiffia Kaimann.) — Dry sandy soil, s. N. E. to
S. C. ; also O., Mich., and Ind. Var. HiRstrxA Nutt. Stem spreading-pilose ;
the leaves also with more copious and looser pubescence. {Kneiffia fruticosa,
var. pilosella Britton.) — In similar situations and extending northeast w. to
centr. Me.

14. 0. linearis Michx. Erect, puberulent, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves linear to
narrowly oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, minutely puberulent ; petals 1.2-3
cm. long ; capsule clavate, 6-10 mm. long, canescent with fine incurved glandless
hairs, on a pedicel usually as long as itself. {Kneiffia Spach ; 0. fruticosa,
var. Wats.) — Meadows and open woods, along the coast, e. Mass. to Fla. and
Ala. ; also Ark. and Mo, 0. fruticosa, var. humifusa Allen {Kneiffia Alleni
Small) appears to be merely a stunted decumbent or sprawling form growing in
sterile sands (L. I., etc.) and smaller in all its parts. Var. Eam^sii Robinson.
Decumbent; leaves elliptical, the larger ones 2.7 cm. long, 11 mm. wide. —
Sandy shore of a salt pond, Stratford, Ct. {Fames).

15. 0. longipedicellata (Small) Robinson. Perennial, erect and subsimplb.,
2-6 dm. high (rarely bushy-branched and sprawling), short-hirsute ; capsule as
in the preceding, but spreading-hirsute ; the pedicels of variable length, the
lowest often exceeding the fruit. {Kneiffia Small.) — Low ground, near the
coast, Ct. to Fla.

16. 0. pratensis (Small) Robinson. Perennial, erect or nearly so, 3-6 dm.
high; stems covered loith soft long widely spreading hairs; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 1-2 cm. broad, somewhat hirsute on both faces ; lower flowers in
the axils of decidedly foliaceous bracts ; calyx with conspicuous caudiforra
free green densely hispid tips, the limb considerably shorter than the tube ;
petals 1.5-2.5 cm. long; capsule clavate, sessile, hispid-pilose. {Kneiffia Small.)
— Low grounds, s. Me. to Ct. ; n. w. Pa. to la. and Ark.

§4. HARTMAnNIA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear ; flowers white or
rose-colored, nodding in hud ; fruit short, obovoid to ellipsoid, 4-angled and
strongly ribbed; caulescent.

17. 0. specibsa Nutt. (White E.) Perennial, erect or subdecumbent,
puberulent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate or more or
less deeply slnuate-pinnatifid ; petals 2.5-4 cm. long ; capsule clavate-obovoid,
strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pediceled. {Hartmannia Small.) —
Prairies and plains, Mo. and Kan. to Tex., spreading eastw. into 111., S. C,
and Ga.

ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY^) 601

§ 5 LAVAtJXIA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lohes linear; flowers white or rose-
colored; fruit ovoid, i-winyed ; acaulescent.

18. 0. triloba Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous ; leaves 1-3 dm.
long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblanceolate and
only sinuate-toothed ; calyx-tips free, the tube slender, 6-20 cm. long ; petals
1.2-4 cm. long; capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, 2-3.5 cm. long, strongly winged,
net-veined. (Lavauxia Spach.) — Shaly limestone crevices, etc., Ky. and Tenn. ;
Assina. to Kan., Tex., and westw. (Mex.)

Var. (?) parviflbra Wats. Seemingly annual; flowers very small, 2.5-5 cm.
long, fertilized in the bud and rarely opening fully ; fruit abundant, forming
at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 5 cm.
in diameter and often 6-7 cm. high. (Lavauxia triloba, var. Watsoni
Britton.) — Plains, Kan. and Neb. — Little known.

§6. MEGAPTERIUM (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lohes linear ; flowers yellow;
fruit ellipsoidal to suborbicular, broadly 4:-winged; seeds in a double row
in each cell, crested ; caulescent.

19. 0. missouriensis Sims. Decumbent, canescent-puberulent or glabrate ;
leaves thick, lanceolate to lance-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate,
entire or repand-denticulate ; calyx-tube 5-14 cm. long ; petals broad, 3-6 cm.
long; capsule 5-8 cm. long. {Megapterium Spach.) — Limestone cliffs and
barrens. Mo. to Neb., Col., and soutli westw.

§ 7. CALYLOPHIS [Spach] T. & G. Stigma dishMke, scarcely lobed ; calyx-
tube funnel-form with broadly dilated throat; flowers yellow; capsule
linear-cylindric, elongated ; suffrutescent.

20. 0. serrulita Nutt. Slender, 1-6 dm. high, simple or branched, canescent
on the younger parts ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, sub-
entire or shallowly denticulate ; calyx-tube 6-13 nun. long, the flaring throat
strongly nerved; petals broadly obovate, 8-17 mm. long, crenulate ; capsule
1.8-3 cm. long. {Meriolix Walp. ; M. intermedia Rydb. ?) — Sandy and rocky
places, Man. and w. Wise, to Mo., and south westw.

5. GAURA L.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), ref^exed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like
appendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a
ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbed or -angled, inde-
hiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1-4-seeded. Seeds naked. —
Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in
fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name,
from yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate).

* Fruit sessile or nearly so.

1. G. biennis L. Soft-hairy or downy, 1-3.2 m. high ; leaves oblong -lanceo-
late, denticulate ; spikes wand-like ; fruit ovoid-fusiform, 4-angled, acute at
both ends, 4-6 mm. long, ribbed, downy. —Dry banks, w. Que. to Ct. (Bishop),
Minn., Neb., and south w. ; casual in e. N. E.

2. G. parviflbra Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 1-3.6 m. high ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent ; spikes dense; fruit fusi-
form or clavate, narrowed to both ends, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above, OS
mm. long. — la. and Neb. to Mo., La., and westw.

3. G. coccinea Pursh. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate, 1.6-4 dm. high,
very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-dentirulate or
entire ; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet ; fruit terete below,
4-sided and broader above, 4-6 mm. long. — Man. to Mo. (Bush), N. Mex., and
westw. ; introduced about Rochester, N. Y. (M. S. Baxter, V. Dewing)

602 HALOKAGIDACEAE (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY)

* * Fruit slender-pediceled.
4. G. f ilipes Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base ; branches of the panicle very slender,
naked ; fruit obovoid-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit. (G. Michauxii
Spach.) — Open places, S. C. and Fla. to Tenn. and Okla. ; also said to occur
from Va. to O. and Kan., — a range in need of further confirmation.

6. STENOSiPHON Spach.

Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Fruit 1-celled,
1-seeded. Habit of Gaura. (From crrevhs^ narroiv^ and (ricpojv, a tube.)

1. S. linifblius (Nutt.) Britton. Slender, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous, leafy ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above ;
flowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, 1.2 cm. long; fruit pubescent,
ovoid, 8-ribbed, 2.5-3 mm. long. {S. virgatus Spach.) — Gravelly hills and dry
prairies, e. Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7. TRAPA L. Water Nut. Water Caltrop

Calyx-tube short, inclosing the base of the ovary ; limb 4-parted, the seg-
ments persistent and becoming spinescent. Fruit indehiscent, large, with 2-4
strong spines, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Aquatic plants, with opposite or whorled
leaves, the upper crowded, with inflated petioles, rhombic, coarsely toothed, the
submersed remote, with capillary segments ; flowers borne among the floating
leaves, (Name abridged from calcitrapa, a caltrop, in allusion to the spreading
points of the fruit.)

1. T. nXtans L. (Water Chestnut.) Fruit 4-horned ; seed edible. — Quiet
streams and ponds, Middlesex Co., Mass. ; Schenectady Co., N. Y. (Introd.
from Eurasia.)

8. CIRCAEA [Tourn.] L. Enchanter's Nightshade

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ;
lobes 2, reflexed. Fruit indehiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked
hairs, 1-2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. — Low perennials, with opposite leaves on
slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer.
(Named for Circe, the enchantress.)

1. C. lutetiana L. Tall (3-9 dm. high); leaves ovate, tending to ovate-
oblong, mostly rounded at the base, of rather firm texture, slightly toothed ;
bracts none; hairs of the roundish pyriform 2-ceUed fruit bristle-like (rarely
wanting). — Common in dry open woods, N. S. to Ont., and south w. (Eu.)

2. C. interm§dia Ehrh. Lower, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves thin, ovate, the
middle and upper more or less cordate, the teeth salient; minute bracts
usually present ; petals as long as the calyx ; fruit nearly as in the preceding. —
Deep shade, e. Que. to Ont., la., and Tenn. (Eu.) — Not always well marked.

3. C. alpina L. Low (7-20 cm. high), smooth, weak; leaves heart-shaped.,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; petals usually shorter than the
calyx ; hairs of the obovoid \-celled fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods, Lab.
to Alaska, s. to Ga., Ind., Mich., n. e. la., and S. Dak. (Eu.)

HALORAGIDACEAE (Water Milfoil Family)

Aquatic or marsh plants {at least in northern countries), with the incon-
spicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils oj
leaves or bracts, calyoo-tube adherent to the ovary, which consists of 2-4 more
or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile
stigitsas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers.

HALORAGIDACEAE (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY) 603

petals small or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, l-l-celled, with a
single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in
the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without

petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed commonly pinnately
dissected.

2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, th«

immersed pinnately dissected.

3. Hippuris. Flowers apetalous. Stamen and style only one. Leaves entire, whorled.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM [Vaill.] L. Water Milfoil

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted,
or the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like,
4-celled, deeply 4-lobed ; stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water,
in summer ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from fxtjpioi, numberless, and
ip^Wov, a leaf, alluding, like Milfoil, to the innumerable divisions of the leaves.)

<z. Flowering stems leafy ; foliage leaves pectinate b.

h. Flowers in terminal naked spikes or in the axils of greatly reduced or
modified leaves c.
C. Leaves in definite whorls d.
d. Leaves 5-12 mm. long ; iiowers chiefly 1 or 2 at each node of the

spike 1. M. altemiflorum.

d. Leaves chiefly longer ; flowers numerous, in remote verticels e.
e. Verticels apparently naked, the floral leaves shorter than or
only slightly exceeding the flowers.
Ehachis and segments of the foliage leaves capillary and of

uniform diameter ; floral leaves entire or merely dentate . 2. M. spicatum,
Ehachis flattish and somewhat broader than the segments of

the foliage leaves ; floral leaves pectinate . (3) M. verticillatum, v. peciinatum.
«. Verticels subtended by elongate floral leaves /.
/. Petals quicklv deciduous ; stamens 8 ; carpels plump and

rounded on the back S. M. reriieillatiim.

/. Petals tardily deciduous ; stamens 4 ; carpels 1-2-ridged or
-angled on the back.
Floral leaves ovate to oblanceolate ; carpels papillose-
roughened A. 3f. heterophyllum.

Floral leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; carpels smooth . 5. M. hippuroidea.
C. Leaves variously arranged (verticillate, falsely verticillate, oppo-
site, or alternate) on the same plant.
Carpels with flat sides and tuberculate-ridged back . . . 6. M. ftcabrnttim.
Carpels plump, smooth oi minutely papillose . . . .8. 3f. humite.

h. Flowers in the axils of unmodified foliage leaves.

Carpels smooth or barely papillose, plump, not ridged on the back . 8. M. humiie.
Carpels with flat sides and prominent tuberculate dorsal ridges.

Fruit 2-2.5 mm. long 7. 3f. Foricel/ii.

Fruit 1-1.5 mm. long • . . . G. Jf. scahratum.

a. Flowering stems naked or with few scattered filiform uncleft leaves . 9. M. tenellum.

§ 1. PENTApTERIS DC. Stamens 8 ; petals early deciduous ; leaves lohorled.
* Floral leaves (bracts) scattered; flowers rarely in verticels.

1. M. alternifl6rum DC. Very slender ; leaves 5-12 mm. long, the rhachii
and segments capillary ; flower? solitary or in pairs, in simple or branched
uearly naked spikes ; lowermost bracts pectinate, the others entire or nearly so,
shorter than thefloioers. — Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Middlesei
Co., Mass., and L. Champlain, Vt. (Greenl., Eu.)

* * Floral leaves and floice?'? i7t verticels.

2. M. spicatum L. Leaves somewhat riffid, 1-3 cm. long, the rhachis and
capillar)/ spgments of uniform diameter; flowers verticillate, in an interrupted
apparently naknl spike; the bracts sliorter than or slightly exceeding the flowers,
entire or merely dentate ; stigmas roundish, closely sessile, not elongated ; sepals

604 HALORAGIDACEAB (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY)

of the staminate flowers deep purplish ; fruit globose, 4-furrowed, 2-3 inm. longi
— Brackish or fresh pools or slow streams, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Ct., Great L.
region, Kan., N. Mex., Ariz., and s. Cal. (Eurasia.)

3. M. verticillatum L. Leaves flaccid, 1.5-4 cm. long, the flattlsh rhachis
somewhat broader than the linear-filiform segments; floral leaves or bracts
similar but firmer, 6-20 mm. long, uniform or nearly so, all much exceeding the
flowers; stigmas somewhat elongate, recurved ; sepals of the staminate flowers
pale green to pinkish ; fruit subglobose, the 4 carpels plump, 2.5-3 mm. long. —
The typical European plant, rare or local with us ; examined only from w. N. Y.
and 111. Represented in America chiefly by

Var. pectinatum \yallr. Spike appearing naked or nearly so, much as in
M. spicatum, all or most of the pectinate bracts shorter than or only slightly ex-
ceeding the flowers. — Fresh or brackish pools, Gasp6 Co., Que., tr Sask. and
B. C, s. to n. Me., L. Memphremagog, Que., centr. and w. N. Y., Great L.
region, Minn., and Utah. (Eurasia.)

§2. TESSAR6nIA Schindler. Stamens 4: ; petals rather persistent.

* Carpels \-2-ridged on the hack.

•*- Flowers on emersed spikes, the floral leaves chiefly modified.

4. M. heterophyllum Michx. Stem stout (the base of the spike 2-5 mm
thick) ; leaves wliorled in 4's, 5's, or 6's, the submersed 1.5-5 cm. long, the
flattened rhachis slightly broader than the linear-tiliform segments ; spikes 1-3
dm. long ; floral leaves whirled, crowded, ovate to oblanceolate, entire or den-
ticulate, thickish, 4-16 mm. long; fruit 1-1.5 mm. long, about as thick, papil-
lose-roughened, the carpels 2-ridged on the back, convex on the sides, their styles
prominent. — Ponds and slow streams, near the coast, Va. to Fla.; also from
W. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., s. to Mo. and Tex.

5. M. hippuroides Nutt. Similar, more slender ; floral leaves linear to linear-
lanceolate, entire to pectinate ; fruit 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, the smooth-
ish carpels flattish on the sides, their styles very short. — Apparently local,
s. Ont. ; also from Wash, to Cal.

6. M. scabratum Michx. Slender; leaves variously arranged, verticillate,
subverticillate, or scattered, on the same plant, the submersed with linear-capil-
lary segments ; the emersed and the floral leaves linear, pectinate-toothed or cut-
serrate; fruit 1-1.5 mm. long, about as broad, the carpels with flat sides and 2
tuberculate ridges on the hack. {31. pinnatum BSP., at least in part ; possibly
Potamogeton pinnatum Walt.) — Shallow ponds and muddy shores, e. Mass. to
S. C, near the coast ; also from w. Ky. and w. Tenn. to la. and Tex.

-^ •«- Flowers in the axils of unmodified submersed leaves.

7. M. Farw611ii Morong. Slender, flowering below the surface of the water ;
leaves all divided into filiform segments, subverticillate or scattered; flowers
solitary in the middle axils ; fruit 2-2.5 mm. long, somewhat narrower, the flat-
sided carpels with prominently tuberculate dorsal ridges. — Ponds and slow
streams, Gaspd Co., Que., to n. Mich., s. to s. Me., s. N. H., s. Vt., and centr.

* * Carpels rounded and even on the hack ; leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting
on the flowering stems.

8. M. humile (Kaf.) Morong. Stems slender, 5-15 cm. high, erect or decum-
bent, rooting in the mud; leaves suhopposite or alternate, the lower 4-8 mm.
long, pmnately divided; floral leaves similar or linear and serrate or entire;
flowers mostly perfect ,- fruit 0.7 mm. long, the subcylindric carpels smooth or
minutely papillose. {M. amhiguum, var. limosum Nutt. )— Muddy shores and
shallow pools, centr. Me. to Vt., s. to Md.; reported from Ind. and 111. to Tenn.
and Mo. Forma nXtans (DC.) Fernald. Stems elongate and partly submersed ;
touage leaves crowded, sometimes verticillate, larger, with long capillary divi-
^ons ; spikes emersed ; floral leaves as in the typical form. (M. amhiguum
iNutt.)— Shahow ponris and slow streams. Forma capillXceum (Torr.j Fer-

ARALIACEAB (GINSENG FAMILY)

605

Dald. Stems elongate, completely submersed ; flowers in the axils of elongate
capillary-divided leaves. (M. ambigiium, var. capillaceum T &, G.) — Ponds
and streams.

9. M. ten^Uum Bigel. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like, 7-35
cm. hish, erect, simple ; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted ; leaves filiform,
undivided ; bracts small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. —
Borders of ponds and streams, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J., Fa., and Mich.

2. PROSERPINAcA L. Mermaid-weed

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-se6ded, nut-
hke. — Low perennial herbs, with the stems creeping
at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile
in the axils, solitary or 3-4 together, in summer.
(Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning
pertaining to Proserpine.)

1. P. paliistris L. Fertile leaves (those with
flowers or fruit in their axils) lanceolate, sharply
serrate, the sterile (often occurring.above as well as
below the fertile) usually pectinate. — Muddy borders
of ponds or in shallow water,
N. B. to Fla., Tex., and Minn.
Fig. 813.

2. P. pectinata Lara. Leaves
uniform, both fertile and sterile

divided to the rhachis ; the divisions slightly rigid, linear-
awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, near the coast, s. Me. to Fla.
and La., local. Fig. 814. 814. P. pectinata x 2/3.

3. HIPPtfRIS L. Mare's-tail

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Style thread-shaped, stig-
matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large
anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple
entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils, in summer.
(Name from i'TTTros, a horse, and oupd, a tail.)

1. H. vulgaris L. Stems simple, 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves in whorls of 6-12,
linear, acute; fruit nearly 2 mm. long. — Ponds and streams, Lab. to Alaska,
s. to N. S., Me., Vt., N. Y., Ind., 111., Minn., Neb., and N. Mex. (Eu.)

813. P. palustris x %.

ARALlACEAE (Ginseng Family)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but
loith usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few-several-celled drupe.
Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals 5, epigynous, not inflexed. Stamens 5, epigy-
nous, alternate with the petals.

* Leaves compound.

1. Aralia. Leaves alternate, compound, the ultimate divisions pinnate. Carpels 5 ; fruit black.

2. Panax. Leaves whorled, palmately 3-7-foliolate. Carpels 2-;3 ; fruit red or yellow.

* * Leaves simple but palmately lobed.
8. Fatsia. Leaves orbicular, cordate, palmately lobed, scattered. Carpels 2 ; fruit red, 2-seeded.

1. ARAlIA [Tourn.] L.

Flowers polygamous. Petals slightly imbricated in the bud. Ovary 5-celled ;
ovules solitary, anatropous, suspended in the cells. — Leaves compound or de-
eompound. Flowers white or green, in umbels or panicles. Qualities aromatic
(Derivation obscure.)

606 ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY^

* Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle ; leaves very large, decompoumt

1. A. spinbsa L. (Angelica-tree, Hehcules' Club.) Shrub, or a low
tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale
beneath. —River-banks, s. N. Y. to Mo., and south w. July, Aug.

2. A. racembsa L. (Spikenard.) Herbaceous ; stem widely branched ; leaf-
lets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose ;
styles united. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its spicy-aromatic
large roots.

* * Umbels mostly 2-7, corymbed ; stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. hispida Vezit. (Bristly Sarsaparilla, Wild Elder.) Stem 4-9
dm. high, bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels;
leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky and
sandy places, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, s. to N. C, W. Va., Ind., Mich., and Minn.
June, July.

4. A. nudicaulis L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising out of the
ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf (2-4 dm. high) and a shorter
naked scape, with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate,

5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; Nfd. to Gd., Col., and Ida.
May, June. — The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsa-
parilla. Var. ELONGA.TA Nash, from the Catskill Mts., has been distinguished
because of its somewhat longer narrower leaflets (13-15 cm. long, 4 cm. widb),
which are paler beneath. Var. PROLfrERA Apgar, of w. N. J., has more divided
leaves with 25-40 leaflets and proliferous inflorescence with 5-70 umbelletSo

2. pAnAX L. Ginseng

Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Umbel solitary, simple, terminal. Carpels
2-3. — Herbaceous perennials, springing from thickish roots or tubers, the erect
simple stems bearing a solitary whorl of 3 palmate leaves. (Name from ttSj, all,
and &KOS, cure, that is, all-healing, a panacea.) Often included in Aralia.

1. P. quinquef51ium L. (Ginseng.) Boot large and spindle-shaped, often
forked, 1-2 dm. long, aromatic ; stem 3 dm. high ; leaflets long-stalked, mostly
5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red.
{Aralia Dene. & Planch.) — Rich and cool woods. Que. and Ont., s. to N. E.,
N. Y., Great L. region, e. la., Mo., and along the mts. to Ga. July. — Much
sought for the root, which is purchased by the Chinese and extensively employed
by them in their medicine, as is also the even more highly prized Asiatic
P. ginseng C. A. Mey.

2. P. trifblium L. (Dwarf G., Ground-nut.) Boot or tuber globular, ^.e^"^
in the ground ; stem 1-2 dm. high ; leaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leaf-
stalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. {Aralia Dene.

6 Planch.) —Rich woods, N. S. to w. Ont., s. to Del., Md., 111., la., and along
the mts. to Ga. Apr., May.

3. fAtSIA Dene. & Planch.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Umbels numerous in simple or compound
racemes or paniculately disposed. Calyx-margin narrow or obsolete, obscurely
crenate-lobed. Carpels (in ours) 2. — Stout sometimes arborescent shrubs, oura
very prickly. Leaves simple, long-petioled, the limb suborbicular, palmately
lobed. (Name from the Japanese vernacular designation of one of the species.)
EcHiNOPANAx Dene. & Planch. Oplopanax Miquel.

1. F. h6rrida (Sm.) B. & H. (Devil's Club.) Coarse shrub, thickly besel
with stramineous prickles ; leaves 1-3 dm. in diameter, with 5-13 deltoid acute
lobes, the margin sharply and unevenly serrate, the ribs prickly beneath,
{Echinopanax Dene. & Planch.) — Rocky cliffs, etc., Isle Royale, L. Superior
( W. A. Wheeler") ; and from the Rocky Mts. to Cai. and s. Alaska. (Japan.)

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) gQT

UMBELLIFERAE (Parsley Family)

Herbs, with small floivers in umbels (or rarely heads), the calyx entire or
^toothed, the tube wholly adhering to the 2-celled and '2-ovuled ovary, the 6
petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the
base of the 2 styles. Fruit of 2 seed-like dry carpels (called mericarps) coliering
by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating? from each other
and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis
(carpophore) ; each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often
with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the interstices or intervals are com-
monly oil-tubes (vittae), longitudinal canals containing aromatic oil. (These are
best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of
the cell, anatropous. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound,
the petioles expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually compound, the
secondary ones being termed umbellets ; the bracts which often subtend the
general umbel fonn the involucre, and those of the umbellets the involucels.
The frequently thickened base of the styles is called the stijlopodium. — A large
and difficult family, some of the species innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous properties,

N. B. — In this family the figures represent the mature fruit entire and in
cross section.

L Fruit with primary ribs only, hence 3 dorsal ones on each carpel (these
sometimes obscure or obsolete in the first group.)

* Fruit ovoid, obovoid, or globose, not ribbed, scaly or densely covered with hooked prickles.

1. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly rigid.

more or less spinose.

2. Sanicula. Flowers in irregular compound few-rayed umbels, yellow or green. Leaveg

palmate.
[Spermolepis may be sought here.]

* * Fruit flattened laterally.

-t- Carpels also strongly flattened laterally.

•H- Seed straight, not sulcate ; umbels simple (often proliferous.)

8. Hydrocotyle. Fruit suborbicular ; carpels with 3 dorsal ribs, not reticulated. Petals small,

somewhat tubular. Low perennials in or near water. Leaves simple, roundish.

4. Centella. Fruit orbicular ; carpels with 5 dorsal ribs, and sori>ewhat reticulated. Petals flat.

Leaves ovate.

++ ++ Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face ; umbels compound, leafy-bracted.

5. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent fW)m«

deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound.
K -I- Carpels terete or shghtly flattened laterally ; petals white (greenish-yellow in Petroselinum\
++ Seed-face concave; fruit linear-oblong (rarely broader), with usually conical stylopodium.

6. Chaerophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with sm'all mostly solitary oil-tubes.

7. Osmorhiza. Fruit bristly, the oil-tubes obsolete.

++ +<- Seed-face concave ; fruit ovate ; leaves finely divided.

8. Spermolepis. Fruit warty or bristly, the ribs obsolete. Slender annuals.

9. Conium. Fruit smooth, with conspicuous often undulate ribs. Ours biennial.

++++++ Seed-face flat.
= Leaves finely dissected ; oil-tubes solitary ; very slender annuals.
10. Ptilimnium. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.

608 UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

= -= Leaves decompound ; oil-tubes solitary or none; perennials.

11. Aegopodium. Ribs equal, filiform. Oil-tubes none ; stylopodium conical. Leaves biternate

12. Cicuta. Kibs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh plants.

13. Carum. Kibs filiform, inconspicuous ; stylopodium sbort-conical. Leaf-segments filiform.

Petals wnitc or roseate.

14. Petroselinum. Ribs filiform, inconspicuous ; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments

incised. Petals greenish-yellow.
= = = Leaves once pinnate ; oil-tubes 6-many ; stylopodium depressed ; aquatic perennials.

15. Berula. Fruit nearly globose ; ribs inconspicuous ; pericarp thick and corky.

16. Slum. Fruit ovate to oblong ; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.

= _= = = Leaves 3-foliolate ; stylopodium conical ; oil-tubes solitary, beneath and between the ribs

17. Cryptotaenia. Ribs obtuse, equal; fruit linear-oblong, glabrous.

^_ +. j_ Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally ; petals golden yellow.

18. Zizia. Fruit ovate to oblong ; ribs filiform ; stylopodium none ; seed terete.

-t- -H -i- -i- Carpels depressed dorsally ; fruit short.
++ Seed-face flat or nearly so ; petals mostly yellow.

19. Foenlculum. Ribs prominent ; oil-tubes solitary. Leaves filiform-dissected.

20. Pimpinella. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes numerous; stylopodium depressed-conical. Leaves

pinnate. Petals white.

21. Taenidia. Ribs filiform ; oil-tubes numerous ; stylopodium none. Leaves palmately com-

pound. Petals yellow.

■H- ++ Seed-face decidedly concave ; petals white (except in Bupleurum).

= Leaves compound.

a. Fruit beakless ; oil-tubes numerous.

22. EulophUS. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from fascicled tubers. Leaves pin-

nately compound.
&. Fruit (in ours) conspicuously beaked ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or none ; leaves 2-3-
ternately or -pinnately divided.

23. AnthriSCUS. Beak not more than one third to one half as long as the body of the fruit, smooth.

24. Scandix. Beak much exceeding the body of the fruit, its margins upwardly hispid.

== = Leaves entire.

25. Bupleurum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylopodium.

Leaves simple, perfoliate.
* * * Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.
+- Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary.

26. LilaeopsiS. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, vnth small simp.e

umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.
2T. Cynosciadium. Annuals with compound leaves and compound umbels.

-i- +- Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged ; flowers white or roseate.
++ Ribs acutish or rounded, narrower than the intervals between them.

28. Ligusticum. Stoutish perennials. Leaves 2-4-ternate ; leaflets ovate, obovate, or oblong.

29. Coriandrum. Slender annuals. Cauline leaves cleft or dissected into linear segments.

-H- -M- Ribs thickish and corky, broader than the intervals.

30. Aethusa. Slender annual with finely divided leaves. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on

the commissure.

31. Coelopleurum. Stout maritime perennial. Oil-tubes under the ribs as well as in the inter

vals, 2-4 on the commissure.
-t- -i- +- Ribs all conspicuously winged; stylopodium depressed or wanting; perennials.

32. Cjrmopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose, with pinnately compound leaves and

white flowers. Oil-tubes 1-several. Western.

33. Thaspium. Tall, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flowers (rarely purple)

Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAI^IILY) 609

* * * * Fruit strongly flattened dorsaUy, the lateral ribs prominently winged.
+- Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin coherent wings, and no stylopodiiim.

34. Lomatium. Fruit orbicular to oblong, oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 2-6 on tlie commissure.
+- +- Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow petals (these unknown

in no. 35).
■H- Leaflets entire.

35. Pseudotaenidia. Fruit lance-oblong; lateral wings connivent, somewhat corky ; stylopo-

dium obscure ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or double in the lateral intervals.
++ ++ Leaflets serrate or incised.
= Involucre none.

36. Polytaenia. Fruit with thick corky margin, obscure ribs, and very numerous oil-tubes.

37. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.

= = Involucre conspicuous, of several lanceolate deflexed bracts.

38. Levisticum. Fruit strongly ribbed ; oil-tubes solitary.

++++++ Leaves decompound, their divisions dissected into linear-filiform segments.

39. Anethum. Fruit elliptical, rounded at each end ; dorsal ribs thin and sharp, the lateral with

distinct narrow wings.

+- -i- +- Caulescent branching plants, with petals white or nearly so.

■H- Lateral wings closely contiguous ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium thick-conical.

^ Oil-tubes conspicuous, obclavate, extending only one half or two thirds the way to the base of

the fruit.

40. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Petals con-

spicuous. Tall stout pubescent perennials, with ternate or pinnate leaves and large
incised and toothed leaflets.
= = Oil-tubes of more uniform diameter, extending essentially to the base of the fruit.

41. Imperatoria. Leaves ternately compound; leaflets broad, ovate to obovate, serrat« and

incised. Stout, terrestrial.

42. Oxypolis. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Leaves pinnate or reduced to hollow cylin-

drical petioles. Glabrous swamp plants.
++ -H- Lateral wings distinct ; oil-tubes usually more than one in each interval.

43. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous

perennial, with thin finely and pinnately compound leaves.

44. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. Dorsal

ribs strong. Stout perennials, with coarse 2-3-ternately or -pinnately divided leaves.

11. Fruit with secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with
barbed or hooked j)nckles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.

45. Torilis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcato.

46. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.

1. ERYNGIUM [Tourn.] L. Eryxgo

Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate
or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and
usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous,
toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flmvers closely sessile
in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.)
* Sto2it, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves.

1. E. yuccifblium Michx. (Rattleskake Master, Button Snakeroot. )
Branching above, 0.5-1.7 m. high ; leaves rigid, tapering to a point, the lower
4-9 dm. long, the margins remotely bristly ; heads ovoid-globose, 1.8 cm. long,
with ovate-ianceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the

gray's manual — 39

GIO

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

head, and similar bractlets. (E. aquaticum L. 1762, in part, not L. 1753.) —
Ct. to Minn., Kan., Tex., and Fla. July-iSept.

* * Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined.

2. E. aquaticum L. Slender, 3-9 dm. high ; radical and lower stem-leaves
linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes S dm.) fistulous petioles, entire
or with small hooked teeth ; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate ;
heads ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.2 cm. long, with reflexed bracts, and bractlets with 3
spi7iy cusps (the middle one largest). (U. virginianum Lam.) — By ponds and
streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept.

3. E. Leavenw6rthii T. & G. Stout, 4-0 dm. high ; lowest stem-leaves
broadly ohlanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and deeply and palmately
parted into narrow incisely pinnatifid spreading pungent segments; heads
ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm. long, with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3-7 -cuspidate
bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts. — Dry
soil, e. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

* * * Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small
thin unarmed leaves and very small heads.

4. E- prostratum Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed
at base ; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed
or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones) ; reflexed bracts longer than
the ellipsoid heads (4-7 mm. long). — Wet places, s. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.

2. SANICULA [Tourn.] L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles. — Perennial rather
tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately lobed or parted leaves,
those from the base long-petioled. Umbels irregular or com-
pound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbel-
lets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and
involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from sanare, to heal ;
or perhaps from San Nicolas.)

* Styles much exceeding the bristles of the fruit, recurved.

/IQ'P' 1. S. marilandica L. Stem erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves

' ■ -^^ 5-7-parted, the divisions sharply serrate, acute ; sterile flowers
pedicellate, often in separate umbels ;
815. s. marilan- fruit 6-7 mm. long, sessile. — Nfd. to
dica X 2. Ga. and w. to the Rocky Mts., common.

Fig. 816.
2. S. gregaria Bicknell. Stem slender, 6 dm. high ;
leaves 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate,
cleft and serrate ; fruit OrtZ?/3-4(-5)
mm. long, somewhat stipitate. —
Rich woods, St. John Valley, N. B.;
s. N. H. to Minn., Ark., and Ga.
Fig. 816.

* * Styles shorter than the bristles.

3. S. canadensis L. Simple,
erect, 5-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-5-
f oliolate, leaflets narrowly obovate,
sharply serrate ; sterile flowers
few, short-pediceled ; fruit nearly
sessfle, subglobose, 3-6 mm. long.

— N. H. to Fla., Minn., Neb., and Tex., common. Fig.
817.

4. S. trifoliata Bicknell. Similar in habit, the leaflets

816. S. gregaria x 4.

S. canadensis x4.

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

611

818. 8. trifoliata x 22/3.

broader; sterile floioers on long slender pedicels ^
fruit ovoid or at maturity somewhat fusiform, lipped
with the conspicuous beak-like calyx. — Rich bull,
Kennebec Valley, Me. {Scrihner); and from the C^.
Valley to Ont., Minn., and VV. Va. Fig. 818.

3. HYDR0C6TYLE [Toum.] L. Water Pennywort

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Carpels with 2 of the ribs
enlarged and often forming a thickened margin ; oil-
tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer
beneath the epidermis. — Low mostly smooth marsh or
aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, round
shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, and scale-like
stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or
clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above
another), appearing all summer. (Name from CSw/j,
water, and KorvXr), a flat cup, the peltate leaves of
several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)

* Pericarp thin except at the hroad corky dorsal and lateral ribs ; leaves round,

peltate, crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks.
•i-- Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky.

1. H. umbellata L. Umbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes proliferous)
pedicels 4-12 mm. long ; fruit about 3 mm. broad, strongly notched, the dors? ,
ribs prominent but obtuse. — Mass. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly on the coastvJ
plain ; also Mich, and Ind., and reported from Minn.

2. H. Cinbyi Coult. & Rose. Umbels S-9-flowered, generally proliferous ;
pedicels very short, but distinct; fruit 3-3.5 mm. broad; carpels broader and
more flattened than in the preceding, sharper-margined, the dorsal and lateral
ribs much more prominent ; seed-section much narrower. — N. J. to Md.

+- -t- Fruit not notched; intermediate ribs not corky.

3. H. verticillata Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an
interrupted spike ; pedicels very short or none ; fruit -3-4 mm. broad, subsessile;
dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. — Mass. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.

4. H. australis Coult. & Rose. Very like the preceding ; flowers pediceled. —
Dismal Swamp, Va. (Pollard according to Coult. & Rose), and south w.

* * Pericarp uniformly corkij-thickened and ribs all filiform ; leaves not peltate ;

peduncles much shorter than the p)elioles.

5. H. americ^na L. Propagating by slender tuberiferous stolons ; stem?
filiform, branching and creeping ; leaves thin, round-reniform, crenatc-lobed and
the lobes crenulate, shining ; few-flowered umbels axillary and
almost sessile ; fruit less than 2 mm. broad ; intermediate ribs
prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval. —
Common. Fig. 819.

6. H. ranunculoides L. f . Usually floating ; leaves thicker,
round-reniform, 3-7-cleft, the lobes crenate ; peduncles 2.5-7.5
cm. long, reflexed in fruit; capitate umbel 5-10-flowered ; fruit
2-3 mm. broad ; ribs rather obscure ; seed-section oblong. — 819. H. americana
Muddy shores, e. Pa. to Fla., thence westw. (Trop. regions.) xi.

4. CENT^LLA L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals white, imbricated in bud. Carpels 7-9-ribbed
and somewhat reticulated. — Creeping perennials with simple ovate leaves.
Umbels subtended by 2 conspicuous bracts. (Name of obscure origin.)

1. C. asidtica (L.") Urban. Leaves repand-toothed, thickish ; umbel 2-4
flowered ; pedicels very short. (C. repanda Small; Hydrocotyle asiatica L.) ->
Md. to Fla. (Tropics.)

612

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

5. ERIGENIA Nutt. Harbinger-of-Spring

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire, white. I'ruit
didymous, laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly
kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1-3) small oil-tubes in the
intervals. — A small glabrous vernal plant, with a simple stem, bearing one or
two 2-3-ternately divided leaves, and a few-flowered leafy-bracted umbel.
(Name from r/pty^veia, horn in the spring.)

1. E. bulbbsa (Michx.) Nutt. Stem 1-2.3 dm. high ; leaf-segments linear-
oblong ; fruit 2 mm. long, 3 mm. broad. — Deciduous woods, etc., s. Ont. and
w. N. Y. to Minn., and southw.

6. CHAEROPHYLLUM [Tpurn.] L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with
short beak or none, and equal ribs, oil-tubes solitary in the intervals ; seed-face
more or less deeply grooved. — Annuals, with ternately decom-
pound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly
no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers.
(Name from x^'-P^'-^^ to gladden^ and cpvXXov, a leaf, alluding to the
agreeable odor of the foliage.)

1. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. ]\Iore or less hairy ; stems
slender, spreading, 1.5-5 dm. high; umbels few-rayed ; fruit nar-
rowly oblong, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous, contracted but not tapering
at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs. — Moist ground,
N. Y. to N. C, w. to Mich., la., Ark., and Miss. Fig. 820.

Var. Sh6rtii T. & G. Fruit more broadly oblong to ovate (often
somewhat pubescent), not at all contracted at the summit. — Pa. to
Va., Ky., and O.

2. C. Tainturieri Hook., var. floridanum Coult. & Pose. Stouter
and more pubescent than the preceding species ; fruits 7-8 in each
umbel, sessile or pediceled, glabrous, the 7'ibs narrower than the
Barrens, Eagle Rock, Mo. (Bush); S. C. to Fla.

820. C. pro-
cumbens X 3

intervals. -

7. OSMORHIZA Eat Sweet Cicely

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit with prominent caudate attenuation at base, and
equal ribs. — Glabrous to hirsute perennials with thick aromatic roots, ternately
compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved in-
volucres, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels.
(Name from oo-yn^, a scent, and pL^a, a root.) Washingtonia Raf.

* Bays of the umbel mostly bearing involucels.

1. 0. Claytbni (Michx.) Clarke. Stems rather slender, 3-9
dm. high, viJlons-pubescent ; leaves 2-3-ternate, crisp-hairy ; leaf-
lets mostly 4-7 cm. long, acuminate, crenate-dentate and somewhat
cleft; stipules cil late-hispid ; fruit (not including the attenuate
base) 1-1.3 cm. long; stylopodium and style 0.7-1 mm. long.
(O. brevistylis DC; Washingtonia Claytoni Britton.)— Open
woods, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to N. C, Ala., Mo., and Kan.

2. 0. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Coarser ; stems 4-12 dm. high,
glabrous or essentially so except at the nodes •; leaflets mostly
longer, less cleft ; stipules densely pilose on the margin ; fruit
(excluding the attenuate base) 1.2-1.5 cm. long; the seed-face
more deeply and broadly concave than in the preceding ; stylo-
podium arid style 2-4 mm. long. {Washingtonia Britton.) —
Rich woods, e. Que. to Assina., s. to N. C, 111., la., S. Dak., and Col. Fig.
821. Var. villicaulis Fernald. Stems white-villous. —Pa. to 111. and Kan.

CJMBELLIFERAE (^ARSLEY FAMILY) 613

* * Bays of the umbel without involucels.

3. 0. obtiisa (Coult. & Rose) Fernald. Stems glabrous or sparingly pubes.
cent, 1.5-7 dm. high; leaves 2-3-teniate, more or less crisp-pubescent -leaflets
1.6-6 cm. long, acuminate, the teeth mucronate ; umbels naked or obsolete! v
involucrate, with 8-5 naked finally very divergent rays; fruit on diverqcnt lonrj
pedicels, the enlarged portion 8-12 mm. long, rounded or short-beaked at tip-
stylopodium depressed, broader than high, with the style 0.3-0.5 mm lonq
{Washingtonia Coult. & Rose.) — Rich chiefly coniferous woods, Nfd and
s. Lab. to the upper St. John Valley, N. B.; and from Assina. and B. C. to
N. Mex. and Ariz.

4. 0. divaricata Nutt. Similar, usually taller (4-10 dm. hitrh); umbels with
3-7 ascending-spreading rays; fruit on ascending pedicels, 11-17 mm. long, with
a conical beak 2 mm. long ; stylopodium conical, with the style about 1 mm! long
{Washingtonia Britton.) — Rich chiefly coniferous woods, Ga^^p^ Co. Que to
the White Mts., N. H.; also B. C. to Cal., Nev., etc. ' ^ •'

8. SPERM6lEPIS Raf.

Involucre none but involucels present. Flowers small in pedunculate com-
pound irregular umbels. Stylopodium small, conical. Fruit thin-walled ; oil-
tubes present. — Slender smooth branching plants. ('Name from air^p/xa, seed,
and Xe7r/s, scale, alluding to the scurfy or bristly fruit ; Leptocaulis Nutt.

1. S. patens (Nutt.) Robinson. Stem geniculate, 3-5 dm. high ; leaf-seg-
ments linear-filiform ; fruit merely warty; oil-tubes many. (Leptocaulis Nutt.;
Apiastrum Coult. & Rose.) —Sandy soil and barrens, n. e. Ind, to Neb., and
southwestw.

2. S. echinata (Nutt.) Heller. Similar in habit ; fruit bristly ; oil-tubes 6.
{Leptocaulis Nutt.) — Scott Co., Mo. {Eggert), and southvsr.

9. CONIUM L. Poison Hemlock

Fruit somewhat flattened at the sides, glabrous, with promi-
nent wavy ribs ; oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells
next the seed, the face of which is deeply and narrowly con-
cave.— Poisonous biennial, with spotted stems, large decom-
pound leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and
involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. {Kibveiov, the
Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philoso-
phers were put to death at Athens.)

1. C. maculAtum L, a large branching herb, in waste
822. c. maculatuiB places. Que. to Del., Pa., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
x4. 822.

10. PTILIMNIUM Raf. Mock Bishop's-weed

Fruit ovate, glabrous ; carpel with dorsal ribs filiform to broad and obtuse,
the lateral very thick and corky, those of the two carpels closely contiguoiLs and
forming a dilated obtuse or acute corky band; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium
conical; seed nearly terete. — Smooth annuals, with involucre of
foliaceous bracts, involucels of prominent or minute bractlets, and
white flowers. (Name unexplained by Rafinesque, presumably from
tttCKov, a feather, or down, in allusion to the finely divided leaves.)

DiSCOPLEURA DC.

1. P. capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Plant 3-6(-18) dm. high;
leaf-divisions filiform ; umbel 5-20-rayed ; involucre of filiform
bracts usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent ;
fruit 2-6 mm. long, acute. (DiscoplruraDC.) — Brackish (rarely
fresh) marshes, along the coast, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. j locally n. in 828. P. cap\
Miss, basin to Mo. and Kan. June-Oct. Fig. 823. kceum x 4

614

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

2. P. Nuttallii (DC.) Britton. Similar in habit ; involucral bracts short and
entire ; fruit only 1 mm, long, as broad as high, blunt. (^Discopleura DC.) —

111. to e. Kan., La., and Tex.

11. AEG0P6dIUM L. Goutweed

Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and no
oil-tubes ; stylopodium conical and prominent ; seed nearly
terete. — A coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping root-
stock, sharply toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked
umbels of white flowers. (Name from at^, goat, and 7r68iov,
a little foot, probably from the shape of the leaflets. )

1. A. PodagrAria L. — Waste-heaps, etc., e. Mass. to Del.
(Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 824.

12. CICtTTA L. Water Hemlock

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovoid to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with
strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest) ; oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary ;
stylopodium depressed ; seed nearly terete. — Very poisonous
plants, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, in-
volucre usually none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and
w^hite flowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. maculata L. (Spotted Cowbane, Musquash Root,
Beaver Poison.) Stem stout, 1-2.2 m. high, streaked with
purple ; leaves 2-3-pinnate, the lower on long petioles ; leaflets
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate ; pedicels
in the umbellets numerous, very unequal ; fruit broadly ovate to
oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, shallowly or not at all grooved at the com-
missure.— N. B. to Va., and westw., common. Fig. 825.

2. C. Curtissii Coult. & Rose. Coarser ; fruit 2-3 mm. long,
subglobose, grooved at the junction of the carpels. — Ya. to Ky.,
and southw. — Perhaps only a variety of the preceding.

3. C. bulbifera L. Eather slender, 3-10 dm.
high ; leaves 2-3-pinnate (sometimes appearing ternate) ; leaflets
linear, sparsely toothed, 2-5 cm. long ; upper axils bearing clus-
tered bulblets; fruit (rare) scarcely 2 mm. long. — Common in
swamps, N. S. to Md. and Ida.

13. CARUM L. Caraway

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, with filiform or in-
conspicuous ribs ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium conical ; seed-
face plane or nearly so. — Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusi-
form or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involucels
of few to many bracts, and white (rarely pink) flowers. (Name
perhaps from the country, Caria.')

1. C. Carvi L. (Caraw^ay.) Leaves with filiform divisions.
— Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 826.

82.5. C. macu-
lata X 4.

14. PETROSELtNUM Hoffm. Parsley

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals greenish-yellow, with attenuate incurved points.
Fruit ovate, glabrous, laterally compressed ; carpels pentagonal, the primary
ribs filiform, subequal ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals ; stylopodium cushion-
like. — Chiefly biennials, with ternately pinnate decompound leaves, toothed
leaf-segments, compound umbels, few-parted involucres, and several-many-
parted involucels. (Name from w^rpa, a rock, and <t^\lvov, paisley.)

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

61?)

1. P. HORTENSE Hoffm. (CoMMON P.) Leaflets small, ovate, 3-cleft or
-toothed. (P. sativum Hoffm.; Carum Petroselinum B. & H.) —Commonly
cultivated in market gardens, and occasionally found as an escape. (Introd
from the Mediterranean region.)

16. BtRULA Hoffm.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit emarginate at base, glabrous; carpels nearly
globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp ; oil-tubes

numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity ; seed terete.

Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and vari-
ously cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucela
of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (The Latin name of the
Water Cress, of Celtic origin.)

1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Erect, 2-9 dm. high; leaflets
5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often
laciniately lobed, sometimes crenate, 2-8 cm. long ; fruit scarcely
2 mm. long. (B. angustifolia Mertens & Koch ; Sium angustU
folium L.) — Swamps and streams, s. Ont. and Mich, to Minn.,
southw. and westw. July, Aug. Fig. 827.

r. B. electa X ;

16. SiUM [Tourn.] L. Water Parsnip

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky
nearly equal ribs ; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals ; stylopodium depressed ; seed-
face plane. — Smooth perennials, with pinnate leaves and serrate
or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous narrow
bracts, and white flowers. (From alov^ the Greek name of some
marsh plant.)

1. S. cicutaef61ium Schrank. Stout, 0.8-2 m. high ; leaflets
3-8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acumi-
nate, 5-12 cm. long, the lower leaves sometimes submersed and
finely dissected ; fruit 2.5-3 »wm. long, with prominent ribs. (^S.
lineare Michx.) — Muddy banks, common. Fig. 828. S. Carsonii
Durand appears to be merely a weak aquatic state or perhaps

variety, 2-6 dm. high, with leaflets 1-3 pairs, linear, r,q c • ,

2-5 cm. long ; when submersed or floating, very thin, foliunrx 4 *'

ovate to oblong, usually laciniately toothed or dissected,

the leaf sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet; fruit slightly

smaller.

17. CRYPTOTAi:NIA DC. Honewort

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse
equal ribs ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib ;
stylopodium slender-conical; seed-face plane. — A glabrous peren-
nial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute
bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name from Kpvirrbs, hidden,
and raivla, a fillet, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. canadensis (L.) DC. Plant 3-9 dm. high; leaflets large,
ovate, 5-10 cm. long, pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed ; umbels
irregular and unequally few-rayed ; pedicels very unequal ; fruit
4-6 mm. long; often curved. (Deringa Ktze.) — N. B. to Ga.,
w. to Tex. and w. Ont. June-Sept. Fig. 829.

C. cana
den sis x 4.

18. ZiZIA Koch.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform ribs.
Oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib;

616

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

stylopodium wanting ; seed terete. — Smooth perennials, with mostly Thaspium^
like leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and the

central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in spring. (Named

for /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)

1. Z. aiirea (L.) Koch. (Golden Alexanders.) Xeaues (except
the uppermost) 2-S-ter)iate, the radical very long-petioled ; leaflets
ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate; rays 15-25, stout,
2-5 cm. long ; fruit oblong, about 4 mm. long. — River-banks,
meadows, and rich woods, e. Que. to Sask., s. to Va., Ark., and
Tex. Fig. 830. Var. OBTusir6LiA Bissell. Leaflets broader,
rounded at tip. — Local, w. Ct.

2. Z. B6bbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. Slender ; leaflets some-
what coarsely serrate, the lower leaves small, inclined to be simple ;
rays 2-8, slender, 5-7 cm. long ; fruit oval, 2-3 mm. long. (Z. aurea,
var. Coult. & Rose.) — Mts., W. Va. to Ga. and Tenn.

3. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Badical leaves mostly long-petioled,
cordate or even rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or
divided ; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, with the ovate or

Janceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or sometimes parted ; fruit ovate, 3 min. long.
— Ct. (^Eames) to N. C, w. to Alb., Col., and westw.

19. FOENICULUM [Tourn.] Plill. Fennel

Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary oil-tuhes. — Stout
glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments,
no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin
name, from /oenwm, hay.)

1. F. vdlgIrb Hill. {f. officinale All.; F. Foeniculum Karst.), the culti-
vated Fennel from Europe, is a common escape, and somewhat naturalized ia
Md. and Va.

20. PIMPINELLA L.

Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes,
and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium. — Smooth perennials, with involucre
and involucels scanty or none ; ours with white flowers. (Name
said to be formed from bipinnula, referring to the bipinnate
leaves.)

1. P. SAxfpRAGRA L. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply
toothed leaflets ; fruit oblong, 2 mm. long; stylopodium cushion-
like.— Roadsides and waste places, local, N. B. to Del., Pa.,
and 0. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. TAENIDIA Drude.

Fruit short-oblong, flattened laterally, wingless, glabrous;
oil-tubes mostly 3 in the intervals ; seed subterete but the face
slightly concave. Involucre and involucels mostly wanting.
Flowers yellow. — Glabrous glaucous perennial, with ternate
leaves. (Name from raLvidiov, a little band, in reference to
the small scarcely prominent ribs.)

1. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. Slender, 5-10 dm. high;
leaves 2-3-ternate ; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire ; fruit oblong, 4 mm.
long. {Pimpinella Gray.) — Dry gravelly woods and thickets, w. Que. and
w. N. E. to N. C, Ark., and Minn. Fig. 831.

831. T. integerrima
x6.

22. EtTLOPHUS Nutt.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform
ribs ; oil-tubes 1-5 in the intervals ; stylopodium conical, with long recurved
styles ; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge. — Ours

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 617

with pinnately compound leaves, involucels ot numerous nar-
rowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled
umbels of white flowers. (Name from t5, well, and \b<pos, a
crest, alluding to the calyx or perhaps to the plume-like leaves.)
1. E. americanus Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves
large, 1-2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short
narrow segments ; upper stem-leaves ternate, with narrowly
linear elongated leaflets; fruit 4-6 mm. long. — O. to Mo.
Tenn., and Ark. July. Fig. 832. ''

23. ANTHRiSCUS Bernh. Chervil

Fruit linear, notched at base, beaked, glabrous, without

832. E. americanus rlbs (but beak ribbed) ; oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical,

X 4. seed-face sulcate. — Resembling Chaerophyllum in vegetative

characters. (The ancient Roman name.)

1, A. Ceref6lium (L.) Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. — Waste

places, fields, etc., Que. and e. Pa. (Introd. from Eu.)

24. SCANDIX [Tourn.] L. Venus' Comb

Fruit narrowly oblong, terminating in a long linear beak. Oil-tubes solitai^
at the intervals or none. Carpels subterete. Seed concave on the inner face.^
Slender annuals with pinnately much divided leaves and white flowers. (An
cient Greek name of the Chervil.)

1. S. Pecten-Veneris L. Sparingly pubescent, 2-5 dm. high, commonly
branched from the base ; flowers nearly sessile ; the beak of the fruit 4-6 cm.
long, densely ciliate on the edges. — Waste places, especially near Atlantic
ports, more sparingly westw. (Adv. from Eurasia. )

25. BUPLEtTRUM [Tourn.] L, Thorough-wax

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes,
depressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave. — Smooth annual,
with ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very con-
spicuous ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from jSoGs, an
ox, and irXevpSv, a rib.)

1. B. kotundif6lium L. — Frequent in fields, etc., N. H. to N. C, S, Dak.,
and Ariz, (Nat from Eu.)

26. LILAe6pSIS Greene.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on
the commissure. — Dwarf creeper with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose
petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers.
(Named from its resemblance to Lilaea.) Crantzia Nutt., not Scop.

1. L. lineata (Michx.) Greene. Leaves very obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
broad ; fruit 2 mm. long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.
(Crantzia Nutt.) — In mud of brackish marshes along the coast, N. E. to Miss.
July. (Widely distributed.)

27. CYNOSCIADIUM DC.

Calyx-teeth distinct. Fruit short, glabrous, scarcely flattened ; lateral ribs
forming a corky margin; stylopodium conical. — Slender annuals, with pin-
nately divided leaves. Livolucre awd involucels present. Petals white. (Name
from K1JU3V, dog, and cKiddiov^ a sunshade, a fanciful designation referring to the
ambels.)

618

UMBELLIFERAE (^PARSLEY FAMILY^

1. C. pinnHtum DC. Segments of the leaves 2-3 pairs, narrow, distant, the
terminal one the longest. — McDonald Co., Mo. {Bush) to Kan. and Tex.

28. LIGIFSTICUM L. Lovage

Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous;
carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals;
oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commissure. Stylo-
podium conical. — Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots,
with large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre,
involucels of narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-
rayed umbels. (Named from the country Liguria, where the
ofiicinal Lovage of the gardens abounds.)

1. L. canad§nse (L.) Britton. (Nondo, Angelico.) Stem
stout, branched, 1-2 m. high ; leaves very large, S-A-ternate ;
leaflets broadly oblo7ig, 5-12 cm. long, coarsely serrate; fruit
ovate, 4-6 mm. long ; seed with angled back. {L. actaeifolium
of auth., not Michx.) — Rich ground, s. Pa. to Mo., and southw.

2. L. sc6thicum L. (Scotch L.) Stem simple, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, 2. 5-5 cm. long, coarsely toothed;
fruit narroidy oblotig, 8-10 mm. long; seed with round back.
— Salt marshes and rocks, along the coast from N. Y. northw.
Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 833.

29. CORIANDRUM [Tourn.] L. Coriandek

Fruit nearly globose, not at all narrowed at the commissure ; ribs
or acutish. Seed dorsally compressed, somewhat concave on the inner
Slender glabrous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, compound um
involucre, few-parted involucels, and white or roseate unequal
petals. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. SATIVUM L. Lower leaves pinnate, the leaflets flabelli-
form, many-cleft, cuneate at the base, upper leaves deeply cut
into linear segments. — Waste places, becoming frequent. (Adv.
from Eurasia.)

filiform
face. —
bels, no

30. AETHUSA L. Fool's Parsley

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-globose, slightly flattened
dorsally ; carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs ; oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, 2 on the commissure. — Poisonous annuals, with
2-3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate seg-
ments small and many-cleft, no involucre, long narrow involu-
cels, and white flowers. (AWova-a, burning, in allusion to the
bright or shining foliage, probably in translation of the Swedish vernacular
name glis.)

1. A. CynXpidm L. a fetid poisonous herb, in waste or cultivated grounds,
from N. S. to Pa., Minn., and Ont. Jiine-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 834.

834. A. Cynapium
X4.

31. COELOPLEtTRUM Ledeb.

Fruit globose to ellipsoid, with prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs
(none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the ribs,
2-4 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp. — Stout glabrous (or inflo-
rescence puberulent) maritime perennials, with 2-3-ternate leaves on very large
inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small
linear-lanceolate bractlets (often conspicuous or even leaf -like), and greenish-
white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From koiXos, hollow^ and wXevpdv, a rib. )

UMBELLIFERAE ([PARSLEY FAMILY)

619

1. C. actaeifblium (Michx.) Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-12 dm.
high ; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate, 5-7 cm. long ; fruit
4-7 mm. long. (C. Gmelini ot auth., not Ledeb.)— Rocky coasts
Mass. to Greeni. Eig. 885.

32. CYM6pTERUS Raf.

Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with
all the ribs conspicuously winged ; oil-tubes 1-several in the inter-
vals, 2-8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face
slightly concave. —Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous peren-
nials, from a thick elongated root, with more or less pinnately
compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involu-
cels, and white flowers (in ours). (From ^Oyua, a wave, and
TTTepdv, a wing, referring to the often undulate wings.)

L C. acaulis (Pursh) Rydb. Low (1-2 dm. high), with a short
erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous ;
rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster ; involucre none ; involu-
cel of a single palmately 5-7-parted bractlet ; fruit globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter •
wings rather corky; oil-tubes 4-5 in the intervals. (C glomeratus Raf .) — ^
Minn, to la., Ark., and westw.

885. C. actael
folium x3.

33. THASPIUM Nutt. Meadow Parsnip

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally ;
carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the
Intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long. — Peren-
nials, with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and
broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and
all the fruit pediceled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called
from the island of Thapsus.)

1. T. aiireum Nutt. Glabrous ; root-leaves mostly cordate,
serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate (rarelv biternate); leaflets
Dvate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate ; flowers
ieep yellow; fruit globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long, all the ribs
equally winged. — Thickets and woodlands, n. O. to Md., Ga.,
A.rk., and Wyo. — Fl. summer. Fig. 836.

Var. atropurpureum (Desr.) Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-
purple. — N. J. to Ga. and 111.

2. T. barbinbde (Michx.) Nutt. Loosely branched, pubes-
cent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels ; leaves
l-S-ternate ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, with cuneate
base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted ;
flowers light yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, about 6 mni. long
and 4 mm. broad, with mostly 7 prominent wings. — Banks of
streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southw. May-June. Var. an-
gustif6lium Coult. & Rose, has narrower more sharply cut
leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent. — Pa. to Pt. Pelee,
Ont., and 111.

3. T. pinnatlfidum (Buckley) Gray. Resembling the last, \i\xt puberulent on
the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, icith fewer leaves ; leaflets '[-2-pin natifld, the
lobes linear or oblong ; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-
petioled ; flowers light yellow ; fruit oblong, 3-5 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad,
all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. — Barrens and mts.,
Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.

34. LOmAtIUM Raf.

Fruit flattened dorsally, oblong to nearly orbicular, laterally winged ; oil-
tubes usually many. Roots fusiform. Leaves dissected. Involucre none. —

836. T. aureum.

Fruit X 4.
Cross-soction of

fruit X 5.

i)'ZO

UMBELLIFERAE QPARSLEY FAMILY^

Perennials of dry ground, nearly or quite acaulescent. Petals yellow or white.
(Name from X(S^a, a border, referring to the winged fruit.) Peucedanum of
Am. auth., but scarcely of L.

1. L. orientale Coult. & Kose. Pubescent, 1-2 dm. high ; leaves bipinnate ;
petals white or pinkish ; fruit nearly round ; dorsal ribs indistinct. {Peuced-
anum nudicaule Nutt., in part.)— Gravelly soil, Minn, to la., Kan., and westw.

2. L. daucifblium (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Leaves finely dissected; petals
yellow; fruit oval; dorsal ribs prominent. (Peucedanum villosum Nutt., in
part.) — Barrens, w. Mo. to Neb. and Tex.

35. PSEUDOTAENIDIA Mackenzie.

Calyx-teeth short, thickish. Petals inferentially yellow. Pruit thickish,
strongly compressed dorsally, oblong-lanceolate ; carpels obcompressed, with
slender dorsal ribs and broad somewhat corky lateral wings. Oil-tubes mostly
solitary in the intervals. — Glabrous erect perennial, with 2-3-ternate leaves,
entire leaflets and exinvolucrate compound umbels. (Name from ^eOSos, false,
and Taenidia, to which this recently discovered genus possesses a marked habital
resemblance. )

1. P. montana Mackenzie. Slender, erect, 5-8 dm. high; root slightly

thickened ; petioles broad and clasping ; leaflets elliptical to lance-ovate or

>oblong, entire, thin ; umbels 6-12-rayed ; involucels none or inconspicuous ;

fruit 6 mm. long. — Clayey and rocky mountain slopes, Kate's

Mt., W. Va. {Mackenzie) and Luray Cavern, Va. {Steele).

36. POLYTAENIA DC.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flat-
tened dorsally ; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back,
the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings form-
ing the margin of the fruit ; oil-tubes 12-18 about the seed and
many scattered through the thick corky pericarp. — A perennial
mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and
3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow
involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from
TToXu-, many, and Tatvia, a fillet, alluding to the
numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttallii DC. Plant 5-10 dm. high ;

pedicels and involucels pubescent. — Barrens, .Mich, to n. Ala.,

Tex., Okla., la., and Wise. Fig. 837.

37. PASTINACA L. Parsnip

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dor-
sally ; 'dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings,
which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin ; oil-tubes
small, solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure ; stylo-
podium depressed. — Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately
compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow
flowers. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)

1. P. SATivA L. Stem grooved ; leaflets ovate to oblong,
cut-toothed. — Waste places, open rich soil, etc. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 838.

38. LEVfSTICUM [Rivinius] Hill. Lovage

Calyx-teeth obscure. Petals greenish -yellow. Fruit oblong, rounded at each
end, strongly ribbed, the lateral ribs moderately winged ; oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, 2 on the commissure ; seed flattish an the* inner face. — Stout

837. P. NuttaUii
x3.

;. p. sativa x8.

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 621

perennial herb, with branched stems, large bipinnate leaves with rhombic^
obovate and compound conspicuously involucrate umbels. (Name said to be a
corruption of LigusticAim.)

1. L. officinXle (L.) Koch. Essentially glabrous ; leaflets coarsely toothed
toward the apex, entire at the cuneate base. (L. Levisticum Karst )— Culti-
vated for the aromatic qualities especiaUy of its seeds, and now occasionallv
found as a local escape. (Introd. from s. Eu.)

39. ANETHUM [Tourn.] L. Dill

Petals yellow. Fruit elliptical, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs winged.
Involucre and involucels none, — Slender caulescent annuals with finely divided
leaves, and compound umbels. ("Ai'tj^oi', ancient Greek name of the dill, thought
to come iYora&deiv, to hum, in allusion to the pungent seeds.)

1. A. GRAVEOLENs L. Ercct, glabrous, usually branched, 3-10 dm. high •
leaves finely dissected, fennel-like. — Thoroughly established at Bridgeport, Ct.'
CUames), and casual on waste ground, etc., elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.)

40. HERACLEUM L. Cow Parsnip

Fruit obovate, as in Pastinaca, but with a thick conical s^ylopodium, and
the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below
the middle. — Tall stout perennials, with large compound
leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved
involucels, white or purplish flowers, and obcordate petals,
the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to
Hercules.)

1. H. lanatum Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 1-2.8 m.
high ; leaves ternate ; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed.
— Wet ground, Nfd. to the Pacific, and south w. to N. C,
Ky., and Kan, June. Fig. 839.

2. H. Sphondylium L. Spreading-pubescent and some-
wiiat scabrous; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-7, coarsely and
rather bluntly toothed. — Casual on waste land, etc., chiefly

H. lanatum X 2. about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)

41. IMPERATdRIA [Tourn.] L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals small, white. Fruit suborbicular or broadly
elliptical, distinctly cordate at base and apex, smooth, the ribs filiform except
the lateral, which are developed into a broad thin wing ; stylopodium conical ;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and as long or nearly as long as the fruit. —
Stately smoothish perennials, with ternately compound leaves. (From im-
perator, master, emperor, in allusion, it is said, to its powerful medicinal
qualities.)

1. I. OsTRijTHiuM L. (Masterwort.) Steiu hollow, 8-15 dm. high ; leaflets
large, ovate or obovate, serrate and commonly incised, nearly or quite glabrous ;
umbels with very numerous rays exinvolucrate or nearly so ; bracts of the
involucels few, narrow, inconspicuous. — Formerly cultivated, now locally estab-
lished in e. Pa,, Mich., and perhaps elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.)

42. OXYPOLIS Raf.

Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next
to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals, 2-6 on the commissure ; stylopodium short, thick-conical. — Glabro'is
erect aquatic herbs ; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Deri-
TatioD unexplained.) Tiedemannia DC-

622

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

840. O.

1. 0. filif6rmis (Walt.) Britton. Stem hollow, 4-20 dm.
high ; leaves reduced to cylindrical hollow pointed nodose
petioles; fruit obovate, rounded or truncate at the ends.
(Tiedemannia teretifolia DC.) — Ponds, Va. to Fla. and La.
Aug., Sept.

Var. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Fruit short, suborbicular, retuse
at both ends. — Ellendale, Del. (Canby, Commons).

2. 0. rigldior (L.) Coult. & Rose. (Cowbane.) Stem 6-15
dm. high ; leaves simply pinnate^ with 3-9 linear to lanceolate
remotely toothed leaflets; oil-tubes mostly small. {Tiedeman-
nia rigida Coult. & Rose.) — Swamps, N. Y. to Minn., s. to the
Gulf. Aug. — Poisonous; roots tuberiferous. Var. AMBfouA
(Nutt.) Robinson (Var. longifolia Britton) with entire leaflets,
occurs in N. J., and south w. Fig. 840.

43. CONIOSELINUM Fisch. Hesilock Parsley

Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the lateral ribs extended into broad
wings; seed slightly concave on the inner face. — Tall slender glabrous peren-
nials, with finely 2-3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved
involucre or none, involucels of elongated (in ours) linear-seta-
ceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compound of Conium and
^'elimim, from its resemblance to these genera.)

1. C. chinense (L.) BSP. Leaflets pinnatifid ; wings nearly
as broad as the seed ; oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, sometimes 1
or 4. (C. canadense T. & G.) — Swamps and cold cliffs, Nfd.
to Ont., s. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., Minn., and in the mts. to N. C.
Aug. -Oct. Fig. 841.

44. ANGELICA L. Angelica

Fruit strongly flattened dorsally ; primary ribs very prominent,
the lateral extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-
winged margin to the fruit ; oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals 841. C. cWnense
or indefinite, 2-10 on the commissure. — Stout perennials, with x4.

ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels,
scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white or greenish
flowers. (Named angelic from its cordial and medicinal properties.)

* Seed adherent to the pericarp ; oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals ; uppermost
leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles.

1. A. Curtlsii Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions
quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate, sharply and irregularly
toothed, 2.5-8 cm. broad ; fruit glabrous, 3-9 mm. broad ; oil-
tubes mostly solitary (rarely 2-3) in the intervals. — Along the
Alleghenies from Pa. to N. C. Aug.

2. A. villbsa (Walt.) BSP. Pubescent above; leaves twice
pinnately or ternately divided ; leaflets thickish, lanceolate to
oblong, 1-2 cm. broad, serrate ; fruit pubescent, 4 mm. broad ;
oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals. (A. hirsuta Muhl.) — Rocky
woods, w. Mass. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.

3. A. sTLVESTRis L. Puberuleut above ; leaves ternately bi-
pinnate ; leaflets thin, ovate to lanceolate, finely serrate ; fruit
glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; oil-tubes mostly 1 in each
interval. — Old fields, Louisburg, Cape Breton L {Macoun).
(Nat. from Eu.)

* * Seed loose; oil-tubes indefinite (25-30); upper petioles not
so prominent.

4. A. atropurpurea L. Very stout, glabrous throughout^

842. A. atropur-
purea x 3.

CORNACEAE CDOGWOOD FAMILY) 629

with dark purple stem ; leaves 2-3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of
5-7 lanceolate to ovate leaflets, 2-4 cm. broad, sharply mucroiiate-serrate
(Archangelica Hoffm.) — Alluvial soils, Nfd. to Del., 111., la, Minn and w
Ont. Fig. 842.

45. t6RILIS Adans.

Calyx-teeth short, triangular, persistent. Fruit bristly with hooked prickles
or warty, the primary ribs not so prominent as the secondary. — Ert-ct slonder
caulescent annuals with bipinnate leaves, compound umbels, and dense hearls of
white flowers, the involucres and involucels of linear bracts. (Etymology un-
known.) Caucalis of auth., in part.

1. T. Anthriscus (L.) Bernh. Umbels open, loose, lo7ig-p<;dn7icled, rai.sed
above the leaves ; prickles evenly distributed on the fruit. {Caucalis Iliids.) —
Open woods and waste places, N. Y. to D. C, Ky., and O. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. T. nod6sa (L.) Gaertn. Umbels dense, subcapitate ; peduncles much
shorter than the leaves ; prickles often confined to one side of the elsewhere icarty
carpels. (Caucalis Scop.) — Similar situations, from the Middle Atlantic States
westw. (Adv. from Eu.)

46. DAUCUS [Tourn.] L. Carrot

Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally ; stylopodium depressed ;
carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary
ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles ;
oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the commis-
sural side. — Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom-
pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and compound
umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek
name.)

1. D. Car6ta L. Biennial ; stem bristly ; ultimate leaf-seg-
ments lanceolate and cuspidate; rays numerous. — Fields and
waste places ; a pernicious weed. — The flowers vary from white
D. Carota to roseate or pale yellow, the central one in each umbel usually
x3%. dark purple. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 843.

CORNAcEAE (Dogwood Family)

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), loith opposite or alternate simple leaves.,
the calyx-tube adherent to the 1-2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigynous
disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a single anatropous ovule hanging from
the top of the cell; the fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe ; embryo nearly as long as the
albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons. — Including two genera with us, of
which Kyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic.

1. Comus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostl}' opposite.

2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, 5-merou8. . Leaves alternate.

1. C6RNUS [Tourn.] L. Cornel. Dogwood

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely
4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 ; tilaiueuts slender. Style
slender ; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and
2-seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers
small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-Uk^
involucre. (Name from corwM, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the woou.}

524 CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILYJf

8 f Flowers greenish or purple in a dose duster, surrounded by a showy
usually i-bracted corolla-like lohite or pinkish involucre ; fruit bright red.

1. C. canadensis L. (Dwarf C, Bunchberry.) Stems low and simple,
9-22 cm. hi?h, from a slender creeping and subterranean rootstock ; leaves
scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl
in sixes or fours (rarely opposite), ovate or oval, pointed ; bracts of the involucre
ovate, short-acuminate ; flowers greenish-iohite or the petals purple-tipped ; fruit
o-lobular.— Damp cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., W. Va., Ind., Mmn.,
etc. June, July. (E. Asia.) —Leaves and involucres (rarely 3) often modified
and variously colored. , , , ,^.7.0 7

2. C. suecica L. Similar but more slender ; leaves short-oval, m S-several
pairs, not verticillate ; flowers deep violet; involucral bracts ovate, obtusish,
usually smaller than in the preceding. — Wooded crests of headlands and cliffs.
Riviere du Loup, Que., and Nfd. to Greenl. and Alaska. July. (Boreal

Eurasia.) ^ , . , , . . ^ -i

3. C. fl6rida L. (Flowering D.) Tree, 4-12 m. high ; leaves ovate, pomted,
acutish at the base ; bracts of the involucre obcordate, 3-6 cm. long ; fruit ovoid.
— Dry woods, from s. Me. to Ont. and s. Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.
Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

§ 2. Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes; involucre none; fruit spher-
ical; leaves all opposite {^except in no. 11.)

* Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading.

•K- Fruit light blue.

4. C. circinata L'H6r. (Round-leaved C. or D.) Shrub, 2-3 m. high;
branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly
beneath, 5-12 cm. broad; cymes flat; fruit light blue. — Copses, in rich or
eandy soil, or on rocks, e. Que. to Man., s. to Va., Ind., 111., la., and N. Dak.
June, July.

5. C. Ambmum Mill. (Silky C, Kinnikinnik.) Shrub, 1-3 m. high;
branches purplish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surf ace of the ovate or ellip-
tical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull, not microscopically
papillose ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. ( O. sericea
L.) — Wet places, Nfd. to N. D., s. to Fla. and La. June. — C. Purpusi Koehne,
with slightly narrower leaves microscopically papillose but not rusty -pubescent
beneath, appears to be an inconstant form rather than a distinct species.

4- -1- Fruit white.

6. C. asperifblia Michx. Branches brownish; the branchlets, etc., rough-
pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh
pubescence above, and downy beneath ; corolla subcylindric in bud, petals rather
long; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit white, 5-6 mm. in diameter. — Dry or sandy
soil, n. shore of L. Erie to Minn., Kan., and southw. May, June. — A rather
tall shrub. C. PRfcEAE Small, of Ky. and Tenn., is said to have smaller fruit
(about 3 mm. in diameter).

7. C. Baildyi Coult. & Evans. Branchlets brownish, spreading-pubescent,
not scabrous ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, not scabrous, appressed-pubescent
above, covered beneath with spreading and subappressed pubescence ; corolla
ovoid in bud ; petals short; frilit pure white. — Sandy shores, etc., w. Pa. and
s. Ont. to Minn, and Man.

* * Pubescence closely oppressed, straight and silky, or none.

8. C. stolonifera Michx. (Red-osier D.) Branches, especially the osier-
like shoots of the season, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at
base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both
sides, whitish underneath; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth*.
fruit white or lead-color (rarely blue). — Wet places, Nfd. to Mackenzie, s. to
D. C. Great L. region, la., Neb., N. Mex., etc.; common, especially uorthw.—

I

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 625

Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps
1-2 m. high. June-Aug.

■ 9. C. strlcta Lam. (Stiff C.) A shrub 2-5 m. high ; branches brownisli or
reddish, smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutisli at base,
glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flattish ; anthers and
fruit pale Kde. — Swamps, Va. and Mo., southw. Apr., May.

10. C. paniculata L'H^r. Shrub 1-2.5 ni. high, much branched; branches
gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at base, v:hitish be-
neath but not downy ; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit v:hite, de-
pressed-globose, on bright red pedicels. (C candidissima Marsh. ?, not Mill.)

Thickets and river-banks, centr. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw June
July.

11. C. alternifblia L. f. Shrub or tree 2-6 m. high; branches greenish,
streaked ivith white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends, ovate or oval,
long-pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath ; cymes
very broad and open; fruit deep blue, on reddish stalks. — Copses, e. Que. to
w. Ont., Minn., and la., s. to Ga. and Ala. May, June.

2. NYSSA L. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum

Flowers borne at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous.
Calyx small, 6-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. Stamens 5-12,
oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk. No pistil. Fist. Fl. soli-
tary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers.
Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with
perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid. — Trees
with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed alternate leaves and greenish flowers.
(The name of a Nymph: "so called because it [the original species] grows in
the water. '^)

1. N. sylvatica Marsh. (Black Gum.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal
branches ; leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-
pubescent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when
old ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid, acid,
bluish-black, about 1.2 cm. long. (iV. multiflora Wang.) — Kich soil, either
moist or nearly dry, s. Me. and n. Yt. to Mich., s. to Fla. and Tex. Apr., May.
— Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. AVood firm, close-grained.

Var. biflbra (Walt.) Sarg. Leaves narrower, subcoriaceous, more obtuse;
stone decidedly furrowed. {N. bijlora Walt.) — Marshes, southw.; sometimes
well marked.

2. N. aquatica L. A large tree ; leaves oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly
cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubes-
cent beneath, at least when young, 1-3 dm. long; fertile flower solitary on a
slender peduncle ; fruit ellipsoid, blue, 2.5 cm. or more in length. (Y. uniflora
Wang.) — Deep swamps, s. Va. to s. 111. and Mo., s. to Pla. and Tex. Apr.—
Wood soft ; that of the roots very light and spongy.

ERICACEAE (Heath Family)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as
many or twice as many as the ^-5-lobed or 4-5-petaled corolla, free from but in-
serted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal
chinks or pores, introrse (except in Subfamily I); style 1; ovary S-\0-celled.
Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Subfamily II). Seeds small,
anatropous Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A
large family, very various in many of the characters, ours comprising four
■well-marked subfamilies.

GRJ^y'a MANUAL — 40

g26 EEICACEAB (HEATH FAMILY)

Subfamily I. PYROLOlDEAE (Pyrola Subfamily)

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the
bud, opening by pores at tht base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose
and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREAE. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple.
Capsule 3-celled.

1. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYR6lEAE. Herbaceous or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound.
Capsule 5(rarely 4)-celled.

2. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbeled. Petals widely spreading. Stjde

very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

3. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted ; stigma

5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

4. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl

shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

Subfamily II. MONOTROPOIDEAE (Indian Pipe Subfamily)

Flowers nearly as in Subfamily I or III, but the plants herbaceous, root-para-
sitic or saprophytic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of
Beech Drops. Seeds as in Subfamily I.

* Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals ; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

5. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

* * Corolla gamopetalous ; anthers 2-celled.
G. Pterospora. Corolla ovoid, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

7. MonotropsiS. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top.

Subfamily III. ERICOlDEAE (Heath Subfamily)

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous,
hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. RHODODENDREAE. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.
* Flowers developed from scaly buds.
•i- Scales or bracts caducous ; anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

8. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5-10. Leaves evergreen.

9. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed Of

parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

10. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.
-»- -i- Bud-scales firm and persistent ; anther-cells opening lengthwise ; leaves evergreen.

11. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

12. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

* * Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as mam

anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

14. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovoid or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.

Tribe II. ANDROMfeDEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-hke in no. 22), Corolla deciduous

* Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

-H Anther-cells opening only at the top; corolla not salver-shaped.

-M- Corolla campanuiate, 4-5-lobed or -parted ; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

16. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4-5-valved, the valves

2-cleft.

I

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY^ 627

++ ++ Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed ; not heath-like.

16. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla ovoid or
cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

17 Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Anthers 2-4-a\vned. Cai)Siile de-
pressed-globose to obovoid, not thickened at the sutures. Seeds mostly hanging on the
central placenta.

18. Lyonia. Calyx, etc., much as in Andromeda. Anthers awnless. Capsule 5-angled, the

sutures with corky or spongy thickenings.

19. Chamaedaphne. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous.

Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

20. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule slender-pyramidal. Seeds all

ascending. A small tree.

-*- +- Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.

21. Epigaea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

* * Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

22. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit inclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.

Tribe III. ARBtrTEAE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

23. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry -like, 5-10-seeded.

Tribe IV. ERIcEAE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.

24. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.

Subfamily IV. VACCINOfDEAE (Whortleberry Subfamily)

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like
fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex. —
Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

25. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into

a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

26. Gaylussacla. Ovary 10-celIed, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berry-like drupe

with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

27. Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-cel)ed (or imperfectly S-10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded.

. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

1. CLIjTHRA [Gronov.] L. White Alder

Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals obovate-oblong. Anthers arrow-shaped,
erect in the bud, becoming inverted. Style slender. Capsule 3-valv( d, many-
seeded, inclosed in the calyx. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate decidu-
ous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous.
(KXrjdpa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat
resembles in foliage.)

1. C. alnif51ia L. (Sweet Pkpperbush.) Shrub 1-3 m. high ; leaves 3.5-7
cm. long, wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently
straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, usually panicled ;
petals white, rarely pink ; bracts shorter than the flowers; tilaments smooth. —
Wet copses, Me. to Fla., mostly near the coast. July-Sept.

2. C. acuminata Michx. A tall shrub or small tree ; leaves oval or oblong,
pointed, thin, finely serrate, 7-15 cm. long, pale beneath ; racemes solitary,
flexnous or drooping ; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy.
— Woods in the Alleghenies, Va. to Ga. July, Aug.

2. CHIMApHILA Pursh. Pipsissewa

Petals 5, concave, orbicular. Stamens 10; filaments enlarged and hairy in
the middle ; anthers as in PyroJa, but more or less con.s]M(Miously '2-lutrned
Style nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary ; stigma

628 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)

broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule', etc., as iii
Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward. — Low nearly herbaceous plants,
with long running underground shoots, and thick shining leaves, somewhat
whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems ; the flowers pink or
roseate, on a terminal peduncle. (Name from x^'A^"? winter^ and <pi,\eiv, to love,
in allusion to one of the popular names, viz. Wintergreen.')

\. C. umbellata (L.) JSutt. (Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa.) Leafy, 1-4 dnio
high; leaves loedge-laiiceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 2-8-
flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet. — Dry woods, N. S. to Ga., w. to
the Pacific, July, Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.)

2. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Stem 1-2.5 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate^ obtuse at the base, remotely toothed,
the upper surface variegated with white; peduncles 1-5-flowered. — Dry woods,
Mass. to Ont., Minn., and southw June, July

3. MONESES Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola

Petals 5, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked ; anthers as in Pyrola, but
conspicuously 2-horned. Stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous
radiating lobes. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous. ) — Intermediate between
Pyrola and Chimaphila. (Name formed of ixbvos, single, and ■^cris, delight, from
the pretty solitary flower.)

1. M. unifl5ra (L.) Gray. A small perennial; the rounded and veiny
serrate thin leaves, 1-3 cm. long, clustered at the ascending apex of creeping
subterranean shoots ; the 1-2-bracted scape, 3-13 cm. high, bearing a fragrant
waxy-white or rose-colored terminal flower 1-2 cm. wide. (Jf. grandijlora
S. F. Gray.) — Deep cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Mich., Minn., and in
the Rocky Mts. June, July. (Eurasia.)

4. PYROLA [Tourn.] L. Wintergreen. Shin Leap

Calyx 6-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10 ; filaments naked ; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in
the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less
4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base
(by inversion the apparent apex). Stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, 5-lobed, 6-valved from the base upward (loculicidal). Seeds
minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of roundish petioled evergreen basal leaves, and a simple raceme
of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name
a diminutive of Pijrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance In the
foliage.)

* Style straight, much narrower than the peltate b-r ay ed stigma; petals and
stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed beloiv the openings.

1. P. minor L. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves roundish, slightly crenulate,
thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; flowers small, crowded, white
or rose-color ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly
globose corolla; style short and included. — Cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to
N. S., N. B.,^n. N. E., Mich., Minn., etc. (Eurasia.)

2. P. secunda L. Subcaulescent, 1-2.5 dm. high ; leaves ovate, mucronate,
longer than the petiole, scattered, crenate-serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like,
the numerous small greenish-white flowers all turned to one side, scarcely
nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals ;
style long, exserted. — Rich woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Md., Mich., Neb., etc.
June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

Var. obtusata Turcz. is a smaller plant, with thin pale rounded leaves more
crenulate, and a 3-8-flowered scape of whiter flowers. (Yur.pumila Gray.) —

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 629

Peat-bogs and cold mossy woods, s. to N. S., n. and w. N. E., mts. of Pa., Mich.,
etc. (Asia.)

* * Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent
or spreading petals ; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated
ring-like apex of the style ; anthers contracted below the openings, forming
a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire.

-t- Petals white or greenish-white.

3. P. chlorantha Sw. Leaves small (rarely 3 or 4 cm. long), roundish, thick,
dull, shorter than the petiole, or even wanting; scap>e few-flowered, naked or
with a single small bract, 0.5-3 dm. high ; calyx-lobes roundish-ovatp, very short ;
the elliptical obtuse petals converging, greenish-white ; anther-cells contracted
into a distinct neck ; style little exserted. — Open woods, Lab. to B. C, s. to 1). C,
111., Mich., Wise, etc. June, July. (Eu.)

P. oxYPETALA Aust., described in 1867 from a wooded hill near Deposit,
Delaware Co., N. Y., has not since been collected. It was probably an anoma-
lous development of no. 3, in which the leaves and petals were acute or even
subacurainate.

4. P. elliptica Nutt. (Shin Leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or oho-
vate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes
ovate, ac7ite, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading whitish
petals; anther-cells blunt. — Dry woods and thickets, e. Que. to B. C, s. to
D. C, III, Mich., Wise, la., etc. June, July.

5. P. americana Sweet. Leaves orbicular to broadly elliptic, thick, shining,
usually as short as the petiole; scape bracted, 1-3.5 dm. high; raceme elon-
gated, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with
somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-
obovate rather spreading thick white petals; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad; anther-
cells mucronate. (P. rotundifolia Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Open or sandy woods,
P. E. I. and N. S. to S. Dak. and Ga. June-Aug.

•f- H- Petals pink or rose-purple.

6. P. asarifblia Michx. Leaves transversely broad-elliptic or round-reniform,
cordate., coriaceous, glossy; scapes 1-3 dm. high, bracted ; raceme loose, elon-
gated, the flowers 1-1.5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-triangular.
(P. rotundifolia, var. Hook.) — Alluvial woods and swamps, e. Que. to Yukon,
s. to N. S., n. N. E., n. N. Y., n. Mich., and Col. June-Aug. (Asia.) Passing to

Var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. Leaves obovate to suhorbicular, rounded
at base, rather dull; scapes 1-5 dm. high. (P. uliginosa Torr.) — Bogs and
mossy woods,
Cal. (Asia.)

5. M0N6tR0PA L. Indian Pipe. Pinesap

Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of erect spatu-
late or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base,
and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 ; filaments awl-shaped ; anthers becom-
ing 1-celled. Style columnar ; stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Capsule ovoid,
8-10-grooved, 4-5-celled, loculicidal ; the very thick placentae covered with
innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and flesliy
herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing
vegetable matter ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted flbnuis
rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1-several-flowered ;
the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /x6>'oj, one, and
rpdiros, turn, the summit of the stem being turned to one side.)

§ 1. EUM0N6TR0PA Gray. Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx ofl-A irreg-
ular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks;
style short and thick.
1. M. unifl5ra L. (Indian Pipe, Corpse Plant.) Smooth, waxy-white,

flesh-color, or rarely deep red, turning blackish in drying, 0.5-3 dm. high;

630 ERICACEAE (^HEATH FAMILY^

stigma naked. — Dark and rich woods, nearly througliout the continent. June-
Aug. (Mex., Asia.)

§2. HYPOPITYS [Dill.] Gray. Plant commonly fragrant; floicers several
in a scaly raceme, the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest S-4-merous ;
bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals ; anthers opening by a con-
tinuous line into 2 vei-y unequal valves; style longer than the ovary ^
hollow.

2. M. Eyp6pitys L. (Pinesap, False Beech Drops.) Somewhat pubes-
cent or downy, tawny, whitish, or red, 1-4 dm. high; pod globular or ovoid;
stigma ciliate. {Hypopitys Small ; H. lanuginosa Nutt. ; H. americana Small.)
— Rich woods. June-Oct. (Mex., Eurasia.)

6. PTER6sP0RA Nutt. Pine Dbops

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, persistent. Stamens 10. Style
short ; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculici-
dal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid,
tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many
times larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown
clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb, 3-9 dm. high ; the wand-like stem fur-
nished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves,
above bearing many nodding white flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name
from TTTepSv, a wing, and airopd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by
the seeds.)

1. P. andromedda Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots
of pines, P. E. I. to B. C, s. to Pa., Mich., and in the mts. to Mex.; rare.
June-Aug.

7. M0N0TR6pSIS Schwein. Sweet Pinesap

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, rather fleshy, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10 ; anthers
much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless, with two sac-
shaped cells. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large
■5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A low and smooth brownish plant,
0,5-1 dm. high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several
in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets.
(Name from Monotropa and 6yts, appearance, from resemblance to that genus.)

SCHWEINITZIA Ell.

1. M. odorata Ell. — In woods, Md. to N. C. Apr., May

8. LEDUM L. Labrador Tea

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading petals.
Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded ; placentae borne
on the summit of the columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves
clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute ; herbage
fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters.
(A^Soj/, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. groenldndacum Oeder. Erect, 1 m. or less high ; leaves oblong or
linear-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, very obtuse ; stamens 6-7 ; capsule slender, sub-
cylindric, acutish. {L. latifolium Ait.) — Bogs, damp thickets, and mountain-
slopes, common north w., s. to Ct., N. J., Pa., Mich., Wise, Minn., etc. May,
June, rarely to Aug. (Greenl.)

2. L. palustre L. Lower, at most 6 dm. high ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3
cm. long; stamens mostly 7-11; capsule ellipsoid-ovoid. — Arctic regions, s,
to Nfd.

ERICACEAE QHEATH FAMILY^ 6151

Var. dilatatum Walilenb. Leaves broader, linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long. —
Nfd., e. Que., Mt. Katahdin, Me., and apparently on the Great Lakes, and
northw. (Eurasia.)

9. RHODODENDRON L.

Calyx mostly small or minute. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-
lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined ; anther-cells opening by
a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-
like.— Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly
alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbeled clustens from
terminal buds. ('Fodddevdpov, rose-tree; the ancient name.)

§ I. AZAlEA_(L.) Planch. Leaves deciduous, glandular-rtiucronate; stamens

(5-10) and style more or less exserted and declined.
* Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous

funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted ; 0.6^ m.

high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.

t- Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. R. arborlscens (Pursh) Torr. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth;
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath,
the margins bristly-ciliate ; cahjx-lobes long and conspicuous; corolla slightly
clammy, rose-colored, fragrant. (Azalea Pursh.) — Mts. of Pa., south w. June.

2. R. viscbsum (L.) Torr. (Clammy Azalea, White Swamp Honey-
suckle.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the
oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy,
the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea L.) — Swamps, mostly near the
coast, Me. to 0., Ark., and southw. June, July. Var. glaucum (Michx.) Gray.
Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes
rough-hairy. — N. E. to Va. Var. NfTiDUM (Pursh) Gray. Dwarf, with oblance-
olate leaves green both sides. — N. E. to Va.

H- -(- Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. R. nudiflbrum (L.) Torr. (Purple A., Pinxter Flower.) Leaves
oblanceolate to obovate, sparingly pubescent, or glahrate except on the ciliolate
margins and strigose midrib (beneath); pedicels strigose-hairy ; corolla flesh-
color, pink or purple, the tube strigose or slightly glandular, scarcely longer than
the ample lobes; capsule strigose, 1.6-8 cm. long. (Azalea L.) — Open woods
and swamps, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. ; locally n. in Miss, basin to Union Co., 111.
(Gleason.) May, June.

4. R. can^scens (Michx.) G.Don. Similar; leaves ovate, obovate, or ellip-
tic, softly pubescent beneath, especially when young ; pedicels, corolla-tube, and
capsule (1.2-1.8 cm. long) glandular. (Azalea Michx.) — Woods and gravelly
shores, N. H. to N. Y., and southw. May, June. — Sometimes too near the
preceding species.

5. R. calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. (Flame-colored A.) Leaves hairy ;
tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea Michx.; A. lutea L.,
not B. luteum Sweet.) — Woods, s. N. Y. and mts. of Pa. to Ga. May. — Cov-
ered as the leaves appear with large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-
color, not fragrant.

* * Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales ; corolla irregular (usually
earlier than the leaves), with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to
the base; the limb equaling the 10 stamens and style.

6. R. canad6nse (L.) BSP. (Rhodora.) Shrub, 1 m. or less high; young
parts sparingly strigose-hairy ; leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent ;
corolla rarely 2 cm. long, purplish-rose-color (rarely white), bilabiate, with the
posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or
quite distinct petals. (Bhodora L. ; Bhododendron Rhodora Gmel.) — Swamps
and damp slopes, Nfd. to w. Que., Pa. and N. J. May, June (rarely July).

632 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)

§ 2. EURHODODlfcNDROX DC. Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted^ somewhat declined, or sometimes
equally spreading.

7. R. maximum L. (Great Laurel.) Shrub or tree, 2-10 m. high ; leaves
0.8-2 dm. long, very thick, elliptical-ohlong, or lance-oblong, acute, narrodsed
toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins ; pedicels viscid ;
corolla bell-shaped, 3.5-5 cm. broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in
the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. — Damp deep
woods, rare from N. S., Me., and Que. to Ont. and O., but very common through
the Alleghenies from N. Y. to Ga. June, July.

8. R. catawbiense Michx. (Mountain Rose Bat.) Leaves oval or oblong^
rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; corolla broadly
bell-shaped, lilac-purple ; pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghenies, Va. to Ga.
June.

9. R. Iapp6nicum (L.) Wahlenb. (Lapland Rose Bay.) 2)i(jar/, prostrate
in broad tufts; leaves 0.5-1.5 cm. long, elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the
branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped,
dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5-10. — Alpine summits, N. Y., N. H., and Me.
to the Arctic regions. June, July. (Arctic Eurasia.)

10. MENZIESIA Sm.

Calyx small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-
shaped, soon bell-shaped. Stamens included ; anther-cells opening by an oblique
pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow,
with a loose coat. — Low shrubs, the straggling branches and the alternate
leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clustei-s, greenish-white and
purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage
brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. glabella Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting ; leaves obovate,
barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so ; filaments ciliate below ; capsule
glabrous or nearly so ; seeds long-caudate at each end. — Minnesota Point, L.
Superior, and northwestw. June, July.

2. M. pilbsa (Michx.) Pers. More or less chaffy; leaves obovate-oblong,
prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above ; filaments
glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate.
(M. globularis Salisb.) — In the Alleghenies from Pa. to Ga. May-July.

11. LEIOPHYLLUM Pers. Sand Mtrtlb

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Style filiform.
Capsule 2-3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many -seeded. — A low
much branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of Ledum, but the
crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in
terminal umbel-clusters. (Name formed of Xelos, smooth, and (pijXXov, leaf.)
Dendrium Desv.

1. L. buxifblium (Berg.) Ell. Shrub, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves oval or oblong,
smooth and shining, 3-13 mm. long. — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May,
June.

12. LOISELEtTRIA Desv. Alpine Azalea

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped regular corolla. Stamens
not declined. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2-o-celled, many-seeded, 2-3-valved ;
valves 2-cleft from the apex ; placentae borne on the middle of the columella. —
A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with
coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins
Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster. (Named for J. L. A
Loiseleur-DelongchampSf a French botanist.) Chamaecistus Oeder.

ERICACEAE (hEATH FAMILY) 633

1. L. prociimbens (L.) Desv. — Alpine summits, N. H., Me., and Que. • and
m humus, Bay of Fundy, N. S., Nfd., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.)

13. kAlMIA L. Laurel (of America)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed. Filaments long and thread-form. Capsule
globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alter-
nate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy tlowers.
(Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who traveled in America.)
§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umhel-like corymbs ; pedicels from the
axils of small and firm foliaceons persistent bracts; calyx smaller 'than the
pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous^ or nearly so.

1. K. Iatif51ia L. (Mountain L., Calico Bush, Spoon-wood.) Leaves
mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at
each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent ;
flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, pink or white; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky
hills and damp soil, N. B. to Ont., and southw. Usually a shrub, but in the
mts. from Pa. southw., often tree-like. May-July.

2. K. angustif51ia L. (Sheep L., Lambkill, Wicky.) Shrub rarely 1 m.
high ; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale and glabrate underneath,
bright green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing
later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, inany-flowered ; flowers
rarely 1 cm. broad, crimson; calyx glandular; pod depressed, nearly smooth ;
pedicels recurved in fruit. — Hillsides, pastures, and bogs, Lab. to Ont., and
southw. June, July.

3. K. Carolina Small. Similar; leaves permanently jyale-puhernlent beneath ;
calyx puberulent, not glandular. — Swamps and woods, Va. to S. C. May,
June.

4. K. polif51ia Wang. (Pale L.) Straggling, 1-6 dm. high ; branchlets 2-
edged ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revo-
lute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers
1-2 cm. broad, rose-purple; pod ovoid, smooth. {K. glauca Ait.) — Cold
bogs and mts.. Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Minn., and Cal. May-
July. •

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod,
nearly equaling the corolla, deciduous; leaves a7id branches bristly-hairy.

5. K. hirsuta Walt. Shrub 2-6 dm. high ; branches terete ; leaves oblong
or lanceolate, 0.5-1 cm. long, becoming glabrous; corolla rose-color. — Sandy
pine barren swamps, Va. to Fla. May-Aug.

14. PHYLL6dOCE Salisb.

Corolla 5-toothed, Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments.
Capsule 6-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Low alpine heath-like evergreen
undershrubs, clothed with crowded linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves.
Flowers nodding on solitary or umbeled peduncles at the summit of the
branches. — Sometimes united with Bryanthus, a Siberian genus with 4-parted
umbeled flowers. (Phyllodoce, a sea-nymph mentioned by Virgil.)

1. P. coerulea (L.) Bab. Calyx pubescent ; corolla cylindric-urn-shaped,
5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. {Bryanthus taxifolius Gray.) —
Arctic Am., s. to alpine summits of Me. and N. H. Juue-Aug. (Eurasia.) —
Corolla turning bluish in drying.

15. CASSiOPE D. Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated In
the bud. Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 ;
anthers fixed by the apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore,

634 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)

and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule 4-5-celled ; placentae many-
seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wing-
less. — Small arctic or alpine evergreen plants, with scale-like or needle-like
leaves, and solitary white or rose-colored flowers nodding on slender erect
peduncles. (Named for Cassiope, mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoides (L.) D. Dun. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like, 1-12 cm.
high ; leaves needle-shaped, loosely imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft ; style short and
conical. — Alpine summits. Me., N. H., and N. Y., cliffs of L. Superior, and
Jaigh north w. June, July. (Eurasia.)

16. LEUC6tH0E D. Don. Fetter Bush

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10 ; anthers
Slaked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore.
Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not
thickened ; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short colu-
mella. Seeds mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves,
and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes.
(Leucothoe, daughter of Orchamus, King of Babylonia, referred to by Ovid.)

* Anthers awnless ; stigma b-rayed ; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts,
in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves ; calyx not bracteolate.

1. L. axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly
pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals
broadly ovate. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.-Apr.

2. L. Catesbadi (Walt.) Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ser-
rulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled^ 7-15 cm.
long; sepals ovate-oblong, often acute. — Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga.
along the mts. May. — Shrub 1 ni. high, with long spreading or recurved
branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

** Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pediceled, in long one-
sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves
membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate ; calyx bibracteolate.

3. L. recurva (Buckley) Gray. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ;
leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate ; anther-cells \-awned ;
pod D-lobed ; seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghenies of Va. to
Ala. Apr. — Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racembsa (L.) Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves
oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each
2-awned; pod not lobed ; seeds angled and wingless, — Moist thickets, Mass. to
Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June. — Shrub 1-3 m. high. Corolla
cylindrical.

17. andr6meda l.

Calyx of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very
soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate. Stamens 10 ; filaments unap-
pendaged ; anthers fixed near the middle, each cell bearing 1-2 awns. Capsule
subglobose, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened ; the many-seeded
placentae borne on the summit or middle of the columella. — Evergreen shrubs,
with umbeled, clustered, or panicled and racemed pink or white flowers.
(Fancifully named by Linnaeus for Andromeda of Greek mythology.)

* Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.

§ 1. EUANDK6mEDA Gray. Corolla globose-urceolate ; each anther-cell
bearing a slender ascending awn; seeds oval, with a smooth and shininQ
crustaceous coat.

1. A. Polifblia L. j^ow snruo, witn elongate creeping base ; stem simple
or with ascending branches, 5-30 cm. high ; leaves linear to narrowly oblong,

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)

635

844. A. Polifolia.

End of fruiting

branch x %.

S45. A. glaucophylla.

End of fruiting

branch x %.

either flat or revolute, glabrous, generally whitened beneath with a varnish-like

coat, later often green; bud-scales scarcely glaucous; pedicels in terminal umbels,
filiform, straightish, 2-4 times exceeding the nodding flower
and erect fruit; corolla pink or white; calyx with pale or
usually reddish slightly ascending lobes; capsule brown or
reddish, obovoid or subglobose, as high as broad. — Arctic
regions, extending very locally s. to the Adirondack Mts.,
N. Y.(?), L. Huron, etc. May-July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 844.

2. A. glaucophylla Link. (Bog Eosemaky.) Similar in
habit ; leaves white beneath with close fine pubescence ; branch-
lets and bud-scales glaucous; fiowers on
thickish curved pedicels rarely twice their
length; calyx-lobes whitish, usually spread-
ing; capsule depressed, turban-shaped, glau-
cous. {A. Polifolia mostly of Am. auth,,
not L.) — Bogs and wet shores. Lab. to

Man., s. to N. J., Pa., and Minn. May-July ; rarely Sept.,

Oct. Fig. 845.

§ 2. PORTtlNA (Nutt.) Gray. Corolla ovoid-urceolate ; each
anther-cell bearing a deflexed awn ; seeds scobiform.

3. A. floribunda Pursh. Very leafy, 5-15 dm. high ;
young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy ; leaves lanceolate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted
beneath, 4-6 cm. long ; racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely
flowered. {Pieris B. & H.) — Moist hillsides, in the AUeghenies from Va. to Ga.
May.

18. LYOnIA Nutt.

Similar to Andromeda. Filaments hairy and often toothed or appendaged ;
anthers oblong, unappendaged. Capsule 5-angled, the dorsal sutures with a
thickened ridge, which usually divides in dehiscence of the capsule ; the placentae
borne both upon the columella and the walls of the cells. Seeds scobiform, with
a loose thin testa. — Shrubs with fascicled, racemose, or panicled white flowers.
(Named for John Lyon, early American botanist and explorer of the southern
AUeghenies.)

* Leaves coriaceous and evergreen.

1. L. nitida (Bartr.) Fernald. (Fetter Bush.) Glabrous shrub, O.^l.bm.
high ; branches sharply triangular ; leaves glossy, oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, with a conspicuous nerve next the revolute margin; flowers
in axillary umbels; filaments appendaged at summit; capsule subglobose.
(Andromeda Bartr. ; Pieris B. & H.) — Low woods and barrens, Va. to Fla.
and La. May.

* * Leaves thinnish and deciduous.

2. L. mariana (L.) D. Don. (Stagger-busii.) Mostly glabrous, 5-10 dm.
high ; leaves oblong or oval, 3.5-8 cm. long ; fascicles of nodding floicers race-
mose on leafless shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovoid-
pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex. {Andromeda L. ; Pieris B. & H.)
— Low grounds, R. L to Fla., Tenn., and Ark. — Foliage said to poison lambs

3. L. ligustrina (L.) DC. (Male Berry.) Minutely pubescent, 0.5-3 m.
hi?h ; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong, 2.5-8.5 cm. long, serrulate or entire;
racemes crowded in chiefly naked panicles ; filaments flat, not appendaged; cap-
sule globular. (Andromeda Muhl. ; J^olisma Britton.) —Moist thickets, centr.
Me. to centr. N. Y., and south w. June, July,

Var. foliosiflbra (Michx.) Fernald. Kaceraes less crowded, often mnre elon-
gate, conspicuously leafy-bracted. (^Xolisma foliosiflora Small.) — Common
southw., local and less characteristic north w.

636 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILYJ

19. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. Leather Leaf. Cassandra

Calyx of 5 distinct acute sepals. Stamens 10 ; anther-cells tapering into a
tubular beak, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds flat-
tened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and
coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in
the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (From
Xo-f^o-^, on the ground^ and bd<pvri, laurel.) Cassandra D. Don.

1. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. {Cassandra
D. Don.) — Bogs, Lab. to B. C, s. to Minn., Wise, 111., and Ga. Apr., May.
(Eurasia.)

20. OXYDENDRUM DC. Sorrel-tree. Sodr-wood

Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, puberu-
lent. Stamens 10 ; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells taper-
ing upward. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentae at the base
of the cells. Seeds slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both
ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous oblong-lanceolate
pointed soon smooth serrulate leaves on slender petioles, and white flowers in
long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches
of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence
the name, from d|(5s, sour, and 8^u5pov, tree).

1. 0. arb5reum (L.) DC. — Rich woods, from Pa. to Ind., and southw.,
mostly along the AUeghenies, to Fla. and La. June, July.

21. EPIGAIjA L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus

Corolla-tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale-like nearly
distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments ; anthers oblong. Style
slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and
partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular,
5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant,
bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-
shaped alternate leaves on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in
small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of ^7rt, upon, and
7^, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. repens L. (Mayflower.) — Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially
in the shade of pines, Nfd. to Sask., Wise, Mich., Ky., and Fla. — Flowers
appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to
style and stamens, and subdioecious.

22. GAULTHERIA [Kalm] L„ Aromatic Wintergreen

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, inclosed
•when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a
globular red berry ! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate ever-
green leaves and axillary nearly white flowers ; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedi-
cated to Hugues Gaultier — also spelled Gaulthier, Gauthier, and Gautier —
naturalist and court-physician at Quebec, in the middle of the 18th century.)

1. G. procumbens L. (Teaberry, Checkerberry.) Stems slender and
extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascending,
leafy at the summit, 5-15 cm. high ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ;
flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Woods and clearings, Nfd. to
Man., and southw. July, Aug. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx)
and the foliage have the well known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch.

ERICACEAE CHEATH FAMILY) 637

23. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Bearberrt

Corolla with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included • anthers

with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terniinarpores.

Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal
racemes or clusters. (Name composed of &pkto$, a bear, and aracpvX-^, a bunch
of grapes, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. tva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Bearberrt.) Trailing; leaves thick and
evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red, inedible. —Rocks and
bare hills, N. J. and Pa. to Mo., and far north w. and westw. May. (Eurasia.)

2. A. alpina (L.) Spreng. (Alpine B.) Depressed ; leaves deciduous, ser-
rate, wrinkled, with strong netted veins, obovate ; fruit black, juicy and edible.
(Mairania Desv.) —Arctic Am., s. to alpine summits of Me. and N. II. (Arctic^
alpine Eurasia.)

24. CALLUNA Salisb. ' Heather. Ling

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla much shorter and less conspicuous than
the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct ; anthers
with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long
chink. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. — Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds,
opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles),
crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating
very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided
spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by
2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named
from KaXkOvcLv, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. VULGARIS (L.) Hull. — Low grounds, in the coastal region, very locally
from R. I. to Nfd. ; probably introduced from Eu.

Two European heaths. Erica cin^rea L. and E, Tetralix L., have been
found slightly established in small patches on Nantucket I., Mass.

25. CHI6GENES Salisb. Creeping Snowuerrt

Calyx-limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Sta-
mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad ;
anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely
2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry
white, globular. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and
scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short
petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the
branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the
axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx.
(Name from x'-^v, snow^ and yho%, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white
berries. )

1. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G, (Moxie Plum, Capillaire.) Leaves 0.5-1
cm. long ; berries 6-7 mm. thick, bright white, delicately acid and aromatic.
(C. serpyllifolia Salisb.) — Peat-bogs and mossy woods, Lab. to B. C, s. to Minn..
Mich., and N. C. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or of
Sweet Birch.

26. GAYLUSSACIA HBK. Huckleberry

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 ;
anthers awnless ; cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening
by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry -like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nut-
lets.— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled
with resinous dots ; the flowers (pale, tinged with purple or red) in lateral and
bracted racemes. (Named for the chemist, Ga>/-Lussac.)

ERICACEAE (hEATH FAMILY)

* Leaves thick and evergreen^ somewhat serrate,, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachycera (Michx.) Gray. (Box H.) Very smooth, 2-4 dm. high;
leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile ; pedicels
very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Wooded hills. Perry Co., Pa., to
Del. and Va. May. — Leaves, resembling those of the Box.

* * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. G. dumbsa (Andr.) T. & G. (Dwarf H.) Somewhat hairy and glan-
dular, low, 2-15 dm. high, from a creeping base, bushy; leaves obovate-oblong,
mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elon-
gated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or
glandular ; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black. — Sandy swamps, Nfd. to Fla. and
La., mostly on the coastal plain. June.

Var. hirtella (Ait. f.) Gray. Young branchlets, racemes, and often the
leaves bristly-hairy. — Va. to Fla., etc.

3. G. frondbsa (L.) T. & G. (Blue Tangle, Dangleberry.) Slender,
5-L5 dm. high ; branches smooth, divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale,
finely pubescent and glaucous beneath, in maturity 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm.
broad ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than
the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with
a white bloom, sweet and edible. — Low copses, coast of N. H. to O. and La.
May, June.

4. G. ursina (M. A, Curtis) T. & G. (Bear H.) Similar; branches smooth
or slightly hairy ; leaves green both sides, thin, oblong to lance-obovate, acumi-
nate, in maturity 5-12 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. broad; fruit reddish, becoming
black, insipid. — Woods, Ky. to N. C. and Ga. May, June.

5. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. (Black H.) Much branched, rigid,
slightly pubescent when young, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length
of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets reddish ; corolla ovoid-conical, or at length
cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom, pleasant. {G.
resinosa T. & G.) — Rocky woodlands and swamps, Nfd. to Man., s. to e. la.,
Wise, Mich., 111., and Ga. May, June. Forma glaucocArpa (Robinson) Mac-
kenzie. (Blue H.) Fruit blue, with a bloom, generally larger and juicier, —
Me. to N. C. Forma leucocArpa (Porter) Fernald. (White H.) Berries
white to pinkish, somewhat translucent. — Local, but occasionally abundant Jtnd
fruitful.

9.1. VACCINIUM L. Blueberry. Cranberry

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10 ;
anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells opening by a hole at the
apex. Berry 4-5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes S-lO-celled by a false
partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with
solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers, in spring or early summer; the corolla
white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. BATODENDRON (Nutt.) Gray. Corolla open-campanul ate, 5-lohed ; an-
thers vnth long tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry spuriously lO-celled;
leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes,
slender-pedicel ed.

* Flowers articulated with the pedicel; anthers included.

1. V. arbbreum Marsh. (Farkleberry.) Tall (2-9 m. high), smoothish ;
leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining
above, at the South evergreen ; corolla white ; berries black, globose, small,
manv-seeded. (Batodendron Nutt. ; B. andrachneforme Small.) — Sandy soil
8, lU. to Tex., Fla . and N. C.

ERICACEAE (hEATH FAMILY) 639

* * Flowers not articulated with the pedicel ; anthers exserted.
•*- Leaves and branchlets pubescent.
V. V. stamineum L. (Deerberry, Squaw Huckleberry.) Diffusely
branched, 3-9 dm. high, somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval pale
glaucous or whitish underneath; calyx glabrous or essentially so; ajroUa
greenish-white or purplish; anthers much exserted; berries greenish or yellowish
globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded, tart. (Polycodium Greene ; P.
candicans Small.) — Dry woods and plains, Mass. to Out., and southw.

3. V. melanocarpum Mohr. (Southern Gooseberry.) Similar, the young
parts minutely white-pubescent; calyx white-tomentose ; fruit dark purple
lustrous, palatable. (^Folycodium Small.) — Upland woods, N. C. to Mo., and
southw.

+- 1- Leaves and branchlets glabrous.

4. V. negl^ctura (Small) Fernald. Glabrous essentially throughout ; leaves
thin, at most ciliolate, becoming slightly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly
obovate, short-acuminate, green to slightly glaucous beneath ; calyx glabrous ;
corolla white or pink ; fruit greenish or yellowish, hardly edible. (Polycodium
Small.) — Dry woods, Va. to Kan., and southw.

§ 2. CYAN0C6CCUS Gray. (Blueberries.) Corolla cylindraceous to cam-
panulate, b-toothed ; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless ; berry
edible, mostly blue or black, completely or incompletely 10-celled; flowers in
fascicles or short racemes, short-pediceled, appearing from large scaly buds
with or before the leaves.

'^Leaves coriaceous, evergreen; bracts firm, tardily deciduous.

5. V. Myrsinites Lam. (Evergreen B.) Low (2-6 dm. high), with branches
puberulent when young ; leaves from obovate to oblong-lanceolate or spatulate,
1-3 cm. long, smooth and shining above, puberulent or glabrate and strongly
veiny beneath, entire or denticulate ; calyx with acute teeth ; corolla cylindra-
ceous, 6-8 mm. long; fruit globose, blue-black. — Sandy barrens, Va. to Fla.
and La.

* * Leaves deciduous ; bracts scaly, early deciduous.
•1- Corolla cylindraceous when developed.

6. V. virgatum Ait. Low, more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong to
cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at
least above, in maturity 2.5-5 cm. long ; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on
naked branches ; corolla rose-color, 7-10 mm. long ; berry black. — In swamps
and pine barrens, Staten I. and N. J. (according to Mackenzie) to Fla., etc.

Var. tenellum (Ait.) Gray. Lower; the mostly small (1-3 cm. long) leaves
and smaller (6-8 mm. long) nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.*—
Va. to 111. , Md. , and southw.

•V- •*- Corolla globose-urceolate to ellipsoid.

+-^ Low shrubs, mostly less than 1 m. high.

7. V. pennsylvanicum Lam. (Low Swket B., Early Sweet B.) Dwarf
(2-6 dm. high); the green warty stems and branches glabrous (or pubescent
northward) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly setndate with bristle-pointed
teeth (rarely entire), bright green, smooth and shining both sides (or some-
times hairy on the midrib beneath), in maturity 2-3.5 cm. long, 8-15 mm.
broad; corolla short (6-7 mm. long), cylindric-bell-shaped ; berries bluish-
black and glaucous, varying to black or red, either with or without a bloom,
and rarely dull white (forma leucocArpum Deane). — Dry hills, barrens, etc.,
Nfd., to Sask., s. to Va., 111., and Wise. — The lowest and earliest ripened of
the blueberries. Var. angustifC)lium (Ait.) Gray. A dwarfer higli-mountain
or northern form, with narrower lanceolate leaves, 7-20 mm. long. 3-7 mm.
broad. — Ct. (Graves) ; mts. of N, Y. and N. E. to Nfd., ami far northw.

Var, nigrum Wood. (Low Black B.) Leaves tirmer, blue-green, glaucous

640 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)

beneath ; berries black, usually without bloom. (F. nigrum Britton.) — Often

associated with the species, or by itself, N. B. to N. J. , Pa. , and Mich.

8. V. canad^nse Kalm. (Sour-top or Velvet-leaf B.) Low (2-6 dm,
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well
as the crowded branchlets, in maturity 2-i cm. long, 5-15 mm. broad; corolla
shorter (4-6 mm. long) ; berries blue with much bloom (rarely black), ripening
later than those of no. 7. —Dry plains, swamps or moist woods, Lab. to Man.,
s. to N. E., 111., Minn., and along the mts. to Va. Forma chiococcum Deane
is a rare form with white fruit.

9. V. vacillans Kalm. (Late Low B.) Low (3-9 dm. high), glabrous,
with yellowish-green branchlets ; leaves obovate or oval, in maturity 2.5-4.5 cm.
long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, entire
or minutely ciliolate-serrulate ; calyx usually reddish ; corolla 5-8 mm. long,
greenish-yellow, often tinged with red ; berries blue, with a bloom, ripening later
than those of no. 7. — Dry places, especially in sandy soil, N. E. to Mich., and
southw.

++ ++ Shrubs 1-4 m. high.

10. V. corymbbsum L. (High or Swamp B.) Tall (1-4 m.) ; leaves ovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath, half-grown at flowei'ing
time, in maturity 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad, the margins entire ; calyx
usually glaucous, the lobes acutish or blunt; corolla white or pinkish, 6-10 mm.
long, varying from ovoid to cylindric-urn-shaped ; berries blue-black, vnth a
bloom, 7-10 mm. in diameter. — Swamps, low woods, or even dry pastures, Me.
to Minn., and southw. ; chiefly eastw.

Var, amo^num (Ait.) Gray, Similar; leaves bright green both sides, ciliate-
serrulate or bristly-ciliate. — Similar range, less abundant.

Var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray. Glaucous; leaves ciliate-serrulate, whitened
beneath. ( V. pallidum Ait.) — Throughout the range.

11. V. atroc6ccum (Gray) Heller. (Black High B.) Resembling the
preceding ; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, unex-
panded at flowering time ; calyx not glaucous, the lobes obtuse or rounded ;
corolla turgid-ovoid to ellipsoid, yellowish- or greenish-iohite, tinged with red^
5-8 mm. long ; berries polished black, without bloom, 5-8 mm. in diameter.
(F. corymbosum, var. Gray.) — Swamps, low woods and barrens, s. Me. to N. C.
and Ont. — Flowering and fruiting a week or ten days earlier than no. 10, with
which it is often associated.

§ 3. EUVACCfNIUM Gray. (Bilberries.) Corolla ellipsoid to globular,
4r-b-toothed ; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included;
berry ^-b-celled ; leaves deciduous ; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary
or few together, appearing with or after the leaves ; mostly glabrous.
* Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.

12. V. uligin5sum L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading stout shrufe
2-60 cm. high ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, in maturity 6-20 mm.
long, 3-15 mm. wide, pale and slightly pubescent underneath ; flowers single or
2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile ; corolla short, urn-shaped ;
berries black, with a bloom, sweet. — Arctic Am., s. to the barrens of Washington
Co., Me., mts. of n. N. E. and n. N. Y., and n. Mich.

** Parts of the flower in fives ; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers
solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

13. V. caespitbsum Michx. (Dwarf Bilberry.) Dwarf tufted slender
shrub (5-30 cm. high), with rounded branches; leaves obovate, cuneate-lanceo-
late or cuneate-spatulate, narrowed at base, smooth and shining, serrate, in
maturity 1-4 cm. long, 4-20 mm. broad ; corolla ellipsoid, slightly urn-shaped,
usually pink or coral-red; berries blue, sweet. — Gravelly or rocky woods and
shores, Lab. to Alaska, s. to s. Me., s. Vt., n. Mich., n. Wise, Col., and Cal. ;
alpine summits, N. E. and N. Y.

14. V. membraniceum Dougl. More erect, 3-15 dm. high ; branchlets some-
what analed: leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, in maturity 2-7 cm. long,

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 641

1.5-3 cm. broad, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth :
border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depressed-globular, rather lar^e • ber-
ries large, black, rather acid. ( V. myrtilloides Man. ed. 6, not Michx ^ —
Damp woods, L. Superior, and northwestw. — Pedicels 6-15 mm. long droomn^
in flower, erect in fruit. ^ ^

15. V. ovalif61ium Sm. Similar, straggling, 6-15 dm. high ; leaves elliptical
obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid '
berries blue.— Low woods and mountain slopes, Lab. to Alaska, s to Kfd '
e. Que., n. Mich., and Ore. **

§ 4. VlTIS-IDAEA [Tourn.] Koch. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3 ; filaments
hairy; anthers awnless ; leaves coriaceous and persistent ; flowers in clus-
ters from separate buds, 4-merous (J,n our species); mostly glabrous.

16. V. Vitis-Idada L. (Cowberry, Foxberrt.) Low (1-2.5 dm. hif'h)-
branches erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate with re volute mar-
gins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points
underneath, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7-16 mm. broad ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, white
or pink : berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. ( Vitis-
Idaea Britton.) — Eu. Represented with us by

Var. minus Lodd. (Mountain or Rock Cranberry.) Dwarf, forming close
or loose mats 2-10 (rarely even 20) cm. high ; leaves very thick and coriaceous,
6-18 mm. long, 4-9 mm. broad ; corolla rose-pink or red. — Dry or rocky banks'
rarely wet moss, Arctic Am., s. to the mts. of Me., N. H., and Vt., L. Superior,'
etc.; and along the coast to Cape Ann, Mass. (Greenl., e. Asia.)

§ 5. 0XYC6CC0S [Tourn.] Hook. Corolla deeply ^-parted or -cleft, loith linear
reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, tvith very long terminal tubes •
berry 4-ceUed; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.

* Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axil-
lary and solitary; corolla deeply deleft; berries light red, turning purple,
insipid.

17. v. erjrthrocArpum Michx. Smooth, divergently branched, 3-18 dm.
high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly-serrate, thin. {Oxy coccus
Pers.) — Damp woods, higher Alleghenies, Va. to Ga. July.

** Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened be-
neath, evergreen ; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding ; corolla
4^parted; berries red, acid. — Cranberries.

18. V. Oxyc6ccos L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender, the branches
almost capillary, erect or ascending ; leaves oblong or ovate, 3-8 mm. long, 1-3
mm. broad, strongly revolute, becoming narrowly triangular in outline, con^
spicuously whitened beneath; pedicels 1-4, springing from a terminal (rarely
proliferating) short rhachis (at most 3 or 4 mm. long), ayid bearing near or
beloiv the middle 2 lanceolate or lance-ovate often involute colored bractlets
(1-2.5 mm. long) ; corolla-segments 5-6 mm. long ; filaments \ as long as the
anthers; berry 6-8 mm. in diameter. {Oxycoccus MacM.; O. palustris IVrs.) —
In sphagnum and wet humus, Arctic Am., s. to Pa., Mich., and Wise. (Eurasia.)
Var. intermedium Gray. Coarser ; leaves 6.5-15 mm. long, 3-6.5 wim. broad, f
acute or obtuse, only slightly revolute; pedicels 2-10, from a longer (often 5-10
mm. long) rhachis; corolla-segments 6-8 mm. long; beny 8-10 mm. in diam-
eter. — Nfd. to B. C, s. to Mich., and in the mts. to N. C. (Asia.)

19. V. macroc^rpon Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems com-
paratively stout, elongated, the flowering branches ascending ; leaves oblong-
elliptic, blunt or rounded at tip, 6-17 mm. long, 2-8 mm. broad, pale or slightly
whitened beneath, flat or slightly revolute ; pedicels 1-10, springing from an
elongated (1-3 cm. long) rhachis which is terminated by a long leafy shoot, and
bearing toward the tip 2 flat leaf-like bractlets (4-10 mm. long) ; corolla-segments
6-10 mm. long; filaments scarcely a the length of the anthers; berr\' 1-2 cm.
in diameter. (Oxycoccus Pers.) — Open bogs, swamps, and wet shores, Nfd. to
L. Erie, w. Wise, and southw. to W. Va. and Ark., mostly northeastw.

642 DIAPENSIACEAE (dIAPENSIA FAMILY)

DIAPENSIACEAE (Diapensia Family)

Low perennial herbs or siiffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly so,
with simple leaves, no stipules, regular b-merous floioers {except the S-celled
ovary), stamens aclnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous {those oppo-
site its lobes when present reduced to staminodia) ; pollen simple ; loculicidal
capsule and seeds of Ericaceae. Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with
3-lobed stigma. — Distinguished from the Ericaceae chiefly by the insertion of
the stamens upon the corolla.

Tribe I. DIAPENSiEAE. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded coriaceous leaves.
Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-
celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.

1. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely

Ckhiscent. Sepals concave, coriaceous.

2. Pyxtflanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base,

opening transversely. Sepals thin.

Tribe II. GALACfNEAE. Acauiescenc, wren creeping rootstocks sending up iong-petioled ever-
green leaves, and a l-several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.
8. Galaz. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled.

1. DIAPENSIA L.

Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; lobes rounded. Filaments iDroad and flat, ad-
herent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short ; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid cells,
diverging below. Capsule, inclosed in the calyx, cartilaginous : cells few-seeded.

— Alpine, growing in very dense convex tufts, the stems covered below by imbri-
cated carcilaginous narrowly spatulate mostly opposite leaves, and terminated by
a 1-flowered peduncle, 8-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white, 1.5-2 cm. wide.
(Said to be an ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely
applied by Linnaeus to this plant.)

1. D. Iapp6nica L. Leaves 5-15 mm. long ; peduncle at length 1.5-3 cm.
long. — Alpine summits, N. E., N. Y., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.)

2. PYXIDANTHERA Michx.

Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves,
mostly alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base.
Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from
irv^ls, a small box, and anthera, new Latin for anther, the anther opening as if
by a lid.)

1. P. barbulata Michx. (Flowering Moss, Ptxie.) Leaves 3-8 mm. long.

— Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. Apr. , May.

3. GALAX L.

Calyx imbricate, pereistent. Petals hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rather
erect, deciduous. Filaments united into a 10-toothed tube, slightly adhering to
the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones
shorter and bearing roundish anthers, which open across the top. Style short.
Capsule ovoid, 3-celled ; columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose
coat tapering to each end. — Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly
creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round-heart-shaped
crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (3-16 cm. wide), and a slender naked
scape, 3-8 dm. high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely
bracted white flowers. (Name from ydXa, milk, — of no conceivable application
to this plant. )^

1. G' aphylla L. — Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.

PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 643

PLUMBAGINACEAE (Leadwort Family)

Herbs, with regular h-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamenc opposite
the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary l-cellcd, icith a
solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell. —
Represented in our flora by the single genus

1. LIM6NIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2-3-bracted.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to tlioir
bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehisccnt, in the
bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side perennials,
with thick and stalked radical leaves ; the naked flowering stems or scapes
branched into panicles. (Aeifxwviov, the ancient Greek name, presumably from
"Keifiibv, a meadow.) Statice Willd,, not L.

1. L. carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Root thick and woody, very astringent ;
leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous
bristly point, petioled ; scape much-branched, panicled, 1.5-6 dm. high ; spike-
lets 1-3-flowered ; flowers lavender-color ; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, tha
lobes acute or acuminate, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Statice Limonium,
var. Gray.) — Salt marshes, Lab. to Tex. July-Sept.

PRIMULAcEAE (Primrose Family)

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as mam)
as the lobes of the gamopetalous {rarely polypetalous) corolla {none in Glaux)
and inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary icith a
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly adherent. Stamens 4 or o,
rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy
albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Hottonia.

* Corolla or petaloid calyx with erect or si)reading segments.
■»- Stemless ; leaves all in a cluster from the root ; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.

1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.

2. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

-J- +- Stems leafy.

■H- Aquatic ; immersed leaves pectinate.

8. Hottonia. Corolla short-salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.

++ ++ Terrestrial or marsh plants ; leaves entire.

= Ovary adnate at base to the base of the calyx.

4. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.

= .= Ovary wholly free.
a. Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.

5. Lysimachia. Corolla 5-6-parted or 5-6-petaled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.

6. Steironema. Corolla and calyx 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertli>

stamens.
T. TrientaliS. Corolla and calyx mostly 7-parted. Stem leafV only at the summit.

8. Glaux. Corolla none ; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.

h. Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid ; flowers axillary.

9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, .^-parted. Leaves opposite.

10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than tho calyx. 4-5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

* * Corolla and calyx with reflexed seements.

11. Oodecatheon. Corolla 5-parted. Stamens exserted, conniveut in a cone.

644 PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY)

1. PRIMULA L. Primrose. Cowslip

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla enlarging above the insertion of the
stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Capsule many-
seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs,
with tufted and simple scapes, the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of
primus, from the flowering of tlie true primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farindsa L. (Bird's-kye P.) Scape 0.5-3 dm. high ; leaves oblanceo-
late to narrowly obovate, denticulate, 1.6-6 cm. long, the lower side and the
1-20-flowered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when
young; involucral bracts lance-attenuate, 3.5-6 mm. long ; pedicels in anthesis
mostly shorter than the calyx, in fruit becoming slightly longer ; cahjx 3-5 mm.
long; corolla pale lilac, with a yellow eye, its tube barely exserted; capsule
6-8 mm. long, slightly exserted. — Nfd. and Lab. to n. Mich. (Eurasia.) Var.
americXna Torr. Similar ; leaves narrow, stiff, 2-6 cm. long, sulphur-yellow
beneath; pedicels elongate, often 2-5 times as long as the calyx ; capsule much
exserted. — Shores of L. Huron and L. Michigan.

Var. macr6poda Fernald. Scape 1-4.5 dm. high; leaves spatulate to rhom-
bic-ovate, long-petioled, 2.5-10 cm. long, usually whitened beneath; bracts
involute in drying, 6-11 mm. long; pedicels usually elongate, 1-5 cm. long;
calyx in anthesis 6-8 mm. long ; capsule 9-12 mm. long, exserted. — Calcareous
clilfs and shores. Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to N. S., Me., and Sask.

2. P. mistassinica Michx. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves spatulate or wedge-
oblong, thin and veiny, scarcely or not at all mealy, 1-4 cm. long; involucre
1-8-flowered, the lance-subulate bracts 2-4 mm. long; pedicels filiform, in
anthesis mostly exceeding the calyx, loosely ascending, in fruit much elongate ;
calyx 3-5 mm. long ; corolla flesh-color (rarely white), its tube conspicuously
exserted; capsule 5-8 mm. long. — Wet calcareous banks and shores, Nfd. to
Sask., s. to N. B., Me., Vt., N. Y., Mich., Wise, and Minn. May-July.

2. ANDR6SACE [Tourn.] L.

Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the tube
shorter than the calyx ; limb 5-parted. Capsule 5-valved. — Small herbs, with
clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbeled flowers. (An ancient
Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)

1. A. occidentalis Pursh. Smoothish annual ; scapes diffuse, 2-8 cm. high,
several-flowered ; leaves and bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, ses-
sile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the white corolla. —
Bare hills and barrens, 111. to Man., and westw. Apr., May.

3. HOTTdNIA [Boerh.] L. Featherfoil. Water Violet

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla with a short tube ; limb 5-parted.
Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved ; the valves cohering at
the base and summit. Seeds anatropous. — Perennials, vyith the erect hollow
flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints,
forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Peter Hotton, early Dutch
botanist.)

1. H. inflata Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on
the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of
peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints; pedicels short.—
Pools and ditches, s. Me. to Fla. and La. , near the coast ; inland in the Miss.
basin to Mo. and Ind. May-Aug.

4. SAmOLUS [Tourn.] L. "Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft. True stamens 5, on
the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-yalved at the summit, many-
seeded. —Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers

PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 645

(Ancient name of Celtic origin, said to refer to curative properties of this genus
in diseases of cattle and swine.)

1. S. ValerAndi L. Stem erect, 0.6-8 dm. high, leafy ; leaves obovate or
spatulate, the basal rosulate ; bracts none ; slender pedicels ascending, bracteo-
late in the middle, in maturity 6-11 mm. long ; capsule 3-4 mm. Zo»a. — Ballast
Philadelphia, etc. (Adv. from Eu.) '

2. S. floribundus HBK. More slender, becoming diffuse; racemes often
panicled, the pedicels longer (11-18 mm. long) and spreading ; capsule 2 -,3 mm.
long. (S. Valerandi, var. americanus Gray.) — Wet places, chiefly near the
coast, and at low altitudes inland. June-Sept.

5. LYSIMACHIA [Tourn.] L. Loosestrife

Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud.
Filaments commonly monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong or oval. Capsule
few-several-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glan-
dular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from \tjins, a release from,
and fxdxVi strife.)

§ 1. LYSIMASTRUM Duby. Corolla yellow, rotate, very deeply parted, and
with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often
unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.
* Corolla plain yellow, without dark markings.

1. L. VULGARIS L. Coarse and tall, softly often viscidly pubescent, branch-
ing above ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, distinctly short-petioled : fiovers
1.5-2 cm. broad, in terminal leafy panicles; calyx 4-5 mm. long, icith dark
margin; glandular filaments united to near the middle. — Roadsides and
thickets near towns. Me. to Ont. and O. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. PUNCTATA L. Similar, but with flowers often merely whorled in the
tipper axils; calyx 7-10 7nm. long, green throughout ; corolla-lobes with glan-
dular-ciliolate margins. — Roadsides, etc., N. S. to N.J. and Pa. June-July.
(Nat. from Eu.)

** Corolla dark- dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously monadelphous,

unequal.

3. L. quadrifblia L. Somewhat loosely hairy, or smooth ; stem simple, 3-9
dm. high ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes,
rarely only opposite or partly alternate), lanceolate to lance-ovate ; flowers on
long capillary peduncles /rom the axils of the leaves; corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad, its
lobes ovate-eblong. — Moist or sandy soil, N. B. to Ont., Minn., Mich., and Ga.
June, July.

X L. prodiicta (Gray) Fernald. Stem smooth, 0.5-1 m. high, simple or
slightly branched ; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-5, lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers in terminal bracted racemes (0.5-5 dm. long), the lower
from the axils of the upper foliage leaves; corolla 1-2 cm. broad, the lobes
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate. (L. foUosa Small.) — Damp thickets and
shores. Me. to N. C. and Mich. July, Aug. — Apparently a widely distributid
and fertile hybrid of nos. 3 and 4.

4. L. terr^stris (L.) BSP. Stems 2-8 dm. high, often bearing oblong or
moniliform bulblets in the axils, smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves
opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender
pedicels, in a bracted raceme (0.5-2.5 dm. long) ; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.
{L. stricta Ait.) — Low grounds, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, and south w. June-Aug.

* * * Flowers 2-3 cm. broad, solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves ; corolla not
dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous.

5. L. NummuiAria L. ' (Moneywort.) Smooth ; stems trailing and creep-
ing; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; divisions of the ctu-olla broadly
ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens. — Escaped
from gardens inio damp ground in some places. June-Aug, (Introd. from Eu.)

046 PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY;)

§ 2. NAUMBIjRGIA (Moench) Koch. Corolla very deeply 5{or ^7)-parted
into linear somewhat purplish-dotted divisions, with or without a small tooth
in each sinus ; filameyits distinct, equal ; leaves opposite (rarely whorled),
the lowest scale-like.
6. L. thyrsiflbra L. (Tufted L.) Smooth (or with loose scurfy pubescence
above when young); stem simple, 2.5-8 dm. high ; all but the lower leaves lan-
ceolate, the axils of 1-4 middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-
like clusters of small light yellow flowers. —Cold swamps, Que. to Sask., s. to
Pa., 111., Mo., etc. May-July. (Eu.)

6. STEIRONEMA Raf.

Corolla rotate, with no proper tube ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose"
denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filament!
distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla ; anthers linear. Capsule
10-20-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles,
not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flow-
ering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From
o-retpos, sterile, and vrjixa, thread, referring to the staminodia. )

1. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Stem erect, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late to broadly ovate, 5-13 cm. long, tapering to an acute point, rounded or
heart-shaped at base, all on long ciliate-fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the
calyx; fruiting calyx 6-10 mm. long, commonly exceeded by the capsule. —Low
grounds and thickets. June-Aug.

2. S. intermedium Kearney. Comparatively low, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves 3-8
cm. long, the petioles naked except at base ; calyx-lobes commonly exceeding the
capsule. {S. tonsum Bicknell.)— Usually in drier rocky soil, Va., Ky., and
southw.

3. S. radicans (Hook.) Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated
branches often rooting in the mud ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly
rounded at base, 2.5-9 cm. long, on slender petioles ; corolla about the length
of the calyx; fruiting calyx 3-5 m7n. long. — Swampy river-banks, Va. to Mo.
and Tex. June-Aug.

4. S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray. Stem erect (or rarely reclined and rooting
At the joints) ; leaves lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, narrowed into a short margined
petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles ; corolla
longer than the calyx ; fruiting calyx 5-8 mm. long. — Low grounds and thickets.
Me. to N. Dak., and southw. Var. hybridum (Michx.) Gray, withcauline leaves
oblong, is less frequent.

5. S. quadriflbrum (Sims) Hitchc. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender, 2-9 dm.
high, often branched below ; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated, ^-9
cm. long, smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little
revolute, the veins obscure ; the lowest leaves oblong or spatulate ; corolla longer
than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed ; fruiting calyx 5-7 mm. long.
{8. longifolium Gray.) — Banks of streams, N. Y. to Man., s. to Va. and Mo.
June-Sept.

7. TRIENTAlIS L. Chickweed Wintergreen

Corolla spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at
the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. — Low
and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually
minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the sum-
mit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and_ star-
shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to
the height of the plant.)

1. T. americ^na (Pers.) Pursh. (Star Flower.) Spreading by very slen-
der elongated rootstocks, rarely producing long stolons from the upper axils ;.
leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals fiixely pointed. --
Woods, Lab. to Man., Minn., 111., and Va. May-July.

PRIMULACEAE (^PRIMROSE FAMILY) 647

8. GLAUX [Tourn.] L. Sea Milkwort

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; lobes ovate or oblong, petal-like. Corolla want-
ing. Stamens 6, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule
5-valved, few-seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite entire
sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (white, pink, or lavender and crimson)
flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from yXavKds, sea-green.)

1. G. marltima L. Diffusely branched (rarely simple), the branches pros-
trate, loosely ascending or sometimes erect, 3-15 cm. high; leaves linear to
oblong, the larger 3-12 mm. long, 1.5-6 mm. broad, Uuntly pointed; flowers 'o-b
mm. long; mature capsule 2-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad. — Seashores from
Cape Cod north w.; also in subsaline soil, Minn, to Sask., and westw. June,
July. (Eurasia.) Passing to the commoner

Var. obtusifblia Fernald. Erect, 0.5-3 dm. high, simple or with few erect
branches ; leaves oval or broadly oblong, the principal ones &-15 mm. long,
4-8 mm. broad, with rounded tips; mature capsule 2.5-4 mm. broad. — N. J.]
north w. ; also Pacific coast. (Japan, etc.)

9. ANAGAlLIS [Tourn.] L. Pimpernel

Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 ;
filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, many-seeded. — Low spreading
or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves,
and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably
from avd, again, and dydWeiv, to delight in.)

1. A. ARVENsis L. (Common P.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the
peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth and stalked glands.
— Waste sandy fields. June-Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet or white,
quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the EngUsh populai
name of "-Poor Man^s Weatherglass.''^ (Nat. from Eu.) Var. CAERtLEA
(Schreb.) Ledeb. Petals blue, often nearly or quite destitute of glandular
dilation. — Cultivated ground, etc., rather rare. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

10. CENTUNCULUS [DUl.] L. Chaffweed

Corolla wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on
the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5 ; fila-
ments beardless. — Small annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous
flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. minimus L. Stems ascending, 3-8 cm. long ; leaves ovate, obovate,
or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. — Low
grounds, P. E. I. (according to Macouu); and from 111. and Minn, to Fla., Tex.,
and westw. (Eu.)

11. DODECAtHEON L. American Cowslip

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate. Corolla with a very short tube
and thickened throat ; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, mona-
delphous at base ; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone. —
Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of basal leaves, and a simple
naked scape, involucrate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample
umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or
sometimes white. (Name from 5c65e/ca, twelve, and deol, gods, given by Pliny
to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)

1. D. MeHdia L. (Shooting Star.) Leaves oblong or spatulate, gradually
narrowed at base. — Woods, prairies, and moist cliffs, Pa. and Md. to Man., and
southw. May, June.

Var. Fr6nchii Vasey. Leaves ovate or elliptic, abruptly naiTowed at base. —
Pa. to 111. and Ark.

04» SAPOTACEAE (SAPODILLA FAMILY^

SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family)

Trees or shrubs, mostly icith a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves
(often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary
clusters; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens commonly as many
as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its
tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales {or sterile stamens) ;
anthers turned outward; ovary 4-l2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in
each cell ; seeds large. Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo witk-
thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — A small mostly tropical family.

1. BUMELIA Sw.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5 ; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-likej
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling
a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scai
at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves.
Branches sometimes spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very
hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioides (L.) Pers. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny, 3-9 dm. high;
leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute,
reticulated, nearly glabrous, 3-12 cm. long; clusters densely many-flowered,
glabrous ; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Va. to s. 111., Fla., and Tex. June, July.

2. B. lanuginbsa (Michx.) Pers. (False Buckthorn.) Spiny, 3-18 m.
high ; leaves oblong-obovate or wedge-obovate, rusty-iooolly beneath, obtuse,
2.5-9 cm. long; clusters 6-12-flowered, pubescent; fruit globular. — Woods,
s. 111. to Kan., southw. to Fla. and Tex. July.

EBENACEAE (Ebony Family)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers
which have a calyx free from the S-12-celled ovary; the stamens 2-4 times as
many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned
inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry; ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the
summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and
llat, with a .smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo shorter than the hard
albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly sep-
arate. Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly
tropical.

1. DIOSP'^ROS L. Persimmon

Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla 4-6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4-8-celled,
4-8-seeded. — Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name from At6s, of Jove, and Tvpos,
grain.)

1. D. virginilLna L. (Common P.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth
or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla pale yellow,
thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 1-1.5 cm. long in the fertile
flowers, much smaller in the sterile ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary
8-celled. — Woods and old fields, Ct. to s. e. la., and southw. June. — Tree,
6-30 m. high, ivith very hard blackish wood; the plum-like fruit 2-4 cm. in
diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and
sometimes edible after exposure to frost.

STYRACACEAE (^STORAX FAMILY) 649

STYRACACEAE (Storax Family;

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect
regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2-5-celled ovary; the
corolla of 4i-S petals, commonly more or less united at base ; the stamejis twice a?
many as the petals or more numerous, mdnadelphous or polyadelphous at base y
style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1-^-celled, the cells commonly \-seeded. Seeds
anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen ; radicle slender, as long
as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx iy
free ; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A
small family, mostly of warm countries.

* Calyx 5-cleft, Imbricate ; stamens in several series ; anthers short, innate ; embryo terete ; flowers

yellow ; pubescence simple.

1. Symplocos. Calyx adherent to the lower part of the S-celled ovary. Petals 5, united merely

at the base.

* * Calyx 4-8-toothed or entire ; stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals, in one series ; anthers

linear or oblong, adnate, introrse ; cotyledons flat ; flowers white ; pubescence soft and mostly
stellate.

2. Halesia. Calyx adherent to the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2-4-wiiigrc(/

and 1-4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.

3. Styrax. Calyx adherent only to the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted.

Fruit 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded.

1. SYMPLOCOS Jacq. Sweet Leap

Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens in 5 clusters, one adhering to the
base of each petal ; filaments slender. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-cellcd
and 1-seeded. — Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in
drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes,
yellow. (Name av/xirXoKos, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinctbria (L.) L'H^r. (Horse Sugar.) Leaves elongated-oblong,
acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and
pale beneath, 7-15 cm. long; flowers 6-U, in close and bracted clusters,
odorous. — Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. Apr. — Leaves sweet, greedily
eaten by cattle.

2. HALESIA Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell Tree

v^alyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed. Petals 4, united at
base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16; filaments united into a ring at base,
and usually a little adherent to the base of the corolla ; anthers linear-oblong.
Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, bony within. Seeds single, cylin-
drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves ;
the snowy white flowers drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short
racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate.
(Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, etc.) Mohrodendron
Britton. .... j

1. H. Carolina L. (Opossum Wood.) Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit 4-winged,
3-4 cm long. (H. tetraptera L. ; 3Iohrodendron carolirium Britton.) — Banks
of streams, Va. to 111., s. to Fla. — Flowers opening while still Bniall and green
(according to Harper).

650 OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)

3. STYRAX [Toiirn.] L. Storax

Calyx trancate, somewhat 6-tootlied. Corolla 5(rarely 4-8)-parted, large ;
the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the
corolla ; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube ; anthers linear.
Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, dry, often 3-valved.
Seed globular, erect, with a hard coaC. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly
deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed w^hite and showy flowers on
drooping peduncles, produced in spring. (The ancient Greek name of the tree
which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifdlia Ait. Shrub, 1-3.5 m. high; leaves obovate, acute or
short-acuminate, white-tomentose beneath, 0.5-1.5 dm, long ; flowers mostly in
elongated racemes; corolla 1.5 cm. long, convolute-imbricated in bud. — Woods,
s. Va. to Fla.

2. S. pulverulenta Michx. Shrub, 0.3-1.2 m. high ; leaves oval or obovate,
3-6 cm. long, sparingly puberulent above, and scurfy-tomentose beneath ; flowers
1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.
— Low pine barrens, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex.

3. S. americana Lam. Shrub, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves oblong, acute at both
ends, 2.5-9 cm. long, smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or
in S-4-flowered racemes; corolla valvate in the bud. — Along streams, in cypress
swamps, etc., Va. to Fla., La., and northw. in the Miss. Valley to Mo. and 111.

OLEACEAE (Olive Family)

Trees or shmtbs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a i-cleft (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular A-cleft or nearly or quite 4:-petalous corolla^
sometimes apetalous ; the stamens only 2 (rarely 3 or 4) ; the ovary 2-celled, with
2 {rarely more) ovules in each cell. Seeds anatropous, with a large straight
embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen.

Tribe I. FRAXfNEAE. Fruit dry, indeWscent, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.

1. Fraxinus. Flowers mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.

Tribe II. SYRInGEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves simple.

2. Syrlnga. Corolla salver-form, the lobes mostly 4, valvate in bud.

Tribe III. OLEfNEAE. Fruit a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.
8. Adelia. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Sta-

mens 2-4.
4. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merou8, the

latter with long and linear di\isions.
6. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.

1, FRAXINUS [Tourn,] L. Ash

Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or monoecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species.
Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4 ; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single ;
stigma 2-cleft. Fruit 1-2-celled, flattened, 1-2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical ;
radicle slender. — Timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves ; the small flowers
in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The
classical Latin name.)

* Leaflets petiolulate ; anthers linear-oblong.

■i- Calyx small, persistent in fruit.

++ Fruit with a terete or nearly terete body.

1. F. americana L, (White A,) Branchlets aiid petioles glabrous ; le&^ets
5-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent under-

OLBACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)

651

846. F. americana.
Fruit X %.

847.

F. pennsylvanica
Fruit X %.

neath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate ; fruit 2.5-5 cm. long, margin-
less beloWf abruptly dilated into a lanceolate^ oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing
2-3 times as long as the cylindraceous body (l.;i-2 cm. long,
3-4 mm. thick).— Rich or moist woods, N. S. to Ont., and
southw. Apr., May. — A large and very valuable forest tree,
with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets, and rust-
colored buds. Monoecious flowers rarely occur. Fig. 846.

2. F. biltmoreana Beadle. Branchlets, petioles, etc., pubes-
cent or tomentose ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate, acuminate, dt-cidodly
paler and sparingly pubescent beneath ; fruit linear- ohlong,
scarcely narrowed to the rounded apex, the body short and
stout (1-1.4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick). — Pa. to Ga.

3. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. (Red A.)
Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent ;
leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less
pubescent beneath; fruit 2.5-7 cm. long,
the edges gradually dilated into the linear
or spatulate wing, the body 1.4-2 cm. long,
2-3 mm. thick. {F. pubescens Lara., in-
cluding the narrowest-fruited form, F. Dar-
lingtonii Britton.) — Low ground, Me. to
Dak., and southw. — Tree of middle or
large size ; inner face of outer bark of the
branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.

Fig. 847. Passing to

Var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (Green A.) Glabrous
throughout ; leaflets often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright
green both sides. {F. viridis Michx. f.) — Along streams, Me. to Sask., and
southw.

•w -w. Fruit with aflattish body passing insensibly into the wing.

4. F. profunda Bush. (Pumpkin A.) Terete branchlets velvety-pubescent,
as are the petioles, rhachises, etc. ; leaflets 7-9, ovate-lanceolate, long-petiolulate,
subentire ; fruit linear-oblong, rounded or retuse at the apex,
somewhat narrowed to the thickish base but without distinctly
limited body. — River-swamps, etc., w. N. Y. to Mo., and
southw.

5. F. caroliniana Mill. (Water A.) Branchlets terete,
glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at
both ends, short-stalked ; fruit broadly icinged (not rarely
8-winged), elliptic or oblanceolate, acutish at apex, with a
tapering base. {F. platycarpa Michx.) —River-swamps, Va.
to Fla., La., and Mo. March. — Tree of middle size. Fig. 848.

4- ■«- Calyx wanting or a mere disk-like ring.

6. F. quadrangulata Michx. (Blue A.) Branchlets square
(at least on vigorous shoots), glabrous; leaflets 7-11, short-
stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate,
green both sides ; fruit oblong, blunt, and of the same width
at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the ba.se, often notched
at the apex, 2.5-5 cm, long, 6-15 mm. wide. — Dry or moist

rich woods, 0. to Mich, and Minn., Ala., Ark., etc. — Large timber-tree, the
inner bark yielding a blue color to water.

* * Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong ; flowers wholly naked.
7. F. nigra Marsh. (Black A.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ; leaflets
7-11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the
base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along
the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. (F.
sambucifolia Lam.) — Swamps and wet banks, Nfd. to Man., Del., V»., and

848. F. caroliniana.
Fruit X %.

652 LOGANIACEAE (LOGANIA FAMILY^

Ark. — Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. Bruised
foliage exhales the odor of Elder.

2. SYRiNGA L. Lilac

Corolla salver-formed, much exceeding the 4-toothed calyx, pale violet to
roseate or white. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. — Upright
shrubs with simple opposite ovate or lanceolate leaves and numerous flowers
in thyrsoid or pyramidal panicles. (Name from a-vpty^^ a pipe or tube, perhaps
in reference to the tubular corolla, perhaps to the use of the wood for pipe-stems
or whistles.)

1. S. vulgXris L. (Common L.) Leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, truncate
or subcordate at base, slender-petioled ; corolla lilac-purple, rarely white. —
Long popular in cultivation and not rarely found in a wild state. TThtrod.
fromEu.) ^^'^^* ^'^*'-

3. ADELIA P. Br.

Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled, with i /"
pendulous ovules in each cell ; style slender ; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe V
small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled
deciduous leaves, and small flowers from the axils of the preceding year. Fertile
peduncles short, 1-3-flowered. (Name from &8r]\os, obscure, from the minute
flowers.) FoRESTiEEA Poir.

1. A. acuminata Michx. (Swamp Privet.) Glabrous, somewhat spines-
cent, 1.5-3 m. high ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
at both ends, often serrulate ; drupe elongated-ellipsoid, usually pointed.
(Forestiera Poir.) — Wet river-banks and swamps, s. w. Ind. to Mo., s. to
Tex.

4. CHIONANTHUS L. Fringe-tree

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Petals barely united at base. Stamens
2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched.
Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1-3-seeded. — Low trees or shrubs,
with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and
drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from x'-^^i snow, and
dvdos, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. virginica L. (Old Man's Beard.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-
lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels ; petals 2-2.5 cm. long, narrowly linear,
acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number ; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid, 1-1.8 cm.
long. — River-banks, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Tex., and Mo. — Very ornamental
in cultivation. May, June.

5. LIGUSTRUM [Tourn.] L. Privet

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the
corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1-2-seeded. — Shrubs with entire leaves and
small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)

1. L. vulgA-Re L. (Privet or Prim.) Leaves very smooth ; berries black.
— Used for low hedges, and naturalized from Me. to Ont. and N. C. June,
July. (Introd. from Eu.)

LOGANlACEAE (Logania Family)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a
stipular membrane or line between them, and xoith regular 4:-5-merous 4-5-
androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx; a connecting group
between Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae (from all which they
are known by their stipules) and Buhiaceae, from which they differ in their

LOGANIACEAE (LOGANIA FAMILY) 653

free ovary ; our representatives of the family are related most nearly to the
Bubiaceae, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

* "Woody twiners ; leaves evergreen ; stigmas 2, each 2-parted.

1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.

* * Herbs ; stigmas single, entire or 2-lobed.

2. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.

3. Cynoctonum. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at

the summit, and with a common stigma.

4. Polypremum, Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.

1. GELSEMIUM Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine

Corolla open-funnel-form. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Divi-
sions of stigma linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow
partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, win^red.
Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much sho'rtex'
than the slender radicle. — Smooth twining shrubby p)lants with ovate or
lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow dimorphous
flowers. {Gelsomino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. semp6rvirens (L.) Ait. f. Stem climbing high ; leaves short-petioled,
shining, nearly persistent ; flowers in short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly
bracted ; flowers very fragrant ; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long ; capsule flat, pointed. —
Low grounds, e. Va. to Fla. and Tex. Mar., Apr.

2. SPIGELIA L. PiNK-ROOT. Worm-grass

Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit. Stamens 5; anthers
linear. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally
flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which
open lociilicidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by
stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian
Spiegel^ latinized Spigelius, who vn-ote on botany early in the 17th century, and
was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. marildndica L, (Indian Pink.) Stems simple and erect, 3-6 dm.
high, from a perennial root ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; spike
simple or forked, short ; corolla 3-5 cm. long, red outside, yellow within ; tube 4
times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. —
Rich woods, O. and Ky. tc Fla., Mo., and Tex. May, June,

3. CYN6CT0NUM J. F. Gmel. Miterwort

Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form. Stamens 5,
included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled.
Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or miter-shaped, opening dcnvii the inner
side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 1-7 dm. high, with
small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side
of the branches of a terminal peduncled cyme. (Ki/wf, dog, and Krelveiv, to
kill.) MiTREOLA R. Br.

1. C. Mitr^ola (L.) Britton. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled. (Jlf.
petiolata T. & G.) — Damp soil, from e. Va. to Tex. June-Nov.

4. POLYPREMUM L.

Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined
base. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, vt-ry
short ; anthers globular. Style very short ; stigma ovoid, entire. Cai.)sule
ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved,

654 GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)

many-seeded. — A smooth diffuse much branched small annual, with narrowly
linear or awl-shaped leaves connected at base by a slight stipular line ; the
small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ;
corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from voXOTrpefivos, many-stemmed.)
1. P. prociimbens L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tex.,
and Mo. ; also adventive in N. J. and Pa. June-Oct.

GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless hitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and.
simple leaves (except in no. 9) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated and
sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentae, or
nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit usually a 2-valved
and septicidal many-seeded capsule. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly with-
ering-persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a
minute embryo in fleshy albumen. — Bitter-tonic plants.

Subfamily I. GENTIANOtDEAE

Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. Aestivation of
corolla never valvate.

* Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.
-i- Style filiform, usually deciduous ; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age.

1. Sabatia. Parts of flower 5-12. Corolla rotate. Anthers recurved or revolute,

2. Centaurium. Parts of flower 5 or 4. Corolla salver-form-. Anthers twisting spirally.

+- +- Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remaining straight.
+i- Corolla with scale-like appendages but no large pits or glands at base.

3. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses. Calyx 4-5-cleft.

4. Pleurogyne. Corolla rotate. Calyx 4-5-parted.

■n- ++ Corolla -^vith a large pit or gland at the base of each lobe.

5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe. .

6. Halenia. Corolla 4-5-cleft, campanulate, and usually 4-5-spurred at the base.

* * Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud ; no appendages nor glands.

7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.

8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.

Subfamily IL MENYANTHOIDEAE

Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate.
Aestivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.

9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

10. Nymphoides. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. SABATIA Adans.

Calyx 5-12-parted, the lobes slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel-shaped.
Stamens 5-12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender. —
Biennials or annuals (rarely perennial by stolons), with slender stems, and
cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers in summer. (Dedi-
cated, it is said, to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) Sabbatia Salisb.

GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 655

* Corolla b-parted, or rarely 6-7-parted.
•4- Branches all opposite and stems more or less A-angled; flowers cymose • calyx
ivith long and slender lobes. ' '

■w. Corolla ivhite, often turning yellowish in drying.

1. S. paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Stem much branched, 2-7 dm. high •
leaves linear or the loioer oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, nearly equaling ihe inter-
nodes ; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Va to Fla

2. S. lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Stem simple, 4-9 dm. high, bearing a flat-
topped cyme ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, S-nerved, the upper acute, much
shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in no. 1.
— Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

•w. -H- Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye.

3. S. brachiata Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather
few-flowered, forming a panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the
corolla. (S. angustifolia Britton.) — Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La.
and Fla.

4. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Stem somewhat A-wing-angled, much branched
above, 3-9 dm. high, many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 6-nerved. with a
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length
of the corolla. —Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Fla. and La.

t- 1-- Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in no. 5) ; peduncles 1-flowered.

t-f Calyx-lobes foliaceous.

5. S. calycina (Lam.) Heller. Diffusely forking, pale, 1-5 dm. high; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base ; calyx-lobes spatalate-lanceolate, 1-2
cm. long, exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla. (S. calycosa
Pursh.) — Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.

++ ++ Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in no. 6, and
longer^ nearly or quite inclosing the retuse capsule).

6. S. campestris Nutt. Stem 0.5-4 dm. high, divergently branched above ;
leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base, 1-3 cm. long, on the branches lan^
ceolate; calyx equaling the lilac corolla (3-4.6 cm. broad). — Prairies, Mo. to
Tex.

7. S. stellaris Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to
lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear ; cahjx-lobes awl-shaped-Unear. varying
from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla ; style nearly
2-parted. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. — Appears to pass into the next ; corolla
m both at times pink or white.

8. S. gracilis (Michx.) Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely
branched ; branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower
lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, ichich equal the
rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle. (S. campanidata Torr.?) —
Brackish marshes, s. e. Mass. and N. J. to Fla. and La.

* * Corolla 8-12-parted, large (3-5.5 cm. broad).

9. S. dodecandra (L.) BSP. Stem 1-6 dm. high, loosely panicled above ;
peduncles slender, 1-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear,
half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. (S. chloroides
Pursh.) — Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to N. C.

2. CENTAIJRIUM Hill. Centaury

Calyx 4-5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with slender tube and 4-5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting
spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small
branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers in summer. (An

6S6 GENTIANACEAB (GENTIAN FAMILY)

old name, variously applied by the herbalists, from centum, hundred, and aurum,
gold or gold-piece, alluding, it is said, to the priceless medicinal value ; com-
pare the German vernacular name Tausendguldenkraut.) Erithrea Neck.
Erythraea Borkli.

* Flowers in spikes.

1. C. spicXtum (L.) Fernald. Stem strictly upright, 1-4 dm. high ; the
floioers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches;
leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish ; tube of the rose-colored or
whitish corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. {Erythraea
Pers.) — Sandy coast, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Flowers in cymes or panicles.

•t- Flowers in definite terminal cymes, at least the central flower sessile.

2. C. umbellXtum Gilib. (Centaury.) Stem upright, 1-5 dm. high, corym"
bosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate,
the uppermost linear ; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile;
tube of the purple-rosc-colored corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.
(Fin/thraea Centaurium Pers.) — Waste grounds, N. S.; Mass. to Ind. and Mich.
(Nat. from Eu.)

•t- -1- Flowers loosely paniculate or paniculate-cymose, all pediceled.

•M. Corolla-lobes 3-5 mm. long ; anthers oblong.

3. C. puLCFiELLUM (Sw.) Druce. Low (0.5-3 dm, high); stem many times
forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosu-
late below; pedicels shorter than the calyx; tube of the pink-purple corolla
thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. {Erythraea ramosissima Pers.)

— Wet or shady places, N. Y. to 111., and south w. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. texense (Griseb.) Fernald. Similar to the preceding, but more diffusely
forked ; cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the upper reduced to subulate
bracts ; pedicels equaling or exceeding the calyx; corolla-tube twice the length of
the lance-oblong lobes. {Erythraea Griseb.) — Dry soil. Mo. to Tex.

•M. ++ Corolla-lobes 7-10 mm. long ; anthers linear.

b. C. calyc5sum (Buckley) Fernald. Simple or corymbose-branched, 1-0 dm.
high ; leaves oblong to lance-linear ; pedicels equaling or exceeding the calyx ;
corolla-tube nearly equaled by the oblong or oval lobes. {Erythraea Buckley,)

— Damp soil, Mo. to Tex.

3. GENTIAnA [Tourn.] L. Gentian

Corolla 4-5-lobed, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear ap-
pendages or teeth at the sinuses. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule ellipsoid, 2-valved, the
innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most
of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. — Flowers solitary
or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of
Illyria, who according to Pliny discovered the plant, i.e. its medicinal virtue.)

§ 1. GENTIANELLA [Rupp.] Eeichenb. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of ex-
tended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual or biennial.
* Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-meroMs; corolla

campanulute- funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned;

a row of glands between the bases of the filaments.

1. G. crinita Froel. (Fringed G.) Stem 1-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the
4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of
the blue (rarely white) corolla (2,5-6 cm. long), the lobes of which are wedge-
obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate. — Lev
grounds, centr. Me, and w. Que. to Dak., la., O., and Ga.

GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 657

2. G. pr6cera Holm. Stem 1.5-5 dm. high ; leaves linear or lanrr-Uncar,
acute, the basal spatnJate ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, alternately lanci'-
triangular and linear-lanceolate, all pointed and keeled and scabrous on the back ;
lobes of the sky-blue corolla roundish, with ciliatc- fringed margins and merely
dentate summit; ovary elliptical. {Gr. serrata Man. ed. 0, not Gunner; (i.
detonsa Am. auth., not Rottb.) — Moist grounds, N. Y. and Ont. to Man. and la.

* * Flowers smaller, 4-^j-meroiis ; corolla somewhat funnel -form or salver-farm,

its lobes entire ; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-
angled stem.

3. G. Amarella L. Stems 0.5-C dm. high ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous ; calyx-
lobes (4-5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear ; corolla blue, lavender, or white,
8-15 mm. long, tvith a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes;
capsule sessile. Eurasia.

Var. acuta (Michx.) Herder. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer
and sometimes very few setae. {G. acuta Michx.) — Barrens, meadows, and
rocky banks, Lab. to Alaska, s. to n. N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., Minn., N. Dak.,
N. Mex., and Cal. (Asia.)

4. G. quinquefMia L. Slender, simple or branching, 0.5-0 dm. high ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped l)ase, 3-7-nerved,
tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered
at the summit ; lobes of the small 6-cleft calyx awl-shaped-lincar ; corolla i)ale
blue or ochroleucous, 1-2 cm. long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed,
without crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest;
capsule stipitate. {G. quinqucflora Hill, a more appropriate but later name.) —
Moist hills, s. Me. to Ont., 111., and Fla. Var. occidentXlis (Gray) Hitchc.
Often taller and paniculately much branched ; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-
form corolla. — O. to Minn. , and southw.

§ 2. PNEUMONANTHE [Gleditsch] Link. Corolla {funnel-form or salver-
form) loith thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no
crown nor glands; capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the
floivers large, sessile or short-pedunculate and bibracteate (except in no. 12).

* Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined ; seeds icinged.

5. G. affinis Griseb. Stems chistered, 1-4.5 dm. high; leaves oblong or
lanceolate to linear ; flowers numerous and thijrsoid-racemose or few or rarely
almost solitary ; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equaling the tube, the
shortest sometimes minute ; corolla blue or bluish, 2-3 cm. long, rather nar-
rowly funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous
laciniate appendages sometimes equaling the lobes. — Damp soil, Minn, and
westw.

6. G. puberula Michx. Stems mostly solitary, erect or a.scending, 1.5-5 dm.
high, mostly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leai^es rigid, linear-lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long ; flowers clustered, rarely solitary ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-funnd-form open bright blue corolla,
the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-
toothed appendages. — Dry prairies and barrens, Md. to Ga., Kan., and Minn.
Oct.

** Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often

axillary clusters.

I- Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous ; seeds conspicuously xnnged ; leaves
somewhat rough-margined.

7. G. Saponaria L. (Soapwokt G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at tlu* base ;
calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equaling or exceeding the tube, ba.f the
length of the corolla ; lobes of the chib-brll-shaped light blue corolla t.btuse,

gray's manual — 42

658 GENTIAN ACE AE (GENTIAN FAMILY)

erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct^ and more or less longer than
the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages. — Moist woods, Ct to
Ont., and southw.

8. G. Andr^wsii Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate to obovate, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much
shorter than the more cylindric and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed
at the mouth, the proper lobes equaled by the broad notched appendages. —
Moist ground, s. Me. to Man., and southw. — Corolla blue with white plaits, or
sometimes all white.

t- t- Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal Jlovier-cluster
leafy-involucrate ; seeds winged.

9. G. flavida Gray. Stems upright, stout ; flowers sessile and crowded in
a dense terminal cluster ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely
clasping base, gradually tapering ; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times
shorter than the tube of the corolla, rejlexed-spreading ; corolla white, more or
less tinged wdth greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its
short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.
{G. alba Man. ed. 6, not Muhl.) — Sandy woods and meadows, Ont. to Mo.,
Ky., and Va.

10. G. linearis Froel. Stems slender and strict, 2.5-7 dm. high ; flowers 1-5
in the terminal cluster ; leaves linear or lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed
base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes ajypressed-ascending,
linear or lanceolate, mostly subequal ; corolla blue or white, slender-funnel-form,
its erect roundish-ovate lobes a little longer than the triangular appendages.
{Q. rubricaulis Schwein.) — Bogs and wet rocks, N. B. to Ont., Minn., N. Y.,
and Md.

Var. latifblia Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base,
the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; calyx-lobes unequal;
appendages broad, acute or subtruncate, mostly thrice exceeded by the corolla-
lobes. — L. Superior ; N. B.

•»--!-•*- Calyx-lobes and bracts with the margins smooth or nearly so; seeds
completely marginless.

11. G. villbsa L. (Sampson's Snakeroot.) Stems ascending, smooth ;
leaves from broadly obovate and obtuse to somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed
at base ; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than the tube, rather shorter
than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins
and lilac-purple stripes ; corolla-lobes ovate, much exceeding the small sparingly
toothed oblique appendages. {G. ochroleuca Froel.) — Dry or damp grounds,
N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and La.

*** Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly pediuicled
and naked; seeds wingless.

12. G. Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. Stems slender and ascending, 1-4.5 dm. high,
mostly simple ; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-
funnel-form, 4-6 cm. long, azure-blue, rarely greenish or white, about twice the
length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as
the cut-toothed appendages. {G. angustifolia Michx.) — Moist pine barrens,
N. J. to Fla.

4. PLEUR6GYNE Esch.

Acute divisions of the showy corolla with a pair of scale-like appendages at
base. Stamens inserted at base of corolla. Style none ; stigmas decurrent. —
Small annuals of cold regions. (Name from ir\evp6v, rib or side, and yw-f],
female; referring to the decurrent lateral, not terminal, stigmas.)

1. P. rotata (L.) Griseb. (Marsh Felwort.) Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, from
simple and 1-flowered to fastigiate-branched and many-flowered ; leaves linear
or lanceolate, or the lowest spatulate ; sepals linear to lanceolate, resembling the
upper leaves, and often much elongated ; corolla blue or white, the 3-5 ovate-

GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 659

oblong or lanceolate lobes (5-15 mm. long) shorter than or exceeding the calyx-
iobes. (Including P. carinthiaca^ var. pusilla Gray.) — Brackish shores and
marshes, e. Que., Nfd., Lab,, and north w. ; Rocky Mts. — Pursh's report of
the plant from the White Mts., N. H., was probably erroneous. Aug., Sept.
(Greenl., n. Eurasia.)

6. FRASERA Walt. American Colombo

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Filaments awl-shaped, usually monadelphous at
base ; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Cajjsule
oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. —Tall and
showy herbs, with thick root, upright mostly simple stems, whorled leaves, and
numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated
panicle. (Named for John Eraser, an 18th century collector.)

1. F. caroliniensis Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves
mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle pyramidal,
loosely flowered; corolla 2-3 cm. broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with
small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the nar-
rowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle ;
capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry soil, N. Y. and
Ont. to Wise, and southw. May, June.

6. HALENIA Borkh. Spurred Gentian

Calyx 4-5 parted. Corolla without folds or fringe, usually prolonged at the
base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom.
Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather
numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish
panicled-cymose flowers, (Named for Johann Halen, a German botanist.)
Tetragonanthus Gmel.

1. H. deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Leafy annual or biennial, 1-9 dm. high, sim-
ple or branched above ; leaves 3-5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and

and Lab. to Sask., s. to centr. Me., w. Mass., centr. N. Y., Mich., and Minn.
July-Sept. Var. heterAntha (Griseb.) Fernald. Lower or sometimes all the
flowers without spurs. — Md. and Lab. to Me. and Mich.

7. BART6nIA Muhl.

Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at
len<Tth 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner
surface of the pod.— Small annuals or biennials with thread-like stems, and
little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, peduncled. (Dedi-
cated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)

* Corolla-lobes oblong to spatulate, obtuse, usually deMiculate.
^ Flowers 7-9 mm. long; corolla-lobes spatulate, more than twice as lung as

the calyx-lobes.

1. B. verna TMichx.) Muhl. Stem 1 -few-flowered, 4-25 cm high, nearly
naked ; leaf-scales inconspicuous, remote, mostly opposite or nearly so ; coroHa-
lobes narrowly spatulate to spatulate-obovate, obtuse, denticulate or subentire
2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. - Bogs near the coast, s. Va. to Fla. and
La. I\Iar.-May.

^ H- Flowers e-4: mm., long; corolla-lobes one third to one halflongrr than the
calyx-lobes or rarely twice their length.

2 B virffinica (L.^ BSP. Stems vellowisl.. 5-30 cm. high, erect and straight
or irreyarfy fiexuous, mostly sharp-angled, simple or forked at the hard sub-

660 GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)

ligneous base, with numerous mostly opposite or subopposite subulate scales
below ; the branches or peduncles chiefly opposite, l-few-flowered ; flowers yel-
lowish-white ; corolla-lobes oblong, commonly denticulate, obtusish to rounded
at the apex ; stigma columnar, about 1 mm. long. (B. tenella Muhl.) — Sandy
or boggy places, N. S. to Minn., and southw. July-Sept.

* * Corolla-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, essentially

entire.

3. B. paniculita (Michx.) Robinson. Tall and very slender', 2-4 dm. high,
more apt to be irregularly and paniculately branched above, but mostly simple
at the base ; branches and leaf-scales often alternate ; the peduncles curved-
ascending ; flowers 2-4(-5) mm. long; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute, yellow-
ish- or greenish- white, about twice as long as the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes ;
stigma short, scarcely columnar, 0.6 mm. in length ; anthers yellow. (B. lance-
olata Small; Centaurella paniculata Michx, ; G. Moseri Steud. & Hochstetter.)
— Wet sandy woods, swamps, etc., e. Mass. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct.

4. B. ioddndra Robinson. Dwarf and subsimple, 1-2 dm. high ; scales few
and often alternate as are the rather long curved-ascending peduncles ; flowers
for the most part nearly twice as large as in the preceding, purplish-tinged, 6
mm. long; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, about twice the length of
the lance-oblong calyx-lobes; anthers chiefly brownish-purple ; stigma short. —
Sphagnous bogs, Nfd. and N. S. Aug., Sept.

8. OBOlArIA L. Pennywort

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla wither-
ing-persistent ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the
bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, per-
sistent ; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform ; the seeds
covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green
perennial 6-15 cm. high, with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite
wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters
of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile, in spring. (Name from <J^oX6s,
a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. 0. virglnica L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like ;
flowers 1 cm. long. — Moist woods, N. J. to 111., s. to Ga. and Tex. Mar. -May.

9. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Buckbean

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth and
shining. — A perennial herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by
the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong
leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1-3 dm. high), white or
slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from fiiiv, month,
and Sivdos, afloy^er, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata L. — Bogs and shallow w^ater. Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J.,
Pa., Great L. region, la., etc. Apr. -June. (Eurasia.)

10. NYMPHOiDES [Tourn.] HiU. Floating Heart

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions bearing
a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none ; stigma 2-lobed,
persistent. Capsule few-many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with floating leaves on very long petioles, which,
in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of polygamous flowers, often
along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots ; flowering all summer. (Name
from Nymphaea and eI5os, appearance.) Limnanthemdm S P. Gmel.

1. N. iacunbsum (Vent.) Femald. Floating leaves round-iieart-shaDed, 1.5-6

APOCYNACEAB (DOGBANE FAMILY) 661

cm. broad, thickish ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the white corolla broadly oval,
about 1 cm. long, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice
the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style none ; seeds smooth and even.
(Limnanthemum Griseb.) — Shallow water, N. S. to Fla., and locally westw.
July-Sept.

2. N. aqudticum (Walt.) Fernald. Leaves larger (0.5-1.5 dm. broad) and
founder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate
yv pitted beneath ; petioles stouter ; flower 1-2 cm. broad ; seeds glandular-
roughened. {Limnanthemum Britton ; L. trachyspermum Gray.) — Ponds
and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. N. peltXtum (S. p. Gmel.) Britten & Rendle. Stout and branching;
vetioles bearing no spur-like roots; corolla large (2-3 cm. broad), bright yellow,
the segments somewhat fringed ; seeds with fringe-like margin. {Limnan-
themum nymphoides Hoffmannsegg & Link.) — Ponds about Washington, D. C. ;
often cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.)

APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire chiefly opposite leaves without
stipules, regular b-merous and 6-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the corolla
convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla,
and the pollen glandular ; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera)
are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into
one. Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing
albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly tropical acrid-
poisonous plants.

♦ Leaves alternate.

1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments.

Plant upright.

* * Leaves opposite.

2. Vinca. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube naked. Plant creeping or trailing.

3. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slender.

Calyx glandular inside.

4. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,

broad and flat. Calyx not glandular.

1. AMSdNIA Walt.

Calyx small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube ; the limb divided into
long linear lobes. Stamens inserted on the tube, included ; anthers obtuse at
both ends. Ovaries 2 ; style 1 ; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like
membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylin-
drical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row. — Perennial herbs, with alternate
leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Named for Dr.
Amson, physician of Gloucester, Virginia, in 1760, and friend of John Clayton.)

1. A. Tabernaemontana Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young,
soon glabrous ; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed ;
calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the
lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous. {A. salicifolia
Pursh ; A. Ammonia Britton. )— Low grounds, Pa. to Mo., and southw.; introd.
in N. J. May, June.

2. ViNCA L. Periwinkle

(Jalyx-lobes acuminate. Corolla-tube funnel-form ; the limb salver-form.
Stamens inserted below the throat; filaments short. Style slender. Pods
short-cylindric. Seeds rough. — Smooth trailing hardy plants (or in the Tropics

662 APOCYITACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY}

tender annuals) with evergreen firm leaves and axillary flowers. (Ancient
Latin name of uncertain derivation.)

1. V. MINOR L, (Common- P., "Myrtle.") Spreading by creeping stems;
leaves glossy, ovate to oblong, 1.5-3 cm, long; flowers peduncled ; corolla blue,
with truncate lobes. — Roadsides, etc., escaped from cultivation. Apr.-June.
(Introd. from Eu.)

3. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. Climbing Dogbane

Calyx with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Stamens included ; anthers
arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded.
Seeds oblong. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with small flowers in
cymes. (Name from rpdxv^os, a neck, and a-jr^p/j-a, seed-, upon the supposition
that the seed was beaked.)

1. T. diff6rme (Walt.) Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, pointed, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. —
Damp grounds, Del. to Fla. and Tex, June, July.

4. AP6CYNUM [Tourn.] L. Dogbane. Indian Hemp

Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, bearing 5 triangular appendages
below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens on the very base of the corolla ;
filaments shorter than the arrow-shaped convergent anthers, which slightly
adhere to the stigma. Style none ; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit
of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds with a tuft of long silky down at the
apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-
pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on
short pedicels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of d7r6, from, and
Kvwv, a dog.)

* Corolla pink or pink-striped or white, 4-9 mm. long, the lobes more or less

spreading.

>*- Inflorescences both terminal and axillary cymes of nodding flowers 6-9 mm.
long; corolla campanulate, the lobes prominently flaring.

1. A. androsaemifblium L. (Spreading D.) Stems smooth, 3-5 dm. high,
loosely wide-branched above loith ascending often dichotomous branches; leaves
ovate to ovate-oblong, mucronate-tipped, slender-petioled, loosely spreading
or drooping, dull dark green and smooth above, pale and usually somewhat
pubescent beneath ; cymes flowering simultaneously, the terminal usually largest ;
flowers fragrant, mostly nodding ; calyx rarely half as long as the corolla-tube ;
corolla pink, with deeper stripes in the tube, theflnally recurved lobes blunt. —
Dry thickets, open woods, etc. June-Aug.

1- t- Inflorescences terminal or at the tips of leafy branches, of spreading or
slightly nodding flowers 4-7 mm. long ; corolla from urceolate to short-
tubular, the tube somewhat pentagonal, the lobes slightly spreading.

2. A. medium Greene. Similar to no. 1 ; the branches ascending or spread-
ing ; leaves flrm, ovate-oblong to elliptic, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneatli ;
central cyme flowenng earlier than those at the tips of the elongate branches;
corolla white or pink-tinged, the blunt lobes slightly spreading but not recurved.
(Intermediate between the preceding and the following, including A. speciosum
and A. urceolifer G. S. Miller, A. Milleri Britton, and some other recently
proposed species.) — Open dry or moist ground, rocky shores, etc., e. Que. to
Md., w. to Col. June-Aug.

* * Corolla greenish to greenish-white, tubular, pentagonal, 3-4.5 mm. long, the

lobes ascending ; cymes terminal, of mostly ascending flowers.

3. A. cannabinum L. (Indian Hemp.) Glabrous, 2-24 dm. high, the stems an(5
branches ascending (but on gravel beaches, etc., depressed and wide-spreading) ,
leaves mostly ascending, usually pale green, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, glabrous

ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY} 663

or sparingly pubescent beneath, those of the chief axis narrowed at base to distinct
petioles (2-7 mm. long), those of the branches often suhsessile ; central cyme
flowering first ; flowers erect ; calyx glabrous, its lobes about equaling the corolla-
tube. — Gravelly or sandy soil, mostly jiear streams; on beaches becoming
dwarfed and diffuse, with smaller and narrower leaves {A. album Greene).
June-xVug. Varying greatly, the most recognizable extremes being

Var. pub^scens (K. Br.) DC. Calyx and pedicels pubescent ; leaves white-
pubescent beneath. (^A. pubescens R. Br.) — R. I. to Ont., la., and southw.

Var. nemorale (G. S. Miller) Fernald. Leaves mostly spreading or drooping
on elongate (1-1.5 cm. long) slender petioles. {A. nemorale G. S. Miller.) —
Open woods, Fairfax Co., Va.

Var. hypericifblium (Ait.) Gray. Principal leaves sessile or subsessile,
rounded or subcordate at base. (^A, hypericifolium Ait.) — Que. to Sask. and
B. C, s. to w. Me., centr. N. Y., O., Kan., Col., and Cal. ; chiefly westw.

ASCLEPIADAcEAE (Milkweed Family)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire
leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected loith the stigma), sensible
properties, etc., as in the preceding family , from which they differ in the commonly
valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma,
the cohesion of the pollen into loax-like or granular masses (poUinia), etc., as
explained under the typical genus Asclepias.

Tribe I. CYNANCHEAE. Anthers tipped with an iuflexed or sometimes erect scarious mem
brane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma ; pollinia suspended.
* Stems erect or merely decumbent.

1, Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, with a

salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.

2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as iu no. 1, but with an incurved horii

rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.
8. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as In no. 1, but with neither crest
nor horn Inside. Leaves mainly altei-nate.

* * Stems twining ; leaves mostly opposite. '

4. Gonolobus. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-clefJ

tail or awn.

5. Cynanchum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10-lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. VIWCETOXfCEAE. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the margin of
or close under the disk of the stigma ; pollinia horizontal.

6. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.

1. ASCLEPI0D6rA Gray

Resembling Asclepias; but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and the
hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-
shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like
partition. — Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered. Folli-
cles ovoid, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. ('A(r/cX777rt6s,
and bCjpov or dcoped, the gift of Aesculapius.)

1. A. viridis (Walt.) Gray. Almost glabrous; stems 3-7 dm. high; leaveu
alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 3-13 cm. wide ; u^'ibela
several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (2-3 cm. broad), green,
with a purplish crown. — Prairies, 111. to Tex. and S. C. May, June.

2. ASCLEPIAS [Tourn.] L. Milkweed. Silkwebd

Calyx persistent ; divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; divisions
valvate in bud, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of

664 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY)

Btamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base
of the corolla ; filaments united into a tube which incloses the pistil ; anthers
adherent to the stigma, ^ch with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous
appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ;
the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang
by a slender prolongation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on
the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing
copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the style).
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft,
ovoid or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long
silky hairs (coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large
placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with
broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial herbs; peduncles
terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple
many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of Aesculapius, to whom
the genus is dedicated.)

X § 1. Anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base;
- horn conspicuous.

vj * Floioers orange-color ; leaves mostly scattered; juice not milky.

t^ 1. A. tuberbsa L, (Butterfly-weed, Pleurist-root.) Roughish-hairy,

3-9 dm. high ; stems ascending or decumbent, very leafy, branching at the
summit, and bearing umbels in a terminal corymb, or scattered in racemes along
\' f 'i' the branches ; leaves from linear to oblong-ovate, sessile or slightly petioled ;
, c f^ divisions of the corolla oblong, greenish-orange ; hoods narrowly oblong, bright
*^ o Js^ orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ;
* ^ pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels. (Including A. decumbens L.) — Dry fields
and banks, N. H. to Ont., Minn., south w. and southwestw. June-Aug.

* * Corolla bright red br purple; follicles naJced, fusiform, erect on the deflexed
pedicels (except in no. 5); leaves opposite, mostly broad.

-*- Flowers rather large; hoods about 6 mm. long and exceeding the anthers;
leaves transversely veined.

2. A. lanceolata Walt. Glabrous ; stem slender, 6-15 dm. high ; leaves
elongated-lanceolate or linear, 1-2 dm. long, tapering to both ends, slightly
petioled ; umbels 5-12-Jloivered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong ;
the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved
horn. (A. paupercula Michx.) — Wet pine barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla.
and Tex. July.

3. A. rubra L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a
rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so, 0.5-1.8
dm. long, 1-6.5 cm. wide, bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of
the corolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender,
straightish. — Wet pine barrens, etc., N. J. and Pa. to Fla., La., and Mo. July.

4. A. purpurascens L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender, 1 m. or less
:^ A high ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety-
' ; ^ downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole ; pedicels

Z N shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-

^^ ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn

^ broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point. —

V Dry ground, N. H. to Ont, Minn., Kan., and south w. — Flowers 1.5 cm. long.

June, July.

^ H- 4- Flowers small; hoods 2-3 mm. long, equaling the anthers; veins

' ^ f» ascending.

2 • _ 5. A incarn^ta L. (Swamp M.) Smooth or nearly so ; the stem 5-10 dm.

^ 7 Jii.gh, very leafy, with two downy lines above and on the branches of the pedun-.

S^K cles ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped or

;:^ narrowed at base ; flowers rose-purple (rarely whitish) ; hoods scarcely equaling

7- K>

^

I

ASCLEPIADACEAE (^MILKWEED FAMILY) 6*65

the slender needle-pointed horn. — Swamps, N. B., westw. and southw. Jul^',
Aug.

Var. piilchra (Ehrh.) Pers. Leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more
or less hairy, as well as the stem; flowers paler. (A. pulchra Ehrh.) — N. 8.
to N. C. and Ga., rarely w. to Minn.

* * * Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged ; leaves oppo-
site or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.

H- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and
only minutely echinate at the apex in no. 8), large (8-13 cm. long), ovoid
and acuminate, erect on dejlexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-
petioled ; umbels terminal and lateral.

6. A. specibsa Torr, finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many-
Jlowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose ; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong ;
corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 1 cm. long ; hoods slightly longer, with a
short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long
lanceolate-ligulate appendage. — Along streams, Minn, to Ark., and westw.
June-Aug.

7. A. syriaca L. (Common M, or Silkweed.) Stem tall and stout, finely
soft-pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong to broadly oval, 1-2 dm. long, pale, minutely
downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc. ; corolla-lobes dull purple to white,
6-9 mm. long ; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse^ with a tooth
each side of the short stout claw-like horn. {A. Cornuti Dene.) — Rich ground,
N. B. to Sask., and southw. June-Aug. — Intermediates, perhaps of hybrid
origin, occvir between this and some of the related species.

8. A. Sullivantii Engelm. Venj smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate-
oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate,
entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside ; flowers larger (1.5-2 cm. long) and
more purple than in the preceding ; anther-wings 2-toothed at base ; pod nearly
glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak. — Rich ground, s. Ont. and O.
to Kan., Neb., and Minn. June, July.

-*- +- Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-puhescent.

•M. Follicles erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels.

= Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle ; leaves sessile, broad, trans-
versely veined, wavy ; glabrous and pale or glaucous.

9. A, amplexicaulis Sm. Stem 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, with a heart-
shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse, 4-12 cm. long; peduncle 3-20 cm.
long ; corolla pale greenish-purple ; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the
summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. (J., obtusifolia Michx.) —
Sandy woods and fields, N. H. to Neb., and southw. June, July. — A second
umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs.

10. A. Meadii Torr. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, obtuse or acutish, 3-7 cm. long; peduncle only twice the length of the
upper leaves ; pedicels rather short ; corolla greenish-white ; hoods rounded-
truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding
the stouter horn. — Dry ground. Wise, 111., and la. June.

= = Umbels mostly more than one ; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.

a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate ; hoods broad, little if at all
exceeding the anthers ; glabrous or with some minute pubescence on young parts.

11. A. phytolaccoides Pursh. (Poke M.) Stem 5-15 dm. high ; leaves
broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-
petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath, 1-3 dm. long ; lateral umbels
several ; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, slender, 2-5 cm. long, equaling
the peduncle ; voroUa-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the
margins 2-toothed at tlie summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped
point. (A. exaltata Muhl. ? nomen suhnudum.) — Moist copses, N. E. to Minn ,
8. to Ga. and Ark^ June-Aug-

666 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY)

12. A. variegata L. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves (4-5 pairs) ovate^ ovat^ or

obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometime?
whorled ; pedicels {numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divi-
sions of the corolla ovate, whits; hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish,
the horn semilunar with a horizontal point. — Dry woods, L. I. to Ind., s. to
Fla., and w. La. May, June. — Kemarkable for its compact umbels of nearly
white flowers.

1). Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent ; hoods obtuse^ entire^ twice or thrice
the length of the anthers.

13. A. ovalifblia Dene. Low, 1.5-6 dm. high, soft-downy especially the
lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves
(3.5-8 cm. long); umbels loosely 10-18-flowered, sessile or peduncled ; pedicels
slender ; hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the
oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside). — Prairies and
oak openings, 111. and Wise, to S. Dak. and Man. June, July.

4H. 4M. Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often ivhorled; glabrous or nearly so.

= Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.

14. A. quadrifblia Jacq. Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high, mostly leafless below,
bearing usually 07ie or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs
of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (0.5-1 dm. long); pedi-
cels slender ; corolla-lobes pale pink, oblong ; hoods white, ^Uiptical-ovate, the
incurved horn short and thick. — Dry woods and hills, N. H. to Ont. and Minn.,
s. to N. C. and Ark. May-July.

15. A. perennis Walt. Stems 3-7 dm. high, persistent or somewhat woody
at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin,
rather slender-petioled ; flowers white, small ; the small hoods of the crown
shorter than the needle-shaped horn ; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma 1 —
Low grounds, Ind. to Mo., Fla., and Tex. May-Aug.

= = Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate^ exserted; column

conspicuous.

16. A. verticillata L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, 3-9 dm.
high, from a fibrous root, very leafy to the summit ; leaves linear, with revolute
margins, 3-6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions of the
corolla ovate, greenish-white ; hoods roundish-oval, about half the lengt,h of the
incurved claw-shaped horns. — Prairies and open woods, Mass. to Sask., and
southw.

17. A. pumila (Gray) Vail. Similar; loic (1-1.5 dm. high) and many-
stemmed from a woody caudex; leaves much crowded, spirally arranged, filiform
or filiform-linear. (A verticillata, var. Gray.) — Dry plains, w. la. and Neb.
to Col. and N. Mex.

§ 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched
just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex.

18. A. stenophylla Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous ; stems slender,
0.3-1 m. high ; leaves narrowly linear, the upper alternate, lower opposite ;
umbels several, short-peduncled, 10-15-flowered ; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish ;
hoods whitish, equaling the anthers, conduplicate-concave ; follicles erect on
ascending pedicels. {Acerates angustifolia Dene.) — Dry prairies, Neb. to Mo.,
southw. and westw. June- Aug.

8. ACERAtES Ell. Green Milkweed

Nearly like Asclepias ; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the
name, from a- privative, and K^pas, a horn). — Flowers greenish, in compaci
many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioled
or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles not tuberculate.

ASCLEPIADACEAB (MILKWEED FAMILY) 667

* Crown upon a column shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigmas^
leaves mainly alternate- scattered.

1. A. auriculUta Engelm. Glabrous, or puberaleiit above, 1 in. or less high ;
leaves narrowly linear or Jiliform, 1 or 2 dm. long; umbels numerous, lateral,
on peduncles about as long as the slender pubescent pedicels ; column very
short and inconspicuous ; hoods emarginate^ appendaged below with a pair of
broad auricles. —Dry ground, Neb. and Kan., westvv. and southw. June-Aug.

2. A. fluridana (Lam.) Hitchc. Minutely roughish-hairy or smooth ish ;
leaves linear to lanceolate; umbels few, terminal or lateral, on peduncles of
about the length of the slender pedicels ; column about 1 mm. long ; hoods
entire, not auricled. (^A. longifolia Ell.) — Prairies and pine barrens, O. to Ont.,
Minn., Tex., and Fla. June-Sept.

** Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equaling the anthers ; leaves often
opposite and broader.

3. A. viridifl5ra Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish; stems
ascending, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oval to oblong, thick, 4-10 cm. long ; umbels
nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is reflexed)
1 cm. long, short-pediceled. — Dry soil, Mass. to Sask., and southw. June-Sept.
Var. lanceolXta (Ives) Gray. Leaves lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long. (Var. Ivesii
Britton. ) — Range of the typical form. Var. lineXris Gray. Leaves elon-
gated, linear ; stems low ; umbels often solitary. —Man., N. Dak., and southw.

4. A. lauuginbsa (Nutt.) Dene. Hairy, low (1-2.5 dm. high); leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled; flowers
smaller ; pedicels slender. — Prairies, 111. to Minn., and westw. July,

4. G0N6L0BUS Michx. Angle-pod

Crown of free leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex,
where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in
Asclepias ; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit
of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles elongate-ovoid to lanceolate,
smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, smooth,
with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish
flowers in raceme-like clusters on slender axillary peduncles. (Name from ywvla,
an angle, and XojS6s, apod, from the angled fruit.) Enslenia Nutt.

1. G. laevis Michx. Climbing, 3-4 m. high ; leaves 3.5-12 cm. wide. {Ens-
lenia albida Nutt. ; Ampelanus albidus Britton.) — River-banks and thickets,
Pa. to 111., Kan., and southw. July-Sept.

5. cynAnchum l.

Crown flat, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles, and seeds much as in Asclepias.
— Herbs, often twining. (An ancient name for some plant supposed to be
poisonous to dogs, from k^^v, dog, and &yx^Lv, to strangle.) Vincetoxicum
Medic, Moench, etc., not Walt.

1. C. NIGRUM (L.) Pers. Twining, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate or lance-
ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter
than the leaves ; corolla pubescent within. — Waste places and old fields, e.
Mass. and Vt. to Pa. and O. June-Sept. (Introd. from Eu.)

2- C. ViNCEToxicuM (L.) Pers. Suberect, 3-C) dm. high; leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers greenish-white ; corolla glabrous. — Escaped from cultivation
in s. Ont., near Niagara Falls (according to J. M. Macoun). (Introd. from Eu.)

6. VINCET6XICUM Walt. Angle-pod

Corolla wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading ; the lobes convolute in
the bud. Crown small, annular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla.
Anthers partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-

668 CONVOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY)

masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty
projections, sometimes ribbed. Seed with a coma. — Herbs or shrubs with
opposite heart-shaped leaves and corymbose-umbeled greenish or dark purple
flowers on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong
to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla
nearly veinless. (Name from vincere, to conquer, and toxicum, poison, applied
originally to species of the preceding genus in allusion to supposed curative
properties.) Gonolobus Michx., in part.

* Crown a low undulately \0-lobed fleshy disk ; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3-5-

costate or -angled.

1. V. suber5sum ("L.) Britton. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or
sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy, 6-14 cm. long ;
umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole ; corolla broadly conical iyi
bud, abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubes-
cent inside; calyx half as long. {Gonolobus R. Br.) — Near the coast, Va. to
Fla. June-Aug.

2. V. gonocarpos Walt. Leaves cordate with a deep and narrow often closed
sinus, conspicuously acuminate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, finely pubescent beneath;
umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equaling the petiole ; corolla elongated-conical in
bud, not ticisted; lobes narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3-4 times
as long as the calyx. (Gonolobus laevis iNIan. ed. 6, not Michx.) — River-banks,
Va. to s. Ind., Mo., S. C, and Tex. June, July.

* * Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, not costate,

•*- Crown fleshy, merely lO-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.

3. V. obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a
narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate, 0.7-2.5 dm. long; umbel many-flowered;
corolla in bud conical, its lobes linear-ligulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide,
crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside. {Gono-
lobus R. Br.) — River-banks, Pa. and Va. to O. and Mo. June, July.

4. V. hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. Commonly more hairy ; leaves with the
basal lobes sometimes overlapping; peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud
ovoid, its lobes elliptical-oblong, rarely 1 cm. long, barely puherulent outside,
brownish-purple to yellowish. {Gonolobus Michx.) — Md. and Va. to Tenn.
and Fla. May-Aug.

•♦- •*- Grown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding.

5. V. Sh6rtii (Gray) Britton. Resembles no. 3, but larger-leaved ; corolla
conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate, 1.5 cm. long ; crown about
10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate
or 2-parted. (Gonolobus Gray.) — Ky., and southw.

6. V. carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. Flower-bud elongate-ovoid; corolla
brownish-purple, its lobes oblong or linear-oblong, rarely 1 cm. long ; crown
undulately and very obtusely 6-lobed, with a longer bifid subulate process in each
sinus. (Gonolobus R. Br.) — Va. to Mo., and southw. May-July.

7. V. Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Corolla whitish, with spreading
oblong or spatulate lobes (at most 1 cm. long) ; crown deeply cleft into 5 usually
emarginate lobes half as long as the pair of subulate processes in each sinus.
{Gonolobus Sweet.) — Ga. to Mo. and Ark. May, June.

CONVOLVULAcEAE (Convolvulus Family)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often loith some milky juice, with alternate
leaves (or scales) and regular h-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals ;
a b-plaited or b-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud (imbricate in no. 6) ;
a 2(rarely S)-celled ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate pistils), loith a pair oj
erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between
the seeds, so becoming ^-celled; the embryo large^ curved or coiled in mMcilagi*

CONVOLVULACBAB (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY) 669

nous albumen. Fruit a globular 2-6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, or*
axillary peduncles ; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. — Many are cultivated
for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots ; those
of several species are carthartic, e.g. Jalap.

Tribe I. DICH6nDREAE. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so ; styles 2, basilar. Creeping herbs.

1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe II. CONVOLVtrLEAE. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.

2. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-divided ; the divisions simple ; stigmas capitate.

3. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft ; stigmas linear-fihform. Not twining.

4. Ipomoea. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2-3-globose.

5. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex ; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to Babnlat«

or ovate.

Tribe III. CUSCtlTEAE. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo

filiform, coiled, without cotj'ledons.

6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. DICH6nDRA Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped. Stamens included. Styles,
ovaries, and utricular 1-2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small
and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves,
and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white.
(Name from 5/s, double^ and x^^bpos, a grain, from the fruit.)

1. D. repens Forst. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both
sides ; corolla not exceeding the calyx. (i>. evolvulacea Britton. ) — Wet ground,
Va. to Tex., near the coast.

2. BREWERIA E. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below ;
stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Peren-
nial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs ; flowers small, in summer ; corolla
more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer^ an English
botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistrata (Walt.) Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves
varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate
or emarginate ; peduncles 1-7 -flowered ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; sepals
pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white ; filaments hairy; styles united
at base. — Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquatica (Walt.) Gray. Minutely soft-downy and somewhat hoary;
peduncles 1-3-flowered ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple ; filaments smooth ;
styles almost distinct ; otherwise nearly as no. 1. — Wet pine barrens and margins
of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves
very narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly
sessile; peduncles 1-3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding
the flowers; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles^ {united far
above the middle) exserted from the open lohite corolla. — Dry pine barrens and
prairies, N. J., and southw. ; also 111., la., and southw.

3. ev6lvulus.l.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open-funnel-form or almost rotate.
Styles 2, each 2-cleft ; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. —
Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining
(hence the name, from evolvere, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argenteus Fursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf,
silky-villous all over ; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lowei

670 CONVOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY)

oblong-spatulate and short-petioled ; flowers almost sessile in the axils ; corolla
pui-ple, about 1 cm. broad. (^E. pilosus Nutt.) — Sterile plains and prairies,
N. Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex. May-July.

4. IPOMO^A L. Morning Glory

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla
salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate ; the limb entire or slightly
lobed. Capsule globular, 4-6(by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2-4-valved. (Name,
according to Linnaeus, from i'^, a Bindweed^ and dfwios, like; but t\J/ is a worm.)

§ 1. QUAmOCLIT [Tourn.] Gray. Corolla salver-form, or loith somewhat
funnel-form but slender tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red;
annual twiners.

1. I. QuAmoclit L. (Cypress Vine.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-
thread-shaped parallel lobes ; peduncles 1-2-flowered ; corolla slender, 3.5-4 cm.
long, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. {Quamoclit Britton.) — Sparingly spon-
taneous, especially southw. July-Oct. (Introd. from Trop. Am.)

2. I. coccinea L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled ; pedun-
cles 2-several-flowered ; sepals awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet, 2-3 cm. long.
{Quamoclit Moench.) — River-banks and waste places, N. Y. to Mo., and
southw. July-Oct. (Indigenous southwestw.) Var. hederif6lia (L.) Gray.
Leaves deeply palmate-lobed. — River-flats, waste land, etc., from Mass. westw.
and southw. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)

§ 2. EUIPOMOEA Gray. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, con^
torted in the bud; stamens and style not exserted,

* Lobes of stigma and cells 3, sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward^ mostly

hirsute below ; corolla purple, blue, or white. (Morning Glory.)

3. I. hederXcea Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, S-lobed,
the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short or rather long, 1-3-liowered ;
calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale blue, 3-4.5 cm.
long. — Waste and cultivated ground, from s. Me. westw. and southw. July-
Sept. (Introd. from Trop. Am.)

4. I. PURPUREA (L.) Roth. (Common M.) Annual ; stems retrorsely hairy ;
leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long, umbellately 3-5-flow-
ered; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form, 4.5-7 cm. long, purple,
varying to white. — Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Introd. from Trop. Am.)

* * Stigma 2-lobed or entire ; cells 2, each 2-seeded ; sepals broader, imbricated ;

leaves cordate, acuminate.

5. I. pandurita (L.) G. F. W. Mey. (Wild Potato-vine, Man-of-the-
Earth.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing'or sometimes twin-
ing ; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped \
peduncles longer thari the petioles^ 1-5-flowered ; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong,
very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form, 4.5-8 cm. long, white, with purple in the
tube. — Dry ground, Ct. to Ont., southw. and southwestw. June-Sept.—
Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 4-8 (-11) kg.

6. I. lacuribsa L. Annual ; rather smooth ; stem twining and creeping, slen-
der ; leaves entire or angle-lobed ; peduncles short, 1-3-flowered ; sepals lance-
oblong, pointed, bristly -ciJiate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed
(white, 1-2 cm. long) corolla. —River-banks and low grounds. Pa. to III, Kan.,
and southw.; adv. on ballast north w.

5. C0NV6lVULUS [Tourn.] L. Bindvteed

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Capsule globose,
2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, or
by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2-4-valved. — Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants,
twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvere, to entwine.)

CONVOLVULACBAB (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY) 671

§ 1, CALYSTilGIA (R. Br.) Gray. Stigmas oval to oblong ; calyx inclosed in

2 broad leafy bracts.

* Erect; petioles at most one fourth as long as the leaf-blades.

1. C. spithamaeus L. Downy ; stem low and mostly simple^ upright or as-
cending^ 1.5-3 dm. long ; leaves broadly oblong, with cr without a heart-shapecS
or auricled base ; corolla white, 4-5 cm. long ; stigmas oval. — Dry and sandy
or rocky soil, local. May-Aug.

* * Twining or trailing ; petioles longer.

•^ Flowers double.

2. C. jap6nicus Thunb. Pubescent; leaves narrowly hastate ; flowers usu-
ally double^ pink. — Waste places, etc., escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from
Asia.)

H- -«- Flowers single.

3. C. sSpium L. (Hedge B.) Glabroi:s or essentially so ; stem high-twining
or sometimes trailing extensively ; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped^ acute or
pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinu-
ate-lobed or merely rounded ; peduncles chiefly elongated^ 4-angled ; bracta
rounded to sharp-acuminate at tip ; corolla white or rose-color, 3-5 cm. long.
(Including var. americanus Sims. ) — Moist alluvial soil or along streams. June-
Sept. (Eurasia.) Passing freely to

Var. pub§scens (Gray) Fernald. More or less pubescent; stems trailing or
sprawling^ 3-7 dm. long ; leaves oblong-ovate^ cordate., the basal lobes obtuse or
rounded and entire. (Var. repens Gray; C.repens L.) — Gravelly or marshy
sea-coast, e. Que. to Fla.; rare about the Great I-.akes.

Var. fraterniflbrus Mackenzie &, Bush. More or less pubescent; leaves has-
tate ; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, their peduncles mostly short and wing-angled.

— D. C. to Mo. , and south w.

§ 2. STROPHOCAtTLOS G.Don. Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the

base of the calyx.

4. C. ARVENSis L. (Field B.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining,
and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow- or halberd-shaped, with the lobes at the
base acute ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla 1.5-2
cm. long, white or tinged with red. — Old fields and in waste places. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.) Var. obtcsif6lius Choisy. Basal lobes of the leaves rounded.

— Less common. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Dodder. Love Vine

Calyx 5(rarely 4)-cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5 (rarely 4) -cleft, imbricate.
Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled ; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo
spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, sometimes with a few alternate
scales (belonging to the plumule) ; germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless
annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute
scales in place of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic
on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere
by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small,
cymose-clustered, mostly white, usually produced in summer and autumn.
(Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)

§ 1. Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.
* Styles longer than the ovary and capsule.
1. C. EpfLiNUM Weihe. (Flax D.) Stems ^ery slender, low ; flowers yel-
lowish, globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin-
drical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx,

672 CONVOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY)

persistent around the capsule ; stamens inclAided ; scales short, broad, crenu-
late, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious ;
sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June-Aug.
(Introd. from Eu.)

2. C. Epithymum Murr. Stems very slender ; flowers ivhitisJi or pinkisJi,
capitate ; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect
acut2 sepals ; scales large, contiguous, toothed ; stamens exserted. ( C. Trifolii
Bab.) — Occasionally found on clover, etc. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eu.)

* * Styles shorter than the ovary and capsule.

3. C. EUROPAi:A L. Slender ; flowers subglobose, in dense globular clusters ;
corolla 4-5-parted, the lobes obtuse ; scales truncate or bifid, very small and
thin or seemingly obsolete ; calyx with obtuse lobes ; capsule comparatively
large, often loosely capped by the old corolla. — On Solidago, Viburnum, etc.,
in a hedge-row, Gilead, Me. (^3Iiss Furbish). July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

§2. Stigmas capitate ; capsule indehiscent.

* Calyx gamosepalous ; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.

■*- Floioers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and icide t7ibe, per-
Hstent at the base of the capside; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.

4. C. obtusiflbra HBK. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white, 2-3 mm.
long ; lobes of calyx oblong, obtuse, of corolla obtuse or acutish, often longer
than the tube ; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth ; the thin cap-
sule pale greenish-yellow. ( C. chlorocarpa and C. Polygonorum Engelm. ) — Wet
places, Del. and Pa. to Minn., and south w.; often on Folygonum. July-Sept.
(Trop. Am., Eurasia.)

6. C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low ; flowers smaller (1.5-2
mm. long) ; calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad ; lobes of the corolla acu-
minate, tonger than the tube, with inflexed points; scales large, deeply fringed.
— Rather dry soil, on various low plants, Mass., westw. and southw. July-Oct.

1- -t- Floioers in panicled often densely compound cymes; styles slender, mostly
longer than the ovary ; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.

6. C. Cephalanthi Engelm. Stem coarse and yellow, usually rather high-
climbing ; flowers 2 mm. long, on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous ; lobes of
calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender
deeply campanulate tube ; scales shorter than the tube, fringed. (C. tenuiflora
Engelm.) — On tall herbs and shrubs. Pa. to Minn., and southw. July, Aug.

* * Calyx gamosepalous ; ovary and capside pointed, the latter enveloped or
capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes.

•t- Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.

7. C. indecbra Chois. Stems coarse ; flowers fleshy and more or less papillose,
3-5 mm. long ; calyx-lobes triangular, acute or acutish ; lobes of the broadly
campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales
large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla ; anthers and
stigmas yellow or deep purple. (C. decora Engelm.) — Wet prairies, on herbs
and low shrubs (principally Leguminosae and Compositae), from 111. to Ela,,
Tex., and westw. June-Sept. (Trop. Am.)

8. C. C6ryli Engelm. Similar to the preceding ; flowers of the same struc-
ture, but smaller (2 mm. long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect
lobes, finally capping the capsule ; scales reduced to a fevj teeth. (C inflexa
Engelm.) — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse
herbs, Ct. (according to Britton); Va. to Minn., Neb., and southw.

-I- H- Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.

9. C. Gronbvii Willd. Stems coarse,' often climbing high ; corolla-lobes
shorter than or equaling the deeply campanulate tube ; scales copiously fringed ;
capsule globose, umbonate.- — Wet shady places, N. S. to Man., and southw. —

i

POLEMONIACEAE (POLEMONIUM FAMILY) 673

The commonest of our species. Very variable in size and compactness of
clusters.

10. C. rostrata Shuttlw. Similar to the preceding ; flowers larger (4-6 mm.
long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than the
tubes ; slender styles longer ; ovary bottle-shaped ; capsule long-pointed. — Shady
valleys in the mts., Md. and Va., south w.; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs. .

*** Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts ; styles capillary;
scales large, deeply fringed , capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.

11. C. cuspidata Engelm. Stems slender ; flowers 3-5 mm. long, thin, on
bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles ; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and
the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the
cylindrical tube ; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. —
Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosae, etc., Neb. to Mo.
and Tex.

12. C. compdcta Juss. Stems coarse ; flowers closely sessile in densely com-
pact clusters; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, ap-
pressed, nearly equaling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla ;
stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter. — In damp
woods, almost always on shrubs, Mass. to Ont., and south w.

13. C. glomerata Chois. Floicers very densely clustered, forming knotty
masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with
scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar,
shorter than the short-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes ; style several
times longer than the ovary. (C paradoxa Raf. ?) — Wet prairies, O. to Minn.,
Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositae. — The rope-like twists (1-3 cm.
thick) of white flowers, with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly
bracts, have a singular appearance.

POLEMONlACEAE (Polemonium Family)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular b-merous and 5-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a B-celled ovary and S-lobed
style; capsule S-celled, S-valved, loculicidal, few-many-seeded ; the valves usu-
ally breaking away from the triangular central column. Seeds amphitropous,
the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads.
Embryo straight, in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated.
Corolla with a 5-parted borcler. Anthers introrse. — Insipid and innocent
plants, many ornamental and in cultivation.

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx slender. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx slender, partly scarious. Leaves

mostly alternate.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell-shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender,

equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. phl6x l.

Calyx somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla with a long tube.
Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule
ovoid, vnth sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell. —
Perennials (except a few southern species), with opposite and sessile perfectly
entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the
open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. {^\6^, flame, an ancient
name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our
species are cultivated in gardens.

obay's manual — 48

674 POLEMONTACEAB (POLEMONJUM FAMILY)

§ 1. Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow)

* Stem strictly erect ; panicle pyramidal or ellipsoid, many-flowered^ pednncles

and pedicels very short: corolla-lobes entire.

1. P, paniculata L. Stem stout, 0.5-1.5 m. high, smooth, or puberulent or
■NuUous above; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large,
tapering or rounded, the upper often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample,
pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx smooth or glandular-hispid, the teeth awn-pointed ;
corolla pink-purple varying to white. (Including P. acuminata Pursh, P. glan-
dulosa Shuttlw., and P. amplifolia Britton.) — Open woods, Pa. to 111., Kan.,
and southw. ; escaped from cultivation northw. July-Sept. — Highly variable
in outline of leaf, pubescence of leaves, stems, calyx, and corolla, but without
concomitant characters.

2. P. maculata L. (Wild Sweet William.) Smooth, or barely roughish ;
stem spotted with purple, rather slender, 8-9 dm. high ; lower leaves lanceolate,
the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and
rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, ellipsoid, leafy below;
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla pink-purple. —
Rich woodlands and along streams, Ct. to Minn., and southw. June-Sept.
Var. CANDIDA Michx. White-flowered; commonly with spotless stem. — AViththe
ordinary form.

* * Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect ; flowers in corymhed

or simple cymes ^ corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.

•*- Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate ; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or

nearly so.

3. P. ovata L. Stems ascending, 2.5-6 dm. high, often from a prostrate base ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-
shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-
peduncled ; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. — Woods, Pa. to Ala. May-
July,

4. P. glab^rrima L. Stems slender, erect, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and some-
times revolute margins), 5-12 cm. long, tapering gradually to a point; cymes
few-flowered and loosely corymbed ; flowers peduncled, pink or whitish ; calyx-
teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed. — Prairies and open woods, n. Va. to O.
and Minn. , s. to Fla. and Mo. June, July.

t- -I- Calyx-teeth long and slender ; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.

•w- jS^o runners or prostrate leafy shoots.

5. P. pilbsa L. Stems slender, nearly erect, 2-5 dm. high, usually hairy,
as are the lanceolate or linear leaves (2.5-10 dm. long), which commonly taper
to a sharp point; cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender, awl-shaped and
awn-like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading , lobes of the pink-purple or
rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies,
etc., Ct. to Ont., Man., and southw. May, June.

6. P amodna Sims. Stems ascending, 1.5-5 dm. high, mostly simple ; leaves
broadly linear, lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt, 2-5 cm. long,
on sterile shoots often ovate; cyme mostly compiact and sessile, leafy -br acted ;
calyx-teeth aid-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer
than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely
notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. — Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky.,
s. to Fla. May, June.

*+ ++ Leafy shoots from the base creeping or decumbent ; leaves rather broad.

7. P. stolonifera Sims. Bunners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth-
ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (1-2.5 dm. high) and their oUong or
ovate obtuse leaves (1-2.5 cm. long) pubescent, often clammy ; cyme close, few-
flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of
the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. (P. reptans Michx.) —

POLEMONIACEAB (POLEMONIUM FAMILY) 675

Parap woods, in the Allegheny region, Pa. to Ky. and Ga.; locally Introd.
Qorthw. May, June.

8. P. divaricata L. (Blub Phlox.) Stems spreading or ascending from a
decumbent base, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-
lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely
flowered ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube ; lobes of the
pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end,
or often entire, equaling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses be-
tween them. — Rocky damp woods, w. Que. to Minn., and southw. May, June
— A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow
entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.

* * * Stems low, diffuse and branching ; flowers scattered or barely cymulose ;
corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.

9. P. bifida Beck. Minutely pubescent ; stems ascending, branched, 1-2 dm.
high; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous, 1-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide;
flowers few, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the
tube ; lobes of the pale purple corolla l-cleft to or below the middle, equaling the
tube, the divisions linear-oblong. — Sandy soil, Ind. to Mich., la., and Mo
May, June.

10. P. Stellaria Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat cillate at
base, linear, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, 1-^.5 mm. wide, acute, rather rigid ; flowers
mostly long-peduncled ; lobes of the pale blue or almost ivhite corolla bifid at the
apex into barely oblong lobes. — Limestone cliffs of Ky. K., s. 111., and barrens
ofTenn. Apr., May.

§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and
fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.

11. P. subul^ta L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, in broad mats;
stems villous above, or somewhat glandular; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or
narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped,
rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker center, sometimes white ;
lobes wedge-shaped, notched, or entire. (P. Hentzii Nutt. =P. Brittonii Small,
the most glandular state.) — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, N. Y. to Mich.,
Ky., and Fla. ; naturalized in N. E. Apr. -June.

2. GILIA R. & P.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Stamens
equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds. —
Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. (Dedicated to Felipe Gil, a Spanish
botanist. )

§ 1. C0LL6MIA (Nutt.) Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliose-
bracted ; stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form
corolla; ovules solitary ; leaves sessile and etitire ; annuals.

1. G. linearis (Nutt.) Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 1.5-5 dm.
high ; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate,
acute ; corolla 1 cm. long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with
small limb. (Collomia Nutt.) — Dry open soil, n. e. N. B. and adjacent Que.;
Minn, and Man. to B. C, s. to Ariz, and Cal. ; slightly adv. eastw.

§ 2. IP0M6pSIS (Michx.) Benth. Flowers in long thtjrsoid panicles ; stamens
equally inserted at or below the throat of the narrow funnel-form corolla;
ovules many ; leaves mostly divided; biennials,

2. G. RtjBRA (L.) Heller. (Standing Cypress.) Simple, 0.5-1 m. high;
leaves crowded, divided into filiform segments; thyrse 2-4 dm. long ; calyx with
long setaceous lobes; corolla red, pink, or white, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; stamens
included or barely exserted. {G. coronopifolia Pers.) — Pastures and roadsides,
local, Franklin Co., Mass., and O. June-Aug. (Nat. from the Southwest.)

676 HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATERLEAF FAMILY)

3. P0LEM6nIUM [Tourn.] L. Greek Valerian

Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-
bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla ; filaments declined, hairy-appendaged
at the base. Capsule few-several-seeded. — Perennials, v^^ith alternate pinnate
leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the corymbose flowers nearly
bractless. (An ancient name, from 7r6Xe/uos, war, of doubtful application.)

1. P. r^ptans L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent ; ste7ns weak and
spreading, 2-4 dm. high, never creeping as the name denotes ; leaflets 5-15,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes
ovate, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included; corolla liiiht blue,
about 1-1.5 cm. wide; capsules about ^-seeded. — Woods, N. Y. to Minn., and
southw. Apr.-June.

2. P. Van-Briintiae Britton. Stem erect, 1 m. or less high, nearly or quite
glabrous ; leaflets 9-21, ovate to lanceolate, or the upper leaves rarely simple ;
flowers in close cymes forming a thyrse or contracted panicle ; calyx enlarged
in fruit, becoming 1 cm. or more long, the acutish lobes about equaling the tube ;
stamens and style exserted ; corolla blue, 1.5-2 cm. broad ; capsule several-seeded.
(P. coeruleum Man, ed. 6, not L.) — Mountain swamps, Vt., n. w. Ct., and
N. Y. to Md. May-July.

HYDROPHYLLAcEAE (Waterleap Family)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and
5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next family ; but the
ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal ^-many-ovuled placentae, or rarely
2-celled by the union of the placentae in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate
styles; fruit a 2-valved 4^many-seeded capsule. Seeds mostly reticulated or
pitted. Embryo small, in copious albumen. Flowers chiefly blue or white, in
1-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the
apex when young, as in the Borage Family. — A small family of plants of no
marked properties ; some cultivated for ornament.

Tribe I. HYDROPHf LLEAE. Ovary and capsule 1-ceUed. Seeds pitted or reticulated ; albumen

cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed, or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.
* Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which inclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants
only 4) like an inner pericarp.

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted ; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Nemophila. Stamens included ; anthers ovoid or cordate. Calyx with reflexed appendages

at the sinuses, enlarged in fruit.

3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

* * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inward more or less.

4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Cal^'x destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDR6lEAE. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentae often projecting from the axis
far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.

5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and beU-shaped.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Waterleaf

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, forming
a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted ; filaments more or
less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the placentae soon
free from the walls except at the top and bottom. Capsule ripening 1-4 seeds,
spherical. — Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or bluishrDuxole

HYDROPHYLLACEAB (WATERLEAF FAMILY) 677

pymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of SSw/j, water., and <pij\\ov, leaf; of
no obvious application.)

* Calyx with minute if any appendages ; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

1. H. macrophyllum Nutt. Bough-hairy ; leaves oblong, pinnate andpinnati-
fid ; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed ; Lasal leaves 2-3.5 dm.
long ; peduncle shorter than the petiole ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a
broad base, very hairy; flowers 1 cm. or so long, crowded in a globular cluster;
anthers short-oblong. — Rich woods, Va. to O., 111., and southw. May, June.

2. H. virginianum L. Smoothish, 2-7 dm. hiuli ; leaves pinnately divided ;
the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the
lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than the
petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate ;
flowers 1 cm. or less long; anthers oblong-linear. — Rich woods, N. II. and
w. Que., westw. and southw. May-Aug. — H. patens Britton, indisting-uishable
as to foliage, is said to differ in its somewhat more ciliate petioles, appressed
calyx-lobes, and more spreading corolla-lobes.

3. H. canad6nse L. Nearly smooth, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves 0.5-2.5 dm. broad,
palmately 5-7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those
from the base sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; peduncles
mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short
pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teetb
m the sinuses. — Damp rich woods, s. w. Vt. and w. Mass. to Ont., 111., Ky.,
and N. C. June-Aug.

* * Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus ; stamens little exserted.

4. H. appendiculatum Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed,
rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes
rather loosely flowered ; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy. — Damp woods,
N. Y. &,nd Ont. to Minn., and southw. May, June.

2 NEM6pHILA Nutt.

Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shap6d ; lobes convolute in the bud ;
tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Placentae (bearing each 2-12
ovules), capsule, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diffuse fragile annuals, with
opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles.
(Name from vifioz, a grove, and <pi\elv, to love.)

1. N. micr6calyx (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diffusely spreading, 0.5-4 dm. long ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5
roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper all alternate;
peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute ;
corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentae each 2-ovuled ; capsule 1-2-
seeded. — Moist woods, Va. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. Apr. -June.

3. ELLISIA L.

Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed
above , the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute
appendages within. Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in
Hydrophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves,
the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, distin-
guished naturalist and correspondent" of Linnaeus.) Macrocalyx Trew.

1. E. Nyctdlea L. Minutely or sparingly roughish- hairy, divergently
branched, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or
linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks
or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the
length of the cylindraceous corolla, in fruit ovate-lanceolate, 1 cm. long ; cap-
sule pendulous. — Shady damp places, N. J. to Sask., and southw. ; casual
northeast w. Apr .-July.

678 HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATERLEAF FAMILY)

4. PHACELIA Juss.

Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft
style) exserted ; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 linear placentae adher-
ent to the walls, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid
4-many-seeded capsule. Ovules 2-30 on each placenta. — Perennial or mostly
annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue,
purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes (to which the name,
from 0d/ceXos, a fascicle^ doubtless alludes).

§ 1. EUPHACELIA Gray. Seeds and ovules only 4 {two on each placenta)-,
corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes
entire.

1. P. bipinnatlfida Michx. Biennial ; stem upright, hairy, 2.5-6 dm. high ;
leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated,
loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the
calyx, spreading or recurved ; corolla bright blue, 1-1.5 cm. broad, with 5 pairs
of longitudinal ciliate folds ; stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.
— Kich shaded banks, O. to Mo., and south w. May, June.

§ 2. COSMANTHUS (Nolte) Gray. Ovules and seeds as in § 1 ; corolla almost
rotate, loith fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within ; filaments villuus-
bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.

2. P. Piirshii Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched,
1.5-5 dm. high ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, ohlong or lanceolate, acute ; raceme
many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white,
1 cm. or so broad. — Moist woods, etc., Pa. to Minn., and south w.; locally
introd. in e. Ont. and Ct. Apr.-^une.

3. P. fimbriata Michx. Slightly hairy, slender ; stems spreading or ascend-
ing, 1-3 dm. long, few-leaved ; lowest leaves divided into 3-5 roundish leaflets ;
the upper 5-7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-lO-floioered ;
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate ; corolla white, barely 1
cm. broad. — \yoods, high mts. , Va. to Ala. May, June.

§ 3. COSMANTHOIDES Gray. Ovules and seeds 2-8 on each placenta;

corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.

4. P. dubia (L.) Small. Somevjhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading, 1-3
dm. high ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-5 short lobes ;
racemes solitary, loosely 5-lo-flowered ; pedicels filiform, mostly longer than
the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white, 8-14 mm.
broad; filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6-12-seeded, one half shorter than the
calyx. (P. parviflora Pursh.) — Shaded banks, N. Y. to Kan., and southw.
Apr. -June.

5. P. hirsuta Nutt. More hirsute and less slender ; corolla larger, 13-15 mm.
in diameter ; needs 4-8. — Prairies and barrens, Va. to Kan., and southw.

6. P. Covillei Watson. Like the preceding; racemes %-b-flowered ; calyx-
lobes linear, in fruit 6 mm. long or more ; corolla tubular-campanulate, with
erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large. —
Alluvial soil, D. C.; "111.^' Apr., May.

§ 4. EUTOCA (R. Br.) Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta ;
corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellae within.

7. P. Franklinii (R. Br.) Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect, ^-S flm. nigh,
rather stout ; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear
lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed jv pinnatifid ; racemes short,
dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue. — Dry
soil and recent clearings, Oixt, oijd Mich, to the Rocky Mts., and far north w.
June- Aug.

BORAGINACEAE (;bORAGE FAMILY) 679

5. HYDRdLEA L.

Corolla 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule globular, with very
iarge and fleshy many-seeded placentae, thin-walled, 2-1-valved or bursting
irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed. — Herbaceous or scarcely shrubby,
growing in water or wet places, often having spines in the leaf-axils, and clus-
tered blue flowers. (Name unexplained, doubtless in part from vdup, water, in
allusion to the aquatic habitat.) Nama L., in part.

1. H. af&inis Gray. Glabrous throughout ; stem ascending from a creeping
base ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole ; Jlowers in small axillary
leafy-bracted clusters,' divisions of calyx lance-ovate, equaling the corolla and
the irregularly bursting globose capsule. — Banks of streams, etc. , 111. to Tenn.
and Tex. June-Aug.

2. H. quadrivdlvis Walt. Similar, but viUous-hispid above; divisions of
calyx linear or linear-lanceolate. — Wet ground, Va., and south w. July-Sept.

3. H. ovata Nutt. Hirsute or puberulent ; leaves ovate ; flowers in terminal
leafy panicles ; calyx hirsute, with lanceolate divisions shorter than the corolla.
— Mo. to La. and Tex. June-Aug.

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical
floxoers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla (except in Echium),
5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply ^-lobed ovary
(as in Labiatae) , /ormzngr in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into
two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets. Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-
convex ; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx
valvate, the corolla imbricated (in llyosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers
mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or
raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms
expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. — A rather large family of
innocent mucilaginous and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of some species
yielding a red dye.

N.B. — In this family the figures represent the inflorescence (or a portion
of it) X I and details (flower, fruiting calyx, or nutlet) x 2.

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIeAE. Ovary not lobed ; fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1-2-celled.

Tribe II. BORAGInEAE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in
fruit ; style rising from the center between them.

* Nutlets attached laterally.
+- Nutlets armed with prickles ; throat of corolla closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed

prickles.

3. Lappula. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.

-»- +- Nutlets at most granular-roughened.

4. Amsinckia. Calyx simply but deeply 5-cleft. Corolla yellow, with slender tube and op«D

throat.

5. Aspentgo. Calyx with 5 broad flat veiny lobes and 5 smaller alternating ones. Corolla blue.

* * Nutlets attached at or near the base, smooth or merely wrinkled, not prickly.

+■ Throat of corolla closed by 5 scales.

++ Corolla and stamens regular; achene with large excavated scar.

6. Symphytum. Corolla short-tubular, enlarged above, closed by 5 linear-subulate

680

BORAGINACBAE (BOKAGE FAMILY)

12.

•H- ++ Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique, and lobes unequal.
LycopsiS. Corolla-tube curved. Stamens included.

+- +- Throat of corolla open or merely with folds or crests (not scales).
++ Corolla and stamens regular.
Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested. Racemes noi

leufy-bracted (or only exceptionally so at base).
Mertensia. Corolla trumpet- or funnel-shaped, with open or crested throat, usually blue.

Nutlets fleshy or becoming dry, attached just above the base.
Lithospennum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat

either naked or with low crests. Racemes leafy-bracted.
Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute. Racemes leafy-bracted.

++ ++ Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique, and lobes unequal.
Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

H. curassavicum.

1. HELI0TR6PIUM [Tourn.] L. Turnsole. Heliotrope

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in
the bud. Antkers nearly sessile. Style short ; stigma conical or capitate.
Fruit separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more
commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves
entire ; fl. in summer. (The ancient name, from -^Xtos, the sun, and rpowri, a
turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

§ 1. EUHELI0TR6pIUM Griseb. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled
1-seeded nutlets; style short.

* Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.

1. H. EUROPAEUM L. Erect annual, 1.5-8 dm. high,
hoary-pubescent ; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes
single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in fruit,
hairy ; corolla white, rarely 4 mm. broad. — Waste and
ballast ground, Mass. to D. C. and Fla. (Adv. from Eu. )

2. H. curassavicum L. (Seaside H.) Apparently
annual, glabrous ; stems ascending ; leaves lance-linear
or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless ; spikes in
pairs ; flowers white or bluish. — Sandy seashores and salt

marshes, from Del. south w. ; saline soils, s. 111., southw.
and westw. ; ballast and waste places near the coast,
locally northw. to Me. Fig. 849.

* * Inflorescence not at all scorpi-
oid; flowers scattered.

3. H. ten^llum (Nutt.) Torr.
Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, paniculately
branched, slender, strigose-can-
escent ; leaves narrowly linear,
with revolute margins ; flowers
white, often bractless. — Open
dry ground, Ky. to Kan., and
southw. Fig. 850. 850. H. tenellum.

§ 2. TIARfDIUM (Lehm.) Gray. Fruit 2-lobed, sepa-
rating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, vnth some-
times a pair of empty false cells ; style very short;
flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes.

4. H. fNDicuM L. Erect and hairy annual ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and
somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; corolla blue ; fruit 2-cleft, miter-shaped,
with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. — Waste places, Kv. to Ind.,
Mo., and southw. j also on ballast northw. (Adv. from India.) Fig. 851,

851. H. indicum.

BORAGINACEAE (bOKAGE FAMILY)

681

officinale.

2. CYN0GL6SSUM [Tourn.] L. Hound's Tongue

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about e^iualing the 5-partod calyx; lobes
rounded. Stamens inckT^ jd. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near
the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked
prickles. — Coarse herbs, with petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-
called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. (Name from Ktjcov, a dog,
and yXQcrcra, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

1. C. OFFICINALE L. (Common II.) Biennial, clothed with short soft hairs,
leafy, panicled above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded
or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ;
corolla reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the
broad upper face, somewhat margined. — Waste ground and
pastures, locally abundant, the large nutlets adhering to the
fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu. ) — Strong-scented.
Fig. 852.

2. C. virginianum L. (Wild Comfeey.) Perennial,
roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, feio-
leaved, 3-8 dm. high; stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasp-
ing by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed,
raised on long naked peduncles, bractless ; calyx in anthesis
3.5-4.5 mm. long ; corolla pale blue, 1-1.2 cm. broad, with
suborbicular lobes and closed simises ; nutlets strongly
echinate, compressed-orbicular-obovoid, cuneate at base, 7-9
mm. long. — Open deciduous woods, N. J. to Mo., south w.
and southwestw. May.

3. C. boreale Fernald. Similar, but more slender ; stems
villous-hispid at base, appressed-pubescent above ; only the
upper stem-leaves clasping; calyx in anthesis 2-2.5 mm.

long; corolla QS mm. broad, the lobes oblong-ovate, the sinuses open; nutlets
compressed-pyriform-obovoid, 4-5 mm. long. (C virginicum Man. ed. 6, in
part.) — Open woods and alluvial banks, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Ct., N. Y., Mich.,
and Minn. May, June.

3. LAPPULA [Rivinius] Moench. Stickseed

Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included. Nutlets
fixed to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the
back armed with prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. —
Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes
or spikes ; flowering all summer. (Name a diminutive of lappa^ a bur.)

ECHINOSPERMUM Sw.

* Slender pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit ; calyx-lobes short, at length
rejlexed; biennial or perennial, not hispid.
1. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. (Beggar's Lice.) Stem 3-12 dm. high;
radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline 0.5-2.5 dm.
long, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate at both ends ; loosely pani-
culate racemes divaricate ; pedicel and
flower each about 2 mm. long ; nutlets
of the globose fruit equally short-glo-
chidiate over the whole back. {Echino-
spermum virginicum Lehm.) — Woods,
thickets, and waysides, Me. and w. Que.,
westw. and southw. Fig. 853.

2. L. defl6xa (Wah- ^.o r ^ „,-,,•„„„

lenb.) Garcke. Diffusely 853. L. v.rg,mana.

branched, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves oblong to lanceolate ; racemes lax,
854. L. deflexa. loosely paniculate ; flowers small ; the globular-pyramidal fruit

#

682

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)

855. L. defl
V. amer.

3-4 mm. long., the nutlets only marginally glochidiate. (Echino-
spermum Lehm.) — Calcareous mountains and cliffs, e. Que.; road-
sides and waste places, N. B. to Minn., local. (Eurasia.) Fig. 854.
Var. americana (Gray) Greene. N-^tlets with a few prickles
along the middle. — Thickets and open woods, la. to Man., westw.
and northw. Fig. 855.
3. L. floribiinda (Lehm.) Greene. Rather strict, 0.3-1.5 m. high ; leaves
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined
petioles ; racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit
rather strict; corolla larger, blue, sometimes white, 0.5-1 cm.
in diameter ; nutlets 4-6 mm. long, scabrous and margined with
a close row of flat-subulate prickles. (Echinospermum Lehm.)
— Ont. and Minn, to Sask., and westw. Fig. 856. 856. L. floribunda

* * Stout pedicels not deflexed ; calyx becoming foliaceous ; leaves,
linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate ; hispid annuals.

4. L. echinAta Gilibert. Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ; nutlets
rongh-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins vnth a
double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregularly dis-
tributed over most of the back. {Echinospermum Lappula
Lehm.) — Waste and cultivated grounds, local. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 857.

5. L. Red6wskii (Hornem.) Greene, var. occident^lis (Wats.)
Rydb. Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregu-
larly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the mar-
gins armed with a single row of stout flattened .^
prickles sometimes confluent at base. {L. tex- ^^
ana Britton.) — Ont. to Sask. and Tex., and
westw. ; ballast and waste places, eastw. Fig. 858. L. Eedowskii,

857. L. echlnata, 858. ▼• <><»•

4. AMSiNCKIA Lehm.

Corolla salver-form or tubular-funnel-form. Style filiform. Nutlets rough,
dull, ovoid-trigonous, attached below the middle. — Rough-hairy annuals, with
o'blong or narrower leaves and scorpioid-spicate yellow flowers,
at least the lowest leafy-bracted. (Dedicated to the memory
of Wilhelm Amsinck, a burgomaster of Hamburg, who gave
important support to the botanical garden of that city.)

1. A. LYcopsoiDES Lehm. Decumbent, loosely branched,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the lower
0.5-1 dm. long, the upper shorter;
flowers mostly bractless ; corolla pale
yellow, 7-10 mm. long, the slender tube
exceeding the calyx. — Waste places,
etc., locally established, e. Mass. to
Ct. May-July. (Adv. from Cal.)
Fig. 859.

859. A. lycopsoides.

5. ASPERtTGO [Tourn.] L.
Madwort

Corolla v^ith short tube slightly enlarged above, and
with spreading limb, smaller than the conspicuous calyx.
Stamens included. Nutlets granulated. — Low annual
with harsh slender stems, oblong or spatulate leaves,
and few axillary flowers on short recurved pedicels.
(Name from asper, rough.)

1. A. PROcfjMBExs L. — Ballast and made land,
Mass. to D. C. and Minn. May-July. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. T)rocumben8.

FiQ. 860.

BORAGINACEAE (^BORAGE FAMILY)

683

6. SYMPHYTUM [Tourn.] L. Comfrbt

Corolla 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading. Stamens included ; anthers
elongated. 3tyle thread-form. Nutlets erect, lixed by the large hollowed base,
which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse
perennial herbs, witli thickened bitterish mucilagi-
nous roots ; the nodding raceme-like clusters either
single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from
avfjicpijeLv, to cause to grow together^ probably for
its reputed healing virtues.)

1. S. officinXle L. (Common C.) Hairy,
branched ; upper leaves decurrent upon the stem
in broad cuneate wings, the lower large, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-segments lance-linear :
corolla yellowish- or pinkish-white to bluish- or
roseate-purple ; nutlets nearly smooth, somevhat
shining. — Moist places, escaped from gardens.
June, July. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 861.

2. S. TUBEROSUM L, Erect and rather slender
from a knotted tuberous base, pubescent; leaves
mostly elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate, petiolate, the
petioles decurrent as very narrow wings upon the
stem ; calyx-segments lanceolate, finely appressed-
pubescentand somewhat hirsute ; corolla yellowish-
white ; nutlets granulate-tnberculate, dull. — Low
sandy meadows, Southington, Ct. {Andrews), and

(Adv. from Eu.)
Donn. Harsh with short recurved pricJde-like hairs ;

calyx very small, in anthesis 2-4
mm. long, prickly-hispid all over ; corolla chiefly purple.
— Low ground, not rare. (Introd. from Eu.)

861. S. officinale.

Very likely elsewhere.

3. S. ASPERRTMUM

leaves not decurrent ;

7. LYC6pSIS L. Bugloss

Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly
unequal limb ; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse
bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style in-
cluded. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-
out base. — Annuals. (Name from Xukos, a wolf, and 6^is,
appearance.)

1. L. ARVENSI8 L. (Small B.) Very rough-bristly,
1-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-
like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue
corolla. — Dry or sandy fields and waste places, Que. to
Va., Minn., and Ont., scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 862.

862, L. arvensis.

8. MYOSITIS [Rupp.] L. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not

Corolla-tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat
with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the
latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets
compressed. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of
the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely
bractless, or occasionally with small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight-
ened in fruit, (Name composed of /xOs, mouse, and o5s, ear, from the short and
soft leaves in some species.)
* Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.
1. M. scoRPioiDEs L. (True F.) Perennial; stems ascending from an
oblique creeping base. 3-7 dm. high, loosely branched, smoothish; leaves

684

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)

S63. M. scorpioide

rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyX'
lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 5-8 mm.
broad, sky-blue, with a yellow eye. (il/. palustris
Hill.) — In wet ground, Nfd. to w. N. Y., and
southw. INIay-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 863.
2. M. laxa Lehm. Perennial from filiform
subterranean shoots ; stems very slender, decum-
bent ; pubescence all appressed ; leaves lance-
olate-oblong or somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes
as long as the tube ; limb of corolla rarely 5 mm.
broad, paler blue. — In water and wet ground, Nfd. to Ont., and

southw. May- Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 864. „,^ ,, ,

*' o V / 864. M. laxa.

* * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruity clothed loith spreading hairs, some
minutely hooked or gland-tipped ; corolla small; annual or biennial.

t- Calyx about equally b-cleft.

♦* Pedicels in fruit longer than the calyx.

3. Bt arvdnsis (L.) Hill. Hirsute with spreading hairs,
erect or ascending, 1-4.5 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acutish ; racemes naked at the base and stalked ; corolla blue,
rarely white. — Fields, etc., Nfd. to Minn, and W. Va. June-
Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 865.

Pedicels shorter than the calyx, the latter about 4 mm. long.

RsfcoLOR (Pers.) Sm. Slender, 1-3 dm. high, mostly simple at
base, often branched above; stems and leaves
uniformly pubescent with ascending straightish
hairs; upper leaves somewhat pointed ; racemes
loose, mostly naked at base ; pedicels appressed-
■ pubescent; corolla pale yellow, changing to
blue, then to violet, the tube exceeding the
calyx ; style distinctly longer than the nutlets. —
Fields, "N.Y.," and Del. May-July. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 866.

5. M. MiCRAXTHA Pallas. Stems 0.5-2 dm.
high, branching from the base, with the oblong
or lanceolate blunt leaves pubescent with mixed
straight and divergent hooked hairs; scattered
flowers produced from the lower axils ; pedicels
very short, mostly tvith some divergent hooked
hairs; corolla blue, the tube barely equaling
the calyx ; style rarely equaling the nutlets.
(Jf. collina Am. auth., n^t Hoffm.) — Road-
sides, old fields, etc.. Mass, to Ont. and 0.
May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 867.

M. arvenste.

4. M. VE

866. M. versicolor.

+- -t- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, unequally and deeply 5-cleft.

867. M. micrantha. 6. M. virginlca (L.) ESP. Bristly-hirsute, branched from
the base, erect, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong,
or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafy at the base ;
corolla very small, white, with a short limb ; pedicels in fruit
erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward
near the apex; calyx very hispid, 3-5 mm. long. (M. verna
Nutt.) — Dry banks and rocky w^oods. Me. to Ont. and Minn.,
westw. and southw. Apr.-July. Fig. 868. Passing westw. ggg j^j virginica
and southw. to the larger formal var. macrosperma (Engelm.)
Fernald (M. macrosperma Engelm.), with looser inflorescence and larger calyx
and nutlets.

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)

685

9. MERTENSIA Roth. Lungwort

Corolla longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 6
small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or
arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh,
smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached by a prominent
internal angle; the scar small. — Smooth or soft-hair/
perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and hand-
some purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and
short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the
lower one leafy-bracted ; pedicels slender. (Named for
Franz Karl llertens, a German botanist.) .

viririnica.

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire
limb and naked throat ; filaments slender, exserted;
hypogynous disk 2-lobed.

— ' 1. M. virginica (L.) Link. (Virginian Cowslip,
Bi^uEBELLS.) Very smooth, pale,'erect, 2-6 dm. high;
leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root 1-1.6 dm. long,
petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 2-2.5 cm. long, many
times exceeding the calyx, light blue (pinkish in bud), rarely white ; nutlets
dull and roughish. — Alluvial banks, N. Y. and Ont. to Neb., and southw.
Apr., May. Fig. 809.

* * Corolla icith conspicuously b-lobed limb and crested throat.

■*- Filaments broad and short ; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.

2. M. paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. Roughish and more or
less hairy, erect, 0.3-1 m. high, loosely branched ; leaves ovate
and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla 1-1.5
cm. long, somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the
lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx ; filaments broader and
shorter than the anthers. — Shore of L. Superior, northw. and
westw. July, Aug.

+- •*- Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets
shining, utricular,

^ 3. M. maritima (L.) S. F. Gray. (Sea L.) Spreading or
ecumbent, smooth, glaucous ; leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate,
fleshy, the upper surface becoming papillose ; corolla white,
rose-pink, or blue, bell-funnel-form, 5-7 mm. long, twice the
length of the calyx. (Pneumaria Hill.) — Sea-coast, on rocks
and sand, Nantucket, Mass., and northw. June-Sept, (Eura-
sia.) Fig. 870. STU. M, maritimu.

10. LITHOSPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Gromwell. Puccoon

Throat of corolla naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or
scale-like appendage opposite each lobe ; the limb 5-cleft. Anthers oblong,
almost sessile, included. Nutlets smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony ;
scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile
leaves ; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, some-
times dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed
of \idos, stone, and cnr^pim, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. RHYTISPERMITM (Link) Reichenb. Nutlets tubercled or rough-
wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; throat of the (nearly white) corolla
destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

1. L. ARVENSE L. (Corn G.) Minutely roughened and hoary, annual or
biennial ; stems erect, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ;

686

BOEAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)

- Sandy fields and road«
May-Aug. (Nat. from

872. L. officinale.

corolla scarcely longer than the calyx,
sides, Me. to Ont., Kan., and southw.
Eu.) Fig. 871.

§ 2. EULITHOSPERMUM DC. Nutlets
smooth and shining, white like ivory ;
corolla greenish-white or pale yellow^
small, with 5 distinct pubescent crests
in the throat ; perennial.

2. L. OFFICINALE L. (Common G.)

Much branched above, erect, 0.3-1 m.

high ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate^

871. L. arvense. acute, with a few distinct veins, rough

above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla

exceeding the calyx. — Roadsides and pastures, e. Que. to

Minn, and N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 872.

8. L. Iatif51ium Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect, 5-9
dm. high, rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly
taper-pointed (even the floral ones 3-9 cm. long), ribbed-veined^
roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the basal leaves
large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx. — Open
ground and borders of woods, w. Que. and N. Y. to Minn.,
s. to Va. and Ark. Fig. 873.

§ 3. bAtSCHIA (G. F. Gmel.) Endl. Nutlets white, smooth
and shining ; corolla large, salver-form or nearly so, deep
orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much exceed-
ing the calyx, and the throat appendaged ; roots perennial^
long and deep, yielding a red dye.

* Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much
longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages
little if at all projecting.
L. latifolium. ^ ^ Gmelini (Michx.) Hitchc. ^ispic? with bristly hairs,
2-8 dm. high ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the
flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla
woolly-bearded at the base inside, the limb 1.5-2.5 cm.
broad ; flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy ;
fruiting calyx 1 cm. or more long, 3-4 times longer
than the nutlets. (L. hirtum Lehm.) — Pine barrens,
etc., N. Y. to Minn., southw. and westw. Apr.-June.

5. L. can^scens (Michx.) Lehm. (Puccoon.)
Softly hairy and more or less hoary, 2-6 dm. high ;
leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong,
more or less downy beneath and roughish' with close
appressed hairs above; flowers sessile; corolla naked
at the base within ; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, barely
twice the length of the nutlets. — Plains and open
woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to N. J., Va., Ala., and
westw. Apr. , May. Fig. 874. 874. L. canescens.

* * Corolla-tube in well developed flowers 2-4 times the length of the calyx and
of ils erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching ;
later flowers small, cleistogamous.

6. L. angustifblium Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 1-5
dm. high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedic^led,
leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-tube 1.5-3.6
cm. long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants with incon-
spicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels commonly
recurved in fruit : nutlets usually punctate. CL. linearifolium Goldie. ) — Dry

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)

687

87S. O. virginianuLQ.

and sterile or sandy soil, s. Ont., Ind., and Mich, to N. Dak., Tex., and westw.
Apr, -July.

11. 0N0SM6dIUM Michx. False Gromwell

Divisions of calyx linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnel-form
(the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely
spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped,
mucronate, inserted in the tln-oat. Style thread-
form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, erect;
the scar not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs,
coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile rib-veined
leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers in
at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like
clusters ; fl. in summer. (Named from a likeness to
the genus Onosma, meaning ass-smell.)

* Corolla-lobes lance-subulate^ 2-3 times as long as
wide.

1. 0. virginianum (L.) A. DC. Clothed with harsh
and rigid appressed short bristles; stems rather
slender, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves narrowly oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, the lower narrowed
at base ; nutlets 2-2.8 mm. long, irregularly pitted,
not conspicuously constricted at base. — Dry banks,
sandy hillsides, etc., Mass. to Fla. and La. Fig. 875.

* * Corolla-lobes deltoid, scarcely longer than broad.

•*- Stem hispid, villous, or hirsute to the base.

'*■*■ Silky -pub e scent ; nutlets conspicuously pitted.

2. 0. m611e Michx. Finely grayish-pubescent ; the lowest leaves oblanceo-
late, the others ovate to ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously veined, acutish ; calyx
silky as well as sparingly hirsute ; nutlets 3 mm. long, pitted, sometimes slightly
constricted at the base. ( 0. carolinianum, var. Gray, in part.) — Old fields and
cedar barrens, Ky. and Tenn.

4-»- -H*. Strigose to hirsute ; nutlets scarcely or not at all pitted.

3. 0. occidentale Mackenzie. Stoutish and somewhat rigid, 4-6 dm. high,
rather finely but copiously grayish-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
lance-ovate, strongly rib-veined, 4-8 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm.
wide, with pubescence mostly appressed or subappressed ;
nutlets rounded and not at all constricted at the base. ( O.
carolinianum, var. molle Gray, in part.) — Alluvial soil,
sandy or gravelly banks, etc.. 111. to Sask., Col., and N. Mex.
Var. 8YLVESTRE Mackenzie. Taller, 1 m. or more high, less
canescent and more shaggy-hirsute in the manner of the
next species, but with nutlets unconstricted at the base. —
111. and Mo.

4. 0. hispidlssimum Mackenzie. Stout, erect, 10-12 dm.
high, green, coarsely hirsute throughout ; stem-leaves ovate,
8-10 cm. long, 1.8-4 cm. wide, the pubescence mostly spread-
ing ; nutlets about 3 mm. long, with a very short neck or
constriction at the base, hvov^m^Yilm^Qd. {0. carolinianum 876,0 bispidissimum.
Man. ed. 6, not DC.) — River-banks, rich bottoms, etc.,

N. Y. and s. Ont. to Neb., and south w. Fig. 876. Var, macrospermum Mac»
kenzie & Bush, with larger and more shining white nutlets nearly 4 mm. long,
is distinguishable in 111. and Mo.

•^ •<- Stem essentially smooth and glabrous below.

5. 0. subset5sum Mackenzie & Bush. Stem erect, nearly or quite glabrous
to the middle, 6 dm. or more in height ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, fiijely

688

VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY)

appressed-pubescent upon both surfaces, 0-8 cm. long, 1-1,5 cm. wide ; nutlets
brownish-white, not constricted at the base, usually pitted, 2-3 mm. long. —
Rocky liills and barrens of the Ozark region, Mo. and Ark.

STT. E. vulgare.

12. ECHIUM [Tourn.] L. Viper's Bugloss

Corolla with a cylindraeeous or funnel-form tube ; lobes
rounded, spreading. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style
thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a fiat
base. (A plant name used by Dioscorides from exis, a viper.)

1. E. VULGARE L. (Blue-weed, Blue Devil.) Rough-
bristly biennial ; stem erect, 3-9 dm. high ; stem-leaves linear-
lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short lateral chisters, dis-
posed in a long and narrow thyrse or in an open panicle ; buds
pink ; corolla brilliant blue (rarely pale or roseate). — Roadsides
and meadows, locally abundant. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.,)
Fig. 877.

VERBENACEAE (Vervaix Family)

Herbs or sh7'ubs, icith opposite leaves, rtiore or less 2-lipped or irregular
corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2-Ai-celled fruit dry or drupaceous, usually
splitting when ripe into as many l-seeded indehiscent iiutlets; resembling the
following family, but the ovary not 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and
the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. Seeds with straight
embryo and little or no albumen. — A large family in the Tropics, sparingly rep-
resented in cool regions.

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets,

3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

1. VERBENA [Tourn.] L. Vervain

Calyx 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla
tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft.
Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers.
Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. — Flowers sessile, in single
or often panicled spikes, bracted, produced aU summer. (The
Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.) — The
species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

§ 1. Anthers not appendaged ; flowers small, in slender spikes.

* Spikes filiform, with floivers or at least fruit scattered, naked, the

inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calyx.

1. V. officin\\lis L. (European V.) Annual, glabrous or
nearly .so, loosely branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves pinnatifid or
3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and
toothed; spikes panicled ; ^oioer^ purplish, very small, —Road-
sides, waste places, and old fields, especially from the Middle
States westw. and southw. (Nat, from Eu,) Fig, 878,

2. V. urticaefblia L. (White V.) Perennial, from minutely
pubescent to almost glabrous, rather tall (0.5-1,5 m. high) ; leaves
oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petuded; spikes at length much
elongated, loosely panicled; flowers very small, ivhite. — Thickets, roadsides,
and waste ground. (Trop. Am.)

Var, riparia (Raf.) Britton. Leaves deeply cleft or incised ; flowers blue.—
N. J. to Va. and N. C.

VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY)

689

angustifolia x y^.

* * Spikes thicker or densely flowered ; the fruits crowded^ mostly overlapping
one another ; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers ; perennial.
3. V. angustifblia Michx. Low, 2-6 dm. high, often simple ; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes
few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger
than in the next. — Dry or sandy ground, Mass. and
s. Vt. to Minn., and south w. ; rarely adventive further
northeastw. Fig. 879.

4. V. hastata L. (Blue V.) TaU (0.5-2 m.
high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed
and sometimes halberd-shaped at base ; spikes linear,
erect, corymbed or panicled ; flowers violet-blue
(rarely pink or white). — Damp grounds, etc.

5. V. striata Vent. (IIoart V.) Downy with
soft lohitish hairs, erect, simple or branched, 3-9
dm. high; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate;
spikes thick, somewhat clustered, hairy ; flowers
rather large, purple. — Barrens and prairies, Ont.
and O., westw. and south w.; rarely nat. eastw.

* * * Sj)ikcs thick, sessile and leafy-bracted ; annual.

6. V. bractebsa Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, re-
motely flowered ; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple
floAvers. — Prairies and waste grounds, Va. to
O., westw. and south w. ; on ballast and in waste
places northeastw.

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-
tipped; flowers showy, from depressed-
capitate becoming spicate.

7. V. bipinnatifida Nutt. Hispid-hirsute,
1-4 dmo high ; leaves bipinnatehj piarted, or
3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divi-
sions, the lobes commonly linear or broader ;
bracts mostly surpassing the calyx; limb of
bluish-purple or lilac corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad.
— Plains and prairies. Mo. to S. Dak. and Mex. Fig. 880.

8. V. canadensis (L.) Britton. Slender, 5 dm. high or less, soft-pubescent
or glabrate ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a loedge-shaped base,

incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply
3-cleft ; bracts shorter than or equaling the calyx;
limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) co-
rolla i. 5-2.5 cm. broad. (F. Aubletia Jacq.; V.
Drummondi of auth.) — Open woods and prairies,
Va. to Fla. ; also Ind. to Kan., and south w.

2. LIPPIA [Houston] L.

Calyx often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped.
Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender ;
stigma obliquely capitate. (Dedicated to Agostino
Lippi, Italian naturalist.)

1. L. lanceolata Michx. (Fog-fruit.) De-
cumbent or procumbent, green; leaves oblance-
olate to lanceolate, serrate above ; peduncles axil-
•81. L. lanceolata x Vg. lary, slender, exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary

carat's manual — 44

bipinnatifida x %,

690

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)

closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers ; bracts mucronate
or pointless. — River-banks, N. J. to s. Ont. and Minn., s. to
Fla. and Tex. May-Sept. Fig. 881.

2. L. nodiflbra (L.) Micbx. Similar, but more depressed,
cinereous or greenish ; leaves blunter and more spatulate ; corolla
rose-purple or white, — Mo. to N. C. and Tex. May-Sept.
Fig, 882.

3. L. cuneifblia (Torr.) Steud. Diffusely branched from a
woody base, procumbent {not creeping)^ minutely canescent
throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, incisely 2-6-toothed
above the middle ; peduncles axillary, often shorter than the

leaves ; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate ; corolla pale. —
Plains, Neb., Kan., and westw. May-Sept.

2. L. nodlflora

3. callicArpa l.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell-
ghaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4,
nearly equal, exserted ; anthers opening at the
apex. Style slender, thickened upward. —
Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small
flowers. (Name formed of /cdXXos, beauty, and
Kapirds, fruit.)

1. C. americana L (French Mulberry.)
Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, acu-
minate, toothed, whitish-tomentose beneath;
cymes many-flowered ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed;
corolla bluish; fruit violet-color. — Rich soil,
Va. to Mo. and Tex. May-July. Fig. 883.

2. C. pcRPijREA Juss. Leaves elliptic, gla-
brous beneath, glandular-dotted ; corolla pink.
— Swamp, Wilmington, Del. {Tatnall). Aug.
(Introd. from Asia.)

LABIATAE

C. americana x %.

(Mint Family)

Chiefly herbs, ordinarily with square stems, opjwsite aromatic leaves, more or
less 2-lipped corolla, didynamous stamens or these only two, and a deeply 4-lobed
ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the
base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a
single erect seed. Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their base,
except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in
Scutellaria) ; radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed
or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the
corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters,
these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. — Foliage mostly dotted
with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and
aroma of the plants of this large and well known famfly.

L Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventraliy ; ovary merely

4-lobed.

Tnbe I. AJuGEAE. Stamens 4, ascending' and parallel, mostly exserted from the upper side of

the corolla. Calyx 5-10-nerved.
• Limb of corolla irregular, eeemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down or very
short ; stamens exserted from the cleft.
1. Ajuga. Corolla \vith a very short and as If truncate upper lip,
2 Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 1 small lobes of the upper lio.

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 691

* * Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes.

8. Isanthus. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included.

4. Trichostema. Corolla-lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens much exserted.

II. Nutlets smooth or granulate ; scar basal, small ; ovary deeply 4-parted.

Tribe II. SCUTELLARIeAE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit ;
the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched.

5. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side.

Tribe III. STACHi'EAE. Stamens ascending or spreading, extended straight forward. Calyx
usually open in fruit, without a projection on the upper side.

* Stamens and style included in the corolla-tube.

6. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.

* * Stamens exserted beyond the corolla-tube.

■»- Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, ascending or diverging ; corolla 2-lipped ;

the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading ; calyx mostly 15-nerved.

++ Anthers not approximate in pairs ; their cells parallel or nearly so.

7. Agastache. Stamens divergent, exserted ; upper pair declined, lower ascending.

8. Meehania. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla.

++ -H- Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent ; filaments

ascending, not exserted.

9. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed.

10. Dracocephalum. Calyx straight, the uppermost tooth much the largest.

<*- +■ Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair

longer (except in nos. 14 and 17) ; calyx 5-10-nerved, not 2-lipped (except in no. 11).

++ Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit.

11. Prunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft:

++ ++ Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3-5-lobed, open.

12. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther-cells parallel.

13. Synandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed 1 Anther-cells widely divergent.

++++++ Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or -striate, 5-10-toothed.
= Stamens not deflexed after anthesis ; naturalized from the Old World.

14. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.

15. GaleopsiS. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers transversely

2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate.

16. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate.

17- Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets trun-
cate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised.

18. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed border.

Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

= = Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis.

19. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into 1.

Nutlets rounded at top.
*- -i- +- Stamens 2, ascending and parallel ; anthers apparently or really 1-celled ; corolla strongly

2-lipped.

20. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear

cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.

21. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells confluent into

1, the connective inconspicuous.

22. Blephilia. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 2-Upped. Anthers as in the preceding.

692 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY^

4> 4- 4- 4- Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting ; anthers 2-celled ; upper lip of corolla neltbei

galeate nor concave.
++ Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate.
= Corolla more or less 2-lipped.
a. Stamens (often only 2 in no. 23) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or ascend-
ing parallel under the erect upper hp in no. 25).

23. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

24. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward.

25. Satureja. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 10-13-nerved. Tube of corolla straight.

h. Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.
1. Stamens 4 ; calyx 10-15-nerved, hairy in the throat (except no. 26).

26. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted.

27. Origanum. Calyx ovoid-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large colored bracts.

28. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovoid or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped

Flowers in dense heads or clusters. •

29. Thymus. Calyx ovoid, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute. Leaves very small.

2. Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.
80. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in tne throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.
= = Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small ; stamens erect, distant.

31. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2 ; often also 2 sterile filaments without anthers.

32. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.

•M- ++ Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes ; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit.

33. CoUinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the larger. Stamens 2.

34. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included.

-M- ■^+ -H- Flowers in dense spikes ; calyx hardly 2-hpped, the teeth equal

35. ElSholtzia. Coiolla slightly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, exserted.

1. AjUGA L. Bugle Weed

Calvx 5-toothed. The large and spreading lower
lip of the corolla with the middle lobe emarginate
or 2-cleft. Stamens as in Teucrium, but anther-
cells less confluent. (From a- privative, and ^1^76^,
— IjSit'm jugum, — yoke, from the seeming absence
of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.)

1. A. REPTANS L. Perennial, 1-2.5 dm. high,
smooth or but slightly pubescent, with copious
creeping stolons; leaves obovate or spatulate,
sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral
approximate, subtending several sessile blue flow-
ers.— Locally in fields. Me. and Que. to s, N, Y.
May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)
_ 2. A. GENEVENSis L. Similar ; the stems copi-

A. genevensis. ously soft-pubescent, tufted, not stoloniferous ;

Inflorescence x i/g. Flower X 11/2 leaves somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger. —
Locally in fields, waste places, etc., N. E., N. Y.,
and Pa. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 884.

2. TEtrCRIUM [Tourn.] L. Germander

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower lobe much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla •
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer^ king of Troy.)

LABIATAB (MINT FAMILY)

• Perennials ; leaves merely dentate or serrate ; injlorescences terminal^ spicifomk

-*- Inflorescence cylindric ; calyx densely pubescent.

1. T. canadlnse L. (American G., Wood Sage.) Stems 1 m. or less high,
appressed-pubescent, simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, serrate,
2.5-5 cm. broad, rounded or narrowed at base, short-petioted, hoary beneath,
green and glabrous or sparingly appressed-pubescent but scarcely papillose above;
whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in long and simple wand-like racemes ; calyx
canescent-pannose, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse, or the middle one acutish;
corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, purplish, pink, or sometimes cream-color. — Rich low
ground, N. E. to Neb., and southw. July-Sept.

Var. littorale (Bicknell) Fernald. Stif, usually simple, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate to lance-ovate, 1.5-3 cm. broad, mostly tapering at base, thick and
somewhat rugose, the upper surface papillose beneath the dense appressed pubes-
cence ; flowers slightly smaller. (7". littorale Bicknell.) — Near the coast, Me.
to Fla. and Te?^, and north w. in the Miss, basin to Okla.

2. T. occidentllle Gray. Stem villous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves lance- to ovate-
oblong, white-villous beneath ; calyx and bracts villous with viscid hairs and
with shorter capitate or stipitate glands; the upper calyx-lobes acute or the
middle one acuminate; corolla 8-12 mm. long. — Alluvial soil, Me. to B. C, s.
to Pa., O., Mo., N. Mex., and Cal.

Var. boreale (Bicknell) Fernald. Stem more closely pubescent ; caiyx and
bracts with few or no capitate glands amongst the often viscid hairs ; corolla
slightlv longer. (T. boreale Bicknell.) — Similar situations, n. N. H. to Wash.,
s. to w. N. Y., 111., and Tex.

t- 1- Inflorescence secund; calyx glabrous or glabrate.

3. T. Scorod6nia L. (Wood Sage, Germander Sage.) Stems ascending
from a freely creeping rootstock, villous, 2-5 dm. high, simple or with few erect
branches ; leaves deltoid-lanceolate to -ovate, crenate, rugose, cordate or trun-
cate at base, short-petioled ; flowers pale yellow, paired in slender 1-sided
tacemes ; upper tooth of the calyx large and recurved. — Said to be established
in Ont. and O, (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Annual; leaves pinnatifld; flowers in axillary verticels.

4. T. b6trts L. (Cdt-leaf G.) Erect or decumbent, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
long-petioled, rhombic-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, divided into few linear or oblong
segments ; flowers slender-pediceled ; corolla reddish-purple ; calyx gibbous-
campanulate, the lower side saccate, the subequal deltoid teeth short. — Dry
pastures, waste places, etc , local, w. Mass. to Ont. and O. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ISAnTHUS Michx. False Pennyroyal

Calyx equally 5-lobed, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer
than the calyx; the border bell-shaped, with obovate lobes.
Stamens slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely ex-
ceeding the corolla. — A low much branched annual, clammy
pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and
small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3-flowered peduncles.
(Name from fcros, equal, and Avdos, flower^ referring to the
almost regular corolla.)

1. I. brachi^tus (L.) BSP. Corolla 5 mm. long, little ex-
ceeding the calyx. (7. caeruleus Michx.) — Dry or sterile
885 1 bracMatus ground, Vt. and w. Que. to Minn., and southw. July, Aug.
* xH. Fig. 886.

4. TRICHOSTiMA L. Blue Curls

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly
anited, the 2 lower very short. Stamens with very long curved capillary fila

b'y4

LABIATAB (TMIKT FAMILY^

ments; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some.

what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches,
becoming lateral by the production of axillary branch-
lets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely,
the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue,
varying to pink, rarely white, small ; fl. in summer and
autumn. (Name composed of 6pl^, hair, and (rr^fxa,
stamen, from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dich6tomum L. (Bastard Pennyroyal.)
Viscid with rather minute pubescence; leaves lance-
ohlong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-
petioled ; lower lobe of the corolla oblong, longer than
the remaining broader ones. — Sandy fields, Me. and
Vt. to Ky., Mo., and Tex. Fig. 886.

2. T. lineare Walt. Puberulent, more slender and
less forked; leaves linear, nearly smooth. — In sandy.

T. dichotomum x Vj. ground near the coast, Ct. to La.

6. SCUTELLARIA L. Skullcap

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, splitting to the base at maturity, the lips entire,
the upper usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending
tube, dilated at the throat ; the upper lip entire or barely notched, the lateral
lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe
or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens ascending under
the upper lip ; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of the
lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter
perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite,
1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or spiked or racemed ; fl. in summer. (Name
from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the appendage of the fruiting calyx.)

§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynohase.

* Flowers small (5-8 mm. long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided

racemes.

\. S. lateriflbra L. (Mad-dog S.) Smooth ; stem upright, much branched,
1-8 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate,
rounded at base, petioled, 3-9 cm. long, the lower floral ones similar ; flowers
blue, rarely pink or white. — Wet shaded places, common. July-Sept.

* * Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves or in terminal single or

panicled racemes ; the floral leaves mostly smaller than the cauline.

•*- Flowers 1-3 cm. long ; principal stem-leaves more than 2 cm. long.
f* Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-peti-
oled ; lateral lobes of the corolla almost equaling the
short upper lip.

2. S. versicolor Nutt. Soft-hairy, the hairs of the
inflorescence, etc., partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly
erect, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, very
veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate subentire
bracts about equaling the glandular-hairy calyx ; racemes
mostly simple ; corolla bright blue, with lower side and lip
whitish. {S. cordifolia Muhl. ?, nomen sub nudum. ) —
Banks of streams, Pa. to Wise, Minn., and southw.
June, July. Fig. 887.

3. S. saxdtilis Riddell. Glabrous or slightly hairy;
stem weak, ascending, 1-5 dm . long, often producing run-
ners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 1.5-5 cm.
long, thin^ obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small,

887. S. versicolor X y^.

LABIATAE QMINT FAMILY) 695

entire ; laceme simple, loose. — Moist shaded banks, Del. to O., s. in the mts. to
Va. and Tenn. June, July.

-.H. 4H. Stem-leaves if slender-petiole d not cordate (or only the very lowest some-
times so) ; lateral lobes of the usually violet-blue corolla shorter than the
galeate upper lip.

= Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate,
a. Stem-leaves on distinct petioles (8 mm. or more long^.

1. Flowers in terminal single or panicled racemes ; the floral leaves gradually

reduced to entire inconspicuous bracts.

4. S. serrata Andr. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple, 2.5-7
dm. high, with single loosely flowered racemes ; leaves serrate^ acuminate at
both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy ; corolla 2-2. .5 cm.
long, slender, its lips equal in length. — Woods, N. Y. and Pa. to 111. and N. C.
May, June.

5. S. can6scens Nutt. Stem branched above, 0.5-1.2 m. high, with the
panicled mamj-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or
lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish
with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceo-
late ; corolla 2 cm. long. (S. incana Muhl. ? , nomen sMfewMawm.) — Woods
and river-banks, Pa. to s. Ont., Mich., and south w. July-Aug.

6. S. pil5sa Michx. Pubescent icith spreading hairs; stem nearly simple,
2-7 dm. high ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to
roundish-ovate, 2-5 cm. long, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-
petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ;
racemes short, often branched ; corolla 1.2-1.7 cm. long, rather slender, the
lower lip a little shorter. — Dry or sterile ground, s. N. Y. to Mich., s. to Fla.
and Tex. May, June.

Var. hirs^ta (Short) Gray. A large form (8-9 dm. high), more hirsute,
with larger very coarsely crenate leaves. — Richer soil, Ky. and Va.

2. Flowers mostly home on elongate branches even from the base of the plant,

solitary in the axils of mostly dentate leaves.

7. S. Churchilliana Fernald. Stems ascending from a slender rootstock,
3.5-6 dm. high, minutely pilose, freely branching; the branches simple or
forked, flexuous, mostly 1.5-3 dm. long; leaves ovate-acuminate, thin, glabrous
above, minutely pilose on the nerves beneath, those of the primary stem 4-6
cm. long, crenate-dentate, those of the branchlets smaller (1.5-3.5 cm. long);
corolla 1-1.6 cm. long, slender-funnel-form, gradually enlarged upward. —
Alluvial soil, N. B. and Me, July-Sept. c-

6. Stem-leaves subsessile or on short petioles (1-4 mm. long).

8. S. galericulata L. Herbaceous ; subterranean stolons not tuberiferous ;
smooth or a little downy, erect, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base, 1.5-6 cm. long;
flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla violet-blue, 1.7-2.2
cm. long, with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect. — Wet places, Nfd.
to B. C, s. to N. C, O., and Neb. June- Aug.

= = Stem-leaves (or all but the lowest) entire.

9. S. integrifblia L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stems soli-
tary and commonly simple, 3-8 dm. high, from a slender base ; upper leaves
oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled, the lowest long-
petioled, ovate, dentate ; flowers in the axils of the upper more or less reduced
leaves or in terminal single or panicled racemes ; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, much
enlarged above, the ample lips subeqtial in length. — Moist ground, e. Mass. to
Fla. and Tex., chiefly near the coast. May-July.

10. S. Biishii Britton. Stems numerous, from a short ligneous candex,
1.5-3 dm. high, closely puberulent ; leaves uniform, oblanceolate, obtuse, all
entire; flowers axillary, along the upper two thirds of the stem; corolla 2-2.5
Dm. long. — Barrens, s. Mo. May, June.

696

LABI AT AE (MINT FAMILY)

•«- -^ Flowers 5-10 mm. long ; leaves at most 2 cm. long.

\\. S. parvula Michx. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons monilif orm-tuher-
iferous ; pubescent throughout with spreading often viscid hairs, dwarf (0.8-3
dm. high), branched and spreading ; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire
or sparingly toothed, the lowest round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate,
slightly heart-shaped ; flowers axillary. (Including var. mol-
lis Gray; S. campestris Britton.) — Sandy banks, Vt. and
w. Que. to Mich., s. to Tenn. and Tex. Apr.-July.

Var. ambigua (Nutt.) Fernald. Minutely puberulent or
glabrate. {S. parvula Britton, not Michx.) — Me. to Wise,
Ky., and Tex.

§2.

Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender
base.

S. nervosa.
An upper node x i/^.

Nutlet X 5.

12. S. nervbsa Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched,
slender, 1.5-5 dm. high ; lower leaves roundish, the middle
ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped, 2-4.5 cm. long, the
floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerve-like veins prominent beneath ; corolla bluish,
1 cm. long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one. — Moist thickets and
rich woods, s Ont. and N. Y. to Mo. and N. C. Fig. 888.

6. MARRtrBIUM [Tourn.J L. Horehound

Calyx-teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper
lip of the corolla erect, notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe
broadest. Stamens 4. — Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, branched
at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls (A name used
by Pliny, from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

1. M. vulgXre L. (Common H.) Stems ascend-
ing ; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ;
whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the
alternate ones shorter ; corolla small, white. — Waste
places. Me. to Ont., westw. and south w. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 889.

M. vulg-are.
Fruiting calyx x 2.

7. AGASTACHE Clayt. Giant Hyssop

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth
rather longer than the others. Upper lip of corolla nearly erect, 2-lobed, the
lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper
pair declined, the lower and shorter pair ascending, so
that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel. —
Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and
small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes
in summer. (From dyap, much, and crrdxvs, an ear
of corn, in reference to the numerous spikes.) Lo-
PHANTHus Benth., in part.

1. A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze. Stem stout, 0.7-1.5 m.
high, sharply 4-angled, smooth or nearly so ; leaves
ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed,
5-12 cm. long ; spikes 3-12 cm. long, crowded with
the ovate pointed bracts ; calyx-teeth ovate, rather
obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow
corolla. {Lophanthus Benth.) — Borders of woods,
e. Mass., Vt., and w. Que. to Minn., and southw.

2. A. scrophulariaefblia (Willd.) Ktze. Stem (ob-
tusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or
somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves slightly ^w6escewi/

A. scrophulariaefolia.
Node and spike x i^.
Flower x 2.

LABIATAE (MINT FAMTLY} 697

spikes 0.5-5 dm. long; calyx-teeth lanceolate^ acute, shorter than the purplish
corolla; otherwise like the preceding. {Lophanthus Benth.) — N. H. to Ont.,
Mo., Ky., and Va. Fig. 890. Var. mollis (Fernald) Heller. Stems and lower
surfaces of leaves densely villous.,— Vt. and Ct. to 111.

3. A. Foeniculum (Pursh) Ktze. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-
white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. {Lophan-
thus anisatus Benth.; A. anethiodora Britton.) — Plains, L. Superior and Man.
to Neb. , and westw. — Foliage with the scent of anise.

8. MEEHANIA Britton.

Caly:x rather obliquely 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at
the throat ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, the
middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter ; anther-
cells parallel. — Low stoloniferous herb, with pale purplish flowers. (Named
£or the late Thomas 3Ieehan, Philadelphian botanist.)

1. M. cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves
broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ;
whorls few-flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy
inside, 2-3.5 cm. long; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Cedronella
Benth.) — Moist shady banks, w. Pa. to 111., Tenn., and N. C. June.

9. NEPETA L. Cat Mint

Calyx tubular, often incurved. Corolla dilated in the throat ; the upper lip
erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-cleft, the middle lobe
largest, either 2-lobed or entire. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought
to be derived from Nepete, an Etruscan city.)

§ 1. CATArIA [Tourn.] Reichenb. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-
flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes ; nippier floral leaves small
and bract-like.

1. N. CatXria L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched ; leaves heart-shaped,
oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted/
with purple. — Near dwellings ; a common weed. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§2. GLECH^MA (L.) Benth. Leaves all alike ;
the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.

2. N. hederXcea (L.) Trevisan. (Ground
Ivy, Gill-over-the-Ground.) Creeping and
trailing ; leaves petioled, round-kidney-shaped,
crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice the
length of the calyx, light blue. (Glecoma L. -,
801. N. hederacea. -^- Glechoma Benth.) — Damp or shady places,

Node X 1/2.* ' "^^J" towns. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)

Longitudinal section of flower X 2. FiG. 891.

10. DRACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Dragon Head

Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla slightly
arched and notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft
or notched at the end. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and
with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from 5pdKuv, a dragon, and
Ke4>a\'f], head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.)

1. D. parviflbrum Nutt. Annual or biennial ; stem erect, leafy, 1.5-8 dm.
high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded
in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equaling

698

LABIATAB (mint FAMILY)

the small slender bluish corolla. — Rocky or gravelly
calcareous soil, chiefly in recent clearings, e. Que. to
Yukon, south w. to n. and w. N. Y., Mich., Wise, la.,
N. Mex., and Ariz.j, occasionally adventive in N. E.
June-Aug. Fig. 892.

11. PRUNELLA L. Self-heal

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved,
naked in the throat, closed in fruit ; upper lip broad,
truncate. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at the
throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it,
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower
reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the
middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments
2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the
anther ; anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. — Low perennials,
with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axila
of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike
or head. (Name said to be from the German Brdune, a disease of the throat,
for which this plant was a reputed remedy. Often written Brunella^ which
was a pre-Linnean form.)

1. P. vulgaris L. (Hiial-all, Carpenter-weed.") Leaves ovate-oblong,
entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla violet or flesh-color,
rarely white, not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields,
Nfd. to Fla., westw. across the continent. June-Sept. (Eu.) Var. laciniXta L.
Some upper leaves tending to be pinnatifid. (P. laciniata L.) — Said to be
introd. near Washington, D. C. (Adv. from Eu.)

892. D. parviflorum.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting cfiXyx x 2.

12. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. False Bragoit Head ^

Calyx obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged
and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, with a much inflated throat,
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, nearly entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its
middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. —
Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems,
and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves.
Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color varie-
gated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or
panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from 0O(ra,
a bladder^ and (rriyr}, a covering, in allusion to the
calyx, which is at length somewhat inflated.)

* Stem conspicuously leafy up to the inflorescence.

1. P. virgini^na (L.) Benth. Stem 0.5-1.3 m.

high, terminated by a simple virgate spike or several
panicled spikes ; leaves thickish, mostly sharply
serrate ; calyx tuhular-campanulate, its teeth half
che length of the tube, acuminate, at length acerosS'
tipped; corolla 1.8-2.3 cm. long. — Wet grounds,
from w. Que. westw. and southw. ; frequently
escaped from cultivation in e. N. E. June-Sept.
Fig. 893.

P. parviflbra Nutt. Stem 2^ dm. high, simple
to the inflorescence ; leaves thin, lanceolate, den-
ticulate to serrate ; spikes short and dense ; calyx-
teeth short and blunt; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long.-^
Wet banks, Wise, to Sask., N. Dak., and westw.
July-Sept Anther x 8.

T

898. P. Tirglniana.
Leaf and bit of spike x %

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 699

* * Stem-leaves greatly reduced upward^ the inflorescences long-pedunculate.

3. P. denticulata (Ait.) Britton. Slender, simple, or the inflorescence
branched, 0.6-1,2 dm. high ; leaves thick, pale green, from crenate-dentate to
serrate ; spikes solitary or in large plants several and paniculately disposed,
rather loose ; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long. (P. virginiana, var. Gray.) —Prairies,
river-banks, etc., Va. to 111., Kan., and southw. June-Ang.

4. P. intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray. Slender, .3-15 dm, high, remotely
leaved ; leaves linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rhachis filiform, rather
remotely flowered; calyx short and broadly campanulate ; corolla 1-1.5 cm.
long, much dilated upward. — Barrens, w. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.

13. SYNANDRA Nutt.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny. Corolla with
a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ; the upper hp slightly
arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one
broadest and notched at the end. Filaments hairy ; anthers approximate in
pairs under the upper lip ; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller
sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together (whence the name ; from avv.,
together., and avrip., for anther).

1. S. hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Hairy biennial, 3-6 dm. high ; lower
leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile,
gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower ; corolla 3-4 cm.
long, yeilowish-white. {8. grandiflora Nutt.) — Shady banks of streams, O. to
111., Tenn., and Va. June.

14. PHL6mIS [Tourn.] L. Jerusalem Sage

Upper lip of the corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens as-
cending under the upper lii>; the fllaments of the upper pair longer than the
others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base ; anther-cells di-
vergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flowered,
axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)

1. P. tcber6sa L. Tall perennial, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped,
crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped, hairy ; upper
lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. — Shore
of L. Ontario, N. Y., local. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. GALE6pSIS L. Hemp Nettle

Calyx about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal teeth. Corolla dilated at the
throat ; upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral
lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the
sinuses. — Annuals, with spreading branches, and several-many-flowered whorls
in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name com-
posed of yaXirj, a weasel, and 6\I/ls, appearance, from some fancied likeness of
the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

1. G. Tetrahit L. (Common H.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-
hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, white, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields, common. June-
Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. G. LAdanum L. (Ked H.) Stem canescent with appressed pubescence ;
leaves linear or lanceolate, more or less downy, entire or obscurely serrate;
corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.
— Ballast and waste places, N. B. to Mich, and N. J., local. (Adv. from Eu.)
Var. latif6lia Wallr. Leaves ovate-oblong, sharply toothed; upper parts of
the plant copiously glandular. — Similar places, casual. (Adv. from Eu.)

700

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY^

16. LAmIUM L. Dead Nettle

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 6-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar-
rowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. — Decumbent herbs, the lowest leaves small and long-
petioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the
whorled flower-cluster. (Name from Xat,u6s, throaty in allusion to the ringent
corolla.)

* Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purplish, at most 1.5 cm. long.

1. L. AMPLExicAULB L. (Henbit.) Zcaves rouudcd, deeply crcnate-toothed
or cut, the upper ones clasping ; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower
spotted, lateral lobes truncate. — Waste and cultivated places. Apr. -Oct.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. PDRPUREUM L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-
toothed, all petioled. — N. E. to N. C. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Perennial, taller ; flowers larger.

3. L. Album L. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth very slender, spread-
ing ; corolla white, the tube curved upward,
obliquely contracted near the base, where there is
a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower lip
bearing a long slender tooth. — Roadsides and
waste places, mostly escaped from cultivation.
May-July. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 894.

4. L. maculAtum L. Like the last, but leaves
more frequently marked with a white spot on the
upper face, and flowers purplish or white, with
the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique. — .

Sparingly escaped to roadsides and thickets. May- July. (Introd. from Eu.)

894. L. album x %.

17. LEONtTRUS L. Motherwort

Calyx 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth. Upper lip of the corolla oblong
and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe
larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. — Upright herbs,
with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils ; in summer.
(Name from \^wv, a lion, and oipd, tail, i.e. Lion'' s-tail.)

1. L. CardUca L. (Common M.) Tall perennial ; leaves long-petioled, the
lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base, subentire or
S-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper Up of the pale purple corolla bearded. —
Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. MarrubiAstrum L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches ; stem-
leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx-
teeth, the tube naked luithin ; lower lip rather erect. — Waste places, etc.. Pa.
and Del. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. L. siBfRicus L. Tall biennial ; leaves ^-parted, the divisions 2-^-cleft, or
deeply ^-1 -cleft and incised; corolla purplish, twice as long as the calyx, the
upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Pa. and Del.
(Adv. from Eurasia.)

18. BALL6TA L. Fetid Horehound

Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spread-
ing regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the
corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek
name, of uncertain origin.)

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 701

1. B. NiGRA L. (Black Horehound.) More or less hairy, but green, erect ;
the root perennial ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx,
teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, N. E., Pa,
etc., rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. STAcHYS [Tourn.] L. Hedge Nettle

Corolla not dilated at the throat ; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often
arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed,
with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the
upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering) ; anthers approximate in
pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2-many-flowered, approximate
in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from ardxvSi a spike).

«. Annuals. to

Stem smoothisb ; corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx . . . 1. ^. am/nua.
Stem hirsute ; corolla purplish, about equaling the calyx . . . 2. ^. arvensis.
», Perennials b.

b. Stems glabrous on the sides, smooth or bristly on the angles o.
C. Calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about equaling the tube.

Leaves entire or obscurely toothed, linear or linear-oblong , , 8. & hysiopifoUtx,
Leaves regularly serrate or serrulate.
Leaves 5-13 mm. broad, their petioles 1-3 mm. long . , , 4. & ambtgua.
Leaves broader, their petioles 5-15(-20) mm. long.
Leaves rounded-truncate to cuneate at base, acute or merely

acuminate at tip ^. S. tenuifolia.

Leaves heart-shaped at base, caudate-acuminate at tip . . 6. 8. NuUallii.
e. Cal5Tc-teeth broadly deltoid, much shorter than the tube . , . 7. aS. latideng.
h. Stems pubescent (or puberulent) on the sides as well as on the angles.

Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 10-12 times as long as broad . , 8. A aremcola.
Leaves broader, oblong to cordate-ovate.
Leaves subsessile or very short-petioled, the lower petioles not

conspicuously longer than the upper 9. 8. palustrit.

Lower leaves on elongate petioles, the upper on shorter petioles or
subsessile.
Calyx-teeth broad-deltoid, much shorter than the tube . . 10. 8. cordata.
Calyx-teeth lance-deltoid, nearly equaling the tube . . .11. S. salvioides.

1. S. Annua L. Erect smoothish annual; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, the
lower crenate, the upper subentire ; calyx pilose and glandular-puberulent, 6-8
Tnm. long, the subequal lanceolate lobes about equaling the tube ; corolla yellow^
1.5 cm. long. — Waste places and ballast, chiefly about Atlantic ports. July,
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. S. arvensis L. Low decumbent annual; stems hirsute; leaves ovate,
crenate, subcordate, hirsute, the lower long-petioled ; calyx 4.5-6 mm. long,
hirsute, about equaling the purplish corolla. — Waste places and ballast, chiefly
near Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. S. hyssopifblia Michx. /S'moo^/ian(!^?a&ro?/s, or the nodes hirsute ; stems
Slender, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile, entire or
obscurely toothed toicard the apex, 2-5 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide; whorls 4-6-
flowered, rather distant ; corolla twice or thrice the length of the triangular-
awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Mass. to Fla.; s. Mich.
July-Sept.

4. S. amblgua (Gray) Britton. Resembling the preceding, but stouter, with
scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with serrulate leaves
about 1 cm. broad. (^S. hyssopifolia, var. Gray.) — Pa. to Wise, and southw
June-Aug.

5. S. tenuifblia Willd. Rootstock slender; stem slender, smooth and gla-
brous throughout, or with few minute bristles on the angles ; leaves lanceolate
to oblong, taper-pointed, sharply toothed, mostly 5-10 cm. long, short-petioled,
only the lower floral longer than the flowers ; spike slender and interrupted ;
calyx glabrous, the tube rather slender, the lance-subulate teeth somewhat
spreading. {S. aspera, var. glabra Gray.) — Wet ground, N. Y. to la., and
southw. ^ J

Var, Aspera (Michx.) Fernald. Angles of the stem beset with long reflexed
bristles; leaves oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, more or less hairy;

702 liABIATAE QMINT FAMILY^

calyx slightly larger, the teeth often less spreading. (S. aspera Michx.) — Vt
and e. Mass. to Ont., and south w. July, Aug.

6. S. Nuttallii Shuttlw. Tall, very hirsute on the angles ; leaves cordate-
ovate to -oblong, hirsute on the veins, serrate-dentate, caudate-acuminate ; spike
very interrupted, the lower verticels home in the axils of the short-petioled foli^
age leaves; calyx hirsute, the spiny teeth nearly equaling the corolla-tube.—
O, and Va. to Tenn.

7. S. Idtidens Small, Stem stout, 6-7 dm. high, smooth, or finely setose on
the angles ; leaves ovate-oblong, subcordate, glabrous or sparingly setulose,
short-petioled, mostly 1-1.3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, coarsely crenate-dentate ;
spike slender and interrupted, the lowest floral leaves large ; calyx pubescent,
short-campanulate, with short deltoid firm teeth. — Mts. of Va., N. C, and Tenn.

8. S. arenicola Britton. Stem 3-6 dm. high, copiously retrorse-hispid on the
sides and angles ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm.
wide, densely pubescent on both faces, crenate-serrate ; spike dense, slightly
interrupted ; the lower bracts much exceeding the flowers, the upper short, all
densely hispid ; calyx hispid, the lobes acicular; corolla inconspicuous, the upper
lip hispid. — Sandy soil, N. Y. to III. and Mich.

9. S. paliistris L. (Woundwort.) Rootstock tuberous-thickened, freely
sioloniferous ; stem 3-10 dm. high, leafy, hirsute on the angles with spreading or
reflexed hairs, the sides more finely appressed-pubescent ; leaves sessile, or the
lower short-petioled, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate, rounded at base,
downy or hairy, obtusish, 4-10 cm. long, only the uppermost floral ones shorter
than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6-10-flowered, the upper crowded into an
interrupted spike ; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half
^he length of the corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet ground, Nfd. to the Macken-
zie, s. to N. C, O., 111., Minn., Col., etc. (Eurasia.) Var. homotricha Fer-
nald. Sides of the stems and the angles almost uniformly hirsute with long
retrorse hairs. — N. B, to Ct., centr. N. Y., and westw.

10. S. cordata Riddell. Stem rather weak, long-hirsute on the angles, 6-8
dm. high ; leaves long-petioled, all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate,
7-15 cm. long, the floral mostly minute ; spikes slender, of numerous few-
flowered clusters ; calyx small, with very short teeth ; corolla about 1 cm. long. —
Thickets, s. O. to Va. and Tenn.

11. S. salvioides Small. Stems closely glandular-puberulent to short-hirsute,
3-9 dm. high ; leaves petioled, the petioles glandular-short-hirsute, the closely
pubescent cordate-ovate dentate acuminate blade 6-12 cm, long ; spike slender,
few-flowered ; the bracts ovate, about equaling the calyx ; calyx-lobes lance-
deltoid, about equaling the tube; corolla about 1 cm. long. — Stony soil, Va.
and W. Va. to Tenn.

20. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. Sage

Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply
2-lipped, ringent ; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, entire or barely notched,
the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens on
short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of
which, ascending under the upper lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the
other, usually descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) anther or
none at all. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled
whorls. (Name from salvare, to save, in allusion to the reputed healing qualities
of Sage.)

* Both anther-cells polliniferous ; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or pinnatifid.

1. S. lyrata L. (Lyre-leaved S.) Low perennial, 2-6 dm. high, some-
what hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves lyre-shaped or sinuate-
pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair,
smaller and narrower ; bracts oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whoris
loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the blue-purple
pubescent corolla (2-3 cm. long) short, straight, not vaulted. — Sandy woodfi
and barrens, Ct. to 111., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 708

» * Lower anther-cell wanting; the sterile ends of the connectives mostly united.
-- Calyx obscurely bilabiate; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long^ with prominently exserted

tube.
2. S. aziirea Lam., var. grandiflbra Benth. Cinereous-puberulent, 0.5-1.5
m. high ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate,
tapering to a short petiole ; upper narrower, often linear, entire ; inflorescence
spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous ; calyx-teeth short, the broad upper lip entire ;
corolla blue or white. (/S. Fitcheri Torr.) — Minn, to Mo., westw. and southw.
July-Sept.

••- •♦- Calyx deeply bilabiate; corolla-tube hardly at all exserted.
■w. Annual.
8. S. lanceaefblia Poir. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 1-12 dm. high;
leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong^ irregularly serrate or nearly entire, tapering
to a slender petiole ; inflorescence virgate-spiciform, interrupted; upper lip of
calyx entire, lower 2-cleft ; corolla blue, 1 cm. long, little exserted; style gla-
brous or nearly so. (S. lanceolata Broussonet, not Lam.) — Plains and open
soil, Ind. (C. P. Smith) to Neb., Tex., and Ariz.; introd. at Columbus, O.
(^Kellerman). May-Oct.

++ ++ Perennials.

= Pedicels about equaling the fruiting calyx.

4. S. urticifblia L. Villous-pubescent and someichat viscid, or glabrate, 3-6
dm. high ; leaves coarsely serrate, ovate, with truncate or cuneate base decurrent
into a loinged petiole ; inflorescence racemose-spicate, of numerous distant clus-
ters ; calyx-lips divergent, the upper S-toothed, lower 2-cleft ; corolla blue and
white, 1-1.5 cm. long, twice the length of the calyx; style strongly bearded. —
Woodlands, Pa. to Ky., s. to Ga. and La. May-July.

= = Pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx.

5. S. SclXrea L. (Clary.) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 1 m. or less
high ; leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose, the floral
forming large bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color ; corolla
white and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip falcate and compressed. —
Escaped from gardens, from Pa. southw. (Introd. from Eu.)

6. S. VerbenAca L. Puberulent to villous, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves ovate or
oblong, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid, the lobes crennte-
toothed, rugose, the few cauline mostly sessile, the floral inconspicuous; spike
interrupted; calyx reflexed after flowering; corolla bluish, small, the upper lip
nearly straight. — Sparingly in waste places, Middle and Southern States. (Nat.
from Eu.)

21. MONArDA L. Horse Mint

Calyx 15-nerved, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a
slightly expanded throat; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the upper
erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, its
lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched.
Stamens elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla. — Odorous
erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and large attractive flowers in a few
verticels closely surrounded by bracts. (Dedicated to Nicol&s Monardes, author
of many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the
New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.)

* Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper Up of the
corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3 ; leaves acutely
more or less serrate ; perennials.
••- Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.
■M. Glabrous or villous.
= Calyx smooth or smoothish in the throat.
1. M dldyma L. (Oswego Tea, Bee Balm.) Stem somewhat hairp,
V m. or less high, acutely 4-angled ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the floral

704 LABI AT AE (MINT FAMILY)

ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smoothish, nearly naked
in the throat; corolla smooth or minutely pubescent^ 4-5 cm. long^ bright red,
showy. — Moist woods, by streams, w. Que., Ont., and southw. July, Aug.

= = Calyx hairy in the throat.

2. M. clinopbdia L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate and ovate ; bracts whitish ; calyx moderately hirsute in the throat ;
corolla slightly pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long, dull white or Jlesh-colored. — Shady
places, ravines, etc., N. Y. to 111. and Ga. July.

3. M. fistulbsa L. (Wild Bergamot.) Branches more or less villous or
hirsute, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pubescent especially beneath,
the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx
slightly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, lilac or pink,
the upper lip very hairy. — Dry soil, N. E. to Col. and Tex. ; often cultivated
and mostly introd. northeastw. Var. RtjBRA Gray. Stem smooth ; corolla bright
crimson or rose-red ; habit of no. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on
the back at tip ; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading.
{M. media Willd.) — Me. to Ont. and Tenn.; mostly introd. northw. July,
Aug.

++ ++ Leaves canescent (especially beneath) with minute appressed puberulence.

4. M. m611is L. Tall and branching ; leaves firm, oblong- or deltoid-ovate,
long-acuminate ; throat of calyx mostly tilled with dense beard, with sometimes
an outer row of bristles ; corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, its upper lip
hairy outside or more bearded at the tip. (M. scabra Beck ; 31. fistulosa, var.
mollis Benth.) — Dry plains. Me. to Man., and southw. July, Aug.

-i- •»- Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.

5. M. Bradburiana Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, especially
underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ;
calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped
awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely
twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish or white, the lower lip dotted with
purple. — Thickets and woods, Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. May-July.

* * Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short corolla; heads axil-
lary or interrupted-spicate ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate,
tapering into the petiole.

^ 6. M. punctata L. (Horse Mint.) Perennial, minutely downy, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base ; bracts lanceolate, blunt,
obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth o/the downy calyx short and
awnless, rigid, soon spreading ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip
spotted with purple, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.
— Sandy ground, N. Y. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex.; adv. in N. E. July-Sept.
7. M. citriodbra Cerv. (Lemon Mint.) Annual, 3-8 dm. high; bracts nar-
rowly oblong, their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth
slender, at length usually spreading ; corolla ivhite or pinkish, not spotted. — 111.
to Neb. and Tex. June- Sept.

22. BLEPHILIA Raf.

Calyx 13-nerved, naked in the throat ; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the
lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, nearly equally
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes
ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens
exserted (the upper pair minute or none) . — Perennial herbs, with nearly the
foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale bluish-purple flowers crowded in
axillary and terminal globose whorls ; in summer. (Name from ^Xecpapis, the
eyelash, in reference to the hairy fringe of the bracts and calyx-teeth.)

LB. ciliata (L.) Raf. Somewhat downy, 3-9 dm. high; leaves almost
sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at base., whitish-downy underneath j outer-6mcfs

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 705

ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy. Dry open

places, Vt. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Mo.

2. B. hirsuta (Pursli) Benth. (Wood Mint.) Taller, hairy throughout;
leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; the lower
floral ones similar, the uppermost and tiie bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than
the long-haired calyx ; corolla pale, with darker purple spots. — Moist shady
places, w. Que. and Vt. to Minn., s. to Ga. and e. Tex. Var. glabrXta Femald.
Stem and leaves glabrous. — Local, s. Vt. (^Miss Day).

23. HEDE6mA Pers. Mock Pennyroyal

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved,
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Upper lip
of corolla flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. — Low odorous
annuals, with small leaves and loose axillary clusters of flowers (in summer)
often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from i]5vo<T/xov, an ancient
name of Mint, from i]8vs, sweet, and da-fxi^, scent.)

* Sterile filaments manifest; leaves oblong-ovate, petioled, someiohat serrate.

1. H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branching,
hairy ; whorls few-flowered ; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower setaceous-
subulate ; corolla bluish, pubescent, scarcely exserted, 3-5 mm. long; taste and
odor nearly of the true Penm/royal (3Ientha Pulegium) of Europe. — Dry soil,
N. S. and Que. to Dak., and south w.

* * Sterile filaments minute or obsolete ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so.

2. H. hispida Pursh. Mostly low ; leaves linear, crowded, almost glabrous,
somewhat hispid-ciliate ; bracts spreading or reflexed ; upper flowers rather
crowded; calyx-teeth all subulate, equaling the bluish corolla. — Plains and
rocky banks, N. Y. (Haberer) and Ont. to Sask. and La. ; locally introd. in Vt.

24. MELISSA [Tourn.] L. Balm

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Satureja. — Chistevs few-flowered, loose, one-
sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from
fi^Xicraa, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

L M. OFFICINALIS L. (Common B.) Upright, branching, perennial, pubes-
cent ; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly
white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.)

25. SATUREJA [Tourn.] L. Savory. Calamint

Calyx tubular to bell-shaped, 10-13-nerved, naked or hairy in ' the throat.
Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper
lip erect, flattish, entire or notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted, the middle
lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Herbs or shrubs, with
mostly purplish or whitish flowers produced all summer ; inflorescence various.
(The ancient Latin name.) Including Clinopodium L. Calamintha Lam.

§ 1. Loosely flowered, loithout long-subulate bracts.

* Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat.

1. S. HORTENSTS L. (SuMMER S.) PubescGnt aunual ; leavBs linear, eutlie ,
clusters few-flowered, in dense interrupted spikes; bracts small or none. —
Escaped from gardens and sparingly wild, N. B. to Mich, and Ky. (Introd
>Tom Eu.)

«ray's manual — 45

706 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)

* * Calyx cylindric or tubular, hairy in the throat.

•*- Pubescent ; bracts minute.

++ Common peduncle short but distinct.

2. S. Nepeta (L.) Scheele. (Basil Thyme.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending,
1 m. or less high; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla 7-8
mm. long, twice the length of the calyx. ( Calamintha Savi ; Clinopodium
Ktze.) — Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ind., Ark., and south w. (Nat. from Eu.)

++ ++ Common peduncle none.

3. S. AciNOS (L.) Scheele. Mostly branching and decumbent at base,
1.5-2.5 dm. high ; leaves elliptic-ovate to -oblong., acute, about 1 cm. long,
petioled; calyx constricted at the throat. {Clinopodium Ktze.) — Roadsides
and waste places, Mass. to Ont. and N. J. (Nat. from. Eu.)

•I- •«- Glabrous or nearly so; common peduncles hardly any; pedicels 1-5,
slender, the conspicuous bracts subidate-acuminate.

4. S. glabella (Michx.) Briquet. Smooth ; sterns diffuse or spreading, 2-5
dm. long ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong -linear, narrowed at base,
2-5 cm. long, sparingly toothed or nearly entire ; clusters 3-5-fiowered ; corolla
purplish, about 1 cm. long, fully twice the length of the calyx. {Calamintha
Benth. ; Clinopodium Ktze.) — Damp (generally calcareous) soil, s. Ind., Ky.,
Tenn., and Ark.

5. S. glabra (Nutt.) Fernald. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright,
1.5-4 dm. high, with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters,
while sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves 0.5-1 cm. long.
{Clinopodium Ktze.; Calamintha Nuttallii Benth.) — Rocky banks, N. Y. and
e. Ont. to Minn, and Tex.

§ 2. Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate with con-
spicuous setaceous-subulate bracts ; calyx nearly naked in the throat.

6. S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. (Basil.) Hairy, erect, 2-6 dm. high; leaves
ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers lavender to pink, in globular clusters ;
hairy bracts as long as the calyx. {Clinopodium 1j.; Calamintha Clinopodium
Benth.) — Woods, thickets, and alluvial banks, Nfd. to Va., O., Ind., and Man.
(Eurasia.)

26. HYSS6pUS [Tourn.] L. Hyssop

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
Bhort, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. — Perennial herb, with wand-like simple
branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small
clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)

1. H. officinXlis L. — Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens.
(Introd. from Eu.)

27. ORIGANUM [Tourn.] L. Wild Marjoram

Calyx hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the
length of the calyx ; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched, the lower
longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens exserted, diverging. —
Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical
or ellipsoid spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name,
composed of 6pos, a mountain, and '^dvos, ornament.)

1. 0. vulgXre L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit ; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Roadsides and fields. Mass
to Ont. and Pa. June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 707

28. PYCNANTHEMUM Miclix. Mountain Mint. Basil

Calyx about 13-nerved, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less
2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; the
lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Lower pair of stamens ratb.er
longer than the upper; anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, with a
pugent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves often
whitened ; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips
mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn. Varies, like the
Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name com-
posed of TTVKuds, dense, and dvOe/xov, a blossom, from the compact inflorescence.)
KoELLiA Moench.

* Calyx-teeth long, hristly-ciliate, or at least hearing long terminal bristles.

•i- Olomerules terminating the upper branches, rather densely clustered and

forming a corymb.

1. P. l^ptodon Gray. Soft-pitbe scent, or glabrate below, loosely branched ;
leaves membranaceous, green, 8-(3 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
entire or subentire, subsessile ; infloresence canescent-hirsute ; long-acuminate
bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. — O. to Mo. and N. C.

-t- -I- Glomerules vei'ticillastrate or terminating short paniculately disposed

branches.

2. P. clinopodioides T. & G. Pubescent; leaves short-petioled, broad- or
oblong-lanceolate, sharply denticulate or entire, all pale green, the upper not
ichitened ; bracts loose, slightly ciliate ; calyx-teeth one third or one half as long
as the tube, sparingly bristle-tipped. (Koellia Ktze.) — Dry soil, Ct. to Pa. and Va.

3. P. pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Fernald. Pubescent; leaves ovate-
oblong, remotely toothed, the lower dark green and loosely soft-downy, the
floral ones whitened; cymes dense; bracts much surpassing the flowers, their
long awn-like points and the aivn-pointed calyx-teeth (equaling the tube) bearded
with long loose hairs. (Koellia Ktze.; P. Tullia Benth.) — Va. to Ivy., and
south w. — Sometimes too near no. 10.

* * Calyx-teeth without long bristles {except in dubious forms of no. 10).

•H- Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla;
flowers in deiise heads mostly terminating the branchlets ; leaves slightly
petioled.

4. P. aristatum Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent, 4-8 dm. high ; leaves
ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate, 2-6
cm. long, roundish at the base. (^Koellia Ktze.) — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.
and La.

Var. hyssopifblium (Benth.) Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly
linear, nearly entire and obtuse. {Koellia hyssopifolia Britton.) — Va. to Fla.

-I- -1- Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not long-awned,

++ Leaves lanceolate or linear ; heads mostly terminating the branches, subco-

rymbosely disposed.

= Leaves linear.

5. P. flexubsum (Walt.) BSP. Smooth, freely branching; leaves firm;
heads 5 mm. or less high, somewhat downy, densely corymbose ; appressed
rigid bracts and lance-subulate calyx-teeth with short firm points. (Koellia
MacM.; P. linifolium Pursh.) — Dry ground, centr. Me. to Minn., and south w.

= = Leaves lanceolate.

a. Leaves all glabrous or merely pubescent on the nerves beneath.

6. P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson. Smoothish or minutely pubeS"
cent, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, nearly sessile, entire^

Y08 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)

very numerous^ obtuse at base ; capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely
corymbose, imbricated with many short appressed downy rigid ovate or lanceo-
late bracts; calyx-teeth short and triangular. (Eoellia KacM.; P. lanceolatum
Pursh.) — Dry banks, centr. Me. to Dak., and southw.

7. P. Torrei Benth. Puberulent; stem strict and nearly simple, 5-9 dm.
high ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled,
nearly entire ; flowers in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters ; awl-shaped
calyx-teeth and mostly appressed bracts canescent. (Koellia verticillata Am.
auth., in part, not Ktze.) — Dry soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Ga.

b. At least the uppermost leaves closely puberulent above.

8. P. pilbsum Nutt. Hoary with loose pubescence ; leaves thick, pubescent
and dull, oblong-lanceolate, entire, mosthj acute or acutish at base, the upper
green ; bracts and especially the narrow (often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth
villous-pubesceut, canescent; stamens exserted. (Koellia Britton ; P. muticum,
var. Gray.) — Prairies and dry woods, Pa. to la., Kan., and Ark.

9. P. verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. Stem closely pubescent, especially-
above ; leaves lanceolate, entire or subentire, subse.-,sile, mostly glabrous, only
the upper closely puberulent and paler ; bracts of the glomerules ovate-lanceo-
late, ciliate, with subulate tips; stamens included. (^Koellia Ktze.; — Moist
fields and open woods, w. Que. , Vt. , and e. Mass. to N. C.

++ ++ Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong

= Calyx and bracts densely invested with close minute appressed pubescence.

10. P. incanum (L.) Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary ivith whitish wool underneath, the uppermost
whitened both sides; cymes large, open, mostly verticillastrate or terminal, few ;
bracts linear or lanceolate, more or less bristly-ciliate ; calyx-teeth deltoid, short,
herbaceous, rarely a little bristly-ciliate. (Koellia Ktze.) — Open woods, Vt.
and Mass. to Ont., Mo., and southw.

11. P. albescens T. & G. Closely resembling the preceding, but imth no vil-
lous pubescence, the leaves closely cinereous-puherulent beneath. {Koellia Ktze.)
— Low sandy ground, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Tex.

= = Calyx an'i!, bracts pilose or hispid with distinct spreading hairs.

12. P. muticum (Michx.) Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming
almost smooth, corymbosely much branched, 8-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate or
broadly ovate-lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green and
glabrate when old ; the floral ones and the subulate-tipped lance-attenuate or
linear bracts and the calyx-teeth hoary ; flower-clusters very dense, corymbose ;
stamens exserted. (Koellia Britton.) — N. H. to Mo., and southw.

13. P montanum Michx. Glabrous or essentially so, tall (6-10 dm. high),
simple or sparingly branched above; leaves lance-ovate or -oblong, thin, sharply
serrate, acuminate ; heads chiefly in the upper axils, or solitary at the tips of the
elongate branches; the long thin bracts long-acuminate, ciliate-hispid ; calyx-
teeth deltoid-subulate, smoothish. (Koellia Ktze.) — Mountain woods, Va. to
Tenn., and southw.

29. THYMUS [Tourn.] L. Thyme

Calyx 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading ; the
lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla sliort ; the upper
lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low perennials, with small and entire
strongly veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient Greek
name of the Thyme, probably from 6^€lv, to burn perfume, because it was used
for incense )

1. T. Sbrpyllum L. (Creeping T.) Prostrate ; leaves green, flat, ovate,
entire, short-petioled ; flowers crowded at the ends of the branches. — Old fields,
etc., N. S. to N. Y. and Pa. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

LABIATAB (MLNT FAMILiT^ 7Ub

80. CUNlLA L. Dittany

Calyx ovoid-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. ?Jpper lip
of corolla erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, .3-cleft. Stamen.*
2, erect, exserted ; sterile filaments short, minute. — Perennials, with small white
or purplish tiowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name,
o*' unknown origin.)

I. C. origanoides (L.) Britton. (Common D.) Stems tufted, ccrymbosely
«:uch branched, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded u^ heart-
shaped at base, nearly sessile, dotted, 1.5-4 cm. long; cymes peduncled ^ calyx
striate. (C. Mariana L.) — Dry hills, N. Y. to III., Ark., and Ga.

31. L"^COPUS [Toum.] L. Water Horehound

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-sbaped.
Stamens 2, distant, the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets
with thickened margins. — Perennial mostly stoloniferous herbs, glabrous or
puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the
floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small
mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of Xt/Kos, a wolf, and
jTovs, foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)

* Leaves merely serrate.

H- Calyx-teeth lanceolate or deltoid, barely acutish, shorter than the mature

nutlets.

1. L. virginicus L. (Bugle Weed.) Stem ohtufiely 2ing\ed., usually puherii-
lent, 2-8 dm. high, rising /rom a slender {riot tuberous-thickened) base; stolons
filiform, not tuberiferous ; leaves dark green (or purple-tinged), ovate or ovate-
oblong, firm, rather abruptly acuminate at both ends, coarsely toothed, 6-15 cm.
long, 2-5 cm. broad ; glomerules dense, often seemingly compound, in maturity
8-15 mm. broad; calyx ovoid-cylindric ; corolla tubular, with erect lobes; sta-
mens mostly included. — Rich moist soil, N. H. to Neb., and south w. (Asia.)

2. L. unifl5rus Michx. (Bugle Weed.) Similar, but usually more slender
and glabrate, from a tuberous base; stolons finally tuberiferous; leaves light
green (rarely purple-tinged), thinner, lanceolate to lance-oblong, gradually nar-
rowed at both ends, 2-11 cm. long, 0.5-3.5 cm. broad ; glomerules smaller and
less dense, in maturity 4-9 mm. broad ; cahjx campanulate ; corolla with flaring
lobes; stamens mostly exserted. (L. communis and L. membranaceus Bick-
nell.) — Low ground, Nfd. and Lab. to B. C, s. to mts. of Va., Mich., Minn.,
Neb., Wyo., and Ore. (Asia.)

*- 1- Calyoiyteeth narroio, vei'y acute, longer than the nutlets.

•w. Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.

3. L. sessilif51ius Gray. Tuberiferous ; stem rather acutely 4-angled, puber.
ulent ; leaves closdy sessile, ovate to lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sparsely sharp-
serrate ; calyx-teeth subulate, rigid. — Low grounds, Mass. to Fla. end Miss.,
near the coast.

4. L. rub^llus Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled ; leaves petioled,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acu-
minate at both ends, 4-12 cm. long ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-
pointed. — Vt. and Mass. to Minn., and southw. — Resembles no. 1, but has
long slender calyx-teeth.

♦+ -^ Outer bracts conspicuous ; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.

5. L. lucidus Turcz., var. americanus Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2-9 dm.
.ugh , leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, acute or acumi
■la'e, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so ; calyx-teeth lance-
»)vate. acuminate. (L. asper Greene.) — Mich, to Man., Kan., and westw. —
Typical L. lucidus of Asia and n. w. Am., with elongate subpetiolate leaves anii
tance-subulate calyx-teeth, approaches our n. w. borders

710 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)

* * Leaves incised or pinnatifid at least at base.

6. L. EUROPAtus L. Rarely stolon if erous, not tuberiferous ; stem coarse^
more or less villous, 1 m. or less high ; leaves petioled, ovate, pubescent, coarsely
toothed, sinuate or pinnatifid at base; calyx-teeth subulate-tipped. — Damp or
waste ground, Mass to Va, (Nat. from Eu. )

7. L. americanus Muhl. Stem erect, slender, 2-9 dm. high, acutely 4-angled,
glabrate, freely stoloniferous ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, irreg^i-
larly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, the upper narrow and merely sinuate, all
tapering to slender petioles ; calyx-teeth short-cuspidate ; sterile filaments slen-
der, conspicuous, with globular or spatulate tips. (L. sinuatus Ell.) — Damp
soil, Nfd. to B. C, and southw.

32. MENTHA [Toum.] L. Mint

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube, the upper lobe slightly broader, entire or notched. Stamens
4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous perennial herbs ; the small flowers mostly in
close clusters, forming axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in in-
terrupted spikes, produced in summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the sta-
mens in most species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive
or naturalized from Europe, with many hybrids. (Mlvdrj of Theophrastus, from
a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.)

* Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded ; leaves sessile or nearly so.

t- Spikes canescent.

1. M. longif6lia (L.) Huds. (Horse M. of Eu.) Finely pubescent or ca-
nescent; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often
glabrous above ; spikes rather slender, canescently pubescent. (Jf. sylvestris L.)
— Roadsides, etc., Ct. to Del., Pa., and O. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. ALOPEcuRoiDES Hull. Dowuy ; leaves larger, more near'y sessile,
broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely open-dentate, more veiny^
but not rugose above ; spikes coarser, canescent ; approaching the next. — Damp
roadsides, etc., Ct. to N. J., Mo., and Wise. (Nat. from Eu.)

H- t- Spikes not canescent.

3. M. rotdndif6lia (L.) Huds. Soft-hairy or downy ; leaves broadly ellip-
tical to round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, coarsely crenate-toothed ;
spikes slender. — At a few stations. Me. to ()., Fla., and Tex. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. M. spicAta L. (SpbarxMInt.) Nearly smooth ; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, unequally serrate, sometimes short-petioled ; bracts linear-lanceolate
and subulate, conspicuous. {M. viridis L.) — Wet places, common (Nat,
from Eu.)

* * Flowers pedicellate, less crowded in interrupted leafless spiciform clusters or
terminal heads, or some in the upper axils ; leaves petioled.

-t- Calyx {at least the teeth) more or less hirsute.

6. M. PIPERITA L. (Peppermint.) Glabrous, very pungent-tasted ; leaves
Ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate ; spikes becoming loose;
calyx glabrous below, the teeth hirsute. — Along brooks, frequent. (Nat.
from Eu.)

6. M. aquAtica L. (Water M) Pubescent with recurved hairs; leaves
ovate or round-ovate ; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and ellipsoid
head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx and
pedicels hairy. — Wet places, N. S. to Del., rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. M. CRfsPA L. Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; Zeares short-petioled, ovate
to orbicular, lacerate-dentate and crisped; spikes narrow ; calyx slightly pubes-
cent or glabrate below. — Wet ditches, etc., C. to Pa. (Nat. from Eu.)

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 711

••- H- Calyx glabrous.

8. M. citrXta Ehrh. Glabrous or glabrate ; leaves slencler-petioled, ovate,
coarsely appressed-serrate ; flowers in small roundish heads, terminal and in the
upper axils. — Damp soil, Ct. and N. Y. to O, and Mich. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the
uppermost axils rarely flower-bearing ; leaves more or less petioled, toothed.

■»- Upper leaves conspicuously reduced, 2 or 3 times exceeding the glomerules.

9. M. Cardiaca Gerarde. Tall and erect, with ascending branches toward
the top; stem more or less pubescent; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, slightly pubescent. (iJf, sativa of many Am. auth.,
not L.) — Wet meadows and shores, N. S. to Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) — Resembling
M. spicata, but with more interrupted leafy inflorescence.

•»- -I- Upper leaves scarcely reduced, much exceeding the glomerules.

++ Stem glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs.

10. M. GENTiLis L. Stems freely branching from below, often reddish, 1 m.
or less high; leaves ovate to obovate, coarsely and sharply serrate, especially
above, slightly pubescent or glabrate, frequently white-mottled. {M. sativa L.)
— Rich damp soil, P. E. I. to la. and N. C. (Nat. from Eu.)

•w- ++ Stems retrorse-pubescent at least on the angles with fine hairs.

11. M. arvensis L. Stems freely branching, especially below, or subsimple,
1-8 dm. high, more or less retrorse-pubescent ; leaves oblong to ovate, rounded
at base, minutely pubescent or villous, closely serrate, the primary ones dis-
tinctly petioled ; calyx pubescent, the teeth from deltoid to subulate ; corolla
white, pink, or violet. — Abundant in damp rich soil, Nfd. to Neb. and Ky.; also
in Cal., etc. (Eurasia.)

Var. canadensis (L.) Briquet. Leaves pubescent, lanceolate to oblong-lan-
ceolate, cuneate-narrowed at base. (M. canadensis L.) — N. B. to B. C, and
southw. Var. lanAta Piper. Stems and lower surfaces of leaves densely to-
mentose orlanate. — Me. to B. C. and Cal.

Var. glabrata (Benth.) Fernald. Less branched ; stems glabrous on the sides,
minutely pubescent on the angles ; leaves oblong to ovate, glabrous, short-peti-
oled. (Jf. canadensis, var. Benth.; M. arvensis, var. Penardi Briquet.) —
Gasp6 Co., Que., to B. C, s. to n. N. E., n. Pa., Mo., N. Mex., and Cal

33. C0LLINS6nIA L. Horse Balm

Calyx ovoid, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the
throat, somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within ; the 4 upper
lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or
lacerate-f ringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much ex-
serted, diverging ; anther-cells divergent. — Strong-scented perennials, with large
ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels. (Named in honor of
Peter Collinson, early English botanist.)

1. C. canadensis L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth, 5-10 dm.
high ; leaves serrate, pointed, petioled, 1-2 dm. long ; panicle loose ; corolla
1.5 cm. long, lemon-scented ; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, w. Que. to Wise,
s. to Fla. and Mo. July-Sept.

34. PERILLA L.

Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft ; lower lobe
a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distinct. — Coarse aromatic annual,
with small flowers. (A Greek and Latin proper name.)

1. P. frutescens (L.) Britton. Erect, branching, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves
ovate, coarsely toothed ; flowers white. (P. ocymoides L.) — About dwellings
and roadsides, Ct. to Mo. and N, C. (Nat. from e. Asia.)

712 SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY)

35. ELSH6lTZIA Willd.

Calyx with equal teeth. Corolla 4-l()bed, slightly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, as-
cending, exserted, didynainous ; anther-CtUs divergent. — Herbs, with ovate or
oblong petioled leaves and spicate small flowers. (^Named for J. S. ElsJioUz,
German physician and botanist of the 17th century.)

1. E. Patrini (Lepecliin) (Jarcke. Smooth annual, 3-7 dm. high ; bracts of
the spike ovate, veiny, mucronate ; calyx hirsute ; corolla purplish, 2-3 mm.
long. — Clearings and shores, L. Temiscouata, Que. {Northrop). (Nat. from
Asia.)

SOLAN ACEAE (Nightshade Family)

Herbs {or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular
b-merous and 5-androus floioers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla imbricate or
valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled {rarely S--j-celled)
many-seeded capsule or berry. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo
mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Star-
mens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae
in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with
the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, though some are edible.) — A
large family in the tropics, but sparingly indigenous in our district, shading off
into Scrophulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal
stamens generally distinguish it.

(Various cultivated species, as the Tomato, Ltcopersicox escclentum Mill.,
the Potato, SolInum tuber6sum L., the Egg-plant, S. Melongexa L., and Petu-
nias, PETtjNiA axillXris (Lam.) BSP. and P. violXcea Lindl., stray from
cultivation but seldom persist.)

* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned
inward in the bud ; anthers connivent ; fruit a berry.

1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

* * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud ; anthers separate.
+- Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.

2. Chamaesaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.

-s- -t- Fruit a berry, inclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx ; corolla widely expanding.

3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-ceUed.

4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled.

-i- ->- -H Fruit a berry, with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.

5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

■H +- -!- -t- Fruit a capsule.
C. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, inclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, the top of which
falls otf as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved.

Corolla funnel-form.

8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule inclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLAnUM [Tourn.] L. Nightshade

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4-10-parted), the
latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted ; fila-
ments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip
by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. Herbs, or shrubs in warm cli-
mates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one ;

SOLAN ACEAB (^NIGHTSHADE FAMILY; 713

ihe peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in
warmer regions. (Name of unknown derivation.)

* Not prickly ; anthers blunt; floicers and globose naked berries small.

•4- Perennial, climbing or twining,

1. S. DulcamXra L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent; leaves
5vate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd -shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes or leaflet?
at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries ovoid, red. — Moist
banks and around dwellings. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

4- -t- Simple-leaved, annuals.

2. S. triflbrum Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous ;
leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7-9-lobed), with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1-3-
flowered ; corolla white ; berries green, as large as a small cherry. — Out. to
Man., Kan., and westw.; chiefly a weed near dwellings.

8. S. nigrum L. (Common N.) Low, much branched and often spreading,
nearly glabrous ; the stem rough on the angles ; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ;
Jlowers white, in small umlel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading;
filaments hairy ; berries globular, black. — Shaded and rich open grounds :
appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July-Sept.

Var. vill6sum L, Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous ; leaves small,
conspicuously angular-dentate ; filaments glabrous ; berries yellow. — Estab-
lished near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * More or less prickly ; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.
^ Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely white.

4. S. carolinense L. (Horse Nettle.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent witJi-
4-8-rayed hairs ; prickles stout, yelloivish, copious (rarely scanty) ; leaves oblong
or ovate, obtusely siimate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid ; racemes sim-
ple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate; berry 1-1.5 cm. broad. — Sandy soil
and waste grounds, N. E. to Ont., westw. and south w,; adventive eastw.

5. S. elaeagnifblium Cav. (White Horse Nettle.) Silvery-canescem
with dense scurt-like pubescence of many-rayed hairs ; prickles small, slender
more or less copious or wanting ; leaves laiiceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-
repand or entire; calyx-lobes slender; berry 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. — Prairies
and plains. Mo. to Tex., and westw.

•♦- -t- Annual ; fruit partly covered by the spiny calyx; anthers equal; corolla

blue or white.

6. S. sistmbriif6lium Lam. Villous with viscid hairs ; strongly armed
throughout with stout golden prickles; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the oblong
lobes sinuate or deeply cut ; calyx-lobes becoming ovate-lanceolate and loosely
covering the beriy. — Ballast and waste places near the coast. (Adv. from
Trop. Am.)

■t- ■(- H- Annual ; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest.

7. S. rostrItum Dunal. (Buffalo Bur.) Very prickly, somewhat hoary
or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid ;
calyx densely prickly; corolla yellow; stamens and style much declined. —
Plains of Neb. to Tex.; recently spread eastw. to the coast as a weed.

8. S. citruUifblium A. Br. Similar, but less glandular-pubescent; corolla
violet, 4 cm. broad. {S. heferodoxum Britton, not Dunal.) — la. and Kan.,
southwestw.

2. CHAMAESARAcHA Gray.

Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), obscurely
if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments fili-
form ; anthers separate, oblong. — Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or
pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked pedicels
solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a tropical

T14 SOLANACEAE (XIGHTSHADE FAMILY)

American genus dedicated to Isidoro Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine ; the prefix
xafJMi, on the ground, i.e. dwarf.)

1. C. s6rdida (Dunal) Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat
cinereous with short viscid pubescence ; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-
oblong to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid ; calyx when young villous-
viscid ; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple, 1-1.5 cm. broad; berry as large as
a pea. (C. conioides Britton.) — Dry or clayey soil, Kan. to Tex. and Ariz.

3. PHYSALIS L. Ground Cherry

Calyx 5-clef t, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated
and inclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped
and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base ;
the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5-10-toothed, Stamens o, erect ;
anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Ours herbs with extra-axillary pedun-
cles ; flowering through the summer. (Name (pvaaXls, a bladder, from the
inflated calyx.)

a. Corolla large, white with pale yellow center ; calyx neither an;?led nor

ribbed I. P. grandiflora.

a. Corolla lurid, greenish or yellowish-white to deep yellow with dark
center b.
h. Annual c.

c. Glabrous or merely puberulent.

Corolla 1-2.5 cm. broad . 2. P. ixocarpa.

Corolla 4-10 mm. in diameter.

Teeth of leaves acuminate 3. P. angulata.

Teeth of leaves obtusish (G) P. harbadensia, v, obscura,

C. Villous or pubescent, hairs simple, viscid or glandular.

Fruiting calyx carinately 5-angled, its teeth during anthesis
lanceolate.
Fruiting calyx subglobose-ovoid, rather abruptly pyramidal at
summit.

Plant green 4. P. pubeseens.

Plant somewhat hoary 5. P. pruinosa.

Fruiting calyx flask-shaped, gradually conic-pyramidal at summit 6. P. barbadeasis.
Fruiting calyx not sharply angled, its teeth deltoid during anthesis 7. P. missouriensis.
h. Perennial d.
d. Oanescent, covered with short dense stellate tomentum . , . ?•. P. viscosa.
d. Pubescence loose ; hairs once or tmce branched . . . . 9. P. pumila.
d. Hairs simple or none.

Fruiting calyx scarlet 10. P. AR-ekengi.

Fruiting cal^'x greenish.
Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at base ; viscid-
pubescent 11. P. heterophylla.

Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at base.
Nearly glabrous ; leaves 4-5 times as long as broad . . 12. P. longifolia.

Strigillose to vhlous-pubescent ; leaves 1^-3 times as long as
broad.

Stem and branches strigillose 13. P. subglabrata.

Stem and branches spreading-villous, retrorsely puberulent

or glandular-pulverulent . . , ' . . . 14. P. virginiana.
Stem and branches hirsutulous 15. P. lanceolata.

1. P. grandifl5ra Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla 2.5-5 cm. wide, white, ivith a pale yellow
center, woolly in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular. {Leiicophysalis Kydb.) —
Keceiit clearings and sandy shores., e. Que. to the Saskatchewan, s. to L.
Champlain, Mich., Wise, and Minn.

_ 2. P. IXOCARPA Brotero. (Tomatillo.) Erect branching annual, 2-9 dm.
high, glabrous or merely puberulent ; leaves entire to sharply sinuate-dentate ;
peduncles 3-6 mm. long, distinctly shorter than the flowers ; calyx-teeth deltoid ;
corolla 1-2.5 cm. tcide, lurid, yellowish or greenish, with dark canter. (P. aequata
Jacq. f. ) — Often cultivated and frequently spontaneous. (Introd. from the
Southwest.) —The large purple fruit often bursts the calvx. P. pendula Rydb.
appears to be a smaller-flowered long-peduncled extreme found from 111. ( Vasey)
southw. and westw.

3. P. angulata L. Much branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply
and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; peduncles filiform ; corolla unspotted, very

SOLAN ACEAE ([NIGHTSHADE FAMILY) 715

small (6-10 mm. broad when expanded); imiting calyx conical-ovoid with a
truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the
greenish-yellow berry. — Open rich grounds, Pa. to Minn., and south w.

4. P. pub§scens L. Pubescent but not hoary; leaves thin, entire at least
near the oblique but rarely cordate base ; stem slender, geniculate, diffusely
branched ; fruiting calyx subglobose^ shortly acuminate, carinately b-angled. —
Pa. to Va., and westw.

5. P. pruinbsa L. (Strawberry Tomato.) Hoary-pubescent; stem
stouter ; leaves thicker, sinuate-dentate even to the oblique and distinctly
cordate base ; fruiting calyx subglobose, rather abruptly acuminate, carinately
5-angled. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Ont., la., Kan., and south w.

6. P. barbadensis Jacq. Pubescent or somewhat hoary, near the two
preceding but with m)re elongated ovoid and gradually &ttexma.te fruiting calyx
of somewhat firmer texture ; leaves toothed or entire, rounded or subcordate
at the scarcely oblique base. — Pa. {Knipe') to Mo. {Bush), and south w. Var.
OBsctjRA (Michx.) Rydb. Nearly glabrous. (P. obscura Michx.) — Mo.
(Bush, Eggert), and south w.

7. P. missouri^nsis Mackenzie & Bush. Leaves repand, oblique but not
cordate at base, thin ; flowers 4-8 mm. in diameter ; fruiting calyx subglobose,
not sharply angled, 2 cm. or less in length. — Mo. and Kan.

8. P. visc5sa L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent icith short
stellate or 2-^- forked pubescence ; stems ascending or spreading from slender
creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and
obovate, entire or undulate ; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark
eye ; fruitijig calyx globose-ovoid; berry yellow or orange. — In sands on and
near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.

9. P. pumila Nutt. Dichotomously branched, 3 dm. high ; stems geniculate,
shortly hirsute with spreading once or twice branched sordid hairs ; leaves
ovate-oblong, mostly entire, acute or acutish at each end ; fruiting calyx yellow-
ish-green, ovoid-pyramidal, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter, scarcely umbonate at base.
(P. lanceolata, var. hirta Gray.) — Dry ground, w. Mo. (Bush), and southwestw.

10. P. Alkekengi L. (Winter Cherry.) Stems subsimple, erect from
a creeping perennial rootstock ; leaves thin, green, broadly ovate, entire or
angled; flowers 2.5 cm. in diameter; fruiting calyces firm, veiny, scarlet or
crimson. — Frequently cultivated for its decorative fruit; said to be escaping
locally, as also the doubtfully distinct P. FRANCHi:Ti Masters (Chinese Lan-
tern Plant), which is annual and has even larger and more showy scarlet or
crimson fruiting calyces (5 cm. in diameter). (Introd. from e. Asia.)

11. P. heterophylla Nees. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely
spreading or at first erect, puberulent or tomentose, usually viscid ; leaves
sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, acute or obtuse; corolla 1.5-2.2
cm. broad, 5-angled or 5-10-toothed ; anthers chiefly yellow. (P. virginiana
Man. ed. 6, not Mill.) — Chiefly in sandy or alluvial soil, N. B., southw. and
westw. Var, AMBfouA (Gray) Rydb. Spreading-villous ; anthers chiefly pur-
plish.— N. H., southw. and westw. Var. NYCTAofNEA (Dunal) Rydb. Leaves
thinner, mostly sub entire and acuminate, pubescent chiefly on the veins. — R. I.,
southw. and westw.

12. P. longifblia Nutt. Essentially smooth and green, 4-6 dm. high, much
branched above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attentuate at each end, entire
or undulate-dentate ; calyx and peduncles more or less strigillose ; corolla 1-1.5
cm. wide. — Bottom lands, etc., la. to S. Dak., and southwestw.

13. P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, oblique
at base, entire, repand, or sparingly angulate-toothed ; peduncles 1-3 cm. long ;
calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate ; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the center;
calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple
berry and open at the mouth. (P. philadelphica Man. ed. 6, but perhaps nou
of Lam.) — Fertile soil, R. I. to Minn., and southw.

14. P. virginiana Mill. Erect perennial ; stem 1.5-3 dm. high, villous; leaves
rather narrowly ovate, mostly acutish at each end, subentire or more often witb
1-5 acutish or rounded teeth on each side, thinner than in the next species.

716 SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY^

calyx-lobes lanceolate, in anthesis about equaling the tube ; fruiting calyx 2.5
cm. long, deeply umbonate at base ; corolla pale yellow^ 1.8-2.3 cm. in diameter.
(P. lanceolata Man. ed. 6, in part, not Michx.) — Dry hills, gravelly soil, etc.,
Ct. to la., and southw. The typical form with villous spreading pubescence
seems relatively infrequent. The more common form has the pubescence on
stem and branches very short, the hairs retrorse or recurved, not viscid. Occa-
sional specimens are merely glandular-pulverulent. Var. intermedia Rydb.
Leaves larger, thinner, more entire; pubescence somewhat glandular when
young. — Ind. (according to Britton), and southw.

15^ P. lanceolata Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiS
hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather sUmt subterranean shoots,
angled, somewhat rigid ; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate^ sparingly angulate-
toothed or more often entire ; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye ;
calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovoid, 2.5-3.6 cm. long; berry
reddish. — Dry prairies and on sandy or clayey bluffs, 111. to Wyo. and N. Mex. ;
also southeastw. to S. C.

4. NICANDRA Adans. Apple of Peru

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, inclosing the 3-5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with
border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — Coarse smooth annual,
with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on
axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named for the poet Nicander of Colophon.)
Physalodks Boehnier.

1. N. Physal6des (L.) Pers. {Physalodes^vMion.') — Waste grounds, near
dwellings and old gardens. July-Sept. (Introd. from Peru.)

5, LYCIUM L. Matrimony Vine

Calyx 3-5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry
Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender;
stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. — Shrubby often spiny plants, with
alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named
from the country, Lycia.)

1. L. HALiMiFOLiuM Mill. (CoMMON M.) Slirub with long sarmentose
recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong-
or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers
on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-
purple ; style and slender filaments equaling the corolla-lobes ; beny ovoid,
orange-red. (X. vulgare Dunal.) — About dwellings, and sometimes escaped
into waste grounds. (Introd. from Eu.)

6. HYOSCYAMUS [Tourn.] L. Henbane

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
d, 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule
inclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near
the apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent fetid narcotic herbs,
with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed
of us, a hog, and /cua/xos, a bean; said to be poisonous to swine.)

1. H. NIGER L. (Black H.) Biennial or annual ; leaves clasping, sinuate-
toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; corolla dull
yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Open sandy soil and waste
places, e. Que. to Out. and Mich. ; also rarely about ports southw. June. July
^Nat. from Eu.)

SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 717

7. DATtrRA L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thorx Apple

Calyx prismatic or cylindrical, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the
base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large
and spreading 5-10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular,
prickly, 4-valved, 4-celled except near the 2-celled top. Seeds rather large,
flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy
flowers produced all summer and autumn on short peduncles in the forks of the
branching stem. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.^

1. D. Stram6nium L. (Stramonium.) Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate,
sinuate-toothed or angled ; stem green; calyx prismatic ; corolla inhite^l-\) cm.
long, the border with 5 teeth ; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter. —
AVaste grounds ; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Nat. from Asia?)

2. D. TAtula L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller ; stem purple ; corolla pale
violet-purple; prickles of the capsule nearly equal. ■ — Waste grounds, Atlantic
States to Unt., JNIinn., and south westw. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)

3. D. Metel L. Pubescent ; leaves entire or slightly toothed ; calyx tubular ;
corolla 1.5-2 cm. long; capsule evenly prickly. — Waste ground, etc., becoming
frequent. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)

8. NICOTIAnA [Tourn.] L. Tobacco

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule
2-celled, 2-4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled
flowers. (Named after Jean Mcot, who was thought to have introduced
Tobacco, jY. Tabacum L., into Europe.)

1. N. rustica L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual ; leaves ovate, petioled ;
tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the
calyx, the lobes rounded. — Old fields, N. Y. and Ont., westw. and southw.;
a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)

N. longifl6ra Cav., with long slender tubular corolla, is said to escape from
cultivation.

SCROPHULARlACEAE (Figwort Family)

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees')^ with didynamous stamens {or perfect stamens
often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less
irregular corolla, the lobes of tohich are imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled
and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentae in the axis; seeds anatro-
pous or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen. Style single ;
stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various, but the flowers
not terminal in any genuine representatives of the family. — A large family
of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.

Subfamily I. ANTIRRHINOfDEAE

Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional
exceptions in 31imulus, etc.). Capsule usually septicidal.

Tribe I. VERBASCEAE. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate,

1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.

Tribe II. ANTIRRHInEAE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat
usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple racemes or
axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.

2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.

3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at the base ; the throat nearly or quite

closed by a conspicuous palate.

718 SCROPHULARIACEAE (fIGWORT FAMILY)

Tribe III. CHEL5nEAE. Corolla tubular or 2-lipped, neither spurred nor saccate below. Capsule
2-4-yalved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary spiked or
racemed or umbel-like' clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly
2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.

4. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of tha

lower lip sac-like and inclosing the declined stamens.

5. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or subcylindric, with four erect lobes and one

spreading one. Eudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.

6. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless or

but narrowly margined.

7. Chelone. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers

very woolly. Seeds winged.

8. Paulownia. Tree. Corolla tubular, inflated above, the lobes spreading. Sterile stameiL

none.

Tribe IV. GRATldLEAE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. riower&
solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves ; peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate in no. 15). Leaves
all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.

* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

9. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, Corolla elongated.

10. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

11. Bacopa. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

12. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves

alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.

* * Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.

13. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or

none. Filaments with an appendage ; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.

14. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included, the sterile filaments protruded.

15. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included, the sterile pair short or none.

Subfamily II. KHINANTHOtDEAE

Under lip of the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud.
Capsule commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. DIGITAlEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not
approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous ; anthers 2-celled.

IG. Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular or elongate-bell-shaped, declined. Stamens 4.

17. Veronica. Calyx 4(rarely 3-5)-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regu-
lar. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Plowers racemed or axillary.

IS. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2-4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 or 4.
Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed or spiked.

Tribe VI. GERARDiEAE. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens
4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.
* Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form ; anthers 2-celled.

19. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.

20. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

* * Corolla salver-shaped ; anthers l-celled ; flowers in a spike,

21. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.

Tribe VII. EUPHRASlEAE. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped ; the upper lip narrow, erect or
arched, inclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.

* Anther-cells unequal and separated ; capsule many-seeded.

22. Castilleja. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.

Upper lip of corolla elongated ; the lower short, often very small.

23. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer and

usually much narrower than the inflated lower one.

SCKOPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 719

* * Anther-cells equal ; capsule 1-4-seeded.
84 Melamp3nnun. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.
* * * Anther-cells equal; capsule many-several-seeded.

25. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capeult

oblong.

26. Odontites. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire, and sides not folded back.

27. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped ; seeds wingless.

28. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular ; seeds winged.

29. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-tooched, very oblique, the uppermost tooth much the smallest.

1. VERBASCUM [Tourn.] L. Mullein

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave ; the lobes broad and
rounded, a little unequal. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-
seeded. — Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs ; the leaves of the stem sessile,
often decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral, in
summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

1. V. ThApsus L. (Common M.) Densely woolly throughout; stem tall
and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves;
flowers yellow, very rarely white, in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical
spike; lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, rocky or gravelly banks, etc.,
a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. V. PHLOMOiDES L. Similar, but the sessile leaves not at all or only
slightly decurrent. — Locally from N. E. to Ky. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. BlattAria L. (Moth M.) Green and smoothish, or somewhat glan-
dular-pubescent above, slender; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate,
sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping ; raceme loose, the pedicels
longer than the fruit; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides and
waste places, w. Me. to Ont., and southw., local. — Corolla either yellow, or (in
var. albifl6rum Ktze.) white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. V. virgAtcm Stokes. Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat
more pubescent and glandular ; pedicels shorter than the fruit. — Roadsides,
Cape Breton I. {Macoun) and Cal. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. V. Lychnitis L. (White M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness ;
stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish
above ; flowers yellow, rarely white, in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with
whitish wool. —Fields, etc., Mass. to N. J., Pa., and Ont., ratlier rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)

2. LINARIA [Tourn.] Hill. Toadflax

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla spurred at base on the lower side (in abnormal
specimens sometimes regularly 5-spurred). Capsule thin, opening below the
summit by 1 or more pores or chinks. Seeds many. — Herbs, with at least all
the upper leaves alternate (in ours), flowering in summer. (Name from Linum^
the Flax, which some species resemble in tlieir foliage.)

* Erect or ascending, with narrow entire leaves.

H- Flowers yellow.

1. L. VULGARIS Hill. (Ramsted, Butter AND Eggs.) Glabrous, erec«, 1.3m.

or less high; leaves pale, linear or nearly so, extremely numerous, subalter- ^

nate ; raceme dense ; corolla 2-3 cm. long or more, including the slender subu- m

late spur; seeds winged. — Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat, J^

from Eu.) n,

2. L. supiNA Desf. Diffusely branched at base, \-2.b dm. high ; \ea^e^\\\\eax, ^
■ihe lower whorled ; racemes short, few-flowered ; corolla rat'ner smaller than in

fehe preceding. — BallavSt and waste land along the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)

720 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)

H- -»- Flowers blue or purple.
•w- Corolla equaling or longer than the pedicels.

3. L. canadensis (L.) Dumont. Slender, glabrous; flowering stems nearly
simple, 2-8 dm. high ; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide ; racemes slender, naked, loose .;
corolla 1 cm, or less long, sometimes wanting (in reduced and cleistogamous
flowers). — Sandy soil, N. B. and centr. Me., westw. and southw.

++ ++ Corolla much shorter than the slender axillary pedicels.

4. L. MINOR (L.) Desf. Low branched glandular annual, 1-3 dm. high ;
leaves spatulate-linear ; corolla 5-8 mm. long. — Ballast and made land, Atlantic
coast to Out. and Mich. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Annual., procumbent, much brayiched., icith broad petioled veiny alternate
leaves., and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.

H- Pubescent.

5. L. Elatine (L.) Mill, Leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed
by the filiform peduncles ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla 0.5-1 cm. long,
including the subulate spur. {Elatinoides Wettst. ) — Sandy banks, shores and
waste places, Mass. to N. C. and Mo., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. L. SPURIA (L.) ]\nil. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate
leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes. {Elatinoides Wettst.) — Occasional on
ballast or waste grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

-1- -1- Glabrous.

7. L. CymbalXria (L,) Mill. (Kenil worth or Coliseum Ivy,) Leaves
reniform-orbicular, 5-9-lobed ; peduncles slender, becoming recurved in fruit ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate. ( Cymbalaria Wettst.) — Waste places and ballast ; also
cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM [Tourn.] L. Snapdragon

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube saccate or gibbous in front, not spurred ; the
lower lip 3-lobed, spreading, developed at the base into a prominent palate,
which nearly or quite closes the throat ; upper lip erect, shortly 2-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells distinct and parallel. — Ours herba-
ceous plants with lance-oblong to linear entire leaves and axillary or racemose
flowers. (Name from avri, in the sense of like, and pis, a snout, in reference
doubtless to the peculiar form of the corolla.)

1. A. Orontium L. Slender usually branched annual, pubescent or smooth-
ish ; leaves linear ; calyx-lobes linear, exceeding the capsule ; corolla purple or
white, 1-1.6 cm. long. — Casual in fields, about dumping grounds, etc., rather
rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. A. mIjus L, Perewm'aZ, glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscif? ; leaves
lance-oblong; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, short; corolla crimson, white, or
variegated, 2-3 cm, long. — Commonly cultivated, and occasionally found as an
escape. (Introd. from Eu.)

4. COLLINSIA Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, Corolla declined ; upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly
turned backward. Fifth stamen gland-like. Capsule 4-many-seeded. — Slen-
der annuals or biennials, with party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters,
appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves, (Dedicated to Zaccheus
Collins, Philadelphian botanist, 1764-1831.)

1. C. verna Nutt. (Blue-eyed Mary.) Slender, 1.5-6 dm. high; lower
leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base,
toothed; whorls about Q-floioered ; flowers long-peduncled; corolla blue and
white, 1-1.6 cm. long, more than twice exceeding the calyx. —TAo'ist soil, Ont.
and N. Y. to la., and southw. Apr. -June.

SCROPHULARIACEAE (fIGWORT FAMILY) 721

C. Bf COLOR Benth., of Cal., differing in its very short-ped uncled flowers, lias
been found " introduced " in a wooded ravine at Galesburg, 111. (0. Z. Nelson).

2. C. violacea Nutt. Similar to no. I ; tipper leaves lanceolate; corolla vio-
let.— Kick soil, w. Mo. and e. Kan. to Tex. Apr., May.

3. C. parvifl5ra Lindl. Small ; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper
oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire ; whorls 2-G-flowered ; flowers short-pednncled ;
the small blue and white corolla 5-8 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx. —
Rich soil and limy gravel, Ont., n. Mich., and westw. Maj, June.

5. SCROPHULArIA [Tourn.] L. Fig wort

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Stamens declined, with the anther-cells transverse and
confluent into 1. Capsule many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite
leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a
terminal slender panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. marilAndica L. Perennial, 1-1.7 m. high, with knotted root and square
stem, glandular-puberulent in the open pyramidal inflorescence, otherwise gla-
brous ] leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate or somewhat
incised ; dorsal lobes of the corolla suborbicular, little longer than the others ;
rudimentary stamen hrownish-purple ; capsule thin, subglobose, with short con-
ical summit. (S. nodosa, var. Gray.) — Rich open woods, e. Mass. to S. C,
Kan., and La. July-Sept.

2. S. leporella Bicknell. Of similar habit, foliage, and pubescence ; root
more simple ; inflorescence slender, elongated ; dorsal lobes of the corolla broadly
oblong, erect, considerably longer than the others ; rudimentary stamen yellow-
ish-green; capsule ovoid-conical, of firmer texture. — Rich open woods, N. B.
and Que. to Minn., Mo., and Va. May-Sept.

S. AQiiATiCA L., with crenate oblong very obtuse leaves (often biauriculate at
the base) and calyx-lobes with broad scarious margin, has been found upon
ballast in N. Y., N. J., and Pa. (Adv. from Eurasia.)

6. PENTSTEMON [Mitchell] Ait. Beard-tongue

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, gradually or abruptly dilated in the throat,
more or less 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 4,
declined at base, ascending above, the fifth sterile filament either naked or
bearded. Seeds numerous. — Perennials, with opposite entire or toothed leaves,
the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or in
open racemose panicles. (Name from vevre, five, and ar-qixujv, in the sense of
stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

«f. Inflorescence viscid or glandular, at least minutely so ; leaves toothed or
entire h.
h. Middle and lower internodes pubescent or at least finely puberulent c.
c. Corolla slender, tubular or trumpet-shaped, without marked inflation
of the throat.
Middle and lower internodes somewhat loosely pubescent ; panicle
mostly loose and open ; corolla-limb suberect, not widely ex-
panding \. P. hirsutus

Middle and lower internodes minutely granular-puberulent ; pan-
icle mostly strict and racemiform ; corolla-limb riugent or

flaring

C. Corolla with a decidedly dilated ventricose or campanulate open throat.
Corolla 3.5-5 cm. long; throat 2 cm. in diameter ....
Corolla 2-3 cm. long ; throat about 1 cm. in diameter.

Inflorescence loosely paniculate; capsules 6-8 mm. long .
Inflorescence a strict dense racemiform panicle ; capsules 10-12

mm. long

b. Middle and lower internodes entirely smooth and glabrous.

Corolla-limb subrotate, the lobes widely spreading ....

Corolla-limb erect or but slightly spreading

a. Inflorescence glabrous ; leaves entire.

Corolla with a distinct ventricose throat.
Coroila 4-5 cm. long ; stem-leaves oval to suborbicular
Corolla 2.8-8.7 cm. long; stem-leaves ovatc-lanceolato to narrowly

oblong

Corolla trumpet-shaped, about 2 cm. long ; throat gradually dilated .

«ray's manual— 4i^

2.

P. gracilis.

8.

P. Cobaea.

4.

P. canescens.

5.

P. albidus.

6.
7.

P. iubifforufi.
P, laevigatus

8.

P. grandiflorus

9.
10.

P. glaber.

P. acuininattti.

722 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)

1. P. hirsfitus (L.) Willd. Stem 2-9 dm. high, covered with fine and often
crowded spreading whitish mostly gland-tipped hairs ; leaves oblong to lanceo-
late, 5-10 cm. long, the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate ;
thyrse rather slender ; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), scarcely
enlarged upward^ the throat nearly closed by a villous palate ; sterile filament
densely bearded. (P. pubescens Ait.) — Dry or rocky grounds, centr. Me. to
Ga., westw. to Wise, and Mo. May-July.

2. P. grdcilis Nntt. Stem 2-4 dm. high, minutely granular-pubescent;
stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong ; inflores-
cence glandular-puberulent ; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical
with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish. — Man. and Minn, to Mo., Okla., and
westw. May-July.

3. P. Cobaea Nutt. Soft-pub erulent^ 3-6 dm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong,
or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharp-
toothed ; thyrse short; corolla large (3.5-5 cm. long), strongly ventricose, dull
purple or whitish. — Prairies, Mo. and Kan. to Tex.; reported from n. O.
{Hacker). May, June.

4. P. can^scens Britton. Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, 3-7 dm. high,
mostly simple to the inflorescence, yninutely granular-pub erulent ; leaves oblong
to lance-linear, the upper cordate-clasping, sometimes a little panduriform ;
inflorescence loosely paniculate, glandular-puberulent; corolla about 2.5 cm.
long, pale purplish or nearly white, icith distinct proper tube, dilated somewhat
ventricose throat, and ringent limb. (Including P. pallidus Small, at least in
part.) — Rocky banks, w. Va. to Mo. and Ga. May, June.

5. P. albidus Nutt. Stems several from a branched caudex, erect or nearly
so, 2-4 dm. high, closely puberulent ; leaves lance-oblong to linear ; thyrse strict^
raceme-like; calyx densely viscid-pubescent; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, white or
purplish-tinged, perceptibly dilated in the throat, the limb of ample roundish
widely spreading lobes. — Prairies, etc., w. Minn, to Assina., south w. to Col.
and Tex.

6. P. tubiflbrus Nutt. Wholly glabrous up to the glandular-puberulent inflo-
rescence ; stem 5-10 dm. high ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or
sparingly toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the
virgate thyrse; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, trumpet-shaped, with gradually dilated
throat and widely spreading limb, white or whitish. — Low prairies, barrens, etc.,
Mo., Kan., and Ark.; also locally established in the Eastern States. May-July.

7. P. laevigatus Ait. Stem 5-15 dm. high, glabrous to the inflorescence;
leaves rather firm, somewhat glossy, the cauiine ovate-oblong or lanceolate,
5-15 cm. long, with subcordate clasping base ; thyrse rather open ; calyx-lobes
3-7 mm. long; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long, white or tinged with purple, gradually
enlarged upward, the throat somewhat widely open but the limb scarcely
spreading; sterile filament thinly bearded above. (P. Pentstemon Britton.) —
Moist or rich soil, Pa. to Fla., and westw.; also established in fields north w.
June, July.

Var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray. Calyx-lobes 6-10 mm. long ; corolla larger,
2-3 cm. long, more abruptly inflated. (P. Digitalis Nutt.; P. calycosus
Small.) —Pa. to la., Mo., Ark., etc.; locally established northeastw.

8. P. grandifl5rus Nutt. Glabrous and someiohnt glaucous ; stem 5-10 dm.
high ; leaves thickish, the upper and floral roundish, all but the obovate radical
ones clasping or perfoliate ; pedicels short; corolla large (4-5 cm. long),
ventricose-campanulate, lilac or lavender-blue ; sterile filament hooked and
minutely bearded at the apex. — Prairies, 111. and Wise, to Wyo. and Kan.;
established locally in the Eastern States. May, June.

9. P. glaber Pursh. Glabrous; stems 3-8 dm. high; leaves mostly oblong-
lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate ; thyrse elongated, the peduncles and
pedicels very short; corolla 2.4-3.7 cm. long, bright blue to violet-purple,
dilated above; anthers and apex of the sterile filament glabroas or sparsely
hirsute. — Plains of e. Neb. and s. Dak. to Wash, and N. Mex. June-Aug.

10. P, acuminatus Dougl. Glabrous, erect or ascending, 3 dm. high ; leaves
thickish, firm, very smooth and somewhat glaucous, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly

SCROPHULARIACBAE (FIGWORT FAINULY) 723

oblong; thyrse elongated, slender; corolla about 2 cm. long, trumpet-shaped,
with slender gradually expanded tube, blue. — Sandy and rocky soil, Minn, to
Tex., and westw. May-July.

7. CHELONE [Tourn.] L. Turtlehead. Snakehead

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. The mouth of the corolla a little open ;
upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex ; lower
woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, middle lobe smallest. Seeds
many. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, serrate leaves, and
large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and
closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from
reXdbvv, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glabra L. (Balmony.) Stem 0.5-2 m. high; leaves nairowly to
broadly lanceolate, 0.5-2 dm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, gradually acuminate, serrate
witli sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole ;
bracts not ciliate ; corolla white, m' tinged with rose. — Wet places, Nfd. to Man.,
and southw. July-Sept.

2. C. obliqua L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 5-8 dm. high ; leaves
broadly lanceolate to oblong, 0.5-2 dm. long, sometimes laciniately serrate, more
veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled ; bracts ciliolate;
corolla deep and bright rose-coZor. — Rich damp woods, etc., s. 111. to Va.
and Fla.

3. C. Lybni Pursh. Leaves elliptic to broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate,
sharply serrate, long-petioled; bracts ciliolate ; corolla rose-purple. — Mts. from
Va. southw.

8. PAUL6wNIA Sieb. & Zucc.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla-tube enlarged upward, the 5 unequal lobes spreading.
Stamens didynamous ; sterile filament none. Seeds numerous, winged. — Tree,
with large cordate pubescent petioled leaves and terminal panicles of large violet
flowers. (Named for Anna Paulowna, a Russian princess.)

1. P. TOMENT6SA (Thuub.) Stcud. (P. imperialis Sieb. & Zucc.) —Escaped
from cultivation and established from N. Y. southw. (Introd. from Japan.)

9. MIMULUS L. Monkey Flower

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the uppermost tooth largest. Upper
lip of corolla erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed.
Stigma 2-lobed ; lobes ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, with opposite (rarely
whorled) leaves, and mostly handsome flowers. (Diminutive of mimus, a
buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

* Corolla violet-purple (rarely white); erect glabrous perennials; leaves

feather-veined.

1. M, ringens L. Stem square, 1 m. or less high ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate ; peduncles longer than the
flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal ; corolla personate, 2-4 cm.
long. — AVet places, N. B. to Man., and southw. June-Sept.

2. M. alatus Ait. Stem winged at the angles; leaves oblong-ovate^ tapering
into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the very short-toothed calyx; otherwise
like the preceding. — Wet places, Ct. to s. Out., Kan., and southw.

* * Corolla yelloxc.

^ Leaves several-nerved and veiny, the upper sessile or clasping ; calyx oblique,

the uppermost tooth longest.

3. M. glabratus HBK., var. Jamesii (T. & G.) Gray. Diffusely spreading,
wiooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at base ; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-

724 SCROPHULARIACEAE QFIGWORT FAMILY^

shaped, nearly sessile, equaling the peduncles ; calyx ovoid, inflated in fruit and
7-10 mm. long ; throat of corolla 1-2 cm. long, broad and open. (M. Jamesii
T. & G.) — In water or wet places, usually in springs, Ont. to 111., Wise, Mo.,
and westw.

4. M. Langsdorfii Donn. Smooth, suberect or decumbent ; stem-leaves
oval, the lowermost long-petioled, the upper much exceeded by the pedpncles ;
fruiting calyx 1.5-2 cm. long; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long. {M. ^uttatus DC.) —
Locally naturalized in brooks and meadows, Ct. and N. Y. (Introd. from the
Pacific slope.)

•»- ■<- Leaves feather-veined, none clasping ; calyx-teeth nearly equal.

5. M. moschatus Dougl. (Musk Flower.) Villous and viscid, musk-
scented; stems spreading or ascending; leaves oblong-ovate, short-petioled ;
corolla pale yellow. — Damp soil, especially by cold streams, Nfd. to N. Y.,
e. Pa., Ont., and Mich.; abundant in the Rocky Mts., whence perhaps introd.
June-Sept.

10. CON6bEA Aublet.

Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Anthers approximate.
Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching
herbs, with small solitary flowers. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multifida (Michx.) Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched,
minutely pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-
shaped ; peduncles naked ; corolla greenish-white, scarcely longer than the calyx.
— Along streams and shores, Ont. to Kan., and south w.; also adv. below Phila-
delphia. July-Sept.

11. BAC6pA Aublet. Water Hyssop

Calyx 5-parted ; the uppermost division broadest, the innermost often very
narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower
3-lobed, or the limb almost equally 5-lobed. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex.
Seeds numerous. — Low herbs, flowering in summer; ours rather succulent
perennials. (Said to be an aboriginal South American name.) Herpestis
Gaertn. f. Moniera B. Juss. ex P. Br. Monniera B. Juss,

* Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves

many-nerved,

1. B. acuminata (Walt.) Robinson. Erect or ascending, very leafy, gla-
brous ; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, ser-
rate ; pedicels equaling and the upper surpassing the leaves ; corolla whitish or
purplish. (Gratiola Walt.; Monniera Ktze. ; Herpestis nigrescens Benth.) —
Wet places, Md. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly near the coast, inland to s. Mo.

2. B. rotundifblia (Michx.) Wettst. Nearly smooth, creeping ; leaves round-
obovate, half-clasping, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire, basally nerved; peduncles twice
or thrice the length of the calyx; upper sepal ovate ; coroUa white or pale blue.
(Monniera Michx.; Herpestis Pursh.) — Margins of ponds, 111. to Minn., Neb.,
and southw.

3. B. caroliniana (Walt.) Robinson. Stems hairy, creeping at base ; leaves
ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper
sepal heart-shaped ; corolla blue. (0&o?arm Walt.; Monniera Ktze.; Herpestis
amplexicaulis Pursh.) — Margin of ponds, pine barrens, N. J. and Md. to La. —
Aromatic when bruised.

** Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost

equal.

4. B. Monnil.ia (L.) Wettst. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping ; leaves
spatidate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless,
ses-ile ; corolla pale blue. (Hei^pestis HBK.] Monniera Monniera Britton.) —
River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.

SCkOphulakiaceae (figwokt family) 725

12. LIMOSELLA L. Mudwort

Calyx bell-shaped. Anthers conflaently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped.
Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small an-
nuals, growing in mud, usually near the seashore, creeping by slender runners,
without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the
simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name
from limns, mud, and sella, seat.)

1. L. aquatica L., var. tenuifblia (Wolf) Pers. Leaves with no blade distinct
from the petiole, awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. temiifolia Wolf. ) — P^rackish
river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far n. and w., local. (Eurasia, etc.)

13. MICRANTHEMUM Michx.

Stamens anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appen-
dage ; anthers 2-celled, didymous. Style short ; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
globular, thin, with an evanescent partition, several-many-seeded. — Small
smooth depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water,
with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white
or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually
one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of fxiKpos,
small, and AvOefiov, Jloiner.^

1. M. micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. Branches ascending, 1-6 cm. high ;
leaves obovate-spatulate or oval ; peduncles at length recurved, about the length
of the calyx which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed, and usually split down on one side,
in fruit becoming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly
twice the length of the lateral ones ; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as
the filament "itself ; stigmas subulate, (ilf. Nuttallii Gray.)— Tidal mud of
rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.-Oct.

14. ILYSANTHES Raf. False Pimpernel

Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft.
Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; anterior pair sterile, inserted in the
throat, 2-lobed ; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and
tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. CapWe ovoid or ellipsoid, many-seeded. — Small
and smooth annuals ; the purplish flowers on filiform peduncles, or the upper
racemed, produced all summer. (Name from t'Xi^s, mud, or mire^ and SlpOos^
flower. )

1. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. Much branched, spreading ; stems 1-3 dm. long,
at fiLrst simple, erect, leafy ; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, usually crenate-
toothed, mostly 1.8-3 cm. long, the upper partly clasping, the lower more or
less narrowed at the base ; lower peduncles about as long as the subtending leaves
or shorter; calyx-lobes linear, about equaling or slightly exceeding the ellipsoidal
pod; corolla 5-10 mm. long. (/. riparia Man. ed. G, in part, and perhaps of
Itaf.; /. attenuata Small.) — Wet places, N. B., westw. and southw., common.
(Adv. in France.)

2. I. anagallidea (Michx.) Robinson. More slender, diffuse, and usually
smaller-leaved ; leaves elliptic to ovate, commonly entire or nearly so, 8-20
(mostly about 10) mm. long; peduncles long and filiform, spreading-ascending,
even the lower ones miich exceeding the subtending leaves; calyx-lobes somewhat
shorter than the pod; corolla as in the preceding. (Gratiola Michx.; /. dubia
of Am. auth., not Gratiola dubia L.; /. riparia Raf.?) — Wet places, e. Mass.,
southw. and westw. , frequent.

15. GRATIOLA L. Hedge Hyssop

Narrow divisions of calyx nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft,
lower 8-cleft. Style dilated or 2-lipped at apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.
— Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with sessile leaves,

T26 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)

and usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer ;
in wet or damp places. (Name from gratia^ grace or favor, from supposed
medicinal properties.)

iJ' 1. Anthers with a hroad connective, the cells transverse ; stems mostly diffusely
branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-piibescent or smooth; corollas
0.8-1.6 cm. long ; bractlets foliaceous, equaling the calyx.

* Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yelloivish.

1. G. virginiana L. Stem clammy-puberulent above, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate, with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed ; peduncles almost
equaling the leaves (1-2.5 cm. long); pod ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. — Wet or muddy
places, local, centr. Me. and w. Que., westvv. and south w. June-Aug.

2. G. sphaerocarpa Ell. Smooth, rather stout, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves lance-
ovate or oblong to oval-obovate, 2-5 em. long, toothed ; peduncles scarcely longer
than the calyx and the large globular pod (6 mm. in diameter). — Wet places,
N. J. to Mo., and southw. Apr.-June.

* * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head ; leaves short (1-2.5 cm»

long).

3. G. viscbsa Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lance-
olate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla
whitish, yellow within. — Del. {Commons) to Ky., and southw.

4. G. aiirea Muhl, Nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, en-
tire, equaling the peduncles ; corolla golden-yellow (rarely pale yellow or white),
1.2-1.8 cm. long. — Wet sandy shores. Me., w. Que., and Ont. to Va.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical ; sterile filaments tipped
with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more
simple stems.

5. G. pilbsa Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile, 1-2
cm. long ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, 6-9 mm. long, scarcely exceeding
the calyx. — Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

16. DIGITALIS [Tourn.] L. Foxglove

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes often foliaceous. Corolla with a somewhat in-
flated tube and short scarcely spreading limb, declined. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included in the corolla. — Tall herbs, with alternate or scattered entire or toothed
leaves and showy racemose flowers. {Digitalis, of or belonging to the finger,
as the fingers of a glove, which the tubular corollas have been thought to
resemble.)

1. D. PURPtiREA L. Stoutish pubescent biennial ; corolla purple to white,
spotted, 4-5 cm. long. — Meadows and pastures, Cape Breton I. ; also N. Y. ;
rather rare and local, a casual escape from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.)

17. VER6nICA [Tourn.] L. Speedwell

The lateral lobes of the corolla or the lowest one commonly narrower than
the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted ;
anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire ; stigma single. Capsule flat-
tened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few-many-seeded. — Chiefly
herbs; flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the
flower of St. Veronica. )

* Tall perennials, idth elongate leaves ; racemes terminal, dense, spiked; bracts

very small; tube of the salverform corolla equaling or exceeding the calyx;
both sometimes 3-cleft.

1. V. virglnica L. (Culver's-root, Culver's Physic.) Smooth or gather
downy ; stem simple, straight, 0.5-2 m. high ; leaves whorled in 4's to 7's, short-

SCROPHULABIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 7-7

petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled ; corolla small,
nearly white, the tube much longer than the calyx and short limb ; stamens much
exserted ; capsule ohlong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex,
uiany-seeded. (Leptandra Nutt.) — Kich soil, w. Mass. and Ct. to Man., and
southw. July, Aug.

2. V. longif6lia L. Similar; stem puberulent; leaves opposite or in 3's,
slender-petioled, narrowly lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate ; spikes soli-
tary or few ; corolla blue, the tube about equaling the calyx and limb ; capsule
suborbicular, flat, rounded or emarginate at apex. — Cultivated, and sometimes
found by roadsides, in thickets, and about old house-sites, N. S. to w. Que. and
N. Y. (Introd. from Eu.)

3. V. Baciiofenii Heuffel. Like the preceding, but the leaves triangular-
ovate, cordate. — Vicinity of Quebec. (Introd. from Eu.)

* * Corolla wheel-shaped, the tube short; capsule more or less notched, strongly
flattened except in nos. 4 and 5 ; low or decumbent herbs.

t- Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate
leaves; racemes axillary, mostly opposite; corolla pale blue.

++ Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.

4. V. Anagdllis-aquatica L. (Water S.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at
base, then erect, 1-10 dm. high ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart
shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire, 1 dm. or less long ; pedi
eels spreading ; corolla pale blue, with purple stripes ; capsule slightly notched.
— Brooks and ditches, Essex Co., Mass. {Oakes) -, w. N. E. to B. C, and
southw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

5. V. americana Schwein. (American Brooklime.) Similar; leaves
lanceolate to elongate-ovate, acute or acutish, serrate, short-petioled ; mature
fruiting pedicels Very slender, 6-11 mm. long. — Brooks, ditches, etc., Nfd.
to Alaska, s. to Va., W. Va., Great L. region, Neb., and in the Rocky Mts.
June-Aug.

6. V. Beccabunga L. (European Brooklime.) Almost fleshy, prostrate
and strongly repent; leaves oval or short-oblong, rounded at tip, crenate, short-
petioled ; m?itu.TG fruiting pedicels thickish, 4-5 mm. long. —Brooks and ditches
about Quebec and near New York City. (Nat. from Eu.)

++ ++ Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded.

7. V. scutellata L. (Marsh S.) Smooth, slender and weak, 1-5 dm. high ;
leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes
severed, very slender and zizag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated
spreading or reflexed pedicels ; capsule very flat, much broader than long,
notched at both ends or didymous. — Swamps and wet places, Nfd. to B. C, s.
to N. Y., Wise, and Cal. May- Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. vill6sa Schumacher.
Stems villous. — Ont. and w. N. Y. to Wash.

8. V. officinalis L. (Common S.) Pubescent; stem prostrate, rooting at
base; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or icedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate;
racemes densely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; capsule obovate-
triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods, Nfd. to Ont., Mich.,
and southw. May-Aug. (Eurasia.)

■ 9. V. CHAMAi:DRYS L. (Bird's-eye.) Stem very slender, pubescent (at
least in two lines), ascending from a creeping base ; leaves subsessile, ovate or
cordate, incisely crenate; racemes loosely flowered, flexuous; pedicels little
longer than the 4-parted calyx ; capsule triangular-obcordate. — Pastures, open
woods, etc., N. S. to Ont. and O., local. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. V. TEtjCRiuM L. Stems pubescent, stiff and upright, 3-7 dm. high >
leaves siibsessile, oblong, coarsely toothed, pubescent ; racemes more densely
flowered, strictly ascending; calyx unequally b-parted ; corolla 1 cm. broad,
bluish ; capsules orbicular or oval. — Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, etc.,
N. E. (Introd. from Eu.)

r28 SCROPHULARIACEAE (fIGWORT FAMILY)

■•- -*- Leaves opposite ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; the lower bracts leaf-like ;
capsules flat, several-seeded; perennials, mostly turning blackish in drying.

11. V. alpina L., var. unalaschc^nsis C. & S. Stems tufted, erect, simple,
1-3 dm. high ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly
sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; capsule obovate, notched, (F.
Wormskjoldi R. & S.) —By alpine brooks, Que., Me., N. H., and northw. July,
Aug. (Eurasia.)

12. V. serpyllif51ia L. (Thyme-leaved S.) Much branched at the creeping
base, nearly smooth; branches ascending and simple, 0.5-2 dm. high; leaves
ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, 1.5 cm. or less long, the lowest pttioled and
rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose, the rhachis
and pedicels appressed-puberulent ; corolla 3-4 mm. broad, whitish or pale blue,
with deeper stripes; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notclied, 3-4
mm. broad. —Damp grassy ground, Nfd. to Out., and south w.; both indigenous
and introduced. May-July. (Eurasia.)

13. V. humifusa Dickson. Stouter, 2-4 dm. high; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long;
rhachis and pedicels pubescent with spreading viscid or gland-tipped hairs;
corolla 0.5-1 cm. broad, deep blue; capsule 4-0 mm. broad. (V. serpyllifolia,
var. borealis Laestad. ) — Springy places, Lab. and Nfd. to N. B., n. N. E' and
N. Y.; Rocky Mts., etc. (Eu.)

•^ -^ -^ Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or someiohat reduced) ,
the flnwers appearing to be axillary and solitary^ mostly alternate; corolla
shorter than the calyx (except in no. 17).

++ Flowers short-pediceled ; floral leaves reduced.

14. V. peregrina L. (Neckweed, Purslane S.) Glandular-puberulent or
nearly smooth, erect, 1-3 dm. high, branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-
oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear
and entire, longer than the almost sessile whitish flowers ; capsule orbicular,
slightly notched, many-seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil,
N. B. to Fla., and across the continent. Apr.-Oct. (Eu.)

15. V. ARVENSisL. (Corn S.) Simple or diffusely branched, 0.5-4 dm. high,
hairy; loioer leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate,
entire ; capsule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds,
N. S. to B. C, and south w.; in N. E. and Pa. often in rocky woods as if indige-
nous ; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

•w- ^-^. Flowers long-pediceled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds cup-shaped.

16. V. AGRESTis L. (Field S.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate-toothed, the
floral somewhat similar ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers small; ovary many-ovuled,
but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1-2-seeded. —Sandy fields,
in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, and from the Middle States south w.,
chiefly near the coast, local. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. V. TouRNEFORTii C. C, Gmel. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-
toothed, 1-2.5 cm. long ; flowers large, 1 cm. wide, blue ; calvx-lobes lanceolate,
widely spreading in fruit ; capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 16-24-
seeded. ( V. Buxbaumii Tenore ; V. byzantina BSP.) — Waste grounds, e.
Que. to Ont., O., and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

18. V. hederaef^lia L. (Ivy-leaved S.) Zeat'^s rounded or heart-shaped,
Z-1 -toothed or-lobed; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers small ; cap-
sule turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded places, N. Y. to N. C. Apr. -June.
(Adv. from Eu.)

18. SYNTHYRIS Benth.

Stamens inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another pair
from the other sinuses, exserted ; anther-cells not confluent. Style slender;
stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-cened (rarely
3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with
the axis. — Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping

iCKOPHULARIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY) 12^

bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. (Name
from (T)ji>, together, and 6vpb, a little door; in allusion to the closed valves of
the pod.)

1. S. Biillii (Eaton) Heller. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; spike
dense, 1-8 dm. long ; corolla greenish-white or yellowish, not longer than the
calyx, usually 2-3-parted. (S. HoughtonianaBenth.; Wulfenia Hougfitoniana
Greene.) — Oak barrens and prairies, Mich, to Minn., s. to O., Ind., 111., and
la. May, June.

19. SEYMERIA Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Anthers
approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule
many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the aspect of Gerardia ; leaves
mostly dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers
yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English
naturalist.) Afzelia J. G. Gmel.

1. S. macrophylla Nutt. (Mullein Foxglove.) Rather pubescent, 1-1.5
m. high ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate
divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla
incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex ; style short,
dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovoid, pointed. {Afzelia Kzte.) —
Shady river-banks, O. to Neb., s. to Tex. July, Aug.

20. GERArDIA [Plumier] L. Gerardia

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla swelling above, with more or
less unequal lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens
hairy ; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed
at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Capsule
globular or ovoid, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (more or
less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the upper-
most reduced to bracts and subtending 1-flowered peduncles, which often fomi
a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, pink, purple, or yellowy in late summer
and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)

§ 1. DASYSTOMA [Raf.] Gray. Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as
well as the anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base;
leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatifid.

* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside.

1. G. pedicularia L. Annual or biennial, much branched, 1 m. or less high,
very leafy, villous at base, puberulent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid,
and the lobes cut and toothed ; pedicels glandular, about equaling the mostly
serrate slightly glandular or glabrate calyx-lobes. (Dasystoma Benth.) — Drj'
copses, Me. to Ont., Minn., and W. Va.

Var. Ambigens Fernald. Stems glandular-villous above ; pedicels and calyx
usually villous. — Wise, to N. C and Mo. Passing to the more southern var,
pectinXta Nutt., with densely villous stems and leaves, and glandular-hispid
calyx.

** N'o glandular pubescence ; corolla glabrous outside; perennial.
-«- Stems finely and closely pubescent.

2. G. grandiflbra Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched, 0.5-1 m.
high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, even the upper ones more or less cut or pinnatifid,
the lower pinnatifid ; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla 4-5 cm.
long, 4 times the length of tlie broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes;
capsule glabrous. (Dasystoma Wood.) — Oak openings. Wise, and Minn, to
Tenn. and Tex.

730 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY^

Var. serrata (Torr.) Robinson. The upper leaves oblong, merely serrate oi
even quite entire. (Var. integriuscula Gray ; Dasystortia serrata Small.) — Mo.
and Kan. to La. and Tex. — fSonietimes well marked, but not always so.

3. G. flava L. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent with a fine close
down; stein 0.5-1 m. high, mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong^
obtuse^ entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; pedicels very
short; calyx-lubes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube; corolla 4-6-
em. long; capsule pubescent. {Dasystoma Wood.) — Open woods, s. Me, to
Ont., la., and south w.

•t- ••- Stem glabrous.

4. G. virginica (L.) BSP. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Glaucous, 1-2 m.

high, usually branching; lower leaves commonly twice pinnatifid ; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx;
calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube ;' corolla
4-5 cm. long. {Dasystoma Britton ; G. quercifolia Pursh.) — Dry woods, s. Me.
to Minn., and south w.

5. G. laevigata Raf. Not glaucous ; stem 3-8 dm. high, mostly simple ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; pedicels shorter than
the calyx-tube ; corolla 2-3 cm. long. {Dasystoma Chapm.) — Oak barrens, etc.,
Pa. to Mich, and Mo., s. in the mts. to Ga,

§ 2. OTOPHYLLA Benth. Corolla purple {rarely white), naked within, as
well as the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous
or sparingly hairy.

6. G. auriculata Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem erect, nearly simple, 2-6 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others
with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; fiovjers nearly sessile
in the axils, 1.5-2 cm, long. —Low grounds and prairies, Pa. to Minn., s. to N. C.
and Kan.

7. G. densifl5ra Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy ; leaves rigid,
pinnately parted into 3-7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those subtending the
densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla 2-3 cm. long. — Prairies,
e. Kan. to Tex.

§ 3. EUGERArDIA Benth. Corolla purple or rose-color {rarely white) :
calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent ; catdine leaves
linear or narrower, entire.

* Perennial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.

8. G. Iinif6lia Nutt, Glabrous, 6-9 dm. high, sparingly or paniculately
branched ; leaves flat, thickish, 2-3 mm. wide ; calyx-teeth minute ; corolla
2.5 cm. long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and the lobes ciliate ,
anthers and filaments very villous. — Low pine barrens, Del, to Fla.

* * Annuals; herbage blackish in drying (except in nos. 15 and 17).

-•- Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.

*•*■ Capsule ellipsoid, distinctly longer than thick.

^ 9. G. dspera Dougl, Sparingly or somewhat fastigiately branched, 3-6 dm

high ; leaves linear, rough ; pedicels often alternate, equaling or moderately

exceeding the calyx; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about half as long as

the tube ; corolla 1,8-2.6 cm. long, — Plains and prairies, Mich, and w. Ind. to

N. Dak., Coh,and Ark.

++ ++ Capsule subglobose.
= Flowers large; corolla 2.3-3.1 cm. long.
10. G. fasciculata Ell. Tall, 6-12 dm, high ; stem snbterete, scabrous-puberu-
lent ; branches virgate, elongated, ascending, subfastigiate. mostly \Qi-\Q-flow-
ered; leaves narrowly linear, rmth smaller ones fasicled in their axils; pedicels
shorter than the calyx; corolla about 2.6 cm. long, purple. — Sandy fields, lov\
meadows and shores, Va^ to Fla. and Tex.

SCROPHULARTACEAE (fIGWORT FAMILY) 731

11. G. purpurea L. (Purple G.) Stem 3-8 dm. high, somewhat angled^
nearly or quite smooth; branches long, widely spreading^ usually llexuous,
mostly S-S-Jlowe7'ed ; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; calyx commonly
exceeding the pedicel, its teeth sharp-poiuted, from very sliort to half the length
of the tube; corolla usually 2.6-3 cm. long, bright purple, very pubescent. —
Low mostly sandy ground, e. Mass. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast ; also
westw. along the Great Lakes to Wise.

= = Flowers smaller ; corolla 1.4-1.8 cm. long.

12. G. paupercula (Gray) Britton. Slender erect annual, 1-6 dm. high;
stem angled, glabrous or nearly so, subsimple or more often branched above ;
leaves narrowly linear, acute, scabrous, often with smaller ones fascicled in
their axils ; pedicels usually about equaling the globose capsules ; calyx-teeth
deltoid-lanceolate, sharp-pointed; corolla decidedly smaller than in the pre-
ceding species, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, lighter rose-purple, merely puberulent except at
the hairy margin. ((?. purpurea., var. Gray.) — Sterile soil, bogs, sandy shores,
etc. , N. S. to Man. , and south w.

13. G. maritima Raf. (Sea-side G.) Similar to the preceding, but some-
what/es/i?/; leaves linear, obtuse or rounded at the ends; calyx-teeth very
short and obtuse or rounded ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long. — Salt marshes along the
coast, s. Me. to Ela.

1- •»- Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla ; woolly anthers cuspidate at base.

•w Corolla-lobes rounded or merely emarginate ; capsule subglobose.

= Corolla glabrous loithin.

a. Leaves flat, linear to lanceolate, much blackened in drying.

14. G. tenuifblia Vahl. (Slender G.) Leaver narrowly linear, acute, the
floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; capsule
globular ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, rose-purple, the upper lip somewhat arched,
\g. Gattingeri Small.) — Low or dry ground, w. Me. and w. Que. to Neb., Fla.,
and Tex. Var. macrophylla Benth. Stouter ; larger leaves 3-5 cm. long,
and 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous ; pedicels ascending ; calyx-teeth larger. (6r.
Besseyana Britton.) — Ct. to Ont., N. Mex., and the Rocky Mts.

h. Leaves filiform or with revolute margins, slightly blackened in drying.

15. G. Skinneriana Wood. Slender, 2-5 dm. high, with ascending branches,
the slightly margined angles roughish ; leaves hispidulous-scabrous ; pedicels
rather Stiffly ascending, 1-4 cm. long ; calyx greenish, the lance-deltoid lobes
nearly one third as long as the tube ; corolla 10-13 mm. long, rose-color ; capsule
globose-ovoid. {G. tenuifolia, var. asperula Gray.) — Dry woods and hills, Ont.
to Minn., Teun., and Mo.

= = Corolla villous in the throat.

16. G. setacea Walt. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, with strongly ascending
branches ; leaves setaceous-linear, often revolute, somewhat darkened in drying ;
pedicels capillary, 1-2 cm. long ; calyx green, with minute subulate teeth ;
corolla rose-purple, 2 cm. long, ventricose above the slender exserted tube, the
lobes wide-spreading. (G. Holmiana Greene.) — Sandy barrens, D. C. to Fla.
and Tex., mostly near the coast.

++ ++ Corolla-lobes obcordate ; capsule ellipsoid-ovoid.

17. G. parvifblia Chapm. Rigid, 0.5-5 dm. high, with stiff upright angled
branches; leaves Unear-subulate,. rather rigid, not darkened in drying; inflores-
cence subracemose, the floral leaves greatly reduced ; calyx whitish-green,
nervose, with short subulate teeth ; corolla about 1 cm. long, bright pink, the
lobes all spreading ; capsule much exceeding the calyx. {G. Skinneriana Man.
ed. 6, not Wood; G. deremloba Greene) — Sandy soil, near the coast, Mass.
to Fla. and La.; and apparently in the Miss, basin.

732- SCROPHULARIACEAE (^FIGWORT FAMILY^

21. BUCHNERA L. Blue Hearts

Calyx obscurely nerved, ('orolla with a straight or curved tube and an
ahuost equally 5-cleft limb, tlie lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens
included ; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and
entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubt-
less root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the
uppermost alterna^ ; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with
2 bractlets. (Named in honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

1. B. americana L. Rough-hairy ; stem wand-like, 3-8 dm. high ; lower
leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly
and coarsely toothed, veiny ; spike interrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts,
one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (2 cm. long). — Moist sandy
ground, N. J. to w. N. Y., s. Ont., Minn., and south w. June- Aug.

22. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Painted Cup

Divisions of the calyx entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in the
calyx ; its upper lip (galea) keeled, flattened laterally. Anther-cells oblong-
linear, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-
seeded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves;
the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or
reddish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Domingo Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. (Scarlet P.) Hairy biennial or annual;
stem simple ; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong ; those of
the stem incised ; the floral 3-5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely
yellow) ; cahjx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, equally cleft both sides,
the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse. — Low sandy ground, Mass. to
Man., s. to Va., Tenn., and Tex.

2. C. pallida (L.) Spreng., var. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Gray. Perennial,
smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly ; leaves mainly entire, the
lower linear, upper broader ; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying
to yellowish, purple, or red ; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate,
2-cleft ; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not
over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip. (C acuminata Spreng.) — Damp gravelly
or rocky banks, Lab., Nfd., and westw., s. to the St. John R., the mts. of n. N. E.,
the Great Lakes, Minn., and the Black Hills. June-Aug.

3. C. sessilifl5ra Pursh. Perennial, L5-3 dm. high, very leafy, cinereous-
pubescent ; leaves mostly 3-5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes ;
the floral similar or broader, not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front, the
narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft ; corolla .3-4 cm. long, the short galea but twice as
long as the slender-lobed lip. — Prairies, Man. to 111., Mo., Tex., and tlie Rocky
Mts. May-July.

23. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt.

Corolla with the upper lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower
than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleja. (Name
from 6p66s, upright, and Kapirbs, fruit.)

\. 0. liiteus Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect,
L5-4 dm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft ; spike dense;
bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equaling the flowers, not colored ; corolla
golden-yellow, 1 cm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. — Plains, n. Minn.,
Man., and westw.

24 MELAMPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Cow Wheat

Calyx bell-shaped, sharply cleft. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above •,
upper lip compressed, straight in front ; lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed
at apex. Anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the cells minutely

SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWOKT FAMILY) 733

pointed at base. Capsule 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite
leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in
the upper axils. (Name from /i^Xas, blacky and irvpbs, wheat; from the color of
the seeds of some species.)

1. M. lineare Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrow-ovate, short-petioled,
the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly
teeth ; calyx-teeth not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-
yellow or purplish corolla (1 cm. long); seeds white. {M. americanum Michx. ;
M. latifolium Muhl.) — Open woods, N. S. and Que. to B. C, s. to Ga., Tenn.,
and la. June-Sept.

25. EUPHRASIA [Tourn.] L. Etebright

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip> of the corolla erect, scarcely
arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes
obtuse or notched. Anther-cells pointed at the base. Capsule flattened. —
Herbs, with opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name
€V(pf,u(Tia, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)
* Flowers very small, borne in a compact leafy head or very short subcapitate

raceme; stems filiform, normally simple; corolla dorsally 3-4 mm. long;

dwarf arctic-alpine species.

1. E. Oakesii Wettst. Leaves ovate-orbicular, bluntly sinuate-toothed, gray-
ish-pubescent beneath ; corolla white or nearly so, with purple or violet veins and
yellow eye. — Open stony ground, White Mts. of N. H., near Mt. Monroe and ^
at the head of Oakes Gulf ; Mt. Katahdin, Me.

2. E. Williamsii Robinson. Leaves much as in the preceding but green and •;
glabrous except iiear the margin ; corolla brownish-purple, with deeper colored
>feins and yellow eye. — Slopes of Mt. Washington, N. H., from the "Alpine i
Garden" to "Cape Horn."

** Flowers small (corolla 3-4 mm. long dorsally), borne in open racemes;
stems usually branched.

3. E. Randii Robinson. Leaves ovate to flabelliform, bluntly 9-11-toothed,
finely pubescent upon both surfaces ; corolla varying from deep violet to roseate
or cream-colored, with violet veins and yellow eye. — In humus and damp spots,
along the coast, Nfd. and e. Que. to Knox Co., Me. {S. Plaisted).

Var. Farlbwii Robinson has smaller grayish-pubescent 5-7-toothed leaves
(only 2-4 mm. long). —Dry crests of sea-cliffs, Nfd.; Dog I., Eastport, Me.
*** Flowers larger; corolla dorsally 5-7 mm. long, ichite, with lavender or
purple veins and yellow eye.

4. E. drctica Lange. Simple or branched, 4-12 cm. or more in height ; leaves
conspicuously pubescent upon both surfaces, the cauline ovate, rather bluntly
toothed, the floral flabelliform, more sharply toothed ; corolla with pale lavender
veins, the lobes of the lower lip nearly parallel. (E. latifolia Pursh, as to
plant, but not as to name-bringing synonym ; E. hirteUa Robinson, not Jord.)
— Calcareous soil. Lab. to n. Me., L. Superior, and Arctic Am.

5. E. americana Wettst. Simple or more often with elongated strongly as-
cending branches, 1-3 dm. t^W, flowering for the most part above the middle;
leaves essentially glabrons, the larger 8-14 mm. long, the lateral teeth awn-
pointed ; bracts about 7-toothed ; calyx usually purple-nerved ; corolla relatively
large and showy, 8 mm. long, somewhat suffused with purple or crimson and
marked with deep purple lines, the lateral lobes of the lower lip strongly diver-
gent.—Da^mi) open places, Nfd. and e. Que., along the coast to Lmcoln Co., Me.

6. E. canadensis Townsend. Similar, usually smaller and more diffuse,
mostly flowering from below the middle, the elongated spikes dense ; larger
leaves 4-9 mm. long ; bracts Q-ll-toothed, the teeth setose-tipped ; calyx gi-een,
the teeth aristate {corolla 6-7 mm. long, white, with bluish or lavender veins
and yellow eye. (E. americana, var. Robinson.) — Dry grassy or rocky places,
from the lower St. Lawrence to N. S., e. Me., and n. N. H.

734 BCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY^

26. ODONTITES [Rivinius] Ludwig.

Calyx equally cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back.
Otherwise much as Euphrasia. — Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and sub-
sessile flowers in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike. {Odontitis, an
ancient plant-name from 65oi^s, tooth, applied to some herb used for tooth-ache.)

1. 0. RtTBRA Gilib. Stem 1-4 dm. high, from an annual root, branching,
scabrous-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate ;
spikes elongated, loosely-flowered ; corolla small, rose-red. (Bartsia Odontites
Huds. ; Odontites Odontites Wettst.) — Fields, roadsides, etc., coast of Me.,
N. B., and N. S.; rarely in the interior. (Nat. from Eu.)

27. PEDICULArIS [Tourn.] L. Lousewort

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattened, often
beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; lobes
commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Anthers transverse ;
the cells pointless. Capsule mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs,
with chiefly pinnatifid leaves (the floral bract-like) and rather large flowers in a
epike. (Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.)

* Small-leaved annual or biennial, mostly branched, bearing axillary and termi-

nal flowers.

1. P. palustris L. Essentially glabrous, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate,
2-6 cm. long, pinnately parted, with small crenate oblong segments ; calyx-lobeS
cristate ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, purplish and rose-color (rarely white), the tube
longer than the lips. ( P. parviflora Britton, not Sm. ) — Marshes and wet places,
Temiscouata Co. to Gasp6 Co., Que., Nfd., and north w. (Eu.)

* * Large-leaved perennials ; simple or somewhat branched, with terminal spikes.

2. P. canadensis L. (Common L., Wood Betony.) Hairy ; stems simple
clustered, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the
others half-pinnatifid ; spike short and dense ; calyx split in front, otherwise al-
most entire, oblique ; upper lip of the dull greenish-yellow and crimson corolla
hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule flat, somewhat sword-
shaped. — Copses and banks, N. S., centr. Me., and w. Que. to Man., and south w.
May, June.

3. P. lanceolata Michx. Stem upright, 3-9 dm. high, nearly simple, mostly
smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike
crowded ; calyx 1-lobed, leafy-crested : upper lip of the pale yellow corolla in-
curved and bearing a short truncate beak at tlie apex, the lower erect, so as
nearly to close the throat ; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. —
Swamps, Mass. to Ont. and Man., s. to Va., C, and Neb. Aug., Sept.

4. P. Furbishiae Wats. Tall (5-9 dm. high), pubescent or glabrate ; leaves
lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised,
or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate, silvery-margined ; bracts
ovate, laciniate-dentate ; calyx b-lobed, the lobes rather unequal, linear-lanceo-
iate, entire or toothed ; upper lip of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate
apex bicuspidate, tlie lower erect, truncately 3-lobed ; capsule broadly ovate. —
Banks of the St. John, Me. and N. B. July, Aug.

28. RHINANTHUS L. Yellow Rattle

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a
dark tooth on eacii side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers approxi-
mate, hairy, transverse ; the cells pointless. Cap.sule orbicular, flattened. Seeds
orbicular, winged. — Annual upright lierb.s, with opposite leaves; the yellow or
"^eilowish flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed

SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWOUT FAMILY) 735

of ptv, a snouts and dvdos, a flower^ from the beaked upper lip of species once
united with this genus.)

Teeth of the upper lip of the corolla elongate, 1.5-2 mm. long . . . . 1. R. ma^or.
Teeth of the upper lip broad and low, less than 1 mm. long-.

Branches of the etcm, when present, short and scarcely developed at flower-
ing season, later if elongating bearing only reduced flowers.
Upper part of the stem m.irked with flne black lines ; upper Hp of corolla
with purplish teeth, lateral lobes of the lower lip with a black spot

at base 2. i?. Crista-galli.

Stem green, without black lines ; corolla yellow throughout . . . Z. R. oblongifoUus.
Branches of the stem in well developed plants elongate at flowering season,
their flowers like those of the primary inflorescence.
Upper part of the stem marked with fine black lines ; upper lip of corolla

with bluish teeth, lower lip with brown markings . . . . 4. iJ. stenopJiyllus.
Stem green, without black lines ; corolla yellow throughout, the teeth of

the upper lip whitish-yellow 5. ^. Kyrollae.

1. R. mXjor Ehrli. Simple or with numerous long branches^ 2-8 dm. high ;
stem with conspicuous black lines above, essentially glabrous, the branches mostly
without axillary fascicles ; leaves lanceolate, the teeth subappressed ; bracts gla-
brous, all but the lowest pale, broadly triangular, the tip prolonged, their lowest
lance-attenuate teeth 5 mm. long ; calyx glabrous except for the slightly scabrous
margin ; corolla 2 cm. long, the tube slightly curved, the purple teeth of the
upper lip horizontal. — Damp fields, Plymouth, Mass. (Oakes). (Adv. or nat.
from Eu.)

2. R. Crista-galli L. Stems 1-6 dm. high, black-lineolate, at flowering season
usually bearing short branches in all but the lower axils; these branches remain-
ing conspicuously shorter than the primary stem, sometimes slightly elongating
and bearing reduced flowers; leaves lanceolate or lance-attenuate, crenate-
dentate, the teeth subappressed ; bracts glabrous, dark green, the lower
lance-attenuate, the others elongate-deltoid, their lower lance-attenuate spread-
ing-ascending crowded teeth (5 mm. long) much exceeding the appressed upper
ones; calyx "glabrous, green, often black-striate ; corolla yellow, about 1.5 cm.
long, its tube straight, the teeth of the upper lip depressed, rounded, violet, the
lateral lobes of the lower lip with a black spot at base. (i?. minor Ehrh.) —
Dry gravelly thickets and sterile fields, near the coast, Nfd. and e. Que. to Ct. ;
indigenous northw., perhaps naturalized south w. (Eu.) — Plant strongly black-
ened in drying.

3. R. oblongifblius Fernald. Stems 6-40 cm. high, simple or with few very
short branches, green ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-dentate.
scabrous above, minutely pilose beneath ; bracts scabrous, mostly shorter than
the mature calyces, deltoid-ovate, laciniate-dentate, tlie lower deltoid-lanceolate
teeth 3-4 mm. long; calyx glabrescent, the margins ciliate, in fruit 1.3-1.9 cm.
long, greenish-yellow, often tinged with bronze; corolla yellow, 1-1.2 C7n. long.
— Lab. to alpine regions of Me., N. H., and n. N. Y. — Plant but slightly
blackened in drying.

4. R. stenopiiylius (Schur) Schinz & Thellung. Stems 2-6 dm. high, black-
Uneolate, commonly icith long arcuate-ascending branches with axillary fascicles ;
leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, the teeth subappressed ;
bracts glabrous, purple-tinged, the lower like the foliage leaves and subtending
the remote flowers ; upper bracts subapproximate, triangular, equaling the calyx,
their teeth lance-deltoid; calyx purple-tinged, glabrous, in fruit 1.5 cm. long;
corolla 1.5 cm. long, canary-yellow, turning brownish, the teeth of the upper lip
blue-gray, the lower lip with brown markings. — Boggy meadows and shores
near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gasp6 Co., Que., to N. S. (Eu.)

5. R. Kyr611ae Chabert. Stems 3-7 dm. high, green, not black-lineolate,
simple, or commonly with long ascending branches loithout axillary fascicles ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, scabridulous, the teeth subappressed or slightly spread-
ing ; bracts pale r/reen, lance-deltoid, with lance-acuminate spreading-ascending
teeth; calyx yel'low-qreen, in maturity 1.5 cm. long; corolla 8-13 mm. long,
light yellow, the teeth of the upper lip whitish-yellow. — GvayeWy thickets and
meadows in calcareous districts, e. Que. to N. S. and n. Me.; Wash.

736 LENTIBULARIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY)

29. SCHWALBEA [Gronov.] L. Chaff-sbed

Calyx tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth much the small-
est, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla ob-
long, entire ; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and
})road ebtuse lobes. Anther-cells parallel. Capsule ovate. Seeds linear, witli a
loose chaff -like coat. — A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb, 3-6 dm.
high, with leafy simple stems terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull
purplish-yellow flowers ; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or ob-
long, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts ; pedicels very short, with
2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German
botanist.)

1. S. americana L. — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. May-
July.

LENTIBULARlACEAE (Bladderwort Family)

Small herbs (growing in icater or wet places), loith a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-
lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) l-celled anthers, and a
l-celled ovary with a free central placenta, hearing several anatropous seeds,
with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the
lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in
front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free ; style very short or none ; stigma
1-2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1-few-flowered. — The
following are the two principal genera.

1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments strongly

incurved. Foliage usually dissected, bladder-bearing.

2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. Fila-

ments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.

1. UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort

Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the
throat. Anthers convergent. — Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected
leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering ;
or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes
1-few-flowered. Bladders furnished with a valvular lid and usually with a few
bristles at the orifice. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.)

N.B. — In this genus the figures of the leaves and flowers are on a scale of |.

» Upper leaves in a ichorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of

large bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissected and

capillary, bearing small bladders; rootlets few or none.

1. U. inflata Walt. Swimming free ; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed

at ends and branched near apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions ; flowers 3-10,

large, yellow ; appressed spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. —

In still water. Me. to Tex. , mostly near the coast. July-Sept.

* * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from
immersed branching stems, ichich commonly sicim
free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with small
bladders on their lobes; roots few and not affixed,
or none; mostly perennial, propagated from year to
year by tuber-like buds.
•*- Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously
bladder-bearing stems.

2. U. clandestina Nutt. Leaves numerous on the
896. U. clandestina. slender immersed steins, several times forked, capillary ;

LENTIBULARIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY) 737'

897. U. minor.

scapes slender, 1 dm. high; lips of the yellow corolla nearlj^ equal in length,
the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick
and blunt spur.— Ponds, N. B. to Del. and Pa., chiefly near the coast. Julv
Aug. Fig. 895. ^'

t- 1- iVo cleistogamous flowers.
■M- Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yellow.
3. U. vulgaris L. (Greater B.) Immersed stems
3-10 dm. long, crowded with 2-^-pinnately many-parted
capillary leaves bearing many bladders; scapes 5-12-
flowered, 1-3 dm. long ; corolla closed, 1-2 cm. broad,
896 U vul- V amer *^^ ^^^®^ reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the
lower lip, thick and blunt. — Eurasia; n. w. Am.
Kepresented with us by

Var. ainericana Gray. Spur more slender and rather acute. — Common in
ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to Minn., s. to Va. and Tex., and
westw. June-Aug. Fig. 896.

4. U. minor L. (Smaller B.) ieaues sca«erecZ on the thread-
like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 2-8-
flowered, 0.5-2 dm. high ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not
longer than the depressed palate ; spur very short and blunt, or
almost none. — Shallow water, e. Que. to B. C, s. to N. J., w.
N. Y., Great L. region, Utah, and Cal. May-July. (Eu.) Fig,
897.

•w. 4-f Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender; corolla yellow.

5. U. glbba L. Scape 2.5-10 cm. high, 1-2-flowered, at base
furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dis-
sected capillary root-like leaves and scattered bladders ; corolla
6-8 mm. broad, the lips broad and rounded, nearly equal ; the
lower lip with the sides reflexed, exceeding and approximate to the
very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur, — Shallow water. Me.

TT ^-KKo to ^1^- ^^^d Ala., near the coast ; and from w. Vt. to Ont., 111., and

u. glbba. C.Minn." July-Sept. Fig. 898.

6. U. biflbra Lam. Scape 0.5-1.3 dm. high, 1-S-flowered, at the base bearing
somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and
numerous bladders ; corolla 8-13 mm. broad, the spur

oblong, equaling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped. —
Ponds and shallow waters, Mass. to Fla. ; and from
Wise, and Minn, to Ala. and Tex. Aug., Sept. Fig.
899.

7. U. fibrbsa Walt. Leaves crowded or whorled on
the small in)mersed stems, several times forked, capil-
lary; the bladders borne mainly along the stems ; flowers
2-6, 1-1.3 cm. broad ; lips nearly equal, broad and ex-
panded, the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in
the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and
almost equaling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine 899. U.bifiora.
barrens, L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and Ala. May-July.

8. U. intermedia Hayne. Leaves crowded on the im-
mersed stems, 2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid, the divi-
sions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the
margins ; the bladders borne on separate leafless branches ;
upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate ; spur
conical-sulmlate, acute, appressed to and nearly as long as
the very broad (1-1.5 cm.) lov^er lip. — Shallow pools and
streams, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region,
la., and Cal. May-July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 900.

++++++ Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long ; corolla violet-purple.

9. U. purpurea Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free-floating

gkay's manual — »47

900. U. intermedia.

738 LENTIBULARIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY)

stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders ; flowers 2-4,
1-1.3 cm. wide ; spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla
and about half its length. — Ponds, N. B. to Fla. ; also
n. Ind. and Mich, to Minn. July-Sept. Fig. 901.

* * * Scape solitary^ slender and naked, or ivith a few
small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil;
leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised
out of the water, commonly few or fugacious ; air-
bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or commonly

901. U. purpurea. none.

•t- Flower showy, purple, solitary ; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

10. U. resupinata B. D. Greene. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high, 2-bracted above;
leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla 1 cm. long, deeply
2-parted ; spur slender-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip
and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the sum-
mit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, N. B. to w. Ont., s. to Fla., and
the Great L. region. Aug.

t- ■»- Flowers minute, purplish or whitish, solitary or few ; leaves entire.

11. U. cleist6gama (Gray) Britton. Only 2—5 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 evi-
dently cleistoganious flowers (not larger than a pinhead) ; capsule becoming 2
mm. long. ((/. subulata, var. Gray.) — Sandy and muddy shores. Cape Cod,
and southw. Aug., Sept.

•*-•»-■*- Flowers 2-10, yellow ; leaves entire, rarely seen.

++ Stem flexuous ; flowers long-pediceled.

12. U. subulata L. Stem capillary, 2-20 cm. high ; the raceme zigzag ; pedi-
cels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally
S-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight,
appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps
and pine barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.
May-Sept.

H-t. ++ Stem strict; flowers sessile or short-pediceled.

= Corolla conspicuously exceeding the calyx.

13. U. cornuta Michx. Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, 1-5-flowered ; corolla 1.5-2
cm. broad, the lower lip large and helmet- shaped, its center very convex and
projecting, while the sides are strongly retlexed ; upper lip obovate and much
smaller ; spur awl-shaped, turned doimiward and outward, 10-12 mm. long.
— Peat-bogs or sandy shores, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex.
June- Aug.

14. U. jiincea Yahl. Stem 1-4 dm. high, 4-10-flowered ; pedicels short;
corolla barely 1 cm. broad, lower lip obovate, consisting principally of the high-
arched palate; spur awl-shaped, about 6 mm. long. — Bogs and wet shores, Va.,
and southw. June-Sept.

= = Corolla barely if at all exceeding the calyx.

15. U. virgatula Barnhart. Very slender and strict, 2.5-25 cm. high ;
flowers 2-6, remotely spicate, rarely solitary ; corolla usually shorter than the
purplish calyx ; the upper lip spatulate, emarginate ; the lower laterally com-
pressed, apiculate, hairy at throat; the conical spur 2-3 mm. long; capsule
subglobose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, seemingly beaked by the persistent acuminate
upper calyx-lobe. {U. simplex C. Wright, not R. Br.) — Shores of ponds, pine
barrens of L. I. and N. J.; also Fla. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (Cuba.)

2. PINGUfCULA [Tourn.] L. Butterwort

Upper lip of the calyx .3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate, the lobes spreading. — Small and stemless perennials, growing

OROBANCHACEAE ( BKOOM-KAPE FAMILY) 739

on damp rocks, with l-flowered scapes ; the broad and entire leaves soft-fleshy,
mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from piiujuis^ fat).

1. P. vulgaris L. Leaves spatulate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little
pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur
straightish. — Wet calcareous rocks, N. B. and Que. to n. N. Y., Mich., Minn.,
and far north w.; very local southw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)

OROBANCHAcEAE (Broom-rape Family)

Herbs (root-parasites) destitute of green foliage^ gamopetalous, the ovary
one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae ; pod very many-seeded ; seeds minute,
with albumen and a very minute embryo. Calyx persistent, 4-5-toothed or
-parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and with-
ering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
inserted on the tube of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free,
ovoid, pointed with a long style ; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; each
valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.
— Low thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish
or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

* Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epifagus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the corolla

minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

* * Flowers all alike and perfect ; stems mostly sitdple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers in a thick scaly spike. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped.

Stamens exserted.

3. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate, thyrsoid-spicate, or pedicellate. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla

2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIFAGUS Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root

Flowers racemose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long filaments and style ;
the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which is forced off from the base
by the growth of the pod ; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed.
Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approxi-
mate placentae on each valve. — Herbs, slender, purplish or yellowish-brown,
much branched, with small scattered scales, 1-6 dm. high. (Name from iwi,
upon, and 07776s, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) Lep-
TAMNiuM Raf. Epiphegus Spreng.

1. E. virginiana (L.) Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish
and purple, 1 cm. long, curved, 4-toothed. — Common under Beech-trees, para-
sitic on their roots ; N. B. to Ont., Wise, and southw. Aug. -Oct.

2. C0N6pH0LIS Wallr. Squaw-root. Cancer-root

Flowers with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4-5-toothed calyx, its
tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base ; upper lip
arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 8-parted, spreading. Stigma
depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, a pair on the middle of each valve. —
Upper scales forming bracts to tlie flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those
of a fir-cone (whence the name, from kcDws, a cone, and (poXls, a scale).

1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. — In woods, mostly under oaks, in clusters
among fallen leaves; s. Me. to Mich., s. to Fla. and Tenn. May, June. — A
singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's
thumb, 1-2.5 dm. high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

740 BIGNONIACEAE (^BIGNONIA FAMILY^

3. OROBANCHE [Tourn.] L. Broom-rape

Tipper lip of corolla more or less spreadin^c: and 2-lobed, emarginate, or entire,
the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule
with 4 placentae, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. — Plants brownish, purplish,
or whitish. Flowers (blue, purple, or yellowish) and naked or bracted stems
minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from 6po^os, vetch, and dyx^^V, strah-
gler.) Including Aphyllon [Mitchell] Gray.

* Flowers spicate or thyrsoid-spicate, xmth 1-3 bracts at base of calyx ; corolla

2-lipped, the upper lip generally 2-cleJt,
+- Each flower imth 3 bracts (1 large and 2 small) at base of calyx.

1. 0. PURPtREA Jacq. Stem simple, 1-2 dm. high, bluish- or purplish,
tinned; floicers deep violet; calyx b-lobed; corolla 2 cm. long, slightly bilabiate.
— in laWns, on Achillea, Wingham, Ont. {J. A.Morton). (Adv. from Eu.)

2. 0. RAMOSA L. JNIuch more slender and usually freely branched, straw-
colored; Howers yellow and pale blue ; calyx 4-lobed ; corolla 1-1.6 cm. long. —
Parasitic 'on tomato. New Brunswick, N. J. (^Halsted); on hemp and tobacco,
111. and Ky. (Adv. from Eu.)

■»- -t- Each flower with 1 or 2 bracts at base of calyx.

3. 0. MINOR Sin. Stem 1-3 dm. high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or
with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; calyx cleft before and
behind ctlmost or quite to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft ; corolla 1-1.5
cm. long, the limb bluish, with rounded lobes, the upper lip emarginate.—
Parasitic on clover, N. J. to Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. 0. ludoviciana Nutt. Simple or clustered, 1-3 dm. high ; floorers densely
spicate or thyrsoid, purplish, bracts 1 or 2 ; calyx ^^-deft, nearly regular; corolla-
lobes acutish. (^Aphyllon Gray.) — Sandy soil, Minn, to 111., Tex., and westw.

* * Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bracts ; corolla

with a long curved tube and spreading b-lobed limb.

5. 0. uniflbra L. (One-flowered Cancer-root.) Stem subterranean or
nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1-4 slender
1-flnwered scapes 0.5-2 dm. high; divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped,
half the length of the corolla, which is 1.5-2.5 cm. long, with 2 yellow bearded
folds in the throat, and obovate lobes. (Aphyllon Gray ; Thalesia Britton.) —
Damp woodlands, Nfd. to Va. and Tex., and westw. to the Pacific. Apr. -July.

G. 0. fasciculata Nutt. Scaly stem erect and rising 0.5-1 dm. out of the
ground, mostly longer than the crowded jieduncles ; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
{Aphyllon Gray; Thalesia Britton.) —< >n Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc., sajidy
ground, L. Michigan ; Minn., soutuw. and westw Apr.-Aug. (Mex.)

BIGNONIACEAE (Bignonia Family)

Woody - plants, gamopetalous, didynainous or diandrous, with the ovary
commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentae or of a projection
from them, many-ovuled; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged seeds with
a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at
both ends. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped,
5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous ; the lower lobe largest.
Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the
shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary ; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary
free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. Leaves compound or simple,
opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family.

MARTYNIACEAE (MAIITYNIA FAMILY") 741

1. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves componml. withont tpnrlrfls.

2. Catalpa, Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.

3. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-beariag,

I. TECOMA Juss. Trumpkt-flower

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little iire^lar.
Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody, with compound leaves, climbing
by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name tecomaxorhUl.)

1. T. radicans (L.) Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets
0-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed ; stamens not protruded
beyond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (6-8 cm. long); pod
oblanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long. — Moist soil, N. J. to s. e. la., s. to Fla. and
Tex, ; common in cultivation farther north w.

2. CATALPA Scop. Catalpa. Indian Bean

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender,
nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds
winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. — Trees, with ovate or cordate
and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal pame.)

1. C. speci5sa Warder. (Catawba Tree, Cigar Tree.) A large and
tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate ; corolla
8.0-5 cm. long, nearly white, inconspicuousltj spotted, with obconical tube and "*"
slightly oblique limb, the loicer lobe emarginate ; capsule thick. — Low rich
woodlands, s. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May, June.

2. C. bignonioides Walt. A low much branched tree, with thin bark;
corolla smaller (2.5-4 cm. long), thickly spotted, with oblique limb and entire )k
lower lobe; capsule much thinner. (O. Gatalpa Karst.) — Naturalized from
N. Y. southw. ; indigenous on the Gulf coast.

3. BIGNdNIA [Tourn.] L.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often with a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule
linear, 2-celled. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody climbers. (Named for
the Abbe Jean-Paul Bignon, court-librarian at Paris and friend of Tournefort.)

1. B. capreolata L. (Cross-vine.) Smooth ; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong
leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil
resembling stipules ; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered ; corolla orange,
5 cm. long ; pod 1.5 dm. long; seeds with the wing 4 cm. long. {B. crucigera
L., in part.) — Rich soil, Va. to O. and 111., s. to Fla. and La. Apr.-June. —
Climbing tall trees ; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross,

MARTYNIACEAE (Marttnia Family)

Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the Lentibu-
lariaceae, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the
latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons. Ovary
(in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentae expanded into 2 broad
lamellae or united into a central columella. — Chiefly tropical

1. MARTYNIA L. Umcorn-plant

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 6-lobed and
iSomewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Flesli of fruit at ienL'th
falling away in 2 valves; inner part woody, terminated by « 2-horned beali

742 ACANTHACEAE (ACANTHUS FAMILY)

imperfectly 5-celled. Seeds several, with a thick roughened coat. — Low
branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor ; stems thickish ;
leaves simple, rounded ; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John
MarUjn, of Cambridge, England.)

1. M. louisislna Mill. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, the
upper alternate ; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and
nurple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. {M. proboscidea
Gloxin.) — River-banks and waste places, s. Ind., 111., and la. to n. Mex. ; also
cultivated and naturalized north w.

ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamoiis or diandrous stamens
inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are
concolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-ceUed and few (^i-\2) -seeded
capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and supported by
hooked projections of the placentae (retinacula). Elowers commonly much
bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form ; S'tigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod
loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons
broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family
in the warmer parts of the world ; represented in gardens by Thunbergia,
which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on
hooks.

* Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading ; stamens 2.

1. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.

* * Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading ; stamens 4.

2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6-20-seeded.

3. Dyschoriste. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2-4-seeded.

1. DIANTHERA [Gronov.] L. Water Willow

Calyx 5-parted. Upper lip of corolla notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted,
external in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal.
Capsule contracted at base into a short stalk. — Perennial herbs, growing in
water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled
spikes or heads. (Name formed of dls, double, and dvdripd, anther, the separated
cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. americana L. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ;
spikes cylindric, dense, long-peduncled ; corolla 1 cm. long, the lower lip
rugose. — In water, w. Que. and Vt. to Wise, s. to Ga. and Tex. July-Sept.

2. D. ovata Walt. Slender, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong ;
peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves. — Swamps, etc., Va. to Fla. and Tex.,
inland to Mo.

2. RUELLIA [Plumier] L„

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convo-
lute in bud. Cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly
equal. Capsule narrow, in ours somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless
at base. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the
microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings
or spirals. — Perennials, with large showy blue or purple flowers, sometimes
also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often
2-bracteolate. (Named for the early French herbalist, Jean Buelle.)

1. R. cilibsa Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong, 2.5-7 cm. long; flowers 1-3 and almost
sessile in the axils; tube of the corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, fully twice the length of

PLANTAGINACEAE (^PLANTAIN FAMILY) T43

(he setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. — Dry ground, N. J. to Fla., w. to
Mich., Neb., and Tex. June-Sept. Var. parvifl6ra (Nees) Britton. Spar-
ingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled,
larger ; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx. (Var. am-
higua Gray.) — Va. and Ky. to Ala. — Appearing as if a hybrid with the next.

2. R. strdpens L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 3-10 dm. high ; leaves
narrowed at base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong, 0.7-1.6 dm.
long ; tube of the corolla (8-5 cm. long) little longer than the dilated portion,
slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Rich soil, Pa. to Wise,
s. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. Var. cleistAntha Gray. Leaves commonly
narrower and oblong ; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous. (Var.
micrantha Britton.) — Common with the ordinary form.

3. R. pedunculata Torr. Puberulent, slender, 3-8 dm. high, the branche.s
spreading; leaves ovate-oblong, 4-7 dm. long, short-petioled; flowers solitary
or 3, on slender peduncles (1.5-5 cm. long) with 2 leaf -like bracts at the tip ;
corolla 3-5 cm. long, the tube slightly exceeding the subulate-filiform calyx-
lobes. — Dry woods, Mo., and southw.

3. DYSCHORiSTE Nees.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or -parted. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, con'
volute in bud. Anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a
single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear. — Low branching perennials,
pubescent or hirsute, with few proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers
and blue corolla. (Name from Si/sx^pio-ros, hard to separate, referring to the
firmly coherent valves of the capsule.) Calophanks Don.

1. D. oblongifblia (Michx.) Ktze. Stems usually erect and simple, 1.5-4
dm. high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile, 1.5-3 cm.
iong ; corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 2.5 cm. long ;
calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute. (^Calophanes Don.) —
Pine barrens, s. Va. to Fla.

PHRYMAcEAE (Lopseed Family)

A perennial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate
leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and
slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color.
Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry,
in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous.
Cotyledons convolute round their axis.

1. PHRtMA L. Lopseed

A single species, with characters of the family. (Derivation of the name
unknown.)

1. P. Leptostachya L. Plant 3--9 dm. high ; leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, thin ;
calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the
tip. — Moist and open woods, N. B. and Que. to Man., and southw. July, Aug.
(E, Asia.)

PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular i-merous spiked flowers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless gamopetalous corolla,
alternate with its lobes. — Chiefly represented by the two following genera.

744 PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY)

1. Littorella. Scape 1-2-flowered. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Aquatic.

2. Plantago. Scape several-many-flowered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-oo -seeded. TerrestriaL

1. LITTORELLA Bergius.

Flowers monoecious. The staminate solitary, on a mostly simple naked
scape ; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla ; anthers ex-
serted, on very long capillary filaments. Pistillate flowers usually 2, sessile at
the base of the scape ; calyx "of 3 or 4 unequal sepals ; corolla urn-shaped, with
a 3-4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long
laterally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from litus or littus^
shore, from the place of growth.)

1. L. uniflbra (L.) Asch. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves
terete, linear-subulate, 2-7 cm. long. {L. lacustns L.) — In water or on gravelly
shores, Nfd. to Me., Vt., Ont., and Minn.; very rare. (Eu.)

2. PLANTAGO [Toum,] L. Plantain. Ribwort

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous
margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-
parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak
exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2 (or in no. 6 falsely
3-4) -celled, with 1-several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma
single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2-several-seeded, opening transversely, so
that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate
seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed,
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape
(The Latin name.)

a. Corolla not closed over the fruit b.

b. Seeds plump, not hollowed on the face c.

0. Leaves with more or less dilated strongly ribbed blade.

Eibs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib . . . „ 1. P. oordata.
Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base.

Pod circumscissile near the middle 2. i*. major.

Pod circumscissile much below the middle.
Sepals sharply carinate on the back.
Spike densely flowered ; capsule 4-9-seeded » « . . 8. P. Rugelii,
Spike remotely flowered ; capsule 2-seeded . . o . 4. P. sparsiflora.
Sepals rounded, not sharply carinate on the back . . . 5. P. eriopoda.

c. Leaves linear to subterete, fleshy, obscurely ribbed . . . . 6. P. decipiens.
b. Seeds flattened, or hollowed on the face, or boat-shaped d.

d. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, strongly ribbed.

Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong 7. P. laneeolata.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong 8. P. media.

d. Leaves linear to setaceous.

White, silky-lanate ; bracts not exceeding the calyx . . . 9. P. Purshii.

Green, loosely pubescent ; lower bracts much exceeding the calyx 10. P. aristata,
a. Corolla (of fertile flowers) closed over the fruit.

Leaves spatulate-lanceolate to obovate ; stamens 4.

Fruiting calyx 1.5-2.5 mm. long; seed 0.8-1.5 mm. long . . .11. P. virginica.

Fruiting calyx 8-i mm. long ; seed 2.5-3 mm. long , . . . 12. P. rhodosperma.
Leaves Unear to filiform ; stamens 2.

Capsule 4-seeded 13. P. elongata.

Capsule 10-28-seeded 14. P. heterophylla.

§ 1. Stamens 4 ; flowers all perfect ; corolla not closed over the fruit.

* Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla,
the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed
on the face {except in nos. 7 and 8).

1. P. cordata Lam. Tall, glabrous ; leaves fleshy, heart-shaped or roundr
ovate, 1-2.5 dm. long, long-petioled, the ribs arising from the midrib ; spike at
length, loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy; capsule 2-4-seededc^
Along streams, m wooded swamps, etc., N. Y. and Ont. to Minn. , and southw.

PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY)

745

2. P. major L. (Common P.) Smooth or rather hairy, sometimes roughish ;
leaves thick and leathery^ 0.5-3 dm. long, the blade from hruad-elliptic to cordate-
ovate, undulate or more or less toothed, the broad petiole channeled ; scapes

1.6-9 dm. high, commonly curved-ascending ; spike dense, obtuse,
becoming 1-4 dm. long ; sepals round-ovate or obovate ; capsule
ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8-18-seeded ; seeds angled,
reticulated. — Waysides and near dwellings, exceedingly common.
Fig. 902. — Sometimes with leafy-bracted scapes or with panicu-
late-branched inflorescences. (Cosmopolitan.) Var. intermedia
(Gilibert) Dene. Leaves lance-ovate to narrowly elliptic, coarsely
sinuate-dentate, sometimes densely pubescent, closely rosulate.
(P. halophila Bicknell.) — Salt marshes and coastal rocks. Me.
to N. J. (Eurasia.)

Var. asiatica (L.) Dene. Leaves upright, the thin smooth

blades tapering to slender petioles; scapes erect. — River-banks, etc., e. Que.

to B. C, s. to n. N. E., L. Superior, N. Dak., Col., etc. (Asia.)

3. P. Rugelii Dene. Leaves as in no. 2, but paler and thinner, the rather
slender petioles crimson at base ; spikes long and thin, attenuate at
sepals oblong, acutely carinate ; capsules cylindraceous, circum-
scissile much beloio the middle, 4-d-secded ; seeds oval, not reticu-
lated. — N. B. to Out. and Minn., s. to Ga. and Tex. Fig. 903.

4. P. sparsiflbra Michx. Leaves ohlong-lanceolate, often very
long (3-4 dm.), villous to glabrous ; scape elongate, terminated by
a long loosely flowered spike ; sepals oval, rigid ; capsules ellipsoid,
about twice as long as the calyx, circumscissile toward the base,
2-seeded. — Pine barrens and damp sands, S. C. to Fla. ; reported
from s. 111.

5. P. eri6poda Torr. Usually with a mass of yellowish wool
at the base; leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with short
stout petioles ; spike dense or loose ; sepals and bract more or less
scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over ^-seeded. —
Salt marshes, e. Que. to N. S.; saline soil, Red River valley, Minn.,
and the Arctic region.

6. P. declpiens Barneoud. (Seaside P.) Leaves linear to nearly filiform,
1-10 mm. broad, entire or remotely serrate, fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; scapes
slightly pubescent below, densely so at tip, 2-30 cm. high, from erect to strongly
arcuate ; spikes slender-cylitidric, 0.5-12 cm. long, dense or loose ; scales and
sepals from drab to purplish-brown ; corolla-tube often pubescent ; seeds 2-4.
(P. maritima Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Salt marshes and maritime rocks, Greenl.
and Lab. to N. J. — Very variable in size and habit, the most dwarf extreme
sometimes separated as P. borcalis Langc.

7. P. LANCEOLATA, L. (RiB Gkass, Ripple Grass, English p.) Mostly
hairy ; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate or
lance-oblong leaves, slender, 2-7 dm. high ; spike dense, at first capitate, in age
cylindrical ; bracts and sepals scarious, brownish ; seeds 2, hollowed on the
face. — Very common in grass land. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. P. MEDIA L. (Hoary P.) Resembling the preceding, but with shorter
ovate or broad-oblong finely canescent leaves; the cylindric spike 2.5-8 cm.
long; seeds slightly concave or flat on the face; flowers fragrant.— Sparingly
in tields, etc., Me. to Ont. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different
plants, mostly cleistogamous ; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently
spreading ; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-
pubescent or woolly ; annual.

9. P. Purshii R. & S. White with silky icool; leaves 1-3-nerved, varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike slender-cylindric, very dense, 0.5-15 cm. long,
woolly ; bracts not exceeding the calyx ; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick
center. (P. patagonica Jacq., var. gnaphalioides Gray.) — Prairies and dry plains,
Minn, to Ind., Ky., Tex., and westw. to the Pacific ; adventive eastw. to N. E.

746 RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

10. P. aristata Michx. Similar ; loosely hairy and green, or becoming gla.
brous ; tlie narrowly linear bracts 2-6 times as long as the flowers. (P. patagon-
ica, var. Gray.) — Dry plains and prairies, 111. to La., and westw. ; naturalized
in sterile soil eastw. to the Atlantic.

§ 2. Flowers s2ibdioecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the corolla in the fertile
{or mainly fertile) plant dosed over the maturing capsule and forming a
kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with spreading corolla
and long-exserted filaments ; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennials.
n. P. virginica L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves ob-
long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved. slightly or coarsely
and sparingly toothed ; spikes mostly dense, 1-9 cm. long ; fruiting calyx 1.5-2.5
mm. long ^ mature corolla slender-cylindric ; seeds usually 2, brown or yellow-
ish, 0.8-1.5 mm. Zon(/. — Sandy grounds, chiefly near the coast, R. I. to Fla. and
Tex.; inland in Miss, basin to s. Mich., 111., Mo., and Kan.; also on the Pacific
slope. (Mex.)

12. P. RHODosPERMA Dcnc. Similar to the preceding; fruiting calyx 3-4
mm. long; mature corolla slender-conical; seeds reddish, 2.5-3 nvm. long. —
Dry prairies and open woods. La. to Ariz, and n. Mex.; adventive in Mo.

13. P. elongata Pursh. Minutely pubescent, 3-16 cm. high ; leaves linear
to filiform, entire; capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and
bract. (P. pusilla Nutt.) — Sandy soil, s. Mass. to Ga.; and from 111. to Assina.,
La., and westw. Apr.-Aug.

14. P. heterophylla Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of
them 2-1-lobed or toothed below ; capsule slender-conoidal, 10-28-seeded, nearly
twice the length of the calyx and bract. — Low sandy ground, N. J. to Fla.,
Tex., and Ark. Apr. -June.

RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

Woody or herbaceous plants, with opposite entire leaves connected by inter-
posed stipules, or in luhorls without apparent stipules, the calyx adherent to the
2-4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4-5),
and inserted on its tube. Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella
and Houstonia') . Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo
commonly rather large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the
greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-
bark trees), tropical.

iV. B. — The fig-ures in this family are on a scale of |.

Subfamily I. COFFEOtDEAE. Ovules solitary in the cells

* Herbs.
+- Leaves in whorls.

1. Shei-ardia. Corolla funnal-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate.

2. Asperula. Corolla tubular-campanulate below. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit as in Galium.

3. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4 (or rarely 3)-parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin,

separating into 2 indehiscent l-seeded carpels.

+- +- Leaves opposite.
++ Flowers axillary, separate ; fruit dry when ripe.

4. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe int*

2 cai'pels, one or both of them opening.

5. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels ; otherwise as no. 4.

++ ++ Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into 1 ; fruit a 2-eyed berry.

6. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.

* * Shrubs or trees.

7. Cephalantlius, Corolla tubular ; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-i-Beeded.

RUBIACEAE QMADDER FAMILV) 747

Subfamily II. CINCHONOfDEAE. Ovules numerous in each cell ; leaves

opposite.

8. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped

or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.

9. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute,

angular. Low herbs.

1. SHERARDIA [Dill.] L. Field Madder

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4-5-lobe(l.
Style filiform, 2-cleft ; stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent
1-seeded carpels. — A slender procumbent herb, with sc^uare stems, lanceolate
pungent leaves in whorls of 4-6, and small blue or pinkish flowers surrounded
by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for Dr. William /Sherard, patron of
Dillenius.)

1. S. ARVENSis L. The only species. — Waste places and fields, N. S. to Ont.,
O., and N. J., local. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. ASPERULA L.

Similar to Galium, but with tubular or tubular-campanulate corolla. — An
Old World genus. (Name from asper, rough, in reference to some scabrous
species.)

1. A. GALioiDES Bieb. Smooth and glaucous, 8-8 dm. high; leaves 5-10 in
a whorl, linear, subulate-tipped ; flowers white, short-pediceled in cynmles form-
ing a handsome panicle. — Fields, local, Ct. to Mich. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. GAlIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla wheel-shaped, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4,
rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when
ripe into the 2 seed-like indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. — Slender herbs, with
small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems, and whorlcd leaves,
the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from ydXa, milk, which
some species are used to curdle.)

a. Fruit dry b.
b. Annuals.

Fruit bristly.
Flowers sessile or subsessile ; leaves 4-7 mm. long . . . 1. G. virgatum.
Flowers on long ascending axillary peduncles . . . . 2. G. Aparine.
Fruit smooth or merely granulate-roughened.

Flowers 1-few on axillary peduncles ; fruit 3-4 mm. thick . 3. G. tricome.
Flowers tiny, in terminal small cymes ; fruit barely 1 mm. thick 4. G. parisienae.
b. Perennials c.
c. Flowers j^ellow.

Panicle rather dense, its lower branches much exceeding the

internodes 5. G. verum.

Panicle loose, slender, interrupted, its lower branches shorter

than the internodes 6. 6r. Wirtgenii.

C. Flowers white, greenish-white, or purplish d.
d. Erect plants, neither the stems nor leaves retrorsely scabrous e.
e. Leaves mostly in 4's /.
/. Peduncles loosely 3-several-flowered ; flowers dull purple
to greenish-white g.
g. Fruit uncinate-hispid.

Mature flowers and fruits on distinct pedicels.

Leaves firm and dull, the whorls uniform ... 7. G.pilosum.
Leaves filmy and lucid ; the upper whorl largest . 8. G.lfamtscliaticum.
Flowers and fruits mostly sessile or subsessile along
the loosely divergent branches of the peduncles.
Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; flowers commonly

pubescent 9. 6'. circaezans.

Leaves lance-acuminate ; flowers glabrous . . 10. G. lanceolatutn.
g. Fruit smooth.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved 11. G.latifolinm..

Leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-nerved . . . . VI, G. arkansanum.

748 RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY^

/. Flowers bright white, numerous, in a compact panicle;

leaves linear-lanceolate 13. G^. boreale.

e. Leaves mostly.in 6's or 8's ; flowers white, numerous, in leafy-
panicles.
Leaves firm, linear or oblanceolate, rarely 2 cm. long.
Flowering branches and pedicels strongly divaricate . 14. G. Mollugo.
Flowering branches and pedicels mostly ascending . . 15. 6. erectum.
Leaves thin, lanceolate, mostly 3-5 cm. long . . .16. G. aylvaticum,
d. Matted, reclining, or ascending plants, usually with more or less
retrorsely scabrous stems or leaves h.
h. Fruit smooth or merely granulate-roughened i.
i. Leaves obtuse.

Flowers several in a small dichotomous cyme ; the pedi-
cels horizontally spreading 11. G. palustre.

Flowers solitary or "in mostly simple cymes of 2-5 flowers.

Corollas greenish-white, small (1.5 mm. or less broad),

commonly with 3 obtuse lobes ; stems retrorse-

scabrous.

Flowers mostly solitary, on capillary arcuate scabrous

pedicels 1%. G. irifldum.

Flowers in 2*8 and 3's; pedicels straight, smooth . 19. G. Glaytoni.
Corollas white, 2-2.5 mm. broad, commonly with 4 acute
lobes ; stems mostly smooth.
Leaves chiefly ascending ; fruit 2.5-3.5 mm. in diam-
eter. 20. <r. iinetorium.

Leaves chiefly reflexed'; fruit 1-1.5 mm. in diameter 21. G. labradoricum
i. Leaves acute or cuspidate.

Leaves linear, slightly upward -scabrous on the margins . 22. G, concinnuni.

Leaves lanceolate, retrorse-scabrous 28. 6^. asprellum.

h. Fruit bristly 24. 6^. trifiorum.

0. Fruit a berry ; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved 25. 6^. hUpidulum.

1. G. virgatum Nutt. Slender and erect; stem 1-3 dm. high, simple or
branching from the base ; leaves mostly in 4's, thick, oblong or linear, 4-7 mm.
long ; flowers solitary, sessile, subtended by a pair of small bracteal leaves ; fruit
uncinate-hispid. — Dry soil. Mo. to Tenn. and Tex.

2. G. Aparine L. (Cleavers, Goose Grass.) Stem weak and reclining,
bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints ; leaves about 8 in a whorl, lanceo-
late, tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib,
2.5-7 cm. long ; peduncles 1-S-flowered ; flowers white ; fruit bristly, 3-4 mm. in
diameter. — Seashores, Que. to Fla., and in rich or shaded ground inland; per-
haps sometimes introd. (Eurasia.)

Var. Vaillantii (DC.) Koch. Smaller; the leaves less than 2.5 cm. long;
hispidulous fruit smaller, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter. {G. spurium L.) — Ont.,
westw. and south west w.

3. G. TRicoRNE Stokes. Resembling no. 2, rather stout, with simple branches ;
leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins and stem retrorsely
prickly-hispid ; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white ; fruits rather large,
tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous. — Ballast, local. (Adv. from Eu.^

4. G. PARisiENSE L. Slender, diffuse, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous ; leaves 5-7,
oblanceolate to nearly linear, 5-10 mm. long, their margins and the angles of the
stem spinulose-scabrous ; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, green-
ish-white, very small ; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate. {G. anglicum
Huds.) — Roadsides, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. G. vijRUM L. (Yellow B.) Stems smooth, erect ; leaves 8 or sometimes
6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed ; flowers yellow, very numerous,
densely paniculate, the lower branches of the panicle at anthesis much exceeding
the subtending leaves; fruit usually vsmooth. — Dry fields, Me. to N. J., Pa., and
Ont., local. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. G. WiRTG^Nii F. Schultz, Similar to the preceding ; flowers yellow,
slightly larger, 3 mm. in diameter ; the panicle long and interrupted, the lower
branches at janthesis shorter than or scarcely surpassing the subtending leaves.
— Established in meadows, Norfolk, Ct. {Miss Seymour). (Adv. fromEu.)

7. G. pilbsum Ait. Hairy ; leaves oval, dotted, hairy, 2-2.5 cm. long, the
lateral nerves obscure ; peduncles 2-S-forked, the flowers all pediceled. — Dry
copses, N. H. to Ont., Mich., 111., Kan., and southw.

Var. puncticul5sum (Michx.) T. & G. Almost glabrous; leaves varying
to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate. — N. J. to Va. and Tex.

RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

749

8. G. kamtscMticum Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous, 1-3 dm. long;
leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin, 1-3 cm. long, slightly pilose ; flowers
slender-pediceled ; corolla glabrous, yellowish-white, not turning dark,'z7.s lobes
merely acute. — Mts. of Cape Breton I., Que., N. E., and N. Y. (K. Asia.)

0. G. circaezans Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) More or less pubescent,
3 dm. high ; leaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate, 1.5-4.6
cm. long ; peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely
diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels,
reflexed in fruit; lobes of the greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate.
— Rich woods, s. Me. and w. Que. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Var. c;k1i{iu:.m
Britton. Smoothish, leaves sparingly pubescent on the upper surface or merely
ciliate; corolla glabrous. (Var. glabellum Britton.) — Rensselaer, Albany,
and Washington Cos., N. Y. (according to Peck).

10. G. lanceolatum Torr. (Wild Liquokice.) Nearly glabrous; leaves
(except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex, 3-7.5
cm. long ; corolla glabrous, yellowish, turning dull purple, its lobes more acumi-
nate ; otherwise like the preceding. — Dry woods, s. Me. and w. Que. to Minn.,
s. to O., Ky., and Va.

11. G. latifblium Michx. Smooth, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 3-6 cm. long, the midrib and margins rough, the lateral nerves
prominent; cymes panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple forcers on slender
spreading pedicels; fruit rather fleshy. — Dry woods, mts. of Pa. to N. C. and
Tenn. Var. hispidum Small. Stems and leaves hispid. — Iron Mts., Va.

12. G. arkansanum Gray. Similar; leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-3.5 cm.
long, the lateral nerves obscure or none. — Rocky woods, s. Mo., Ark., and Okla.

13. G. boreale L. (Northern B.) Smooth, 3-9 dm. high; leaves in 4's,
linear-lanceolate -, flowers bright white, in compact panicles ;
fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky banks,
shores, etc., Que. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Mo.,
S. Dak., Col., etc.; rare eastw.

14. G. MoLLUGO L. Perennial, smooth throughout or
pubescent below ; stems erect or diffuse, usually numerous,
3-9 dm. long; leaves in 8's or on the branchlets in 6's,
904. G. Mollugo. oblanceolate to nearly linear ; flowers ichite, very numerous

in loose ample almost \e&^ess panicles ; branches and pedi-
cels mostly wide-spreading ; fruit smooth. — Roadsides and fields,
Nfd. to Del. and O. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 904.

15. G. ERECTUM Huds. Similar ; stems mostly erect ; flowers
fewer and slightly larger ; the branches and pedicels mostly
ascending. — Fields, etc., e. Que. to Vt. and Ct. (Nat. from
P:u.) Fig. 905.

16. G. SYLVATicuM L. (ScoTCH MiST, Baby's Breath.)
Stems very many, tall, suberect, shining, somewhat geniculate
at base ; lower leaves 8, upper 4 or 6 in a whorl, acuminate,
smooth, entire, glaucous beneath ; pedicels capillary, very ascend- qq^ q erectum
ing, in loose terminal panicles ; fruit smooth. — Fields and

thickets, N. E., escaped from cultivation. (Introd.
from Eu.)

17. G. palustre L. Slender, 2-5 dm. high, slightly
branched, branches solitary or opposite ; leaves linear-
elliptic or spatulate, thin, dull, barely 1 cm. long;
flowers numerous in terminal cymes ; pedicels becoming
strongly divaricate ; corolla 4-parted, white or rose-
tinged, 2.5-3.3 mm. broad; fruit glabrous, lunate in
cross-section. — AVet meadows and banks, Nfd. and Que.
to Ct., N. Y., and Mich. June, July. (Eu.) Fig. 906.
Slender and weak, very freely branched, forming den.se
mats; primary leaves oftenest in 4's, linear-spatulate, 0.5-1.3 cm. long ; floicera
solitary, or when terminal in 3's, on capillary scabrous arcuate pedicels;
corolla whitish, 0.5 mm. long; fruit annular in cross-section. (G. trifldum,

906. G. palustre.

18. G. trlfidum L

750

RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

90T, G. trifldum.
near the base

var. pusillum Gray. ) — Bogs, mossy woods, and wet shores,
Nfd. and Lab. to B. C, s. to n. and w. N. E., centr. N. Y.,
O., Mich., Neb., etc. July-Sept. (Eurasia.) Fig. 907.

19. G. Claytdni Michx. Stouter, ascending or reclining;
primary leaves in 4's and 6's; flowers in terminal clusters o/2's
and 'Vs ; pedicels stout, straight, and glabrous.
{G. trifldum Man ed. 6, in part.) — Swamps
and damp places, e. Que. to N. C, Neb., and
Tex. July-Sept. Fig. 908.

20. G. tinctbrium L. Erect ; stem smooth,
stiffish, 1.5-8 dm. high, freely branched from

leaves mostly in 4's, linear or lanceolate,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, cuneate at base, dull green, slightly sca-
brous on margin and midrib ; floivers 2 or 3 in terminal
clusters, the pedicels scarcely divaricate even in fruit ; fruit gQg g. Claytoni.
2 5-3.0 mm. in diameter. (G. trifldum, var. latifolium Torr.)

— Damp shady places, w. Que. to Neb., s. to N. C. and
Ariz. May-July. Fig. 909.

Var. filifblium Wiegand. More slender ; leaves nearly
filiform ; inflorescence more open ; corolla broader. — Va.,
and southw. near the coast.

21. G. Iabrad6ricum Wiegand. Low; stem smooth,
slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, from capillary rootstocks ; leaves
small, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, soon reflexed,
scabrous beneath on the margin and
G. tinctorium. nerve ; flowers as in the preceding but
smaMer ; fruit m,uch smaller. (G. tinc-
torium, var. "Wiegand.) — In moss, mostly beneath Larch or
Arbor Vitae, Nfd. to Wise, N. Y., and n. Ct. Fig. 910.

22. G. concinnum T. & G. Stems low and slender, 1.5-3
dm. high, with minutely roughened angles ; leaves all in 6's,
linear, slightly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly
roughened; peduncles 2-3 times forked, diffusely panicled;
pedicels short. — Dry hills, N. J. and Pa. to Va., w. to 910. G. labradoricum
Minn., la., and Ark.

23. G. asprellum Michx. (Rough B.) Stem 0.5-1.8 m. high, much
branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes ; leaves in
whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almost prickly mar-
gins and midrib ; peduncles short, 2-3 times forked. — Alluvial ground, Nfd. to
N. C, w. to Ont., Minn., Neb., and Mo.

24. G. trifl5rum Michx. (Sweet-scented B.) Stem 3-10 dm. long, bristly-
roughened backward on the angles ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed,
with slightly roughened margins, 2-8.5 cm. long; peduncles ^-flowered, the
flowers all pediceled, greenish ; fruit beset with hooked bristles. — Rich wood-
lands, Nfd. to B. C, and southw. — Sweet-scented in drying. (Greenl., Eu.)

25. G. hispidulum Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes nearly
smooth, 3-6 dm. high, diffusely branched ; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate,
0.5-2 cm. long ; pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral
whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate ; flowers white ; berry purple^
glabrate. — Dry or sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla. , along the coast.

4. SPERMAC6CE [Dill.] L. Buttonweed

Oalyx-tube short ; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla . funnel-form or
salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry,
2-celled, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, oiae of them usually carrying with
it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face. — Small
herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular
membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clus-

EUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

751

911. S. glabra.

style hardly any. —
Fig. 911.

ters or heads. (Name compounded of <nripixa^
seed, and a/cw/c??, a point, probably from the pointed
calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glabra Michx. Glabrous perennial;
stems spreading, 2-5 dm. long ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate ; heads many-flowered ; corolla little
exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat,
bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and
River-banks, s. O. to 111., Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.

5. DI6dIA [Gronov.] L. Buttonweed

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2(rarely 3)-celled, the crustaceous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indeiiiscent. Flowers 1-3 in each
axil. — Resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from 5/o5o$,
a thoroughfare; the species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. virginiana L. Smooth or hairy perennial ; stems spreading, 3-6 dm.
;ong ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white, 1 cm. long,
the slender tube abrnpthj expanded into the

large limb; style 2-parted ; fruit ellipsoid,
strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with
2 slender calyx-teeth. — Low grounds along
streams, s. N. J. to Fla., w. to Mo., Ark.,
and Tex. Fig. 912.

2. D. teres Walt. Hairy or minutely
pubescent annual ; stem spreading, 1-8 dm.
long, nearly terete ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, closely sessile, rigid ; corolla funnel-
form, 4-6 mm. long, whitish, with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles
of the stipules; style undivided; fruit obovoid-turbinate, not jfurrowed, crowned
with 4 short calyx-teeth. — Sandy shores and barrens, Ct. to Fla.j and from O.
to Kan., and south w. (Mex., W. I.)

912. D. virginiana.

6. MITCHELLA L. Partridge Berrt

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla-lobes
spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Style 1 ; stigmas 4,
linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two
flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower. — A smooth and
trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves,
minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet
(rarely whitish) edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter.
Flowers occasionally 3-6-merous, always dimorphous ; all those of some indi-
viduals having exserted stamens and included stigma:; ; of others, included
stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John
Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, who
resided in Virginia.)

1. M. ripens L. — Dry woods, creeping about the bases of trees, especially
Coniferae, throughout our range, and southw. June, July. — Leaves often
variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers completely confluent into
one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

7. CEPHALAnTHUS L. Buttonbush

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla-teeth imbricated
in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit small,
at length splitting from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1-seeded portions. —
Shrubs or small trees, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical
(^eduncled heads. (Name composed of ice^aXiJ. a head, and dv^os, a flower.)

752 EUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

1. C. occidentalis L. Smooth ; leaves petioled, essentially glabrous, ovate
or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short interven-
ins; stipules. — Swamps and along streams, s. w. N. B. to w. Ont., and southw.
July, Aug. — Usually a shrub with us, rarely arborescent and 5 or 6 m. high.
(Mex., W. I.)

Var. pub6scens Raf. Branchlets and at least the lower surfaces of the leaves
soft-pubescent. — 111. to Ga., La., and Tex.

8. houst6nia l.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla usually much
longer than the calyx-lobes, the lobes valvate iu the bud. Anthers linear or
oblong. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or
didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the
tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the top. Seeds 4-20 in each cell, pitted. —
Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting the petioles or narrowed bases
of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers ; these dimorphous,
in some individuals with exserted anthers aitd short included style ; in others
the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding.
(Named for Dr. William Houston, an English botanist, who collected in tropi-
cal America.)

* Small and delicate, vernal-floimring ; peduncles \-flowered ; corolla salver-
form; upper half of the broad and somevhat 2-lobed pod free ; seeds globu-
lar, loith a very deep round cavity occupyiny the inner face.

t- Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems; pedun-
cles filiform, 2-5 cm. long.

1. H. caerulea L. (Bluets, Innocence.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender,
sparingly branched from the base, 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves oblong-spatulate, 6-9
mm. long ; peduncle filiform, erect ; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white,
with a yellowish eye, the straight slender long-exserted tube much longer than
its lobes or than those of the calyx. — Moist and grassy places, N. S. to Ga.,
w. to Ont., Wise, and Ala.; producing from early spring to midsummer its
delicate little flowers.

Var. Faxonorum Pease & Moore. Corolla white, with a prominent yellow
eye, the tube shorter, gradually expanding to the limb. — Alpine regions,
White Mts., N. H.

2. H. serpyllif51ia Michx. Like the preceding species, but the filiform .-J^^ms
prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting ; leaves orbicular to ovate, 4-9 mm.

long; corolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue. — Along
streamlets and on mts. , Pa. to Tenn. and S. C.

-t- +- Winter-annuals, branching chiefly from the base ; root
simple ; peduncles much shorter.

3. H. patens Ell. Stems 2 cm. to at length 1 dm. high,
with ascending branches and erect peduncles ; leaves spatu-
late to ovate ; corolla much smaller than that of no. 1,
violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer
than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes. (H. minor
Britton.) — Dry or sandy soil, Va. to 111. and Mo., s. to Ga.
and Tex. Fig. 913.

4. H. minima Beck. More diffuse, commonZi/ sca&ro?fs;
stems at length much branched and spreading, 2-10 cm.
high ; lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong

a oaten* ^^ nearly linear ; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading
" in fruit, the later ones short ; tube of the purplish corolla
not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (3 mm. long).— Dry hills,
s. e. Ta. to Tex. Mar.-May.

RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

753

914. H. purpurea.

>^'^ Erect, mostly perennial herbs, 1-5 dm. high, with stem-leaves sessile, and
flowers in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla funnel-form, white to
purplish, often hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the
hollowed inner face.

■*- Pod free above the middle.
++ Pod distinctly broader than high.

5. H. purpurea L. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1-5 dm,
high ; leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-
ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free globular pod.
— Woodlands, Md. to s. la., and southw. May-Sept. Fig.
914. Var. pdbescens Britton. Stems and leaves densely
pubescent. — Range of the typical form.

^ 6. H. tenuif5lia Nutt. Slender, lax, diffuse, 1.5-3 dm.
high, with loose inflorescence, and almost filiform branches
and peduncles ; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 2 mm.
wide. {H. purpurea, var. Gray.) — Dry rocks, e. 0. to Va.,
N. C, and Tenn.

++ ++ Pod as high as broad.
= Leaves smooth.

7. H. longifblia Gaertn. Similar to no. 5 ; stem 1-2.5 dm. high, mostly gla-
brous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; radical oval or ob-
long, less rosulate, not ciliate ; calyx-lobes subulate, 1.5-2.5 ww.
long. (H. purpurea, var. Gray.) — Rocky or gravelly ground,
centr. Me. to Man., s. to Ga. and Mo. Fig. 915.

8. H. lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. Stoutish, 1.5-4 dm. high;

leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish ; inflorescences very leafy ;

calyx-lobes lanceolate, herbaceous, 5-9 mm. long, much exceed-
ing the globose-ofoid capsule. (H. purpurea,
var. calycosa Gray.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to 111.,
Okla., and Ala. Fig. 916.

-r / f T T -.N .,. 915. II. loiigifolia.

= = Leaves (at least the basal) ciliate.

9. H. ciliolata Torr. Stems 1-2 dm. high ; leaves 1-2 cm.

long, thickish ; cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-
ciliate ; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod. {H. purpurea, var. Gray.) —
Rocky banks and shores, w. N. Y. and s. Out. to Minn., 111., and Ky.

-t- -H- Pod free only at summit.

10. H. angustifblia Michx. Stems tufted, from a hard or woody root ; leaves
narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled ; flowers crowded,
short-pediceled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid. acute
at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the
partition. — Barrens, 111." to Kan., s. to Tex. and Fla. (Mex.)

916. H. lanceolata.

9. OLDENLANDIA [Plumier] L.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, the limb valvate in the bud. An-
thers short. Style 1 or none ; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, opening h^culi
cidally across the summit. — Low herbs, with small stipules united
to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of H. B. Oldenland,
a Danish physician and botanist, who died about the end of the
17th century at the Cape of Good Hope.)

1. 0. uniflbra L. An inconspicuous pubescent or smoothish
branched and spreading annual, 0.2-4 dm. high ; leaves ovate
to oblong ; flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; corolla nearly
wheel-shaped, white, much shorter than the calyx. ( 0. glomerata
Michx.) — Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.

Fig. 917. 9^- <J- unitlora

gkay's manual

48

Jd'± CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)

CAPRIFOLlACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, the calyx-tube adherent to the
i-5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (1 fewer in Linnaea, doubled in
Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube.
Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1-several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, witli small
embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. LONICfeREAE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender;
stigma capitate.

* Erect or climbing shrubs, with sealy winter-buds.

1. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-

seeded, slender.

2. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla.

Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.
8. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla.
Berry 4-celied, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.
* * Herbs, with axillary flowers.

4. Linnaea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only

1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.

5. Triosteujn. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-ceIled drupe. Erect ; flowers

sessile.

Tribe II. SAMBtrCEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas
1-5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.
* Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes, the flowers in broad compound cymes.

6. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

7. SambuCUS. Fruit berry -lilie, containing 3 small seed-lilie nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

* * Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.

8. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single

pair and ternate.

1. DIERVILLA [Toum,] Mill. Bush Honeysuckle

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Corolla 5-lobed. Pod slender, pointed, septicidal. — Low upright shrubs, with
ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3-several-flowered pedun-
cles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. JV.
Diereville, who carried it from Canada to Tournefort.) Several early-flowering
Asiatic shrubs of this genus are frequent in cultivation under the name Weigela,
and may in some instances persist or spread.

1. D. Lonicera Mill. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; pedun-
Sles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. trifida Moench; D. Diervilla
MacM.) — Dry woods and rocky places, Nfd. to Man,, s. to N. C. and the Great
L, region. June-Aug. — Flowers at first pale yellow, turning to deep yellow,
scarlet, crimson, or even maroon.

2. LONICERA L. Honeysuckle

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Berry several-seeded. — Erect
or climbing shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist
of the 16th century.) A large boreal genus most abundant in Asia and long
popular in cultivation.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE ^HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) T55

§ 1. XYL6STE0N [Tourn.] Pers. Leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary,
single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into one;
calyx-teeth not persistent.

* Upright bushy shrubs.

•«- Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries small, lance-oblong to

linear.
++ Corolla-lobes subequal.
= Peduncles short (3-7 mm. in length').

1. L. caerulea L., var. villbsa (Michx.) T. & G. (Mountain Fly H.) Low
(3-9 dm. high); branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; bracts
awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries which are united into one blue edible berry ;
calyx-lobes glabrous; corolla yellowish. — Low woods and bogs, Lab. to Alaska,
s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, Minn., etc. May, June.

2. L. Morr6wi Gray. Shrub, 1.5-2 m. high, soft-downy ; branches spread-
ing; leaves oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, dark green and somewhat
rugose above, much paler and grayish-tomentose beneath, obtuse or barely
acutish ; calyx-teeth hirsute or ciliate ; corolla-lobes subequal, nearly as long as
the tube, widely spreading, white or cream-colored ; berries bright red. — Fre-
quently cultivated, and now locally established in e. Mass. (Introd. from
Japan. )

= = Peduncles long and slender (1.4-3 cm. in length).

3. L. tatArica L. (Tartarian H.) Smooth shrub, 1.5-3 m. high; leaves
thin, glabrous, entire, cordate-oval, on short petioles ; corolla showy, white or
rose-colored; the lobes subequal, loidely spreading, nearly as long as the tube;
berries united at the base, red or orange. — Escaped from cultivation and estab-
lished on rocky shores and sheltered banks. Me. to Ont., N. J., and Ky. May,
June. (Introd. from Asia.) , , ^

4. L. canadensis Marsh. (American Fly H.) Branches straggling, 1-1.5 m.
high ; leaves ovate-oblong, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath
when young, ciliate; corolla funnel-form, 2 cm. long, greenish-yellow, the lobes
much shorter than the tube ; berries separate, red. (L. ciliata Muhl.) — Woods,
e. Que. to Sask., s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, and Minn. Apr.-June.

^ -M. Corolla strongly bilabiate, the lips of veiy unequal breadth, the upper
shallowly ^-lobed, the lower of a single entire lobe.

5. L. Xylosteum L. (European Fly H.) Erect shrub, 1-2 m. high;
leaves broadly oval, thin, very pubescent beneath, especially when young;
peduncles rather short (8-12 mm. in length), thickish; bracts and calyx pubes-
cent; corolla yellowish ; berries separate, red. —Escaping from cultivation and
becoming locally established in s. N. E., N. Y., and N. J. (Introd. from Eu.)

6. L. oblongifblia (Goldie) Hook. (Swamp Fly H.) Shrub, 5-15 dm. high;
branches upright ; leaves 2-7 cm. long, oblong, downy when young, smooth
when old; peduncles slender, 1.5-4 cm. long; bracts minute or deciduous;
corolla deeply 2-lipped, 1-1.5 cm. long, yellowish-white; berries red or purplish,
united or nearly distinct. —Larch and Arbor Vitae swamps, n. N. B. to ]\Lan.,
s. to Me., Vt., N, Y., w. Pa., Mich., and Minn. May-July.

^ ^ The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts-

7. L. involucrata (Richards.) Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous;
branches 4-angular; leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, exceeding the peduncle, ovate-
oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib ; corolla yellowish,
viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous, 1-1.5 cm. long ; ovaries and globose dark purple
berries distinct. —Woods and banks of streams, n. N. B. and e. Que., shores of
L, Superior, northw. and westw. June, July.

* * Twining or trailing shrub.

8. L. JAPONiCA Thunb. (Japanese H.) Pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong,
thickish, entire, short-petioled ; peduncles rather short ; bracts leaf-like, oon-

756 CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY^

splc'jous ; corolla white, pink, or yellow, the slender pubescent tube 2.5 cm.
long ; berries black. — Escaped from cultivation and established in woods and
thickets, Ct. to Fla. May-July. (Introd. from Asia.)

§ 2. CAPRIF6lIUM [Tourn.] Pers. Tinning shrubs, with the flowers in
sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the often connate upper leaves,
forming interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the red. or
orange herry.

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little exserted.

9. L. sempervirens L. (Tkumpet H.) Branches and upper surface of the
leaves glabrous or nearly so ; flowers in somewhat distant wl^orls, scentless,
nearly 5 cm. long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout,
glabrous ; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs con-
nate. — Copses, Me. to Neb., and southw.; common in cultivation. May-Oct. —
Leaves deciduous at the north. Var. HiRstrxcLA Rehder. Branchlets villous or
glandular-pubescent ; upper surface of leaves appressed-villous ; corolla exter-
nally pubescent. — Va. and N. C.

* * Corolla ringent ; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and i-lobed ; stamens
and style conspicuously exserted.

-♦- Corolla-tube 2-2.5 cm. long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous.

10. L. Caprif6lium L. ("American" or Italian Woodbine.) Leaves
smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers
whorled in the uppermost axils ; corolla whitish, with a purple tube, fading
yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant. (L. grata Ait.) — Rocky woodlands,
N. Y., N. J., and Pa. to Mich., Mo., and southw.; escaped from cultivation.
May, June. (Introd. from Eu.)

■^- -t- Corolla hairy within, the tube 1.3 cm. long or less.
++ Branches glandular-villous ; leaves pubescent on both sides.

11. L. hirsuta Eat. (Hairy H.) Twining and rather high-climbing ; leaves
ciliate, deep green and more or less appressed-setulose above, dovmy-hairy
beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united,
the lower short-petioled ; flowers in approximate whorls ; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long,
orange-yellow, clammy-pubescent ; the tube slightly gibbous at base, slender.-^
Damp copses and rocks, w. N. E. to Pa., Mich., and Man. July. — A coarse
large-leaved species.

++ +-•• Branches glabrous ; leaves glabrous above.
= Corolla mostly 1.2-2.4 cm. long.

12. L. Sullivdntii Gray. Much whitened with glaucous bloom, 1-2 m.
high, glabrous except for a slight puberulence on the lower surface of the leaves ;
disk of the uppermost connate leaves orbicular or nearly so, its ends rounded
or often retuse, sometimes slightly mucronate ; inflorescence tending to elongate ;
corolla pale yellow ; the tube 1-1.5 cm. long, slightly gibbous at the base ;" fila^
ments nearly glabrous. — Rocky woods or banks, Tenn. to O., centr. la., and
Minn.

13. L. glaucescens Rydb. Less glaucous; leaves glabrous above \)\it decide
edly pubescent beneath, the uppermost connate ones forming a somewhat oblong
or rhombic disk, usually pointed acutely or obtusely at the ends, the margin
cartilaginous, not ciliate; corolla pale yellow, 1.2-2 cm. long, the pubescent
cube gibbous at the base ; ovary glabrous or nearly so. — Out. and Man., s. to
Va., O., and Neb. Var. dasygyna Rehder. Ovary densely hirsute and some-
what glandular. — 0.

14. L. dioica L. Glabrous, 1-3 m high ; leaves oblong, 5-10 cm long,
glaucous and glabrous beneath, the upper 1-4 pairs connate into disks ; even the
uppermost disks somewhat oblong or rhombic, more or less pointed (at least
obtusely) at each end; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish, the tube barely 1 cm.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) V57

long, hirsute within ; style and stamens also hairy. {L. glauca Hill.) — Rocky
grounds, s. Me. to Man., s. to N. C, O., and Mo. May, June.
= = Corolla about 3 cm. long.

15. L. flava Sims. (Ykllow H.) Leaves oblong to oval, the uppermost
united into oval disks, dark green, not glaucous above, but pale or glaucous
beneath ; inflorescence short, capitate ; corolla orange-yellow, the tube not
gibbous at base, only slightly hairy within. — Mts. of N. C. to Ky., Mo., and
southw. Apr., May.

3. SYMPHORICARPOS [Dill.] Ludwig. Snowberrt

Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5-lobed, with
as many short stamens inserted into the throat. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.
Seeds bony. —Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled
leaves, which are usually downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or
lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close
short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of aviJ.<pop€iv, to hear together^ and
Kapiros, fruit ; from the clustered berries.)

* Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillanj clusters.

1. S. orbiculatus Moench. (Indian Currant, Coral-berry.) Flowers in
the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small.
(S. vulgaris Michx.; S. Symphoricarpos MacM.) — Rocky banks, N. Y. to
Dak., s. to Ga. and Tex. ; escaping from cultivation eastw. July.

^ * Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.

2. S. occidentalis Hook. (Wolfberrt.) Flowers in dense terminal and
axillanj spikes ; corolla funnel-form, much bearded within; stamens and stylef "^
protruded. — ^oc^y ground, n. Mich, and 111. to Kan., w. to the Rocky Mts. ^

3. S. racembsus "Michx. (Snowberry.) Shrub, 2-10 dm. high; leaves ^
from elliptic-oblong to orbicular, green both sides, pilose beneath ; flowers 1-2,

or in short interrupted spikes at the ends of the branches ; corolla campanulate,
bearded inside; stamens and style included. (Var. imuciflorus Man. ed. 6, in
part, not Robbins ; S. pauciflorus Britton, in part.) —Dry limestone ridges and
banks, n. e. Que. to Alaska, s. to w. Mass., centr. Pa., Mich., Mont., Ida., and
Cal. June, July.

Var. pauciflbnis Robbins. Dwarf shrub ; leaves more or less pubescent,
strongly whitened underneath. (S. pauciflorus Britton, in part.) — L. Superior
to L. Winnipeg ; and locally in the mts. from Alb. to Ore. and Col.

Var. laevigatus Fernald. (Snowberry of the gardens.) Taller shrub
(1-1.5 m. high); leaves glabrous beneath; flowers often numerous in interrupted
spikes. {S^ racemosus of auth., not Michx.) — Saguenay Co., Que., to Wash.,
locally in the mts. to Va.; freely cultivated and commonly escaping to roadsides,
etc.

r 4. LINNAEA [Gronov.] L. Twin-flower

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla slender-bell-shaped or funnel-
form, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of tliem shorter, inserted toward
the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but 1-seeded. —
A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-
oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and
thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 (rarely 4 or 0) pedicels at the top,
each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla whitish, tinged and
striped with rose-purple, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnaeus,
who first pointed out its characters, and with whom the European typ? of this
pretty little plant was a special favorite.)

1. L. borealis L., var. americana (Forbes) Rehder. — Moist mossy woods
and cold bogs, Lab. to N. J. and the mts. of Pa. and Md., w. to Minn.; also faj
northw. and westw. June-Aug.; rarely flowering in late autumn.

758 CAPRTFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)

6. TRl6STEUM L. Feverwort. Horse Gentian

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, some«
what equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Ovary mostly 8-celled,
in fruit forming a dry drupe containing 8 ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse
hairy perennial herbs, leafy to the top ; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering
to the base or connate round the simple stem. Flowers solitary or clustered
in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three
bony nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatum L. (Tinker's Weed, Wild Coffee.) Coarse, 0,5 to 1.2
m. high ; stem doisely ylandular-puherulent above ; leaves dark green, thickish,
oval, the primary ones abruptly narrowed below to connate-clasping bases 2-7
C7n. broad, the uppermost tapering or scarcely connate at base ; corolla tubidar-
campanulate, hardly bilabiate, from purplish to yellowish or greenish, about
equaling the stamens ; fruits usually 6-8 at each node, subglobose, dull orange-
yellow. — Rich low woods, s. Mass. to Neb., Mo., and Ala. Fl. May, June;
fr. Aug., Sept,

2. T. aurantiacum Bicknell. Sparingly glandular-puberulent, and with
spreading longer glandless hairs, or glabrate ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, abruptly narrowed below to winged sessile hardly clasping bases
(O.btol.o cm. broad) ; corolla dilated above, distinctly bilabiate, purplish-red,
much exceeding the stamens; fruits 2-6 at each node, ellipsoid-ovoid, bright
orange-red. — Open rocky or sandy woods, N. B. to Ont., la., and N. C. Fl.
May, June ; fr. Aug. -Oct.

8. T. angustifblium L. Smaller, bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering
to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — Shady
grounds, Ct. to Del. and Ala., w. to Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Aug.

6. VIBURNUM [Tourn.] L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1-8. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous
(flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white (rarely pink)
flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages
which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales, (The
classical Latin name, of unknown meaning,)

a. Cym3 radiant, the marj^inal flowers neutral and very showy.

Leaves plnnately veined, not lobed 2. V. alnifolium.

Leaves palmately veined, 3-lobed 3, F. Opulus.

a. Cymes not radiant, the flowers all small and uniform b.
b. Leaves for the most part palmately veined and 3-lobed.

Leaves glabrous; drupe bright red ; stone flat 4. V. pauciflorum.

Leaves soft-downy beneath ; drupe finally purple-black ; stone len-
ticular 5. J7-, acerifoUum.

o. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed c.
c. Leaves prominently toothed and with straightish veins ; stone
grooved d.
d. Stipules slender, prominent, exceeding the very short petioles;

stone flat 6. F. pubescetis.

d. Stipules wanting ormuch shorter than the petioles ; stone deeply

grooved.

Winter-buds naked ; leaves finely toothed 1. F. Lantana,

Winter-buds covered by scales ; leaves coarsely toothed.
Petioles stipulate ; bark of older branches loose and exfoliating 7. F. molle.
Petioles without stipules ; bark close.
Lower surface of leaves, petioles, and young branchlets
Stella te-tomentose.
Principal leaves with 7-11 pairs of veins, the teeth acute . 8. V. renomm.
Principal leaves with 5-T pairs of veins, the teeth blunt . 9. F. scabrellum.
Lower surface of leaves and petioles glabrous, or with simple

caducous hairs 10. F. de7itatum.

0. Leaves finely toothed or entire ; the veins inconspicuous, curved and
anastomosing ; stone flat and even e.

e. Cymes peduncled ; drupes less than 1 era. long.

Peduncle usually shorter than the rays of the cyme ; leaves dull

above , ^X. V cassinoides

12.

V. nudum.

18.

V. Lentago.

14.
15.

V. prunifolium.
V. rufidulum.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) 759

Peduncle usually longer than the rays ; leaves glossy above
e. Cymes sessile; drupes more than 1 cm. long.

Leaves subtending the inflorescence mostly caudate-acuminate
Leaves blunt or merely acutish.

Winter-buds and petioles green and glabrous .

Winter-buds and petioles red-touientose ....

§ 1. LANTAnA Spach. Winter-huds naked ; leaves pinnately veined ; drupes
coral-red^ turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate.

1. V. LantXna L. (Wayfaring Tkee.) Shrub or small tree; the buds,
young branches, lower surface of the leaves, etc., cinereous with minute stellate
pubescence ; leaves cordate-ovate to broad-oblong, closely serrulate ; ct/mes short-
pedwicled, about 7 -rayed ; the flowers small and all alike. — Frequently culti-
vated, and occasionally established by roadsides, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

2. V. alnifblium Marsh. (Hobble-bush, Witch Hobble, Moosewood.)
Leaves 1-2 dm. across, round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base,
closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets
very rusty-scurfy (midsummer leaves sometimes narrower, coarsely toothed,
thin and glabrous); cymes sessile, commonly 6-rayed, very broad and flat, the
marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat white (rarelypink) corollas.
{V. lantanoides Michx.) — Moist woods, N. B. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Pa.,
and in the mts. to N. C. May, June. — A straggling shrub; the reclining
branches often taking root.

§2. 6pULUS [Tourn.] DC. Winter-buds scaly; leaves palmately veined and
lobed; drupe bright red, acid, globose ; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate.

3. V. 6pulus L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. (Cranberry-tree, High-
bush Cranberry, Pimbina.) Nearly smooth, upright, 1-4. m. high ; leaves 3-5-
ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spread-
ing lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles
bearing 2 glands at the apex ; cyme broad, the marginal flowers neutral, with
greatly enlarged flat corollas; stamens elongate. ( F. americanum Mill.) —
In woods and along streams, Nfd. and e. Que. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich.,
Wise, and n. e. la. June, July. (E. Asia.) — The acid fruit of this and the
next is a substitute for cranberries. The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or
Guelder Rose, is a cultivated state of the typical Old World form, with the
whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers.

4. V. paucifl5rum Raf. (Squashberrt, Pimbina.) Alow straggling shrub ;
leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate
nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit ; cyme few-flowered, the flowers
small and uniform ; stamens shorter than the corolla. — Cold woods, Nfd. and
Lab. to Alaska, s. to the mts. of Cape Breton I., n. N. E., Allegheny Co., Pa.
(according to Porter), n. Mich., Minn., Col., and Wash. June, July.

§3. EUVIBtJRNUM Koehne (restricted). Winter-buds scaly; leaves pin-^
nately veined (except in no. 5), the veins straightish and terminating in
coarse teeth; cymes never radiant, peduncled ; drupes blue to black; stone
usually grooved.

* Leaves S-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat S-lobed.

5. V. acerifblium L. (Dockmackie, Arroay-wood.) Shrub, 1-1.5 m. high;
leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed ;
stipules bristle-form ; cymes small, slender-peduncled ; stamens exserted ; fruit
crimson, turning purple-black ; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate. — Rocky woods,
N. B. to Minn., Ky., and Ga. May, June. — Leaves crimson in autumn.

* * Leaves cordate or subcordate at base, coarsely toothed, prominently pinnate-
veined.

1- Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.

6. V. pub^scens (Ait.) Pursh. (Downy A.) A low straggling shrub ; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less

IQO CAPEIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)

conspicuous than in no. 10, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy,
at least when young ; fruit dark purple ; the stone slightly 2-sulcate on the faces.

— Calcareous ridges and banks, w. Que. and Vt. to Man., s. to Ga., 111., la., and
Wyo. May, June.

-*- -t- Stone very deeply sulcate ventraUy ; leaves rather slender-petioled.

7. V. m61Ie Michx. Shrub, 3-4 m. high, with gray exfoliating hark; leaves
suborbicular or broadly ovate, short-acuminate, cordate, coarsely dentate, dark
green and glabrous above, pale and soft-pubescent beneath, 5-13 cm. long, on
petioles 2-4 cm. long; stipules rather short, finally deciduous; fruit dryish,
ellipsoid, 1 cm. long, much compressed ; stone deeply grooved. ( V. Demetrio-
nis Deane & Robinson.) — Bluffs and rocky woods, Ky. (and probably O.),
Mo. , and la. May.

8. V. venbsum Britton. Shrub, with close gray-hrown bark, the young
branches cinereous vnth stellate tomentum; leaves elliptic-ovate to orbicular,
3-6 cm. long, sharply serrate-dentate, dark green above, beneath pale with stel-
late tomentum and uiith 1-^ pairs of prominent veins; cymes 4-6 cm. broad, the
long peduncle and 7 rays pubescent ; drupe subglobose or short-ovoid, 7 mm.
long. (F. molle Man. ed. 6, in part, not Michx.) — Dry open soil, Martha's
Vineyard and Nantucket to Pa. and Del. June, July, Var. Canbyi Rehder.
Leaves larger (5-8 cm. long), glabrous or glabrate beneath ; cymes 7-9 cm.
broad. — Pa. and Del. to the mts. of Va.

9. V. scabrellum (T. & G.) Chapm, Similar; branches reddish-broimi ; leaves
oblong to obovate, rarely orbicular, 4-10 dm. long, shallowly crenate-dentate,
with 5-7 pairs of less prominent veins; cymes similar, the flowers larger.
(F. m,olle Man. ed. 6, in part, not Michx.; V. semitomentosum Rehder.) —
Woods and banks of streams, Pa. to Fla. and Tex. June.

10. V. dentatum L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth, 1-4.5 m. high, with ash^
colored bark ; leaves broadly ovate, glabrous, or with hairy tufts in the axils
beneath, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined, 5-8 cm. long ;
fruit globose-ovoid, 6 mm. long ; cross-section of stone between kidney- and
horseshoe-shaped. — Wet places, N. B. to n. Ga., w. to w. N. Y. and s. Out.
June, July.

§ 4. tInUS (Borkh.) Koehne. Winter-buds with opposite scales ; leaves finely
toothed or entire, pinnately veined, the veins curved and anastomosing near
the margin; drupes blue or black, sweet; stone flat and even.

11. V. cassinoides L. (Withe-rod, Wild Raisin.) Shrub or small tree,
0.5-3.6 m. high ; shoots scurfy-punctate ; leaves thickish and opaque or dull,
ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny, 2.5-10 cm.
long, vnth margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire ; pedun-
cle shorter than the usually o-rayed cyme; drupe ellipsoid to spherical, 6-9 mm.
long, yellowish and pink when young, finally blue-black, with a bloom. — Swamps
and open situations, Nfd. to N. C, Minn., and Man. June, July.

12. V. nudum L. Similar ; obscurely scurfy-punctate ; leaves more veiny,
thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above,
5-10 cm. long ; peduncle usually equaling the cyme. — Ct. to Ky., Fla., and Tex.

13. V. Lentago L. (Sweet Viburnum, Sheepberry, Nannyberry, Wild
Raisin.) Shrub or tree, sometimes 9 m. high ; leaves ovate, closely and very
sharply serrate, at least the upper caudate-acuminate and on winged petioles;
cyme sessile, 6-10 cm. broad, 3-4-rayed ; drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, blue-black,
1-1.5 cm. long. — Woods and banks of streams. Que. to Man., and south w.
May, June. An extreme form with spherical fruit 8-10 mm in diameter has
been distinguished as var. sphaerocarpum Gray.

14. V. prunif51ium L. (Black Haw.) Tall shrub or small tree; leaves
oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, finely and sharply serrate, 2-7 cm. long, the
lower surfaces and slender or slightly winged petioles glabrous ; cyme 3-5-rayed ;
fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, similar to that of the preceding species or rather smaller.

— Dry or moist ground, Ct. to Mich., Kan., and southw. May, June. The
extreme form with smaller globose fruit,'is var. glob6sum Nash.

VALERIANACEAE (VALERIAN FAMILY) 761

15. V. rufidulum Raf. Similar ; the winter-buda, mng-margined p^ioles, and

lower leaf-surfaces red-tomentose ; leaves often larger (4-9 cm. long). (F. rvjo-
tomentosum Small.) — Woods and thickets, Va. to 111., Kan., and somthw.
Apr., May.

7. SAMBtrCUS [Tourn.] L. Eldbb

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open-urn-shaped, with a broadly
spreading 6-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe,
containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when
bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small flowers in
compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from (ra^jSrJ/c?;, an ancient musical
instrument. )

1. S. canadensis L. (Common E.) Stems scarcely woody, 1-4 m.high, with
white pith; leaflets 5-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted ;
cymes flat ; flowers white; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places,
throughout our range, also southw. and westw. June, July.

2. S. racem5sa L. (Red-berried E.) Stems woody, 0.5-3.5 cm. high, the
bark warty, the pith brown ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath ;
cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal ; flowers yellowish- white, sometimes tinged
with crimson; fruit bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens Michx.) — Rocky
woods, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Ga., Mich., la.. Col., etc. May; fruit ripening
in June. (Eu.) Var. laciniIta Koch. Leaflets divided into linear-lanceolate
or laoiniate segments. — L. Superior and "Pa."

8. AD6xA L. Mosohatbl

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 8-6-celled ovary ; limb
of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a
pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3-5-parted.
Dry drupe greenish, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. — A dwarf perennial, with
scaly rootstock and temately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An
anomalous genus. (From Sibo^os, obscure or insignificant.)

1. A. Moschateilina L. Smooth, musk-scented ; radical leaves 1-3-ternate,
the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted ; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft ; flowers several in a
close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish. — Mossy woods, wet
rocks, etc., n. e. la.. Wise, Minn., and north w. June, July. (Eurasia.)

VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; the
stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its
tube. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. Style slender ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled
(the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of the cells
empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo
and no albumen. Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. — Roots often
odorous and antispasmodic.

I.Valeriana. Calyx-limb of several plumose bristles. Perennials.

2. Valerianella. Calyx-limb entire or merely toothed. Annuals or biennials.

1. VALERIANA [Tourn.] L. Valerian

Calyx-limb of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up
inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures.
Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Sta-

762 VALERIANACEAE (^VALERIAN FAMILY^

mens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple o\
pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious or dimorphous.
(A mediaeval Latin name of uncertain origin.)

* Boot spindle-shaped, large and deep, 1.5-3 dm. long ; leaves thickish.

1. V. edulis Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem
straight, 3-12 dm. high, few-leaved ; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, the basal spatulate and lanceolate, the cauline pinnately parted into
3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and slender interrupted panicle,
nearly dioecious ; corolla whitish, obconical, 4 mm. long. — Wet plains and
prairies, O. and Ont. to la., Minn., and westw.; sometimes cultivated, and
escaping eastw. May, June.

* * Boot fibrous ; leaves thin; stems 3-15 dm. high.

2. V. uliginbsa (T. & G.) Rydb. (Swamp V.) Smooth or minutely pubes-
cent ; root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with small lobes ; stem-leaves
pinnate, with 7-16 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets ; cyme at
first close, many-flowered ; corolla inversely conical, 6 mm. long, rose-color or
white. ( V. sylvatica Man. ed. G, not Banks.) — Wet ground, chiefly under Arbor
Vitae and Larch, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to Me., Vt., s. N. Y., and Mich. June-
Aug.

3. V. OFFICINALIS L. (Garden Heliotrope.) Coarse, somewhat pubes-
cent, especially at the nodes ; leaves all pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets ;
cyme many-flowered ; corolla white or rose-color, 4 mm. long. — Roadsides and
thickets, N. E. to N. J. and O. ; escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. V. pauciflbra Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose ; root-leaves ovate,
heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-
leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme
few-flowered ; tube of the pale pink corolla slender, 1 cm. long. — Woods and
alluvial banks, Pa. to s. 111., Mo., and Tenn. June.

2. VALERIANELLA [Tourn.] Hill. Corn Salad. Lamb's Lettuce

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form or salver-
form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two
of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — An-
nuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather
succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed toward the base), and white or pale
cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers. Our species all have the limb of
the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good char-
acters are to be taken only from the fruit. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)

§ 1. Corolla nearly regular, funnel-form; the tube short; fruit with 2 empty
cells manifest, or often enlarged and closed, sometimes confluent into 1 cell.

* Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.

1. V. LocusTA (L.) Betcke. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal ; empty cells
as large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.
(F. olitoria Poll.) — Old fields and waste places. Me. to w. N. Y., Ont., and
southw. — Sometimes cultivated for salad. (Introd. from Eu.)

* * Corolla white ; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.

-*- Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular.

2. V. chenopodifblia (Pursh) DC. Stems with long internodes and few
forks ; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled ; bracts broadly lanceolate ;
fruit glabrous or pubescent, 4 mm. long. — Moist grounds, w. N. Y. to Minn.,
s. to Va. and Ky.

-I- H- Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked ; cross-section quadrate.

8. V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy -pub escent ; empty
oells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, a broad shallow groove

DIPSACACEAE (TEASEL FAMILY) 763

between them. — Low grounds, Mass. to Minn,, Tex., and Fla. Yar. leiocIrpa
(T. & G.) Krok, Fruit glabrous. — Of similar range, not rare.

4. V. stenocarpa (Engelui.) Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, commonly gla-
brous; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty-
ones. — Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

+- 4- -1- Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish.

5. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. Fruit 2 mm. long or more ; fertile cell
ovate, tipped with a tooth ; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (some-
times an open cavity) in the middle. — Moist grounds, N, Y. to Tex.

Var. umbilicata (Sulliv.) Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular
by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication.—
N. Y. to 0., and southw.

Var. patellaria (Sulliv.) Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and
apex, winged by the divergent cells. — Same range.

§2. SIPHONELLA (T. & G.) Walp. Corolla salver-form; the tube slender,
2-4 times the length of the bilabiate limb; fruit with divergent empty cells
much larger than the fertile.

6. V. longiflbra (T. & G.) Walp. — Erect several times dichotomously
branched annual ; leaves oblong, the lower spatulate ; corolla 12 mm. long,
rose-tinged or purplish. — Rocky places, Mo. and Ark.

DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family)

Herbs, xmth opposite or whorl ed leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense
heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the stamens
distinct, and the suspended seed destitute o/ aZftwrnen. — Represented by tbe
following introduced genera.

1. Dipsacus. Chaff of the receptacle with long rigid points,

2. Succisa. Chaff herbaceous, about equaling the flowers, not rigid-pointed.

3. Knautia. Chaff none.

1. DIPSACUS [Tourn.] L. Teasel

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped bracts among the
densely capitate flowers ; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel
investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the
limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cieft. Stamens
4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender, — Stout and coarse biennials, hairy
or prickly, with large ovoid-ellipsoid heads. (Name from dixf/rjv, to thirst,
probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold
water, )

1. D. sylvestris Huds. (Wild T.) Prickly ; leaves lance-oblong, toothed
and often prickly on the margin; leaves of the involucre slender, ascending,
longer than the head ; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a
straight point. — Roadsides, rather rare. (Nat, from Eu.)

2. D, laciniXtus L. Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, finely and rather
conspicuously ciliate ; leaves of the involucre lance-linear, spreading, usually
shorter than the head. — Established at Albany, N. Y. (^Peck). (Adv. from Eu.)

2. SUCCiSA (Rupp.) Neck, Devil's-bit

Involucre many-leaved. Involucels (often called outer calyx) closely in-
vesting the ovary and fruit, 4-8-f arrowed throughout their entire length, pris-
matic or somewhat fusiform, the limb shortly 4-lobed or -toothed, erect or
spreading. Limb of the true calyx minutely 5-toothed, or of 6 awns. Corolla
funnel-form or campanulate, 4C-5>lobed. Stamens 4. borne on the cci^Ua-

164 CUCURBITACEAE (GOURD FAMILYJ^

(Name from succidere, to bite off, from the praemorse rootstock.) Often united

with SCABIOSA L.

1. S. PRATENsis Moench. Smoothish or hairy, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves chiefly-
basal, oblanceolate, undulate or entire, the cauline mostly 2 pairs, considerably
reduced ; heads subglobose ; involucels somewhat 4:-angle(l, villous, 4-toothed ;
calyx-limb 5-aivned; corolla bright blue. (Scabiosa Succisa L.) — To some
extent established in fields about Louisburg, Cape Breton I. {Macoun). (Adv.
from Eu.)

2. S. austrIlis (Wulf.) Reichenb. Tall, loosely and mostly trichotomously
branched, covered above with minute crisped mostly reflexed gray hairs ; leaves
elongated-lanceolate ; heads 8-15 mm. in diameter, at length subcylindrie ;
involucels glabrous, somewhat fusiform, ^-ribbed, \\dth small crenate-lobed
spreading border; calyx shortly 5-toothed, ivithout awns; corolla light blue.
(Scabiosa Wulf.) — Locally established in meadows, etc., Mass., N. Y., and Pa.
(Nat. from Eu.)

3. KNAUTIA L.

Involucre, habit, etc., much as in the preceding. Chaff wanting, but the
receptacle more or less hairy. Involucels strongly compressed, the liml3 obscure,
at most indicated by minute teeth. Calyx cup-shaped, the limb mostly 8-awned.
Corolla light blue to lilac-purple, rarely pink or white. (Dedicated to Christian
Knaut, 1654-1716, Saxon physician and botanist.)

1. K. arvensis (L.) T. Coulter. Pubescent, 4-9 dm. high, few-branched;
some or all of the leaves deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; heads depressed-hemi-
spherical ; corollas lilac. (Scabiosa L.) — Dry pastures, etc., e. Que. and N. E.
to Pa., locally well established and abundant. (Nat. from Eu.)

CUCURBIT Ace AE (Gourd Family)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious flowers, the
calyx-tube adhering to the 1-S-celled ovary, and the 5 or usually 2i stamens
(i.e. 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their
often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the fdaments. Fruit (pepo)
fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. Limb of the calyx and corolla usually
more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous
with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or
veined. — Mostly a tropical or subtropical family.

* Flowers large, yellow ; stem trailing,

1. Cncurbita. Corolla carapanulate, deenly 5-lobed. Fruit large, indehiscent, fleshy.

♦ * Flowers small, white or greenish ; stems high-climbing by tendrils.

+- Fruit prickly ; seeds few, erect or pendulous ; flowers white ; annual.
++ Ovary 1-celIed ; seed solitary, pendulous.

2. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.

++ ++ Ovary 2-3-celled ; seeds few, erect or ascending.

3. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 8. Fruit

bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.
t- ■»- Fruit smooth ; seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3-5 parietal placentae ; perennial.

4. MelOthria. Flowers small, greenish ; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Friiit small.

1. CUCURBITA [Tourn.] L. Gourd. Squash. Pumpkin

Flowers monoecious. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, ths lobes with
recurved tips. Anthers united, 1 of them 1-locular, the others 2-locular. Style
short, with 3 lobed or divided stigmas. Fruit fleshy, covered by a firm rind,
with many horizoatal seeds. — Herbs, with annual or perennial roots, large

CAMPANULACEAB (BLUEBELL FAMILY) 765

cordate angulate or lobed leaves, large flowers solitary in the axils, and large
fruits. (Classical Latin name for a gourd.)

1. C. foetidissima H B K. (Missouri Gourd, Fetid Wild Pumpkin.) Stems
elongate, scabrous, from a thickish fusiform root ; leaves ovate, the margin
somewhat angulate, denticulate, densely scabrous-pubescent, somewhat whitened
beneath ; corolla 5-12 cm. long ; fruit smooth, subglobose, 7-8 mm. long. — Dry
or sandy soil. Mo. to s. Cal. and Tex. (Mex.)

C. mAxima Duchesne (Squash), C. moschXta Duchesne (Crookneck Squash),
and C. Pepo L. (Pumpkin) are familiar in cultivation, and incline to appear
spontaneously in waste places southw., as do CticuMis MtLO L. (Muskmelon),
C. SATivus L. (Cucumber), Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. (Watermelon),
and LagenAria vulgIris Ser. (Gourd).

2. SiCYOS L. One-seeded Bur Cucumber

Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish
corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule ; style slender ; stigmas 3. Fruit ovoid, dry and indehiscent, filled by the
single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. —
Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers ; the sterile
and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in
a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulitus L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 5-angled or -lobed, the
lobes pointed ; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks and damp yards, s. Me and
w. Que. to Fla., w. to Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. July-Sept.

3. ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Wild Balsam-apple

Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell ; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with
Weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-
netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat. — Tall
climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very
numerous small greenish- white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often
8-4 dm. long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils.
(Name composed of ix^vo?, a hedgehog, and kiJo-tis, a bladder, from the prickly
fruit.) Micrampelts Raf. , ^ .

1. E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Leaves deeply and sharply 6-lobed ; fruit
ovoid, 5 cm. long; seeds dark-colored. —Rich soil along rivers, N. B. to Pa.
and Ky., w. to Man. and Tex.; also cultivated for arbors and freely escaping.
July-Oct.

4. MELdTHRIA L.

Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla
5-lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam-
panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many
aat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered
from ii-fj\wdpov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. p§ndula L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing ; leaves small,
roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or -lobed, rough ish ; sterile flowers few, in
small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry ovoid, green,
I cm. long. —Copses, Pa. to Fla., w. to Mo. and La.

CAMPANULAcEAE (Bluebell Family)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; calyx adher-

mi 10 the ovary; the regular b-lohed corolla bell(rarely wheeiyshaped, valvate

in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla. Style 1, usually beset

with collecting hairs above ; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2-several-celled, many«

T66 CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY)

seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy alhumen. —
Flowers generally blue and showy.

* Capsule opening by pores on the sides ; anthers free.

1. Specularia. Corolla rotate. Capsule slender-cyhndric or -prismatic.

2. Campanula. Corolla campanulate (rarely with flaring limb). Capsule obconic or turbinate

to globose.

* * Capsule opening by valves at the apex ; anthers connate at base.
8. Jasione. Flowers crowded into dense involucrate heads. Corolla wth slender segments.

1. SPECULArIA [Heist.] Fabricius. Vi^nds's Looking-glass

Calyx 5(or 3-4)-lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa-
rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3.
Capsule prismatic or slender-cylindric, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.
— Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species
dimorphous, the earlier small and cleistogamous, (Name from Speculum F«-
neris, the early name of the common European species.) Legouzia Durande.

1. S perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Somewhat hairy, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves round-
ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary
or 2-3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous
and expanding corolla ; capsule ellipsoid, short, straight, opening rather beloic
the middle ; seeds lenticular. {Legouzia Britton.) — Sterile open ground, s. Me.
to Ont., westw. and south w.

2. S. biflbra (R. & P.) Fisch. & Mey. Similar ; leaves sessile, ovate or ob-
long, the upper narrower, slightly crenate ; flowers solitary or by 2's in the
axils, the lower with 3-4 short calyx-lobes, the upper with 4-5 longer lobes
hardly equaling the corolla ; capsule short-cylindric, the valves near the summit.
{Legouzia Britton.) — Va., westw. and south w.

3. S. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous, 1.5-4
dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils ; calyx-
lobes of lower flowers 3 ; capsule nearly cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm. long, 2 mm. thick,
inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit ; seeds
oblong. {Legouzia Britton.) — Dry open ground, w. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and
w. Tex. — Expanded corolla 1-2 cm. wide.

2. CAlVrPANULA [Tourn.] L. Bellflower

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate ;
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves
or holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the
Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

a. Flowers in glomerules, spikes, or racemes, mostly numerous h.

b. Flowers sessile, chiefly in glomerules or leafy-bracted heads . 1. C. glomerata.

b. Flowers distinctly pediceled.

Calyx and outer surface of unexpanded corolla bristly-ciliate with

long pale trichotnes 2, C. Trachelium.

Calyx and corolla smooth, or the former minutely pubescent ; ra-
cemes elongate and spiciform.
Corolla campanulate; style straight", capsule campanulate-ovoid,

opening by pores at the base 8. C rapunculoides.

Corolla rotate ; style declined and xipwardly curved ', capsule

obconic to subcylindric, the pores at the summit . . . 4. C. americana.
a. Flowers l-x>, on slender peduncles or in loose inflorescences c.
C. Style not exserted.

Stems smooth (rarely villous), not retrorse-scabrous on the angles ;

leaves not retrorse-scabrous on the nerves and margin , . 5. C. rotundifolia.
Stems retrorse-scabrous on the angles ; leaves with retrorse-sca-
brous nerves and margin.

Corolla 2-.3 cm. long 6. ^. patula.

Corolla shorter.
Peduncles strongly divergent ; corolla 5-8 mm. long . . 1. C. aparinoides.
Peduncles ascending ; corolla 10-12 mm. long . . . .8. O.uliginom.
Ot Style long-exserted . . , . , 9. C. divaricata.

CAMPANULACEAB (BLUEBELL FAMILY^ 767

1. C. glombr\ta L. (Clustered B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect,
8-6 dm. high ; basal leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, long-petioled ; stem-leaves
oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping ; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper
axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, deep purple, 2-3 cm. long.
— Roadsides, Que. and e. Mass. June, July. (Introd. from Eurasia.)

2. C. TRACHi:LiuM L. (Nettle-leaved B., Thuoatwort.) Steins simple
below, 3-9 dm. high, often bristly above ; basal leaves broadly cordate-ovate to
reniform, coarsely toothed ; the upper short-petioled or subsessile, ovate to lanceo-
late ; flowers in 2's or 3's (rarely solitary) in terminal and axillary loose clus-
ter's; calyx bristly, the oblong-lanceolate lobes somewhat foliaceous ; corolla
2.5-3.5 cm. long. — Roadsides and thickets, Quebec to Montreal, etc. Aug.
(Introd. from Eurasia.)

3. C. RAPUNCULOIDES L. Stcms slender, 6-10 dm. high, sraoothish, or finely
pubescent above ; lower leaves long-petioled, cordate-ovate ; the upper ovate-
lanceolate, short-petioled to sessile, irregularly serrate-dentate, hispidulous be-
neath; flowers nodding, single in the axils of bracts, forming racemes; calyx
and capsule scabrous-puberulent ; corolla campanulate, 2-3 cm. long ; capsule
opening by pores at base. — Roadsides, thickets, etc., e. Que. to Ont., O., and
s. N. Y. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.) Var. ucrAnica (Bess.) C. Koch.
Smoother ; the calyx and capsule essentially glabrous. — Similar situations, Que.
and N. E. (Introd. from Russia.)

4. C. americana L. (Tall B.) Annual; stem mostly simple, 0.5-1.8 m.
high ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on mar-
gined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy, 0.6-1.5 dm. long; spiciform raceme 3-6
dm. long, the flowers solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves and
bracts; corolla rotate, light blue, 2.5 cm. broad; capsule glabrous, opening by
pores at the summit. — Moist rich soil, Ont. and N. Y. to Neb., s. to Ga. and
Ark. June-Aug.

5. C. rotundifblia L. (Harebell, Bluebell.) Slender perennial, 2\v[V£)\q
to freely branched, 1-5 dm. high, 1-15-flowered ; basal leaves (rarely present on
the flowering stems) round-heart-shaped to ovate, mostly toothed, long-petioled,
early withering; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, smooth;
calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from i— | the length of the purplish-blue corolla (1.5-2.5
cm, long) ; capsule nodding, short-ovoid to subcylindric, opening by pores at
base. — Open or rocky banks, meadows, shores, etc., widely distributed in
boreal regions, extending south in our range to N. J., the Great L. region, and
Neb. (Eurasia.) — Extremely variable in stature, degree of branching, number
and size of flowers, texture of foliage, divergence of calyx-lobes, etc., characters
which seem to respond readily to slight changes of environment. Typical C.
rotundifolia of Eurasia, with the stems closely puberulent all over at base, is
comparatively scarce in eastern America, but becomes common westw. With
us it passes to a commoner form (0. intercedens Witasek) in which the stems
are glabrous or have the hairs confined to lines at the base of the stem. This
in exposed situations becomes dwarfed and rigid (var. arctica Man. ed. 6, and
perhaps Lange ; var. Langsdorfiana Britton ; C. dubia A. DC). In shade the
leaves are thin and elongate, in exposed situations firmer and shorter, characters
upon which other artificial separations are sometimes made.

Var. velutina DC. Stems and leaves canescent with close pubescence. —
Sand hills of Burt Lake, Mich. {E. J. Hill). (Eu.)

6. C. pAtula L. Erect slender annual or biennial, simple or with long as-
cending branches ; stems retrorse-scabrous on the angles, in age smoothish ;
basal leaves spatulate or obovate, the cauline lanceolate to linear and sessile,
entire or crenate, the nerves beneath and often the margins retrorse-scabrous ;
flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate ; corolla 2-3 cm. long,
purplish; capside obconic, opening by pores at summit. — Locally in fields, Ct.
(Adv. from Eu.)

7. C. aparinoides Pursh. (Marsh B.) Stem simple or branched, weak,
2-6 dm. long, somewhat ^-angled, rough backioard on the angles, os are the
§Ughtly toothed edgt^s and midrib of the lanceolate or linear-lanceolate soft
leaves ; flowers ch'ie&y terminating strongly divergent leafy branches; lobes oJ

768 LOBELIACEAE (LOBELIA FAMILY^

the calyx triangular, half the lensrth of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla (5-8
mm. long); capsule erect. — Wet grassy ground, Me. to Neb., s. to Ga., Ky., and
111. June- Aug. — With-the habit of a Galium.

8. C. uliginbsa Rydb. Suffer; leaves linear or elongate-lanceolate ; flowers
chieiay borne on simple naked erect or ascending leafless peduncles (2.5-5.5 cm.
long); corolla hluish, 10-12 m?w. Zongr. — Meadows and wet shores, N. B. to
N. Y., la., and Sask. July, Aug. ^ o ^ ^ v.- x.

9. C. divaricata Michx. Very smooth ; stem loosely branched, 8-9 dm. high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed;
flowers numerous in a large compound panicle ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about
half the length of the small pale blue corolla (6-8 mm. long); style exserted. —
Dry woods and rocks, mts. of Va. to Ivy., and south w.

3. JASI6nE L. Sheep' s-bit

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with 5 very narrow lobes. Anthers united at base
into a ring about the style. Capsule opening by 2 valves. — Herbs with small
flowers in involucrate heads. (Name used by Theophrastus, perhaps for Con-
volvulus sepium.) .

1. J. montIna L. Annual or biennial, 2-5 dm. high, simple or branchmg ;
leaves linear or lanceolate ; flowers blue, in heads 1-2 cm. broad.— Fields and
roadsides, especially about Newport, R. I.; also sparingly elsewhere, from Mass.
to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

LOBELlACEAE (Lobelia Family)

Herbs^ with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irreg-
ular gamopetalous b-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla and united
into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. Calyx-
tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 ; stigma often fringed. Seeds
anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — Often united
with the preceding family.

1. LOBELIA [Plumier] L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube split down on
the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect
lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species
bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers
axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes ; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi-
cated to Matthias de VObel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

* Flowers deep red, large ; stem simple.

1. L. cardinalis L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (0.5-1.3 m. high), perennial
by offsets, smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elon-
gated, rather 1-sided, the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts ; the
large corolla intensely red, rarely rose-color or white. — Low grounds, s. N. B.
to but., and south w. — Hybrids with the next species occur,

* * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

+- Flowers rather large {corolla-tube 1-1.3 cm. long), spicate-racemose ; stems

leafy, 0.3-1 m. high; perennial.

•w Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous.

2. L. siphilitica L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin, acute
at both ends, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, irregularly serrate; flowers nearly 2.5 cm. loug,
pediceled, longfn- than the leafy bracts ; corolla light blue, rarely white ; calyx
hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispheri-
cal.—J^ow grounds. Me. to Out., westw. and south w.; rare eastw.

LOBELIACEAE (LOBELIA FAMILY) 769

S. L. pubSrula Michx. , Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish^ obtuse, 2.5-5
cm. long, with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1-sided ; bracts ovate ; sinuses
of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the hairy
tube top-shaped; corolla bright blue, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Moist sandy grounds,
N. J. to la. , s. to Tex. and Fla.

4. L. amoena Michx. Glabrous or nearly so ; raceme virgate ; leaves nar-
rower ; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate ; calyx-lobes long
and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous. — South Atlantic
States, in swamps. Var. GLANDULfPERA Gray. A slender form with secund
raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and
calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. — Del., and south w.

•M- ++ Leaves long and narrow^ sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.

5. L. glandulbsa Walt. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; leaves, bracts, and
usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube densely
hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate. — Pine barren
swamps, s. Va. to Fla.

+- -1- Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 4-8 mm. long) .

•w. Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like ra-
ceme ; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.

6. L. Iept6stachys -A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, thick, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; calyx-
lobes nearly equaling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl-shaped appendages as long
as the hemispherical tube. — Sandy soil, O. to Kan.; also Va. to Ga.; rarely
adventive in the Northeast.

7. L. spicata Lam. Stem slender, strict, 0.3-1 m. high, minutely pubescent
below, as are the barely denticulate leaves ; lower leaves obovate or spatulate,
the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts ; calyx-tube short, obconical
or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged. — Moist or dry
mostly gravelly or sandy soil, P. E. I. to Ont., westw. and southw. Var. parvi-
fl6ra Gray. A small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla
but 6 mm. long. — Swamps, Lancaster, Pa. (Porter). Var. hirtella Gray.
With somewhat scabrous pubesc3nce, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and
calyx-lobes. — 111., Mich., and north westw.

++ ++ Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely racemose ; sinuses

of calyx not appendaged ; annual or biennial.

= Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate ; pod not inflated.

8. L. Cdnbyi Gray. Stem strict, 3-9 dm. high, minutely angled ] pedicels
shorter than the bracts andfloioers, minutely roughened under a lens ; bractlets
none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes
(whicb, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit be-
coming ellipsoid, covering the whole pod ; corolla deep blue, fully 1 cm. long,
more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.

9. L. Kalmii L. Stem mostly low (1-5 dm. high), minutely angled ; pedicels
filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts, but as long as the flower,
minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or
obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, cov-
ering the whole pod; corolla light blue, 1 cm. long.— Wet limestone shores
and bogs, Nfd. to N. J., w. to n. la., Minn., and Man.

10. L. Nuttallii K. & S. Stem very slender, 3-9 dm. high, terete ; pedicels
mostly longer than the bracts and shorter than the flowers, usually with very
minute bractlets near the base ; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical
in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, 5-8 mm. long. — Sandy
swamps, L. I., N. J., and Pa. to Ga.

= = Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly inferior.

11. L. inflata L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves

gray's manual — 49

770 coMPosiTAE (composite family)

gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedi-
celed flowers; calyx-tube ovoid ; corolla only 3-4 mm. long. — Dry open fields
and thickets. — Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.

•w. -M. ++ Stem scape-like^ mostly simple, hollow ; leaves fleshy ; fibrous-rooted
perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.

12. L. palud5sa Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender, 0.3-1.2 m. high ; leaves
flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticu-
late, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle ;
calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit. —
In water (but foliage emerging), Del. to Fla. and La.

13. L. Dortmdnna L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth ; scape thickish,
1-5 (or in deep water even 9) dm. high, few-floioered ; leaves all tufted at the
base, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise ; lower lip of corolla
slightly hairy ; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer. —
Borders of ponds (often immersed), Nfd. to N. J., Pa., and north westw. (Eu.)

COMPOSITAE (Composite Family)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), on a
common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens in-
serted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). Calyx-tube
united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit
in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely
absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed,
valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft
at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry,
containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense
family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polyga-
mous, monoecious, or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped
(ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers ; the head which presents such
flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers
compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid.
"When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterogamous ; when
only one sort, homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or
texture, are termed bracts. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re-
ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are wanting, the
receptacle is said to be naked. The largest family of phaenogamous plants.
The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are
'represented in our region. The first is much the larger.

Series I. TUBULIFLORAE

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5(rarely 3-4)-Iobed, lign-
late only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate
only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

Tribe I. VERNONiEAE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow.
Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.
Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Vemonia. Heads several-many-flowered, separate. lavoiucre of many bracts. Pappus

double, the inner capHllary, the outer of minute chafi'y bristles.

2. Elephantopus. Heads -Z-S-flowered, several crowded together into a componnd head. In-

volucre of 8 bracts. Pappus of several chafly bristles.

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 771

Pribe n. EUPATORIeAE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, nevei yel-
low. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and
uniformly pubescent ; the stigmatic lines indistinct,

* Pappus a row of hard oval obtuse scales.
8. SclerolepiS. Head many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.
* * Pappus of slender bristles.
+- Achene 5-angled ; bristles of the pappus roughish.

4. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 bracts and the flowers few or many. Stems not

twining.

5. Mikania. Flowers and involucral bracts only 4. Stems twining.

•*- +- Achene 10-rlbbed ; involucral bracts striate-nerved.

6. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or pan^'cled,

the involucre little imbricated.

7. Brickellia. Involucral bracts in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

8. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Bracts of the involucre few.

9. LiatriS. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads

spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.

Tribe III. AST^REAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular ; or else radiate, the
outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the
perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic hnes abruptly
terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage
which is evenly hairy all around or pubescent outside. Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked
(destitute of chaff) in all our species.

* Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of no. 15 whitish), or sometimes none at all.
t- Pappus of not numerous slender bristles ; heads radiate ; involucre of firm bracts with greenish
tips, commonly coated with resin.

10. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2-8 rigid caducous

awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

11. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray- and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus

of several short chaff'y scales, Suff'rutescent ; leaves very narrow.

12. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray -flowers 5-10 ; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers infer-

tile ; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual ; leaves very narrow.
+■ +■ Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.
++ Pappus double.

13. Heterotheca. Resembling ChrysopsU, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the

disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.

14. ChrysopsiS. Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaflfy

bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.
++ ++ Pappus simple.

15. SolidagO. Heads few-many-flowered ; rays 1-16. Pappus of numerous slender and equal

capillary bristles.

16. Brachychaeta. Heads 8-10-flowered, clustered ; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute

bristles, shorter than the achene.

17. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus of

many unequal bristles. Western.

18. Bigelowia. Heads 3-4-flowered ; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single row

of capillary bristles.

* * Ray-flowers white, blue, pink, or purple, scarcely ever yellow.

4- Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.

++ Receptacle conical ; awns none.

19. BelliS. Achenes marginless, flattened ; pappus none. Involucral bracts equal

++ ++ Receptacle flat or con', ex ; pappus usually with awns.

20. Chaetopappa. Achenes fusiform ; pappus of 5 or f^^wer thin chaffy scales and often alter-

nating awns. Western.

772 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

21. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged ; pappus of short bristles and usually 2-4 awns.

-I- -»- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles ; receptacle flat.

22. Astei. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral bracts mostly unequal, loosely

or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish ; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.

23. Erigeron. Heads many-fiowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal bracts,

little imbricated. Achenes flattened ; pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some
outer minute scales,

24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12-20-flowered ; rays 4 or 5. Involucre subcylindric or club-shaped,

imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.
* * * Rays none ; heads dioecious (all pistillate or all staniinate).

25. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.

Tribe IV. INtTLEAE. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform
and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with un-
appendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.

* Receptacle flat, naked ; involucre not scarious, imbricated ; not woolly.

26. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center, and many pistillate

fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.
* * Receptacle chafl'y ; involucral bracts few, mostly scarious ; low floccose-wooUy annuals ; flowers

as in no. 26.

27. Gifola. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.

* * * Receptacle naked ; involucral bracts many, scarious ; floccose-woolly herbs.

28. Antennaria. Heads dioecious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped or barbellate, of the

fertile capillary, united at base and deciduous together.

29. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at

base.
80. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.

* * * * Heads radiate ; receptacle naked ; involucre herbaceous ; pappus copious.
31. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.

***** Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed ; involucre not scarious ; receptacle naked ;

pappus none.

82. Adenocaulon. Heads few-flowered and bracts few; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat

woolly.

Tribe V. HELIANTHEAE. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in
nos. 40, 41, and 42). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers
not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy -appendaged.

* Ray-flowers fertile and ligulate (sometimes obscurely so); disk-flowers sterile.

-J- Achenes thickish, not strongly flattened either way.

83. Polymnia. Achenes partially enveloped by the inner bracts of the involucre, these unarmed.

Perennials.

84. Acanthospermum. Achenes closely invested by the glochidiate or prickly inner involucral

bracts. Annuals.
•»- -»- Achenes strongly flattened parallel to the bracts of the involucre, i.e. obcompre'ssed.
35. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or of 2 teeth. Bracts ol

the involucre thick, in several rows.
86. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5-12 in one row, without pappus. Involucral bracts thin,

obovate, the outer smaller and more foliaceous.
37. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2-3-toothed crown. Inner

bracts 5, chafl'-like, the outer 5 longer and leaf-like.

88. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small chaffy scales. Involucral

bracts short, roundish, in 2 rows.
* * None of the flowers ligulate, the fertile few (1-5), with minute tubular corolla or none.

-»- Heads alike.

89. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish bracts.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 773

^- ■»- Heads of two kinds, the fertile witli a tuberculate or bur-lilce involucre.

40. Ambrosia. Bracts of staminate involucre united ; fertile involucre with a single row of

tubercles near the summit. Fruiting head 1-seeded.

41. Franseria. Staminate involucre as in no. 40; fertile involucre with more than 1 row ol

tubercles or prickles. Fruiting head 2-4-seeded.

42. Xanthium. Bracts of the staminate involucre distinct. Fruiting head 1-4-celled, 1-4-bcaked.
*** Disk-flowers fertilo, their corollas funnel-form; anthers blackish; pappus none, or a crown

or cup, or of 1-2 chaffy awns, neither capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales ; leaves
more commonly opposite.

+- Kays persistent upon the mature achenes.

43. Heliopsis. Kay-flowers fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.

•i- +- Kays deciduous or absent.
■H- Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.

44. Eclipta. Kays short. Involucral bracts 10-12, in two rows, herbaceous. ,

++ ++ Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.
= Involucre double ; the outer forming an angled cup.

45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid ; pappus none.

= = Involucre of one or more rows of separate bracts.
a. Keceptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit ; pappus none or a short crown or awn.

46. Rudbeckia. Kays neutral. Achenes 4-sided or terete, flat at the top, marginless.

47. Brauneria. Kays rose-colored (rarely yellow), pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided.

Chaff spinescent.

48. Lepachys. Kays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.

49. Spilanthes. Rays yellow or white and fertile, or none. Ray-achenes 3-sided or obcom

pressed.

b. Receptacle flat to convex ; achenes not winged nor very flat.

50. Borrichia. Achenes 3-4-angled; pappus a short 4- toothed crown. Shrubby.

51. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chafiy pointed scales and rarely

minute intermediate ones.
c. Receptacle convex (rarely conical); achenes flat, compressed laterally, winged or wingless
2-3-awned ; leaves decurrent.

52. Actinomeris. Bracts few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.

53. Verbesina. Involucral bracts closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.

* * * * Rays few and neutral, or wanting; achenes obcorapressed, i.e. flattened parallel with th
scales of the involucre (rarely terete) ; involucre double ; the outer spreading and often
foliaceous ; receptacle flat ; leaves opposite.
64. Coreopsis. Involucral bracts distinct or united only at base. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more)
scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked, not barbed, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

55. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns 2, retrorsely

hispid.

56. Bidens. Involucral bracts distinct or united merely at base. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and

persistent barbed awns or teeth.
***** Heads radiate or discoid ; disk -flowers all perfect and fertile , achenes turbinate, 5-angled ;
pappus of several chaffy scales.
+■ Leaves alternate, entire ; disk-flowers purplish.

57. Balduina. Raj'S numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply

honeycombed.

58. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal bracts. Receptacle chaffy.

+- -H Leaves opposite, serrate ; disk-flowers yellow.

59. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4-5 thin ovate bracts. Recep-

tacle chaffy.

Tribe VI. HELEINEAE. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat so in nos. 6J
and 66). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile ; the pappus a row of several cbafi^

774 COMPOSITAE (composite family)

scales (bristly dissected in no. 66); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious In
no. 61).

* Involucral bracts distinct, not glandular-punctate.

■(- Pappus none ; bracts 2-5, carinate.

60. Flaveria. Heads small. Ray single or none.

+- +- Pappus of distinct scales or bristles or wanting ; bracts more than 5.
*+ Tips of bracts colored or petaloid.

61. Hymenopappus. Lower leaves pinnatifid. Rays none. Disk-flowers with ovate lobes.

62. Polypteris. Leaves undivided. Rays generally none. Disk-flowers with linear lobes.

++ ++ Tips of bract not colored and petaloid.

63. Actinea. Ray« fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucral bracts appressed.

64. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3-5-cleft, Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed.

Leaves decurrent.

65. Gaillar^a. Rays 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaflF.

Outer involucral bracts loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting mid-
vein. Western.

* * Dotted with oil-glands ; involucral bracts united into a cup.

66. Dyssodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMfDEAE. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry
and scarious imbricated bracts of the involucre. Heads radiate (rays mostly white) or discoid,
the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small ; pappus
a short crown or none. Mostly strong-scented ; leaves alternate.

* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part ; heads radiate, many-flowered.

67. Achillea. Receptacle flattish. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovoid.

68. Anthemis. Achenes subterete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.

* * Receptacle naked.

-•- Heads solitary or corymbose.

++ Receptacle conical at least in age.

69. Matricaria. Heads pedunculate. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.

Leaves finely dissected.

++ ++ Receptacle flattish or moderately convex.
= Corollas of the perfect flowers 5-toothed ; achenes sessile.

70. Chrysanthemum. Heads radiate (or rayless in one variety with leaves almost or quite

uiilobed); rays pistillate. Achenes 5-10-nerved ; pappus none.

71. Tanacetum. Heads discoid. Pistillate flowers few, marginal, their corollas inconspicuous,

2-3-toothed. Achenes 3-5-angled ; pappus none or a short crown.

= = Corollas of the perfect flowers 4-toothed ; achenes stalked.

72. Cotula. Heads long-ped uncled, discoid. Pistillate flowers destitute of corolla. Achenes

raised upon papillae which persist upon the receptacle.

4- +- Inflorescence from spike-like to chiefly racemose-paniculate.

73. Artemisia. Heads small, usually drooping, discoid. Pappus none.

Tribe VIII. SENECI6nEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated,
not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

* Heads monoecious or subdioecious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate or

tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads); style-branches
obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid ; leaves chiefly radical.

74. TussilagO. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious.

75. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdioecious. Flowers white or purplish.

* * Flowers all fertile ; style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged ; involucral bracts

connivent-erect.
+- Leaves opposite.

76. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous or barbellatc.

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 775

••- ■•- Leaves alternate ; pappus soft-capillary, copious.

77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.

78. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.

79. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 6-toothed.

Tribe IX. CYNAREAE. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral In nos.
86 and 87). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-
branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below.
Pappus mostly bristly. Leaves alternate.

* Achenes attached by the base ; flowers all alike.
+- Leaves not prickly ; style-branches partly distinct ; filaments glabrous.

80. Arctium. Involucral bracts hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.

-e- -*- Leaves prickly ; style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.
++ Involucres 1-flowered, aggregated into dense globose heads.

81. Echinops. General involucre small, reflexed, and hidden. Coarse thistle-like herbs, with

large globular (compound) heads of pale flowers.

■H- -H- Involucres many-flowered.

= Filaments papillose-pilose, free.

a. Eeceptacle densely bristly.

82. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose.
88. Cirslum. Pappus-bristles plumose.

&. Receptacle deeply honeycombed, scarcely or not at all bristly.

84. Onopordum. Pappus-bristles not plumose.

= = Filaments glabrous, united into a tube.

85. Silybum. Involucral bracts ending in a long stout spinescent appendage, spreading or

reflexed. Eeceptacle densely bristly. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Stout thistle-like
herbs, with large heads.
* * Achenes obliquely attached ; marginal flowers often enlarged and ray -like.

86. Centaurea. Pappus of several series of short scales or bristles or none. Flowers red,

purple, blue, white, or rarely yellow.

87. Cnicus. Pappus of 10 short horny teeth, 10 long bristles, and 10 shorter ones. Flowers

yellow.

Series II. LIGULIFL6rAE

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect
Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

Tribe X. CICHORIeAE. Characters of the series.

* Pappus none ; annuals.
+- Leafy-stemmed.

88. Lapsana. Involucre cylindrical, calyculate-bracteate at base.

89. Serinia. Involucre not calyculate.

■4- +- Leaves all basal.

90. Amoseris. Involucral bracts narrow, at length carinate-thickened.

* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff" and bristles.

91. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.

92. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Fappus of both chaff" and bristles.

* * * Pappus plumose.

93. Hypochaeris. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform, the inner produced into long slender

beaks. Leaves radical.

94. Leontodon. Similar. Achenes uniform.

95. Picris Outer involucral bracts spreading. Achenes terete, not beaked. Stems leafy.

96. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.

776 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

♦ ♦ ♦ * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.
+- Achenes strongly muricate or spiuulose above.
97. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Achenes terete,

several-ribbed.
9i Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre cal3-culate, many-flowered. Achenes fusiform, 4-5-ribbed.
+- +- Achenes not muricate above.
♦+ Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed,
with panicled heads.
99. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers 50 or more in each head, yellow.

100. Lactuca. Achenes usually more or less beaked. Flowers 6-30 in each head, yellow, blue,

or purple.

++ ++ Achenes columnar, often slender.

= Achenes not conspicuously narrowed at base. Flowers rose or purple.

101. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, slightly tapering above. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless;

Head erect. Western,

= = Achenes narrowed at base.
a. Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in no. 102); flowers yellow.

102. Agoseris. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.

103. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Achenes 4-5-ribbed.

b. Achenes not beaked.
1. Involucral bracts in a single row.

104. Crepis. Pappus white, soft. Flowers yellow or orange.

2. Bracts in more than one row.

105. Prenanthes. Involucre calyculate. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus whitish, tawny, or

brown. Flowers white, cream-color, or pinkish.

106. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Flowers yellow or orange.

Artificial Key to Genera
Series I. Disk-flowers with tubular regular corollas ; ligulate

FLOWERS IP present MARGINAL.

§ 1. Bays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).

* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike a.

a. Pappus composed of bristles b.

b. Pappus double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles . 1. Vernonia.
b. Pappus simple, the bristles all of the same sort c,
c. Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into compound or

dense clusters . • 2. Elephantopus.

e. Heads separate d.
d. Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled ofl") bristly-hairy.

Leaves not prickly 80, Arctium.

x.eaves prickly.

Filaments glabrous, united into a tube 85. Silybum.

lilaments papillose-pilose, separate.

Pappus-bristles not plumose 82. Carduus.

Pappus-bristles plumose 83. Cirsium.

d. Eeceptacle deeply honeycomb-like ..,,.,. 84. Onopordum.
d. Eeceptacle naked.

Pappus-bristles plumose.
Corollas rose-color or purple; heads racemose or spicate . 9. Liatria.

Corollas whitish ; heads corymbose 8. Kuhnia.

Pappus-bristles sometimes roughened but not plumose.
Stem twining ; leaves opposite, triangular-hastate . , 5. Mikaiiia.

Stem not twining.

Achenes 5-angled, 5-ribbed 4. Eupatorium.

Achenes 8-10-ribbed or without definite angles or ribs.

Annual 77. Erechtitea.

Perennial.
Flowers yellow.
Involucral bracts much imbricated in several series . 18, Bigelowia.
Involucre simple oi* merely calyculate • . .79. Serucio.

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

777

Flowers purple 6. Triliaa.

Flowers whitish.
Involucral bracts much Imbricated ; leaves chiefly

opposite . 7. Brickellia.

Involucral bracts httle imbricated; leaves alternate . 78. Cacalia.
€,, Pappus not composed of bristles e.

e. Pappus none or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit.

Heads 1-flowered, themselves aggregated into globose glomerules;

leaves prickly . 81. Echinopa.

Heads many-flowered ; leaves not prickly.
Outer involucre foliaceous; leaves opposite at least below . . 83. Polymnia.
Outer involucre not foliaceous ; leaves alternate.

Keceptacle conical, becoming elongated 69. Matricaria.

Keceptacle flattish or merely convex.
Heads chiefly nodding, in spikes, racemes, or panicles . . 73. AriemiHa.

Heads corymbose 70. Chryaanihemunu

e. Pappus [Present/.
/. Pappus composed of scales or chaff.
Receptacle naked.

Leaves in whorls ." S. Sclerolepis.

Leaves alternate.

Leaves dissected 61. Hymenopappua.

Leaves entire 62. Polypteria.

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers.

Leaves toothed or lobed 65. Gaillardia.

Leaves entire 58. Marshallia.

f. Pappus of 2-several teeth or awns.

Pappus caducous 10. Grindelia.

Pappus persistent.

Achenes laterally compressed 53. Verbesina.

Achenes terete or flattened parallel with the involucral bracts.
Pappus barbed.
Bracts of inner Involucre connate to middle ; achenes terete 55. TTielesperma.
Bracts of inner involucre distinct or nearly so ; achenes

obcompressed 56. Bidens.

Pappus not barbed 51. Corecpaia.

* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head g.
g. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either consj)icuous or inconspicuous.

Leaves spiny ; heads subtended by foliaceous bracts . . . ,87. Cnicus.
Leaves not spiny ; no conspicuous foliaceous bracts . . . .86. Centaurea.
g. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile h.
h. Receptacle chaffy.

Receptacle awi-shaped ; achenes terete 27. Gifola.

Receptacle flattish or moderately convex ; achenes flattened . . 51. Helianthua.
A. Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff i.
i. Pappus of capillary bristles j.
j. Involucral bracts imbricated in several rows.

Leaves toothed ; not woolly 26. Pluchea.

Leaves entire ; plant more or less woolly.

Some flowers staminate and sterile 29. Anaphalia.

All flowers fertile, cither pistillate or perfect .... 80. Gnaphalmm.
j, Involucral bracts chiefly in one row.

Leaves cordate, triangular or palmately lobed . . . .75. Petaaitea.
Leaves not cordate.

Involucre campanulate 23. Erigeron.

Involucre '^viid at base, cylindric above 77. Erechtitea.

i. Pappus a short crown or none.

Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre . . .82. Adetiocaulon.
Achenes not exceeding the involucre.

Heads corymbose, erect 71. Tanacetum.

Heads solitary on long peduncles 72. Cotula.

Heads racemose or paniculate, nodding.

Lower leaves opposite 89. Tra.

Lower leaves alternate 73. Artemiaia.

*** Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads k.

jfc. Pappus capillary.

Leaves prickly ; heads large 83. Ciraium.

Leaves not prickly ; heads small.

Shrubs; leaves "mostly toothed 25. Baccharia.

Herbs ; leaves entire.
Pappus-bristles somewhat club-shaped in sterile flowers, but capil-
lary and slightly connate at base in the fertile . . .28. Aiitennaria.
Pappus-bristles all capillary, not at all connate . . . .29. Anaphalis.
k. Pappus none ; fertile involucre becoming bur-like.

Bracts of the staminate involucre united into a cup.
Fertile involucre armed with one ring of spines, teeth, or blunt

piocesses .•.•••.,'. . .40. Ambrosia.

778 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

Fertile involucre armed with 2 or more rows of spinea or these

irregularly distributed 41. Franseria.

Bracts of staininate involucre distinct ; fertile involucre horned in

ituit and very prickly 42. Xanthium.

§ 2. Bays present, i.e. the marginal floioers or some of them with strap-like

coroUas.

* Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk-flowers; ray flowers pistillate I.
I, Eays occupying several rows.

Kays yellow 74. Tussilago.

Kays white or purplish.

Leaves cordate 75. Peiasitea.

Leaves not cordate 23. Erigeron.

I. Kays in one marginal row m.
m. Kays not yellow.

Upper part of stem bearing ovate or lanceolate phyllodia . . .75. Petasites.
Phyllodia none.

Kays and disk-flowers similarly colored 15. Solidago.

Kays and disk-tiowers of contrasting colors.

Kays 4 or 5 24. Sericocarpua.

Bays numerous.
Involucral bracts subequal, narrow, chiefly in 1 series . . 23. Erigeron.
Involucral bracts imbricated in several mostly unequal series 22, Anter.
m. Eays yellow n.

n. Pappus (at least in the disk-flowers) double, the outer short and
minute,

Ray-flowers with pappus of capillary bristles 14. Chrysopsis.

Kay-flowers with coroniform pappus 13. Heterotheca.

n. Pappus simple.

Leaves opposite 76. Arnica.

Leaves alternate.
Involucral bracts equal and in 1 row (though often calyculate) . 79. Senecio.
Involucral bracts imbricated in several series.

Heads 3-5 cm. in diameter 31, Inula.

Heads 2 cm. or less in diameter.
Pappus of several very narrow scales rather than truly
capillary bristles.
Pappus of disk-flowers nearly or quite as long as the

corolla 12. Amphiachyris,

Pappus of disk -flowers much shorter than the corolla . 11. OiUitrrezia.
Pappus-bristles hair-like.

Pappus-bristles equal 15. Solidago.

Pappus-bristles unequal 17. Aplopappus.

* * Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles at least in the disk-
flowers 10. Grindelia.

*** Pappus a circle of chaffy scales dissected into bristles . . 66. Dyssodia.
**** Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles o.

o. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 57. Balduina.

o. Receptacle not deeply honeycombed, naked.

Receptacle flattish ; heads small, few-flowered.

Leaves serrate, the lower heart-shaped 16. Brachychaeta.

Leaves entire, linear, never cordate 11. Gutitrreaia.

Receptacle elevated, strongly convex ; heads many-flowered.

Scapose 63. Actinea.

Leafy-stemmed ; leaves decurrent 64. Ilelenium.

a. Receptacle not deeply honeycombed, chafl'j'.

Heads less than 1 cm. in diameter 59. Galinsoga.

Heads more than 1 cm. in diameter 65. Gaillardia.

***** Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles
or scales.

■¥- Receptacle naked p.
p. Achenes flattened.

Achenes wing-margined ; pappus present 21. Boltonia.

Achenes marginless ; pappus none 19. Bellis.

p. Achenes terete or prismatic.

Receptacle conical 69. Matricaria.

Receptacle flattish.

Heads very small ; ray-flowers mostly 1 60. Flaveria.

Heads rather large ; rays numerous 70. Chrysanthemum.

p. Achenes fusiform ; pappus" of few scales, usually alternating with awns 20. Chaetopappa.
-H -f- Receptacle chaffy q.
q. Eays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect
and fertile.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

779

Eleoeptacle flat or nearly so.

Achenes cylindrical, 2-aw'ne(i 56. Thele»p«rm,a.

Achenes flattened parallel to the chaff.

Pappus-awns barbed 5G. Bid ens.

Pappus-awns not barbed 54. Coreopsis.

Beceptacle convex to columnar.

Involucral bracts with thin scarions margins . . . .68. Anthemis.

Involucral bracts distinctly herbaceous.
Pappus of 2 awns.

Pappus-awns very deciduous 51. Heluinthus.

Pappus-awns persistent 52. Actinomeris.

Pappus none or a crown of short teeth.

Kays rose-color (rarely yellow), pistillate . . , ,47. Brauneria.
Kays yellow to brownish-red or orange, neutral.

Achenes 4-sided, marginless 46. Riulheckia.

Achenes flattened and margined 48. Lepachys.

■u Rays pistillate and fertile r.

l>. Disk-flowers also fertile, their achenes maturing s.
s. Leaves alternate.

Pappus of 1-8 awns or teeth 53. Verhesina.

Pappus none.
Heads less than 1 cm. broad ; achenes obcompressed . . 67. Ac/iillea.
Heads more than 1 cm. broad ; achenes not compressed . 68. Anthemis.
8. Leaves opposite.

Maritime shrub 50. BorricJiia.

Herbs.

Annual, with white rays 44. Eclipta.

Perennial, with yellow' rays.

Outer involucre of 4 connate bracts 45. Tetragonotheca.

Outer involucral bracts not connate.

Weak creeping herb 49. Spilanthes.

Stout erect herbs.

Achenes laterally flattened 53. Verhesina.

Achenes thickish 43. Heliopsis.

r. Disk-flowers not maturing achenes ; disk chaff'y.
Achenes thickish, not strongly flattened.

Inner bracts of the involucre not armed 83. Polymnia.

Inner bracts of the involucre glochidiate, closely investing the

achenes M. Acanthospermum.

Achenes flattened dorsally. i.e. parallel with the chaff.
Rays 5, obcordate, scarcely exceeding the disk, whitish . . 33. Parihenium.
Kays yellow, much longer than the disk,
Achenes wing-margined, in several rows . . . .35. Silphium.
Achene wingless, in a single row.

Kays 5 ; leaves serrate 37. Chrysogonum.

Ka3's usually more numerous ; leaves dentate or lyrately

lobed 86. BerlandAera.

Series II. All the flowers op the head with strap-shaped corolla i.

I. Pajjpus none.

Leaves basal 90. Arnoseris.

Leafy-stemmed.

Involucre calyculate 88. Laj)sana.

Involucre uot calyculate 89. Serinia.

t. Pappus wholly or in part of scales.

Flowers blue, rose-colored, or rarely white 91. Cichoruim.

Flowers yellow 92. Krigia.

t. Pappus bristle-formed, capfllary u.
u. Bristles plumose.
Leaves basal.

Inner achenes long-beaked , . . 93. ITypcchaeria.

Inner achenes not beaked 94. Leoniodon.

Leafv-stemmed.

Hispid-pubescent 95. Picris.

Glabrous 96. Tragopogon.

u. Bristles simple, at most scabroiis r.

V. Achenes strongly muricate or spinulose above.

Leafy-stemmed 97. Chondrilla.

Scapose 98. Taraxacum.

V. Achenes not muricate above tc.
w. Achenes flat or flattish.

Achenes beakless ; flowers 50 or more in each head, yellow . 99. Sonchus.
Achenes mostlv beaked ; heads C-;30-flowered ; flowers yellow,

blue, or purple 100. Lactuca.

to. Achenes columnar, often slender.

Flo%vers cream-color, white, rose-color, or purple.

Pappus white ; heads erect 101, Lygodesmia.

Pappus cream-color or tawny ; heads nouding .... 105. Prenanthe^.

780 COMPOSITAE (COjyiPOSITE FAMILY)

Flowers bright j-ellow to deep orange-red.
Achenes beaked.

Achenes lO-ribbed 102. Agoseris.

Achenes 4-5-ribbed 103. Pyrrhopwppui

Achenes not beaked.
Pappus white.

Leaves entire 102. AgonerU.

Leaves toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid .... 104. Crepis.
Pappus tawny 106. Hieradum.

1. VERN6nIA Schreb. Ironweed

Heads discoid, 15-many-flowered, in corymbose cymes ; flowers perfect ; in-
volucre shorter than the flowers, of much imbricated bracts. Achenes cylin-
drical, ribbed ; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner
of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate
acuminate or very acute serrate leaves and mostly purple (rarely white) flowers.
(Named for William Vernon, an early English botanist, who traveled in North
America. )

Involucral bracts tipped with long' filiform spreading appendages.
Heads large, mostly GiV-SO-tlowered ; involucre 1.4-2 cm. in diameter . 1. Y. criniia.
Heads smaller, usually about 40-flowered ; involucre about 1 cm. ia
diameter.

Pappus purple or at least purplish-tinged 1. V. noveboracensis.

Pappus cream-colored or stramineous S. V. glauca.

Involucral bracts obtuse, acute, or acuminate, but not conspicuously
caudate.
Lower surface of the leaves smooth or merely puberulent.

Cyme dense, fastigiate 4. V./asciculata.

Cyme open and loose, the branches wide-spreading . . . . 5. F. altissima.
Lower surface of the leaves tomentulose.
Involucral bracts obtuse to acute, appressed or nearly so.

Pappus purple 6. F. ilUnoennis.

Pappus tawny 1. V. missuricn.

Involucral bracts with acuminate more or less squarrose tips . . 8. F. Baldwini.

1. V. crinita Raf. Tall, nearly glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely
denticulate: heads large, usually QOSO-flowered ; involucre very squarrose, the
bracts with long filiform tips. (V. arkansana DC.) — Mo., Kan., and south w.

2. V. noveboracensis Willd. Rather tall (1-2 m.) ; leaves long-lanceolate
to lance-oblong, more or less pubescent beneath, gradually narrowed but not
at all acuminate toward the base; cyme open; heads mostly SO-40-fioioered ;
involucre purplish (or in white-flowered individuals green), campanulate ; the
bracts ovate or lance-ovate, with loosely ascending or recurved-spreading fili-
form tips ; pappus purple or purplish. — Low ground near the coast, Mass. to
Va. and Miss.; reported from Pelee L, L. Erie (Macoun).

3. V. glauca (L.) Willd. Similar to the preceding; leaves mostly broader,
ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the base to an acuminately winged petiolar
portion, paler and tending to be more loosely pubescent on the nerves beneath ;
involucral bracts mostly with shorter filiform tips ; pappus cream-colored or
stramineous. ( V. noveboracensis, var. latifolia Gray.) — Pa. to Ga. and Ala.

4. V. fasciculata Michx. Leaves ascending, narrow, linear to oblong-lanceo-
late, green and nearly glabrous beneath; heads rather small, about 20-flowered,
many, crowded, in a fastigiate cyme ; involucral bracts closely appressed, obtuse
or the uppermost merely mucronate ; achenes mostly smooth as seen with an
ordinary lens ; flowers reddish -purple. — Prairies, O. to Minn., Neb., and Okla.

5. V. altissima Nutt. Usually tall (1-2 or more m. high) ; leaves lance-
oblong, acuminate, spreading, smooth or merely puberulent beneath; cyme
large, loidely spreading, rather loose; heads about 25-flowered ; involucral
bracts closely appressed, ovate, acute, obtuse, or cuspidate, mostly purple-tinged ;
flowers red-purple. (F. maxima Small.) — Rich soil of prairies, etc., N. Y. to
Mich., Mo., and south w.; also sporadic northeastw.

6. V. illinoensis Gleason. Tall and rather stout ; leaves large, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, toraentulose and slightly scabrous beneath ; heads
medium-sized, about 40-flowered, sessile or shortly and stoutly pediceled in a

UOMPOSITAE (^COMPOSITE FAMILY^ 781

rather dense cyme; involucre campamdate ; its bracts regularly imbricated and
closely appressed, chiefly rounded or obtuse, usually jourple- or violet-tinged ;
flowers red-purple; pai^us purple. — Rich dry prairies, s. Ont. and O. to III!
and la.

7. V. missurica Raf. Similar in habit to the preceding; heads 35-r,0-
flowered ; involucre ovoid- or subcylindric-campanulate, mostly greenish ; the
bracts rather narrow, very numerous, closely appressed, the middle and lower
ones acutish ; pappus tawny or with only a slight purple tinge. (V. altissima.,
var. grandiflora Gray.) — Prairies, i^l«(0 and Mo. to Tex. and Kan. — An
obscure species.

8. V. Baldwini Torr. Tomentulose ; heads small or medium-sized, about
30-flowered ; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate ; involucre hoary-tomentose and
arachnoid, mostly greenish ; the bracts squarrose, acuminate. — Prairies and
barren hills, la. to Kan. and Tex. V. interior Small, though sometimes distin-
guishable by its less squarrose mostly purple-tinged involucral bracts, does not
appear satisfactorily separable.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS [VaiU.] L. Elephant's-foot

Heads discoid, 2-5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound
pedunculate head ; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong
dry bracts. Achenes 10-ribbed ; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the
base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name com-
posed of iX^cpas, elephant, and Tro^s,foot.)

* Stem leafy ; upper leaves very like the basal.

1. E. car(dinianus Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves ovate-
oblong, thin. — Dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to 111., Kan., and south w. (Mex., W. I.)

* * Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked.

2. E. toment5sus L. Somewhat hairy ; basal leaves obovate to narrowly
spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath ; heads large ; pappus-scales
attenuate. — Va. to Ky., Ark., and southw.

3. E. nudatus Gray. Strigose-puberulent ; basal leaves thin, green, spatu-
late-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath ; heads smaller •
pappus-scales broadly deltoid. — Del. to Ark., and southw.

3. SCLER6lEPIS Cass.

Head discoid, many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts linear,
equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla o-toothed. Achenes o-anuled ;
pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — Smooth peren-
nial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of
4-6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers in summer. (Name composed
of (TKXrjpds, hard, and Xctt/s, a scale, from the pappus. )

1. S. unifl5ra (Walt.) BSP. {S. verticillata Cass.) — In water or sandy
bogs, Bradford, N. H. {F. T. Lewis) ; pine barrens, from N. J. southw.

4. EUPAT6RIUM [Tourn.] L. Thoroughwort

Heads discoid, S-many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or
bell-shaped, of more than 4 bracts. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla
5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled ; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely
roughish bristles. — Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous
dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, ap-
pearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator 3Iithridates, who is
said to have used a species of the genus in medicine, "i

782 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY^

§ 1. EUPAT6rIUM proper. Beceptade flat.

^ Heads cylindrical^ S-15-flowered ; the purplish bracts numerous^ closely im
bricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs,
with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. E. purpureum L. (Joe-Pye Weed, Trumpet Weed.) Stems tall (0.6-3
m. high) and stout, simple ; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, smoothish, rather finely crenate-dentate ; inflorescence hemi-
spherical, ovoid, or pyramidal-paniculate, the branches long and spreading, much
overtopping the leaves; flowers pale pink or whitish. {E. trifoliatum L.) —
Low ground, often in woods and thickets, N. H., westw. and southw. Var.
angustif6lium T. & G. (\?ir. falcatum Britton), with narrowly oblong-lanceolate
to lance-linear often falcate leaves, seems to be only a weak form or state.

Var. maculatum (L.) Darl. More pubescent, with thicker more rugose ovate
to ovate-oblong incisely and coarsely toothed leaves and fiattish-topped cymose-
panicles of more crowded rose-purple or paler heads. {E. maculatum L.) —
Generally in wetter places, Nfd., westw. and southw.

Var. amoenum (Pursh) Gray. Low ; leaves fewer, often opposite, ovate
or oblong ; heads few. — Range of the preceding variety.

Var. folibsum Fernald. Leaves thin, elongate, the upper much overtopping
the compact flat-topped inflorescence. — Nfd. to n. Mich, and la.

* * Heads S-20-flowej'ed ; involucre of S-15 more or less imbricated and unequal
bracts, the outer ones shorter ; flowers white or nearly so.

■1- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3-5^

flowered.

2. E. capillifblium (Lam.) Small. (Dog Fennel.) Smooth or nearly so,
paniculately much branched, l-;3 m. high, leaves 1-2-pinnately parted, filiform,
\e. foeniculaceum VVilld.) — Va., near the coast, and southw.; adventive neat
Philadelphia.

•1- -»- Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads ll-ib-floioered, in

compound corymbs.

3. E. ser6tinum Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched, 1-2
m. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny,
coarsely serrate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long ; involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground,
Md. to Minn., e. Kan., and southw.

4- 4- H- Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads

mostly b-flowered.

++ Involucral bracts noith white and scarious acute tips.

4. E. dlbum L. Boughish-hairy, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; involucral bracts closely
imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flowers. — Sandy and
barren places, pine barrens of L. I. to Va., and southw.; also dry slopes of the
southern Alleghenies.

Var. subven5sum Gray. Less rough ; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, finely toothed
and less veiny. — L. L and N. J.

5. E. Ieuc61epis T. & G. Minutely pubescent, simple, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough both
sides ; corymb hoary. — Sandy bogs, L. I., N. J., and southw.

++ ++ Bracts not scarious or only obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than

the flowers.

6. E. hyssopif6lium L. Minutely pubescent, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves narrow,
linear or nearly so, S-6 cm. long, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed,
often crowded in the axils, acute at the base. — Sterile soil. Mass, to Va., e Ky.,
and southw.

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 783

7. E. Torreyanum Short. Erect, slender, 8-12 dm. high, grayish-puberu-
lent ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, coarsely toothed, the larger ones 5-7 cm long
8-12 mm. wide, commonly proliferous in the axils ; corymbs flat-topped ; heads
small; involucral scales woolly. (E. hijssopifolium, var. laciniatum Gray.) —
Barrens, etc., Pa., Ky., and southw.

^ 8. E. semiserratum UC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching, 6-9 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the
middle, tapering to the base, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, the lower slightly petioled ; heads
small. —Damp soil, Va. to Mo., and southw. —Leaves sometimes whorled in
threes, or the upper alternate.

9. E. altlssimum L. Stem stout and tall, 1-2 m. high, downy ; leaves lan-
ceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously '■i-nerved, entire, or toothed above
the middle, 0.5-1.3 dm. long, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; bracts
of the involucre obtuse^ shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil. Pa. to Minn. Neb.
and southw. ' "'

H_ ^_ 4_ ^_ Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes •

heads pubescent.

++ Heads 5-8-Jlowe7'ed ; leaves not clasping.

10. E. verbenaef51ium Michx. Roughish-pubescent, 0.5-2.5 m. high ; leaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly peti-
oled, the upper usually alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal ; bracts
of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers. (Includ-
ing var. Saundersii Porter; E. teucrifolium Willd.)— Low grounds, Mass. to
Va., and southw., near the coast.

11. E. rotundifblium L. Downy-pubescent, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves roundish-
ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, crenate or crenate-
serrate, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish, 2.5-5 cm. long; corymb large and dense ;
bracts of the ^-flowered involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil,
R. I. to Va., Ark., and southw., chiefly near the coast.

12. E. pub§scens Muhl. Pubescent, 7-12 dm. high ; leaves ovate, acute,
hardly truncate at base, strongly serrate; heads 5-8-flowered. {E. rotundifo-
lium, var. ovatum Torr.) — Rocky woods, s. Me. to Va. and Ky., chiefly near
the coast.

13. E. sessilif51ium L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (0.5-1.8 m. high),
smooth, branching ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the sharp poirit, serrate, veiny, smooth, 0.7-1.5 dm. long ;
corymb very compound, pubescent ; bracts of the b-flowered involucre oval and
oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Vt. and Mass. to 111., Mo., and southw.
along the mts.

Var. Brittonianum Porter. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or short-
acuminate, 2.5-4 cm. long ; inflorescence very contracted. — Budd's Lake, N. J.
(^Porter).

*+ ++ Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, icidely spreading ;
heads 10-A^-flowered ; corymbs very compound and large.

14. E. perfoliatum L. (Thoroughwort, Boneset.) Stem stout, 0.5-1.5 m.
high, hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy
beneath, 1-2 dm. long ; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ;
common and well known. Var. truncXtum Gray. At least the upper leaves
separate, truncate or rounded at base. — With the typical foraa.

Var. cuneatum Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate ;
the heads fewer-flowered. — Mo., and southw. — Perhaps a hybrid with no. 8.

15. E. resinbsum Torr. Minutely velvety-downy, 0-9 dm. high ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly
veiny beneath, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine
barrens, N. J. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

784 coMPosiTAE (composite family)

* * * Heads S-SO-Jlowered ; involucral bracts nearly equal, in one row or hut a
very few of the outermost shorter; leaves opposite^ ovate, petioled, triple-
nerved, not resinous-dotted.

•«- Leaves broadly ovate; flowers pure white.

16. E. urticaefblium Reichard. (White Snakeroot.) Smooth, branching,
0.5-1 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-
petioled, thin, 7-12 cm. long; corymbs compound. (E. ageratoides L. f.) —
Rich woods, not rare. Var. villicaule Fernald. Stems and petioles viscid-
villous. — Pa. (Heller) to Va. (Curtiss).

17. E. aromaticum L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple;
leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish.—
Copses, etc., Mass. to Fla., near the coast. — Not aromatic.

•f- -^ Leaves deltoid-ovate ; flowers pink to pale purple.

18. E. incarnatum Walt. Freely branched, 6-12 dm. high, puberulent ;
branches spreading-ascending ; leaves rather narrowly deltoid-ovate, long-pointed,
coarsely crenate-serrate or bluntly toothed ; slender petioles mostly 1-4 cm.
long. — Va. {Mackenzie) and Ky. to Fla. and Tex.

§2. CONOCLfNIUM (DC.) Baker. Receptacle conical; involucral bracts
nearly equal, somewhat imbricated.

19. E. coelestinum L. (Mist-flower.) Somewhat pubescent, 0.3-1 m.
high ; leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped,
coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers
blue or violet. — Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Kan., and south w.

5. MIKAnIA Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 bracts. Receptacle small. Flow-
ers, acheiies, etc., as in Eupatorium. — Tvfmmg perennials, with opposite com-
monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored
flowers. (Named for Joseph Gottfried Mikan, 1743-1814, professor in the
University of Prague.) WillucxBaeya Neck.

1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Nearly smooth ; leaves somewhat triangular-
heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. (Willoughbya
Ktze.) — Copses along streams, and in sandy swamps, s. Me. to Fla., chiefly
near the coast, w. to Ont., and s. to Miss, and Tex. July-Sept.

6. TRILISA Cass.

Heads discoid, 5-10-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts nearly
equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong.
Achenes 10-ribbed ; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose. — Perennial
herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate,
and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in
autumn. (Name an anasram of Liatris.)

1. T. paniculata (Walt.) Cass. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or
lanceolate, smnothish, those of the stem partly clasping ; heads panicled. — Lovf
pine barrens, Va., and south w.

2. T. odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Very smooth; leaves obovate-spatulate,
pale ; heads corymbed ; plant with the odor of vanilla when bruised. — S. C. to
Fla., and said to reach our limits in s. Va.

7. BRICKtLLIA Ell.

Characters as in Kuhnia ; involucral bracts more numerous. Bristles of the
pappus merely scabrous or at most barbellate or subplumose. Leaves often all
opposite. (In memory of Dr. John Brickell of Savannah, Ga., amateur botanist

7

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 785

and helpful correspondent of Muhlenberg, Fraser, and others.) Coleosanthus
Cass.

1. B. grandiflbra (Hook.) Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 6-9 dm. high; leaves
deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acumi-
nate, 1 dm. long or less; heads about 40-flowered. {Coleosanthus Ktze.) —
Mo. and Kan., westw. and southwestw.

8. KtlHNIA L.

Heads discoid, 10-25-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts thin, few,
and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed.
Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate ; pappus a single row of very plumose bristles. —
A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-
corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Adam Kuhn of
Philadelphia, who carried the living plant to Linnaeus.)

1. K. eupatorioides L. Stems 3-9 dm. high; pubescence minute; leaves
Varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed to linear and entire. — Dry soil,
N. J. to Minn., S. Dak., and southw. Sept. — Very variable. Var, cokym-
bul6sa T. & G, Stouter and somewhat more pubescent, the heads rather
crowded, (if. glutinosa Ell.) — 111., westw. and southw.

9. LIAtRIS Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing Star

Heads discoid, few-many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts well
imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and
ender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base. 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40
pillary plumose or barbellate bristles. — Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted,
with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire
leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed
handsome rose-purple flowers, late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of
name unknown. ) Lacinaria Hill. Laciniaria Hill.

* Pappus very plumose ; bracts of the 5-Jlowered involucre with ovate or lanceo-
late spreading petal-like {rose or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.

1. L. 61egans (Walt.) Willd. Stem (0.6-1 m. high) and involucre hairy;
leaves linear, short and spreading ; spike or raceme compact, 1-5 dm. long.
{Laciniaria Ktze.) — Barren soil, Va., and southw.

* * Pappus very plumose ; bracts of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre

imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like ; corolla-lobes hairy
within.

2. L. squarrbsa Willd. (Blazing Star, etc.) Often hairy, 1.5-6 dm.
high; leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few, 1.5-8.5 cm. long;
bracts mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. {Laciniaria Hill.) —
Dry soil, Pa. to Minn., and southw. Var. intermedia (Liiidl.) DC. Heads
narrow ; bracts shorter, erect or nearly so. {Lacinaria squarrosa, var. Porter.)

— Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. cylindracea Michx. Commonly smooth, 1.5-5 dm. high ; leaves linear ;
heads few, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bracts with short and rounded abruptly mucronate
appressed tips. {Laciniaria Ktze.) — Dry open places, Ont. to Minn, and Mo.

— Heads sometimes reduced to a solitary slightly enlarged terminal one (var.
solitAria MacM.).

*** Pappus very plumose ; heads i-C)-flowered ; bracts acuminate ; corolla-lobes

naked.

4. L. punctata Hook. Stout, 1.5-8 dm. high, from a branching or globose
rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acero.se, rigid ; heads usually
many in a dense spike. {Laciniaria Ktze.) — "O."; Minn., westw. and
Bouihw.

gray's manual— 5)?

cc-r- /.Tx

786 COMPOSITAE (COISIPOSITE FAMILY)

* * * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye ; corolla-lobes smooth inside.

5. L. scari5sa Willd. Stem stout, 0.3-1.8 m. high, pubescent or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or
obovate-oblong. tapering into a petiole ; heads few or many, large, 25-10-flovv-
ered ; bracts of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatiilate, very numer-
ous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins. {Laciniaria Hill.) —
Dry soil, s. Me. to Ont., Neb., and southw. — Widely variable ; heads 2,5 cm. or
less in diameter.

Var. squarrulbsa (Michx.) Gray. Slender ; heads smaller, 14-20-flowered ;
bracts numerous. (Lacinaria scariosa, yslt. Small.) — Open woods, Va., and
southw.

6. L. pycnostachya Michx. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, 0.5-1.5 m.
high, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear ; spike
thick and dense, 1.5-5 dm. long ; heads about 5-tlowered, 1 cm. long ; bracts of
the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored
tips. {Laciniai'ia Ktze.) — Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., Neb., and southw.

7. L. spicita (L.) Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy ; stems very leafy,
stout, 0.5-1.8 m. high ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved ; heads 8-12-flowered,
1 cm. long, crowded in a long spike ; bracts of the cylindrical-bell-shaped invo-
lucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins ; achenes pubescent
or smoothish. (Laciniaria Ktze.) — Moist grounds, Mass. to s, Ont., Minn,, and
southw. — Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montana Gray. Low and stout ; leaves broader, obtuse ; spike short
and heads large. {Lacinaria spicata, \a,T. pu7nila Porter.) — Mountain-tops,
Va., and southw.

8. L. graminif51ia (Walt.) Willd, Hairy or smoothish ; stem 3-9 dm, high,
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved ; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7-12-flowered ; bracts of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatjdate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes
hairy. {Laciniaria Ktze.; Lacinaria Smallii Britton.) — Va., and southw. —
Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia Gray. Bracts of involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate, {Lacinaria graminifolia, var, pilosa Britton.) — Wet pine barrens,
N. J., and southw.

10. GRINDELIA Willd. Gcm-plant. Tar-weed

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); rays pistillate. Bracts of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less
spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate,
glabrous ; pappus of 2-8 caducous awns. — Coarse perennial or biennial herbs,
often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate
and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy
branches. Disk and ray yellow, (Named for Prof. David Hieronymus Grindel,
1776-1836, a Russian botanist.)

1. G. squarrbsa (Pursh) Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; invo-
lucre squarrose ; achenes not toothed ; pappus-awns 2 or 3, — Prairies and dry
banks. 111. to Minn., southw, and westw, ; rarely adv, eastw, July-Oct. Var.
NtTDA (Wood) Gray, Rays wanting. — Mo., and westw.

2. G, lanceolata Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear ; involucral bracts erect
or the lower tips spreading ; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at tlie summit ;
awns 2. — Prairies and barrens, Tenn., Mo,, Kan., and southw. July, Aug.

11. GUTIERREZIA Lag.

Heads few-several-flowered, radiate ; rays 1-6, pistillate. Involucre cylin-
dric-clavate ; bracts coriaceous, with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer
shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9
ehaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers. — Suffrutescent (our species), glabroias,

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 787

ind o^ten glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate
leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes.
(Named for Pedro Gutierrez^ correspondent of the botanical garden of Madrid.)
1. G. Sarbthrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby. Low; leaves numerous, 1-6 cm.
long ; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.
(^O. Euthamiae T. & G.) — Dry plains, Man. and Minn., westw. and south westw.
July- Sept.

12. AMPHIACHYRIS (DC.) Nutt.

Heads hemispherical ; rays 5-10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus
of the rays minute, coroniform ; of the disk-flowers of bristle-like scales, more or
less dilated and united at base. — A diffusely much branched annual, with heads
solitary on the branchlets ; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From d/xcpi, around, and
Exvpov, chaff.)

1. A. dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Low, slender; leaves narrowly linear,
the upper filiform ; disk-flowers 10-20, their pappus of 5-8 bristle-like scales
iinited at base and slightly dilated upward. — Plains, Mo., Kan., and southw.
Aug., Sept.

13. HETEROTHECA Cass.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular,
without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a
double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and
stout bristles. — (From erepos, different, and drjKT], case, alluding to the unlike
achenes.)

1. H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby. Annual or biennial, 3-9 dm.
high, bearing numerous small heads ; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with
petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping. (H. Lamarckii
Cass.)— Sandy soil, near the coast, Del. to Fla. and Tex., inland to Kan., N.
Mex., and Ariz.; locally on ballast northw. July-Sept. (Mex.)

14. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Golden Aster

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral
bracts linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes
obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy ; pappus in all the flowers double, the
outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary
bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, wiih rather large often
corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk- and ray-flowers yellow.
(Name composed of xP^<^^h (/old, and 6^ts, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)
* Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear.

1. C. graminifblia (Michx.) Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed
hairs ; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing
few heads ; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining,
entire. —Dry sandy soil, N. J. and Del. to Ky., southw. and southwestw.
July-Oct.

2. C. falcata (Pursh) Ell. Stems 1-3 dm. high, very woolly ; leaves crowded,
linear, rigid, about S-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy,
or smooth when old, sessile ; heads small, corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the
coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. July-Sept.

* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined,

not nerved ; achenes obovate, flattened.

M- Pubescence soft-villous or arachnoid andfloccose.

3. C. mariana (L.) Nutt. Perennial, silky ivith long and weak hairs,^ oi
when old smoothish ; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.
--Dry barrens, from s. N. Y. and Pa. southw. Aug. -Oct.

788 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

4. C. gossypina (Michx.) Nutt. Biennial., densely lanate, the pubescence
becoming floccose ; leaves short-spatulate to oblong, rounded at tip, white-lanate ;
heads few, long-peduncled ; involucre woolly or becoming glabrate and merely
glandular. (C. pilosa Britton, not Nutt.) — Pine barrens, Va. to Fla.

•«- -t- Stems hirsute to villous, the hairs persistent.

5. C. villbsa Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves
narrowly oblong., hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-
ciliate toward the base ; achenes ■i-b-nerved ; outer pappus setulose-squamellate.
t^G. camporum Greene.) — Dry plains and prairies, Man. and Wise- to Ky.,
westw. and southw. July-Sept.

6. C. pilbsa Nutt, Annual, soft-hirsute or villous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ;
involucre viscid; achenes 10-nerved; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous. (0.
Nuttallii Britton.) — Open places, Kan., and southw.

15. SOLIDAgO L. Golden-rod

Heads few-many-f]owered, radiate ; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Bracts of the
involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except nos. 1 and 2). Recep-
tacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete ; pappus simple,
of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and
sessile or nearly sessile never heart-shaped stem-leaves. Heads small, racemed
or clustered ; flowers both of the disk and ray yellow (cream-color in no. 6).
Closely related species tending to hybridize freely. (Name from solidare, to
join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.)

§ 1. VIRGAtJREA DC. Bays mostly fewer than the disk-fiowers ; heads all
more or less pediceled.

* Bracts of the nmch imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading
herbaceous tips ; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense
somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarr5sa Muhl. Stem stout, 0.2-1.6 m. high, hairy above ; leaves
targe, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole.,
serrate, veiny ; heads numerous ; bracts obtuse or acute ; disk-flowers 16-24,
the rays 12-16. —Rocky and wooded hills, N. B. to Ont., s. to Va. and O.; rare
southw. Aug.-early Oct.

2. S. petiolaris Ait. Minutely hoary or downy ; stem strict, simple, 0.2-1 m.
high ; leaves small (1-7 dm. long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-
ciliolate, minutely puberulent, dull or slightly lustrous ; the upper entire and
abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base ;
heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels ; rays
about 10, elongated ; bracts of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-
shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous. — Dry woods,
s. w. 111. to Kan., N. C, and southw. Aug. -Oct. — The name is misleading, as
the leaves are hardly petioled. Var. Wardii (Britton) Fernald. Leaves firm
and strongly glutinous, somewhat lustrous. {S. Wardii Britton.) — Open rocky
or sandy ground. Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

* * Involucral bracts without green tips and wholly appressed.

-t- Heads small; the involucres 2-5 (rarely 6) mm. long, clustered along the

stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.

++ Achenes pubescent.
= Stem terete, mostly glaucous (the bloom easily rubbed off).

3. S. cadsia L. Smooth ; at length much branched and diffuse ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile ; heads in very short
clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches. — Deciduous woods,
s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Aug.-Oct. Var. axillaris (Pursh) Gray

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 789

Mostly simple ; leaves thin, elongate-lanceolate, all much exceeding the very
small axillary clusters. — N. S, to Que., Ont., and southvv. Var. panicdlXta
Gray. Paniculately branched ; leaves smaller ; heads densely racemose-pani-
cled. — Rich woods and clearings, from s. Me. southw.

= == Stem angled^ not glaucous.

4. S. latifblia L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem zigzag, simple or paniculate-
branched, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply
serrate, conspimiously pointed at both ends, thin, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, the lovjer
abruptly narroioed to winged petioles; heads in very short axillary clusters, or
the clusters somewhat prolonged at the ends of the branches ; rays 3-4. {S.
Jlexicaulis L., in part.) — Moist shaded banks, throughout ; commonest north w.,
and s. along the mts. Late July-early Oct.

5. S. Curtisii T. & G. Smooth or nearly so ; stem usually branched ; leaves
oblong to long -lanceolate with gradually narroiced entire base, serrate above
with subulate teeth; heads in small loose clusters; rays 4-7. — Open woods at
low elevations in the mountains, Va., W. Va., Ky., and southw. Aug. -Oct.
Var. ptBENS (M. A. Curtis) Gray. Stems and often the under surfaces of the
leaves tomentose. — Similar range.

++ ++ Achenes glabrous (rarely a little setulose) ; inflorescence more thyrsoid.
= Stems pubescent,

6. S. bicolor L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs (rarely glabrate) ; stem
simple or paniculate-branched ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at
both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters
or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike
or crowded panicle; involucre ?>-b mm. long; the chartaceous u-hitish-yellow
obtuse bracts usually with the greenish midrib slender below but conspicu-
ously dilated above; rays 5-14, small, cream-color or nearly white; achenes
columnar. — Dry soil, P. E. I. to Ga., rarely inland to Ky., Mich., and Ont.
Late Aug. -Oct.

7. S. hispida Muhl. Similar ; cauline leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obo-
vate, narrowed at base, blunt or acutish at tip ; basal leaves mostly rounded at
tip, crenate-serrate ; involucre 4-6 mm. long; the subherbaceous .greenish or
greenish-straw-colored obtuse bracts usually with the green midnb nearly uni-
form or only obscurely dilated above; rays orange-yellow ; achenes slightly
broadened upward. {S. bicolor^ var. concolor T. & G.) — Dry or rocky banks,
Nfd. to Man., s. to the mts. of Ga., Mich., and Mo.; chiefly in calcareous
districts. July-early Sept.

= = Stems glabrous or essentially so.

8. S. er^cta Pursh. Glabrous, or merely puberulent above ; leaves thickish,
firm, the lowest oblong or ovate-spatulate, crenate, the others narrower, entire ;
inflorescence as in no. 6; rays pale yellow or cream-colored. — Dry soil, L. L,
N. J., Pa., and southw. Aug.-Oct.

9. S. montlcola T. & G. Nearly glabrous ; stem slender. 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves thin, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower
serrate; heads small, the bracts acutish; rays 5-6. {S. roanensis Porter.) —
Allegheny Mts., from Pa. southw. July-Sept.

I- I- Heads mostly large, the involucres 6{rarely 5)-12 mm. long, many-
flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

++ Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape ; cinereous
plant of the Southwest.

10. S. Lindheimeriana Scheele. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent, 2.5-8 dm.
high-; leaves lanceolate to oblong, sessile, subacute, often glutinous ; inflorescence
dense; involucre slender-campanulate, 5.5-7 mm. long; achenes glabrous. —
Limestone bluffs and gravel, and in rocky woods, Kan. to Tex. Sept. -Nov.

790 coMPosiTAE (composite family)

++ ••-*• Leaves elongate^ the basal much larger than the upper and more or less
petiolcd; green plants of northern and mountainous regions.

=■ Leaves thin, the basal with ovate or oblong blades, sharp-serrate, abruptly
naiToiced to the comparatively slender petioles.

11. S. macrophylla Pursh. Stem stout, 3.5-12 dm. high, pubescent at
summit, simple below the inflorescence; leaves vei-y thin, scattered, irregularly
and coarsely serrate icith sharp salient teeth, all but the uppermost abruptly
contracted into long margined petioles, the lowest with blades 5-20 cm. long ;
heads many-flowered, in a wand-like compound raceme or contracted panicle
1-6 dm. long, the lower heads much exceeded, by their subtending leaves;
involucre slender-campanulate or thick-cylindric, 8-12 mm. long; its bracts
thin, scarious, linear-attenuate ; rays 8-10, elongated ; achenes smooth, 3-4
mm. long. — Woods, Nfd. to L. Superior, s. to N. S., N. B., e. and centr. Me.,
and on upland slopes to ]\It. Monadnock, N. H., Mt. Grey lock, Mass., and the
Catskill Mts., K Y. July-early Sept.

Var. thyrsoidea (Mey.) Fernald. Lower; the involucre much fuller and
broader (8-20 mm. broad), subglobose to cup-shaped; its bracts firmer, often
subherbaceous, narrowly deltoid to lanceolate. — Lab. to alpine regions of Gaspe
Co., Que., Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt. Washington, N. H. July, Aug.

12. S. calclcola Fernald. Stems 2-10 dm. high, purplish, sunple or with
few erect branches, glabrous below, pubescent and somewhat glutinous above,
very leafy to the inflorescence; basal leaves elliptic, sharp-serrate, slenderly
wing-petioled ; the cauline oblanceolate, acuminate, sharply and irregularly
serrate above the middle, entire beloio and narrowed to broad-winged petioles,
or the uppermost sessile ; inflorescence from racemo-thyrsoid to thyrsoid-panicu-
late ; involucre 6-8 mm. long, its bracts mostly lance-attenuate, acute or
acutish ; rays rather short; achenes pubescent, 1-2 mm. long. — Calcareous
cliffs and rich woods, Gaspe Co., Que., to Aroostook Co., ]\Ie. Aug., Sept.

= = Leaves thick and firm, the basal with the oblanceolate, spatulate, or nar-
rowly obovate blades crenate or crenate-serrate {rarely sharp-serrate) and
tapering gradually to the winged petioles.

a. Involucre SO-oO-flowered ; cauline leaves 2-4 {rarely 5) below the inflorescence.

13. S. Cutl^ri Fernald. Dicar/ (5-25 cm. high); the s^e?}i rather prominently
angled ; basal leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate, crenate to serrate above
the middle ; the few cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, of nearly uniform
size; inflorescence a few-headed terminal corymb or frequently the heads
clustered in the axils of the rather large divergent iipper leaves; heads very
full ; the short campanulate involucre 6-8 mm. high, 7-10 mm. broad, com-
posed of subherbaceous often glutinous oblong or lanceolate obtuse to acutish
bracts; achenes 3-3.5 mm. long, hirsute with spreading-ascending short hairs;
pappus barbellate. {S. Virgaurea, var. alpina Bigel. ; S. alpestris of recent
Am. auth., not Waldst. & Kit.) — Highest alpine districts of Me., N. H., Vt.,
and N. Y. July-early Sept.

b. Involucre 15-SO-floivered ; cauline leaves {except in abnormally floriferous
individuals') more numerous, ^{rarely 4:)-30 or more below the inflorescence.

1. Midrib of the leaves usually prominent beneath; inflorescence {simple or
paniculately compound) dense, the pedicels rarely more than 3-4 mm. long.

14. S. Randii (Porter) Britton. Often glutinous ; stems stoutish, commonly
purple-tinged, glabrous below, usually puberulent above, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves
numerous; the basal narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrate
or dentate, 7-20 cm. long; the cauline lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic,
gradually reduced upward, rarely bearing axillary fascicles, the lower often
serrate, the uppermost entire and 2-7 cm. long ; heads'crowded in a dense thyrse
or at the ends of the branches of an ample panicle (1-3 dm. long); involucre
6-6 mm. high, 3-5 mm. broad, the bluntish or acute bracts lance-deltoid to
linear; achenes '2r-2.(S mm. long, sparingly appressed-setulose or glabrate ;
pappus barbellate. {S. Virgaurea of recent Am. auth., in part, not L.; S. Vir-

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 791

gaurea^ vars. Bandit and Bedjieldii Porter ; 8. humilis Man. ed. 6, in part,

not Pursh.) — Dry or rocky (commonly granitic, etc.) soil, e. Me. to Micli.,
eouthw. along the mts. to s. N. H. and w. Mass. July-tarly Sept. Passing
freely to var. MONTfooLA (Porter) Feriiald. Lower (O.o-o dm. higli), with a
dense solitary thyrse 2-10 cm. long. {S. Virgaurea, var. Porter ; S. Virgaurea^
var. Deanei Porter.) — More exposed situations.

2. Midrib of the leaves usually obscure; inflorescence 1-several racemes or
interrupted thyrses^ many of the pedicels 5-15 (or rarely 25) mm. long.

15. S. racembsa Greene. Often glutinous ; stems usually clustered, rather
strict, slender and nearly tsrete, vei-y leafy, 1-6 dm. high ; basal and loicer
leaves oblanceolate, mostly acute or subacute, 3-12 cm. long, 5-7 mm. broad,
more or less crenate or serrate above the middle ; cauline leaves 10-30 or more,
oblanceolate to linear, the uppermost entire and 1-3.5 cm. long, all {in well-
developed plants') bearing axillary fascicles ; racemes solitary, 5-15 cm. long,
rarely panicled ; involucre 5-8 mm. high, the linear bracts obtuse or acutish ;
achenes 2-3 mm. long, finely appressed-setulose ; pappus minutely serrulate.
{8. humilis Man. ed. 6, in great part, not Pursh ; 8. Purshii Porter, as to
description, but not as to type, i.e. the Pursh plant.) — Calcareous ledges and
cliffs, local, N. B. to Va., w. to the sand-hills of L. Mich. July-Sept.

Var. Gillmani (Gray) Fernald. Much larger; basal leaves 1.5-3 dm. long,
coarsely toothed; the abundant racemes forming a panicle 3-4 dm. long.
{8. humilis, var. Gray; 8. Virgaurea^ var. Porter.) — Sand-hills and rocks
along the Great Lakes, Ont. and Mich.

16. S. decumbens Greene. Similar; the decumbent rigid stems 0.5-4 dm.
high, simple, remotely leafy; basal and lower leaves spatulate-obovate to
-oblanceolate, chiefly rounded or blunt at tip, 1.5-9 cm. long, 8-20 mm. broad,
toothed above the middle ; cauline leaves 4-9 below the inflorescence, without
axillary fascicles; raceme lax, 3-20 cm. long ; involucre 6-7 mm. high, its firm
linear bracts obtuse. — Serpentine rock, Mt. Albert, Que. ; shores of L. Superior ;
Alb. and B. C. to Col., and Wash. July, Aug.

.t- H- ■»- Heads small or middle-sized, the involucres 2-5 (rarely 6) mm. long^
panicled or thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; neither alpine
nor high-northern.

** Leaves commonly veiny, not S-ribbed (but sometimes obscurely triple'

nerved).

= Heads in a slender virgate or thyrsoid panicle.

a, 8tem puberulent or pulverulent.

17. S. publrula Nutt. Stem (2-10 dm. high, simple or branched) and pan-
icle minutely hoary; stem-leaves numerous, lanceolate, acute, tapering to the
base, mostly entire, smoothish, the uppermost 1.5-5 cm. long ; the lower wedge-
lanceolate and sparingly toothed ; heads very numerous and crowded in compact
short racemes forming a prolonged and dense slender or pyramidal panicle;
involucre 3-4 mm. long, its bracts linear-awl-shaped, appressed ; rays about 10.
—Dry or sandy soil, P. E. I. to w. Que., s. to Fla. and Miss., mostly near the
coast. Aug.-Oct.

5. Stem glabrous.

1. Axis and branches of the inflorescence glabrous.

18. S. striata Ait. Very smooth throughout ; stem strict and simple, wand-
like, 0.5-2.5 m. high, slender, beset with small and entire appressed lapceolate-
oblong thickish leaves, these gradually reduced upward to mere bracts (5-15 mm.
long) ; the lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very slender compound
spicate raceme; involucre 4-5 mm. long; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens and
prairies, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Sept.-Nov. (W. I.)

2. Axis and brandies of the inflorescence pubescent.

19. S. uliginbsa Nutt. Smooth up to the inflorescence; stem simple, strict,
3-10 dm. high ; leaves thickish, lanceolate, pointed, the lower 1-4 dm. long,

ryi^ COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILYJ

tapering into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate oi
entire, the uppermost 3-8 cm. long ; racemes much crov'ded and apprcssed in
a dense loand-like panicle; involucre 4-6 mm. long, its bracts linear-oblong;
rays 5-6, small. — Bogs and wet shores, Nfd. to Keewatin, s. to Minn., Pa., and
in the mts. to N. C. July-early Sept.

20. S. speci5sa Nutt. Stem stout, 0.6-2 m. high, smooth below, often
roughish above ; leaves thickish, smooth, with rough margins, oval or ovate,
slightly serrate ; the uppermost 2-i cm. long, oblong-lanceolate ; the lower 1.5-3
dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform
panicle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; involucre cylindric, often gluti-
nou.^, 4.5-6 mm. long, its firm bracts oblong; rays about 5, large. — Dry open
woods and thickets, local, Mass. to Minn., and south w. Sept., Oct.

Var. angustata T. & G. Lower, rarely 1 m. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, more nearly uniform, the lower 8-12 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide ;
inflorescence usually smaller. {S. rigidiuscula Porter.) — Dry open ground,

0. to S. Dak., and south w. Aug.-Oct.

= = Heads paniculate, in mostly spreading or recurved-ascending secund

clusters.

a. Leaves fleshy ; plant maritime.

21. S. sempdrvirens L. Smooth and stout, 0.3-2.5 m. high ; leaves entire^
lanceolate, slightly clasping; the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, 1.5-6 dm. long,
obscurely triple-nerved ; the uppermost 4-15 cm. long ; racemes short, in an
open or contracted panicle ; involucre 4-6 mm. long, manyfloioered; rays showv
7-10. — Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore. Gulf of St. LawTence, and southw.',
Aug.-Nov. (rarely Dec). — Varies, in less brackish swamps, to forms with
thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves tapering to each end, and more erect
racemes in a more slender panicle.

h. Leaves not fleshy ; plants not maritime.

1. Basal leaves long-petioled, conspicuously larger than the 10-30 (-40) remote

or subremote cauline ones.

o Stems strongly angled; leaves shagreen-scabrous on the upper surface ; heads

lo-20-flowe7'ed.

22. S. pdtula Muhl. Stem sharply 4-angled, smooth, 0.5-2 m. high ; loicer
leaves 1-4 dm. long, ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny under-
neath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; uppermost leaves lanceo-
late, 2-5 cm. long ; racemes rather short and numerous on the leafy-bracted
spreading branches ; heads rather large and full ; the involucre 3-4.5 mm. long,
nearly as broad, its linear-oblong bracts obtiLse. — Bogs and swamps, chiefly in
calcareous regions, w. Me. to Out., and south w. Aug., Sept.

o o Stems terete or nearly so ; leaves smooth or smoothish {rarely scabrous) ;
heads iS-lb{-20)flowered.

+ Leaves mostly serrate, the lower and middle cauline (as ivell as the basal)
rather abruptly narrowed to the petiolar base. (Extreme forms of ^S'.
ulmifolia might be sought here.)

23. S. arguta Ait. Smooth; stem 6-15 dm. high, ob.scurely angled above;
leaves usually thin, sharply double-serrate ; the loicer ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
1.6-4 dm. long, pointed at both ends, their petioles margined; the upper
elliptical-lanceolate, 3-9 dm. long ; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in
an elongate open panicle ; involucre about 4 mm. long, its thin bracts bluntish ;
rays 6-7, large; achenes glabrous. — Open woods and thickets, w. Me. to Ont.,
and south w\ Aug., Sept.

24. S. Bo6ttii Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute,
slender, often branched, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower 6-15 cm. long ; the upper small, oblong to
narrowly lanceolate, often entire ; heads loosely racemose at the tips of the ver^

COMPOSTTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 793

few elongate leafy-bracted branches; rays 1-5 or none; achenes pubescent.—-
Dry grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex., northw. in Miss, basin to Mo. July-!Sept.

+ + Leaves all tapering gradually to the base, the uppermost chiefly entire.
X Panicle usually as broad as high ; rays 8-12.

25. S. juncea Ait. Smooth throughout, 5-12 dm. high ; radical and lower
stem-leaves 1.5-4 dm. long, elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with
spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others
lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sliglitly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the
uppermost entire, 3-(5 cm. long ; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and
recurved, forming a crowded corymb-like panicle ; involucre 2.5-4 mm. long, its
closely appressed rigid pale oblong bracts blunt or acutish. — Dry copses and
banks, N. B. to Sask,, s. to N. C, and Mo. Late June-Sept. Var. scabrella
(T. & G.) Gray. Foliage scabrous. — Vt. to Ky., and westw.

Var. rambsa Porter & Britton. The numerous branches upright, only slightly
secund, with short terminal racemes. — N. J. to W. Va. and O.

X X Panicle usually longer than broad ; rays 2-S.

26. S. negllcta T. & G. Smooth ; stem stout, 6-15 dm. high, rather leafy ;
leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the cauline 20-40 ; the upper oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire ; the uppermost 2-5 cm. long ; the
lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, 2-4 dm. long, 3-8 cm. broad,
tapering into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at first erect and scarcely
1-sided, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle ;
involucre 3-4.5 mm. long, its blunt bracts subherbaceoiis ; i-ays S-S; peduncles
and achenes nearly glabrous, — Swamps, brook-sides, and prairies, e. Mass. and
Vt. to Md., 111., and Wise. Aug.-early Oct.

27. S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter. Smooth; stem slender, 1.5-9 dm. high;
leaves thick, opaque; the cauline 5-20 (rarely 80), linear or linear-lanceolate,
appressed-ascending ; the lower narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, appressed-
serrate, 1-3 dm. long, 0.7-3 cm. broad, tapering to a long petiole ; panicle much
as in no. 26, but smaller ; involucre 3.5-5 mm. long, lis, pale straw-colored bracts
chartaceous; rays 2-5. (S. neglecta, var. linoides Gray.) — Sphagnum bogs
and mossy banks, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J., Pa., and 111. July-Sept.

2. Basal leaves similar to the 30-100 (-200) ordinarily almost uniform or
gradually reduced approximate cauline ones.

o Leaves all {or all but the lower) entire, with prominent midrib but obscure

veins.
+ Stem glabrous or merely puberulent ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.

28. S. odbra Ait. (Sweet Golden-rod.) Smooth or nearly so through-
out ; stem slender, 0.5-1 m. high, often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,
shining, pelhicid-dotted, the middle ones 6-10 cm. long; racemes spreading, in a
small one-sided panicle ; involucre 3-5 mm. long, the few inner yellowish bracts
much longer than the outer ; rays 3-4, rather large. — Borders of thickets in
dry or sandy soil, s. N. H. and s. Vt. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. July-Sept. --
The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is
nearly scentless.

29. S. tortifblia Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 5-9 dm. high ; leaves linear,
short {the middle ones 1.5-5 cm. long), commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent
or glabrate, often as many as 200 ; panicle of numerous slender recurved
racemes; involucre 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the obtuse scales pale straw-color; rays
very short. —Dry soil, coast of Va. to Fla. and Tex. Sept., Oct.

+ + Stem hirsute ; leaves oblong.

30. S. fistulbsa l\Till. Stem stout, upright, 0.9-2 m. high, clothed with
spreading hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, ronghi.^h, hairy beneath, at least on
the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely
sessile ; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle ; rays 7-10, very

794 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

short. {S. pilosa Walt.) — Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va., and
30uthw. Aug.-Oct.

o o Leaves all or nearly all toothed, the veins prominent.

+ Stems glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate.

X Branches of the crowded ellipsoid to pyramidal panicle jloriferous nearly
throughout^ ascending or ascending-spreading,

31. S. Elli6ttii T. & G. Smooth; stem stout, 0.5-1.8 m. high, very leafy;
leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolnte, acute, 0.5-1 dm. long, closely sessile,
slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads
in dense slightly spreadi^ig racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal
panicle; involucre 4-5 mm. long; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent ;
rays 8-12. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J., and
southw. Sept., Oct. '

X X Longer branches of the loose panicle chiefly flowerless at base, strongly

recurved-spreading.

32. S. ulmifblia Muhl. Stem smooth, slender, 5-15 dm. high, the branches
hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong -lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the
base, loosely veined, usually beset with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled,
loosely recurved-spreading ; involucre 3-4 mm. long, its bracts lanceolate-oblong ;
rays about 4. — Dry or rocky woods and copses, N. S. and s. Me. to Minn., and
southw. Aug., Sept.

+ + Stems pubescent (or glabrous only in var. of no. 33, which has lanceolate
leaves and strongly recurved panicle-branches).

33. S. rugbsa Mill. Stem villous or villous-hirsute with long sordid hairs,
0.5-2 m. high ; leaves crowded, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at base,
mostly sharp-serrate, pubescent (especially beneath), thin and loosely veiny, not
conspicuo?isly rugose ; racemes spreading in a broad pyramidal panicle, all much
exceeding the subtending leaves; involucre 3-4 mm. long, its bracts linear;
rays 6-9; disk-flowers 4-7. (S. altissima of auth., not L.) — Damp thickets
and borders of fields, Nfd. to w. Ont., and southw. Aug., Sept. Var. sphag-
NOPHiLA Graves. Stems and leaves glabrous. — AVet shores and mossy swamps,
e. Mass. to Ct.

Var. villbsa (Pursh) Fernald. Panicle elongate, most of the racemes nearly
equaled or even exceeded by the large subtending leaves. — The common ex-
treme from Lab. and w. Nfd. to w. Que. and n. Me.

X S. asplrula Desf. Smooth below, somewhat rough-pubescent above ; stem
stout, 7-14 dm. high, very leafy ; leaves thick and slightly veiny, lanceolate or
elliptic, scabrous or rarely glabrous, the lower 1-2 dm. long ; racemes, etc.,
intermediate between those of nos. 21 and 33. — Dryish borders of salt marshes.
Me. to Ct.; apparently a hybrid of the preceding species and no. 21, more widely
distributed than most such plants of this genus.

34. S. dspera Ait. Stem scabrous-puberulent or short-hispid; leaves ovate,
oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, appressed-serrate, very scabrous on
both surfaces, thick and strongly rugose ; inflorescence much as in no. 33. but
the elongate racemes mostly forming a more slender panicle. (S. rugosa Man.
ed. 6, in part.) — Dry woods and fields, rarely in meadows, e. Mass. and O. to
Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct.

++ *+ Leaves more or less plainly ^-ribbed, 2 of the lower veins becoming promi^
nent and elongated parallel with the midrib ; heads in l-sided chiefly spread'
ing or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle ; not maritime.

= Branches of the panicle glabrous.

35. S. missouriensis Nutt. Smooth throughout, 2.5-10 dm. high ; leaves firm
and rigid, linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both
ends, with very rough margins, commonly bearing axillary fascicles; teeth,
if any, sharp and rigid ; heads and dense crowded recurved racemes nearly as in
uo. 25 ; involucre 3-6 mm- long, its very unequal tLickish straw-colored bracts

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 795

blunt; rays 6-13, small; achencs nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies and open
woods, Tenn. to Man., and westw. July-Sept.

36. S. Gattingeri Chapm. Slender and strict, 4-10 dm. high ; stems smooth
throughout ; leaves ciliolate, smooth beneatli, harsh above, the lowest 0.7-1.5
dm. long, lance-spatulate, appressed serrulate or subentire, the upper reduced
rapidly to minute entire bracts with naked axils; branches of the naked subco-
rymhiform panicle elongate and ascending^ hardly recurved; involucre 8-4 mm.
long, its oblong bracts obtuse ; rays (3-10 ; achenes appressed-puberulent, or
glabrate below. — Limestone hills and barrens, Tenn. and Mo. July-Sept.

= = Branches of the panicle pubescent.

a. Leaves firm and often rigid, the lower usually elongated and ninny times ex-
ceeding the reduced upper ones (except in no. 39); involucral bracts thick
and rigid.

1. Lower portion of the stem and the leaves essentially glabrous.

37. S. Sh6rtii T. & G. Stem slender, simple, 0.5-1.2 m. high, minutely
roughish-pubescent above ; leaves (the larger 0.5-1 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate^
acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth ; racemes recurved, usually
in a crowded panicle ; involucre slender, 4-6 mm. long ; achenes silky-pubescent,
— Rocks at the Falls of the O.

2. Stem and leaves pubescent.

o Stems and leaves ashy or whitish with close puberulence.

38. S. nemoralis Ait. Clothed with minute grayish-hoary soft or roughish
pubescence; stem simple or corymbed above, 1.5-7.6 dm. high ; leaves oblan-
ceolate or spatulate-oblong , mostly subtending axillary fascicles ; the lower long-
petioled, usually crenate-toothed, 5-15 cm. long; the uppermost greatly reduced,
1-3 cm. long ; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, and ordinarily /orm-
ing a crowded compound raceme or panicle ichich is turned to one side; invo-
lucre 3.5-6 mm. long, its firm yellowish bracts linear-oblong, appressed ; rays
5-9, bright yellow. — ^Dry open soil (rarely in woods), P. E. I. to the Saskatche-
wan, and south w. July-Nov. (rarely Dec).

39. S. m611is Bartl. Stout, rigid, canescent; the stems 1.5-5 dm. high, soli-
tary or clustered from ?i freely stoloniferous subligneous base; leaves rigid, oval
or oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish, gradually reduced upvmrd, the uppermost
1-3 cm. long, the lower 8-8 cm. long ; racemes ascending in a dense thyrse;
involucre 4-0 mm. long, greenish-yellow. {S. nemoralis, var. incana Gray.) —
Dry hills and plains, Man. and Minn., westw. and south w. July-Sept. (Mex.)

o o Stems and leaves green.

40. S. radula Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and
very rough, not hoary, the upper leaves sessile ; bracts oblong, rigid ; rays 3-6 ;
otherwise nearly as in no. 39. —Limestone bluffs and dry open soil, s. w. 111. to
w. La. and Tex. Aug. -Oct.

6. Leaves thinner, essentially uniform from base to summit of the stem; invo-
lucral bracts thin.
1. Leaves elongate, linear to lance-oblong.
o Livolucre 2-2.8 mm. long.

41. S. canadensis L. Stem rather slender, 0.3-1.5 m. high, glabrous at least
below, often minutely pubescent above; leaves narroicly lanceolate, thin, gla-
brous above, minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath, mostly sharp-serrate, the
middle ones 6-13 cm. long, 5-18 mm. wide ; heads tiny, crowded in recurved
racemes and forming dense broadly pyramidal panicles ; pedicels strongly pilose ;
involucral bracts linear, mostly attenuate, greenish-straw-color. (V'ar. glabrata
Porter.) —Thickets and rich open soil, Nfd. to N. Dak., s. to W. Va. and Ky.
July-Sept.

Var. gilvocan^scens Kydb. Stems and leaves cinereous or canescent with
minute puberulence; leaves broadly lanceolate to lance-oblong, the middle ones

796 coMPOsiTAE (composite family)

4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad. — Dry or sterile situations, Gasp6 Co., Que.; and
from 111. to Man., Kan,, and westw.

42. S. rupestris Raf. Stem smooth, slender, 5-10 dm. high ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering both ways, enti7'e or nearly so, glabrous upon both surfaces;
racemes ascending, scarcely recurved, forming somewhat open or elongate pan-
icles; pedicels slightly pilose or glabrate. — Rocky river-banks, W. Va., Ky.,
and Ind. Aug., Sept. — Too near the preceding, of which it may be a variety.

o o Involucre 3.2-5 mm. long.

+ Stem closely and minutely pubescent throughout.

43. S. altissima L. Stem cinereous-puberulent, stout, 0.7-2 m. high ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate, subentire or more or less toothed, minutely pubescent or
scabrous above, short-pilose beneath, the middle ones 6-13 cm. long, 10-18 mm.
broad ; heads crowded in recurved racemes forming dense high broadly pyram-
idal panicles ; involucre 3.2-4.5 mm. long, its subherbaceous bracts linear.
{S. canadensis Man. ed. 6, in part, including var. scabra T. & G.) — Rich open
ground, Aroostook valley. Me.; Mass. and Vt. to Mich., Kan., and south w.
Aug.-Oct.

Var. pr6cera (Ait.) Fernald. Stem and lower surface of the leaves more
loosely pubescent with distinct soft hairs ; branches of the panicle strongly
ascending, scarcely if at all recurved at tip. (>S^. procera Ait.; S. canadensis,
var. T. & G.) — A little known extreme, apparently best developed in the
L. Superior region. — In inflorescence simulating S. elongata Kutt. of the North-
west and of the lower St. Lawrence, which has glabrous or glabrate stems and
leaves, and less herbaceous involucre.

+ + Stem glabrous throughout {or except in the inflorescence) .

44. S. ser6tina Ait. Stem stout, 0.5-2.5 m. high, smooth, often glaucous;
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate to oblanceolate, taper-pointed, very
sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the middle ones 7-16
cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide ; the ample panicle pubescent ; involucre 3.5-5 mm. long,
its bracts linear, subherbaceous ; rays 7-14, rather long. — Thickets, in rich soil,
N. B. to B. C., and southw. July-Sept.

Var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray. Leaves glabrous above, slightly pubescent be-
neath, especially on the nerves; involucre 3.2-4 mm. long. — Low ground,
6. Que. to 111., and southw.

2. Leaves broad-elliptic or -ovate.

45. S. Drumm6ndii T. & G. Stem (3-9 dm. high) aiid lower surface of the
broadly ovate or oval someichat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent,
some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled ; bracts of the involucre
oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Limestone cliffs and rocky woods, s. w. 111. and
Mo. to La. Sept., Oct.

H_ ^_ H_ ^_ Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all

racemose ; leaves mostly with a strong midrib.

-M- Leaves flat, noto-nerved.

46. S. rigida L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence ;
stem stout, 0.3-1.5 m. high, very leafy ; leaves oval or oblong, copiously feather-
veined, thick and rigid, the basal 1-3 dm. long, petioled ; the upper closely ses-
sile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; corymb dense ;
heads more than SO-Jlowered; the involucre 6-8 mm. long ; rays 7-10. — Dry soil,
Mass. to Man., and southw. Aug.-Oct.

47. S. ohioensis Riddell. Veiy smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slen-
der, leafy, 6-9 dm. high ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, rough-mar-
gined, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile, the upper only 3-4 cm. long ;
the lower and radical ones elongated, 3 dm. long, slightly serrate toward the
apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous, on smooth pedicels,
lQ-20-flowered ; the involucre 4.5-6 mm. long ; rays 6 or 7. — Swamps and wet
prairies, Ont. and w. N. Y. to Ind. and Wise. Aug., Sept.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 797

•«. -M. Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the loioer slightly Z-nerved.

48. S. Riddellii Frank. Smooth and stout, 0.5-1 m. high, very leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, the cauline elongated (1-1.5 dm. long), acute, partly clasping or sheath-
ing, mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate (3-5 dm. lon^) and tapering
into a long keeled petiole ; heads very numerous, clustered, 20-:]()-tlo\vered ; rays

7_9. Wet grassy prairies, Out. to Minn, and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va. Aug.,

Sept. — Heads larger than in the preceding.

49. S. Houghtbnii T. & G. Smooth ; stem rather low and slender, 3-6 dm.
high; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, rough-margined, 0.5-1.3 dm.
long, 5-10 mm. wide, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasi)ing base, 1-nerved,
or the lower .3-nerved and with margined petioles; veins obscure; heads few or
several, 20-30-flowered ; involucre 0-8 mm. long, with obtuse bracts ; rays 7-9.
— Swamps, north shores of Lakes Michigan and Huron; Genesee Co., N. Y.
July, Aug.

§2. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile or
subsessile, in little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely
appressed involucral bracts somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate;
rays 6-20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow,
entire, sessile.

* Leaves distinctly S-6-ribbed; heads 20-?j0-flowered.
+- Involucre 4-5 mm. long, the bracts usually without conspicuous tips.

50. S. graminif51ia (L.) Salisb. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous; leave?
lance-linear, the primary ones 5-13 cm. long, 4-9 mm. broad, glabrous except
for the scabrous margins and the minutely pubescent nerves beneath ; branches
of the inflorescence glabrous or at most minutely serrulate on the angles ; leafy
bracts of the inflorescence ascending ; heads obovoid-cylindric, sessile, in dense
corymbed glomerules ; involucral bracts straw-color or yellowish-green, their
tips rarely darker, the outermost ovate or oblong. (Euthamia Nutt.; S. lanceo-
lata Man. ed. 6, and perhaps L.) — Moist soil, e. Que. to Sask., s. to N. J., 111.,
Mo., and along the mts. to N. C. Aug.-Oct.

Var, Nuttallii (Greene) Fernald. Leaves more pubescent ; branches of the
inflorescence hirtellous. — N. S. to Mich, and Ala.

4- s- Involucre 3-3.5 mm. long, the bracts with conspicuous green tips.

51. S. polyc6phala Fernald. Similar to the preceding variety; leaves
elongate, thin, puberulous ; branches of the corymb very hirtellous, their
small bracts wide-spreading or deflexed; involucre turbinate, very small, its
somewhat puberulent bracts with closely appressed deltoid green i(ps.— Apparently
local, s. N. J. and e. Pa. Aug., Sept. •

* * Leaves l-ribbed or obscurely S-nerved ; heads l2-20(rarely 22)-flower€d.
4- Leaves almost acicular, the middle cauline 1-1.5 mm. wide.

52. S minor (Michx.) Fernald. Very slender, 4-8 dm. high, the glabrous
stem freely fastigiate-branched above the middle; leaves extremely slender,
the primary ones 3-5 cm. long, acerose-ti]iped, \-ribbed, punctate, commonly
subtending axillary fascicles as do many of the rameal ones ; heads mostly short-
pediceled', in numerous small corymbs ; involucre nearly cylindric, acute at base,
3-4 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, its firm appressed glutinous straw-colored
bracts with slightly green acntish tips. (^S. tenuifolia Pursh, in part.) — bandy
soil, near the coast, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Sept., Oct.

4- ^ Leaves flat, broader, 2-6 mm. wide.

++ Involucre 3-4 mm. long.

53 S tenuifblia Pursh. Rather slender, 3-9 dm. high, the glabrous stem

freely fastigiate-branclied above the middle ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,

soon spreading or reflexed ; the primary oms 4-7 cm. long. 2-4 mm. broad,

taper-pointed, l-ribhed, often obscurely 2-nerved, minutely punctate, usually

798 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

subtending axillary fascicles ; rameal leaves smaller, usually without axillary
fascicles; heads mostly in glomerules, a few pediceled, the pedicels smooth or
scabrous ; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, its frm oblong
glutinous bracts blunt. (Eiitliamia Greene ; E. caroliniana Am. auth., in part,
not Greene.) — Sandy or gravelly soil, chiefly near the coast, e. Mass. to Fla.;
also n. Ind. to s. Wise. Aug.-Oct.

64. S. Moseleyi Fernald. Similar, 5-6 dm. high ; leaves lance-linear, taper-
pointed, without axillary fascicles ; heads mostly on scabrous pedicels subtended
by very minute subulate bracts; involucre subcylindric, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2
mm. thick, its very unequal soft bracts linear. — Oxford Prairie, Erie Co., O.
(Moseley). Sept.

++ ++ Involucre 5-6 mm. long.

55. S. leptoc^phala T. & G. Stem strict and simple nearly to the summit,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, firm, light green, strongly 1-ribbed,
with or without obscure lateral nerves, somewhat punctate but not viscid, the
middle ones 4-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; heads sessile or short-pediceled ;
involucre cylindric-clavate, its linear pale straw-colored bracts barely viscid.
(Euthamia Greene.) — Damp sandy ground, e. Neb. to Miss, and Tex. Aug.-Oct.

56. S. gymnospermoides (Greene) Fernald. Similar, freely fastigiate-
branched from near the middle; leaves linear-attenuate, 1-ribbed, strongly
punctate, glutinous; the middle ones 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; involucre
very viscid. {Euthamia Greene.) — Dry soil, e. Kan. to La. and Tex. Aug.-Oct.

16. BRACHYCHA^TA T. & G. False Golden-rod

Habit and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except as to the pappus, which is a
row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. — A perennial
herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the
small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches.
(Name composed of Ppax^js, short, and x°-'<-T"n-> bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. sphacelata (Raf.) Britton. Slender, about 1 m. high. (5. cordata
T. & G.) — Wooded hills, s. Ind. to Va. and Ga. Aug.-Oct.

17. APLOPAPPUS Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemi-
spherical, of many closely imbricated bracts in several series. Receptacle
flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear ; pappus simple, of numerous unequal
bristles. — Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and
disk-flowers both yellow. (From a-n-Xoos, simple, and irdTriros, pappus.)

1. A. ciliatus (Nutt.) DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 0.5-1.5 m. high,
leafy ; leaves oval (or the lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed
teeth ; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer bracts spreading ; achenes
glabrous, the central abortive. {Prionnpsis Nutt.) — Mo., Kan., and south w.

2. A. spinulbsus (Pursh) DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate,
low ; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-
tipped ; heads small, the appressed bracts bristle-tipped ; achenes pubescent.
{Sideranthus Sweet ; Eriocarpum- Greene.) — Minn, and la. to the Saskatchewan
and Tex.

18. BIGEL6WIA DC. Rayless Golden-rod

Heads .3-4-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre club-shaped,
yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous bracts linear, closely imbricated and
appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in the center.
Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy ; pappus a single row of capillary bristles. —
Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, l-.3-nerved. A large
chiefly western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated to Dr.
Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the Americac
Medical Botany.) Chonbrophora Raf. Bigej-ovia T. & G.

COMFOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 709

1. B. nud^ta (Michx.) DC. A smooth perennial ; the slender stem 3-8 dm
high, simple or branched from the base, naked above, bearing small heads in a
flat-topped corymb. — Low pine barrens, N. J., and south w. Sept.

19. BELLIS [Tourn.] L. Daisy

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Bracts of the involucre
herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Keceptacle conical, naked. Achenes
obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs, chiefly of
the Old World, either steniless, like the true Daisy, B. perenms'l. (which
is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the
following. (The Latin name, of uncertain derivation.)

1. B. integrifblia Michx. (Westerv D.) Annual or biennial, diffusely
branched, 1-i dm. high, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower
spatuhite-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.—-
Prairies and banks, Ky., and south westw. May, June.

20. CHAETOPAPPA DC.

Heads several-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts
imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes fusiform or compressed ; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless scales,
alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting. — Low southwestern
branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads ; rays
white or purple. (XatV?;, a bristle, and irdinros, pappus.)

1. C. asteroides DC. Slender, 0.'>-3 dm. high, pubescent; involucres
slender, 4 mm. long; rays 5-12; achenes pubescent. — Dry grounds, :Mo.,
and southwestw.

21. B0LT6nIA L'll^r.

Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, pistillate. Bracts of the hemispheri-
cal involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow mem-
branaceous margins. Keceptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Achenes
very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in
the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and usually
2-4 longer awns. — Perennial bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the
aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise.
Flowers autumnal ; disk yellow ; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to James
Bolton^ English botanist of the 18th century.)

* Heads middle-sized, loosely corymhed.

1. B. asteroides (L.) L'H^r. Stems 0.2-2.5 m. high; leaves lanceolate;
involucral bracts acuminate ; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns
or none. — Moist places along streams, Ct. to Neb., and southw. Aug.-Oct.
Var. decurrexs (T. & G.) Engelm. A large form with the leaves alate-decur-
rent upon the stem and branches. (B. decurrens "Wood.) — 111. and Mo.

2. B. latisquama Gray. Heads rather larger ; involucral bracts oblong to
ovate, obtuse or macron ate-apiculate ; pappus-awns conspicuous. — Prairies, etc.,
w. Mo., Kan., and Okla.

* * Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.

8. B. diffusa Ell. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those on
the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; rays short, mostly white ; pappus of
several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies, etc., s. 111. to Fla. and
Tex. Aug.-Oct.

22. Aster [Tourn.] L. Starwort. Frost-flower. Aster

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Bracts of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with lierbaceous or leaf-

800

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY^

like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened ; pappus
simple, of capillary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5). — Perennial herbs (annual
only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads, flowering
chiefly in autumn. Rays white, purple, blue, or pink ; the disk yellow, often
changing to purple. Species often without sharply defined limits, freely hybrid-
izing. (Name aa-T-qp^ a star, from the radiate heads of flowers. )

N.B. — In this genus the heads are drawn on a scale of f, the leaves ^.

A. At least the basal leaves cordate and definitely petioled B.
B. Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping C.
C. Ravs white D.
D. Plant not glandular E.
E. Heads corj'mbose.

Involucre ovoid-campanulate, thick-cylindric, or turbinate ;
tufted basal leaves few or none.
Leaves thin, smoothish, at least not rough above . . 1. A. divaricaius.
Leaves thick, rouph above.

Inflorescence slightly forking ; heads few, 1-1.5 cm. high 3. A.fv/rcatus.
Inflorescence much branched; heads numerous, hardly

1 cm. high ^. A. glomerat/ua.

Involucre slender, cylindric ; large tufted basal leaves abun-
dant Z. A. Sehreberi.

E. Heads paniculate IZ. A. cordifolius.

D. Glandular, at least as to the branches of the inflorescence . . 6. A. macrophyllus.
C. Rays blue or violet F.
F. Plant not glandular O.

G. Involucral bracts with squrroase tips ; rays many (about 40) . 19. A. anomalua,
G. Involucral bracts appressed or a^scending; rays fewer (10-20) IT.
H. Leaves entire or essentially so, firm, much longer than wide.

Leaves harsh above 20. ^. azurem.

Leaves smooth above 21. A. Shortii.

H. Leaves serrate, mostly thinner /.

/. Involucre 4-6 mm. high ; bracts appressed, with conspicu-
ous colored tips ; heads abundant, paniculate.
Cordate leaves mostly on slender petioles, neither glau-
cous nor very smooth 1Z. A. cordifolius.

Cordate leaves mostly on winged petioles, glaucous be-
neath, smooth 2^. A. Lowrieanus.

J. Involucre 6-10 mm. high ; bracts loose, without conspicu-
ously colored tips.
Heads abundant, densely racemo-paniculate.

Stem essentially glabrous 25. A. sagittifollun.

Stem densely short-pubescent 26. .4. Drummondii.

Heads fewer, loosely paniculate or subcorymbose . . 27. A. Lindleyanus.
F. At least the branches of the inflorescence glandular ... 6. A. macrophyllus.

B. Stem-leaves mostly cordate-clasping 22. ^. undulatus.

A. None of the leaves at once cordate and definitely petioled J.
J. At least the lower leaves abruptly narrowed or constricted below
the middle.
Leaves essentially entire, at most slightly constricted above the

base . 18. j4. patens.

Leaves sharply serrate, the lower contracted to winged petioles.

Leaves with abruptly dilated aurlculate-clasping bases . . 48. A. pren anthoides.

Leaves without dilated bases, scarcely clasping . . . . 47. .4. tardiflorus.
J. Leaves not abruptly narrowed or constricted below K.
E. Stem-leaves with cordate- or auriculate-clasping bases L.
L. Involucre glandular-hairy ; rays usually deep violet M.
M. Leaves conspicuously cord ate -clasping, mostly entire.

Branchlets glandular-viscid ; involucre hemispherical ; bracts

subequal, linear-attenuate, loose 14. A.novae-angliae.

Branchlets not glandular ; involucre turbinate ; bracts un-
equal, linear-oblong, with slightly spreading green tips . 18. A. patens.
M» Leaves obscurely cordate-clasping.

Plant rigid, freely branching ; leaves mucronate-tipped ; in-
volucral bracts unequal, linear or linear-oblong, with

spreading tips 13. ^. ohlongifolius.

Plant not rigid, bearing few terminal heads ; leaves thin,

acuminate ; bracts equal, linear-attenuate . . .15. A. modestus.
Z. Involucre not glandular-hairy 7^.
_V. Bracts of the involucre distinctly imbrica*-ed, i.e. the outer
series successively shorter O.
0. Plant smooth and glaucous.

Leaves lanceolate to ovate ; heads paniculate . . .29. A. laevis.
Leaves narrower ; heads solitary or racemose . , . .SO. A. virgatus.
O. Plant not glaucous.

Tips of bracts squarrose or recurved-spreading.

i

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY;

801

Plant cinereous-pubescent, witli small leaves (5 cm. or

less long); heads (5 mm. high 85. A. amethysUnua.

riant green and essentially glabrous ; leaves aiyl heads

larger; bracts herbaceous, the outer often foliaceous 46. A. novi-belgii.
Tips of bracts ascending, not recurved.

Bracts linear-oblong or lanceolate, firm, with dilated
herbaceous tips ; rays deep blue or violet.
Leaves conspicuously clasi)ing, the auricles generally

meeting around the stem 18. A. paten a.

Leaves shghtly or inconspicuously clasping . . . 31. A. concinnus.
Bracts linear-attenuate, thin, with slender green or col-
ored tips ; rays white or lavender . . . . 42, A. paniculatua.
N. Bracts of the involucre essentially equal, only the very outer-
most sometimes broader and shorter.
Tips of bracts acute (not attenuate), recurved-spreading or

squarrose 46. ^. novi-helgU.

Tips of bracts (except occasional outer foliaceous ones) long-
attenuate, ascending, not recurved.
Stem slender, glabrous or villous ; leaves long-lanceolate ;

involucre 5-S mm. high 45. ^. longifohua.

Stem stout, glabrous or harshly pubescent; leaves lanceo-
late to. narrowly rhombic-obovate ; involucre 7-l'2 mm.

jjj„}j 49. A. puniceus.

K. Stem-leaves narrowed or rounded or cordate at base, but not
clasping P.
P. Leaves silvery-silky on both faces, entire.

Heads soUtary or few at the tips of the branches; achenes

smooth : \^' i- >^ericeus.

Heads in a wand-like raceme ; achenes silky . •„ • ^ • ^T- ^- concoior.
P. Leaves green, not silvery-silky, sometimes pilose or villous Q.
Q. Involucre glandular-viscid ; rays violet R.
B. Basal leaves petioled, much larger than the caulme.

Basal leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, on nearly naked peti- „ ^ „

oles ; involucral bracts erect 1. A. Herveyx.

Basal leaves narrower, on margined petioles ; involucre
squarrose. .

Tall; basal leaves spatulate- to lance-oblong; involucre

1-1.5 cm. high, very glandular 8. ^. spectabilis.

Low ; basal leaves lanceolate ; involucre mostly shorter,

barely glandular . 9. A. surculosus.

B. Basal and stem-leaves uniform, linear to oblong, the lower
not conspicuously petioled.
Leaves firm, linear- to lance-oblong, entire, blunt or
acutish. .

Stem hispid; uppermost leaves passing mto mvolucral

bracts . \2. A. grand ijf or us.

Stem glandular-puberiilent ; uppermost leaves and invo-

lucral bracts distinct If. ^. oblongt/ohus.

Leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, subentire to serrate . 15. A. modestus.
Q. Involucre not glandular S. .

S. Basal leaves with definite margined petioles.
Involucral bracts oblong, coriaceous.
Leaves entire or slightly dentate.
Bracts strongly ciliate ; involucre turbinate-hemispher-

jgjjj ^ 9. ^. surculosua.

Bractsnot ciliate, nearly or quite glabrous; involucre

slender-turbinate 10. A gracths.

Leaves serrate 11. ^. radula.

Involucral bracts linear or linear-subulate, thin . . . 4:1. A. tardtflorua.
S. None of the leaves definitely petioled, or the lower incon-
spicuously so T.
T> Stem-leaves linear U. , .. , , r. *

U. Stem glabrous or glabrate, or only shghtly pubescent
above V.
V. Involucre 5 mm. or less high W.
W. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips.

Involucre hemispherical or camjianulate, as broad

as hi^-h 83. ^. ertcoides.

Involucre^'turbinate, only 2-3 mm. broad . . 34. A.depauperatu^.
■ W. Bracts without firm subulate tips X.

X. Bracts with conspicuous elliptic or subrhombic

nfadrtemiinating minutely foliose hranchlets 38. A.dumoms.
Heads paniculate or if few on leafy (not minutely ,-^,vv.;;«.

foliose-bracteolate) branchlets ... 43. A. sahatohns
X Bracts attenuate, without conspicuous dilated tips.
Kays white (or lavender-tinged).
Branches ascending-paniculate ; heads in ra
cemo-paniculate clusters.

GRAY'S MANUAL — 51

S02

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

Rays 6 mm. or less long ; leaves slightly serrate . . 41. A. TVadescantt.
Rays longer ; leaves entire . . (42) A. paniculaius, v. bellidijlorus.
Branches divaricate ; small heads in 1 -sided racemes . 39. A. mmineus.

Branches ascending, terminated by solitary heads (39) A. mmineus, v. saxaiilis.
Eays violet or rose-pink (exceptionally white).
Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long, becoming re volute . . 55. ^. nemoralis.

Leaves longer, plane 44. .4. junceus.

f Involucre more than 5 mm. high Y.

T. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips 32.-4. polyphyllus,

Y. Bracts without firm subulate tips Z.
Z. Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long.

Stems many, rigid, from a woody caudex ; bracts firm, the

inner blunt ; rays blue-violet bl. A. linariifolius.

Stem single, from a slender rootstock ; bracts thin, linear-
attenuate ; rays rose-pink 55.-4. nemoralis.

Z. Leaves longer a.
a. Annuals, \vith inconspicuous rays.

Bracts definitely imbricated, linear or linear-subulate . 57. A. subulatus.
Bracts subequal, the outer foliaceous.
Leaves linear-attenuate ; rays shorter than the style . 58. A. angusius.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate ; rays longer than

the style ... .... §9. A.frondosus.

a. Perennials, with mostly conspicuous rays b.
b. Bracts firm, lanceolate.

Bracts unequal, regularly imbricated, not foliaceous . 56. A. tenuifolius.
Bracts subequal or imbricated, with spreading foliaceous

tips 1. A. palAJLdosus.

b. Bracts thin, linear or linear-lanceolate.

Bracts with conspicuous eUiptic or subrhombic green tips.
Heads terminating minutely foliose-bracteolate branch-
lets 38. ^. dumosus.

Heads paniculate, or if few on leafy (not minutely

foliose-bracteolate) branches 43.-4. salidfoUus.

Bracts without conspicuous colored tips.

Eays white ; bracts very narrowly linear-attenuate,

regularly imbricated, 4-6 mm. long (42) A. paniculaius, v. belUdiJlortu
Eays violet or rose-pink ; bracts linear-lanceolate, less

definitely imbricated, mostly longer . . .44. A.junceus.
U. Stem conspicuously pubescent.

Involucral bracts (or at least the outer ones) bristly-ciliate.
Leaves crowded, rigid ; rays white (rarely purple-tinged).

Heads 5-6 mm. high 36. ^. mulUflorus.

Heads 7-9 mm. high 37. yl. cojnmutatus.

Leaves not rigid ; rays blue c .35.-4. amethystinus.

Irvolucral bracts not bristly-ciliate.
Bracts with firm subulate tips ; short rays usually white.
Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, as broad as high (38) A. ericoides, v. villosust
Involucre turbinate, narrower than high . . (84) A. depauperatus, v. parviceps.
Bracts thin, linear-attenuate, without firm subulate tips ; stem

puberulent; long rays violet or rose-pink . . . .55. A. nem,oralis.
T. Stem-leaves lanceolate or broader c.

c. Heads in flat-topped corymbs ; rays white or whitish (not blue or violet).

Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate ; pappus simple . . . o . 58. A. piarmicoidM,
Leaves not rigid, broader ; pappus double.
Involucre 3-4.5 mm. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate . . .50. A. umbellatus.
Involucre 5-7 ram. high ; leaves obovate to oblong . . .51. A. vnf/rmus.
C. Heads paniculate or racemose d.
d. Stems glabrous or essentially so e.
e. Involucre 5 mm. or less high.

Bracts with definite firm subulate tips . . . . .38.-4. ericoides.
Bracts without firm subulate tips.
Heads in more or less 1 -sided racemes.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, scarcely serrate ; bracts linfcar-

attenuate .39.-4. vimineus.

Leaves broader, serrate ; bracts with the midrib dilated

upward and rather conspicuous 40. A. laterifloruB.

Heads on ascending-paniculate branches.
Bracts linear-attenuate.
Heads (including rays) 1-1.5 cm. broad; bracts very

slender and green 41. .4. Tradescanti.

Heads larger ; bracts green chiefly at tip . . . . 42. A. paniculatus.
Bracts broad-linear or linear-oblong, with conspicuous

elliptic or subrhombic green tips 43.-4. salicifolius.

e. Involucre more than 5 mm. high /.

/. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips 32.-4. polyphyllm.

f. Bracts without firm subulate tips g.
g. Leaves on branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts.

Perennial ; inrolucre 9 mm. or more high, of firm closely

imbricated bluntish bracts 28. 4. turbineUus.

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

803

Annual ; Involucre 6-8 mm. high, of linear-subulate loosely

imbricated bracts

Leaves on brauchlets broader A.
i. Inflorescence loosely paniculate-corymbose.

Bracts thin, uniform, linear-lanceolate; rays few, white or

pinkish, rarely wanting

Bracts firm, oblong, the tips foliaceous; rays numerous,
violet

67. A. subuiatuH.

h.

. 54. A. acuminatua.
11. A. radtUa.

Inflorescence definitely paniculate i.
i. Bracts ascending, their tips not squarrose.

Bracts regularly imbricated in several series.

Bracts linear-attenuate

Bracts broad-linear or linear-oblong, with conspicuous

elliptic or subrhombic green tips . , . .43.

Bracts subequal 45

i. Bracts with spreading or squarrose tips, the outer mostly

foliaceous .... 46. ^. novi-belgii.

C?. Stem conspicuously pubescent j.
j. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips.

Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, as broad as high ; leaves

lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate .... (33) A. ericoides, v. jjlaiyphyllut.

42. A. paniculatut.

A. nalicifoliua,
A. longifolivs.

(84) A. depauperatus, v. parnicepa.

55. A. tiemoralis.
54. A. aouminatua.

Involucre turbinate, narrower than high .
Bracts without firm subulate tips.
Heads solitary or loosely paniculate-corymbose ; bracts thin, linear-
lanceolate, loosely imbricated ; rays" whitish, violet, or rose-pink.
Leaves essentially uniform and crowded on the stem, entire or

slightly toothed, blunt or acutish

Upper leaves largest, coarsely toothed, long-acuminate
Heads paniculate or racemose ; bracts rather closely imbricated.
Bracts regularly imbricated in several series ; rays short, white
to lavender.
Heads regularly paniculate; bracts linear-attenuate; leaves

lanceolate (4'2)

Heads in more or less 1-sided racemes ; bracts generally with
colored dilated midribs ; leaves lanceolate to oblong ".
Bracts subequal ; rays long, blue or violet ; stem densely villous

(45) A. longifolius, v. xiUicaulift.

40,

paniculatus, vara.
A. laterijlorua.

§ 1. HELEASTRUM (DC.) B. & H. Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the
stronger bristles somewhat clavate ; bracts rigid, more or less foliaceous,
nearly equal.

1. A. palud5sus Ait. Stems 3-7 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so ; heads
rather few, racemose or spicate ; involucre 1 cm. high ; outer bracts lax, foli-
aceous ; rays purple ; leaves linear, entire. — Kan. to Tex. ,
niv.. „,. N. C, and Ga. Fig. 918.

§ 2. BIOTIA (DC.) T. & G. Involucre ohovoid-hell-
shaped, turbinate, or cylindric; the bracts regularly
imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute
of herbaceous tips ; rays 6-18 ; achenes slender ; pap'
pus slightly rigid, simple; loiver leaves heart-shaped,
petioled, coarsely serrate; heads in open corymb*
{rarely congested).

* Bays white {sometimes colored in age);
branches of inflorescence without glands.

91 S. A. paludosus.

*- Involucre ovoid-bell -shaped or turbinate; plants simple,,
rarely producing large tufted basal leaves.

** Leaves thin, smooth or sparsely hairy but not rough.

2. A. divaricatus L. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag, 8-9
dm. high, glabrous or sparingly pilose ; leaves coarsely and
unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed,
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or deltoid-ovate, all but the up])er-
most heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles ;
involucre 6-8 mm. high ; bracts thin, scarlous, mostly obtuse
and ciliate, with inconspicuous green tips, the outer short and
oblong or oblong-triangular, the inner linear ; rays 6-12.

919. A. divaricatua.

804

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

920. A. furcatus.

(A. corymhosus Ait.) — Woodlands, s. Me. and w. Que. to L. Superior, s. to Ga.

Aug.-Oct. Fig. 910. — P^xtremely variable in outline of foliage, intensity of
coloring of disk-flowers, etc., characters upon which Professor
E. S. Burgess proposes as separable species A. carmesinusj
A. tenebrosus, and 26 others.

++ ++ Leaves thick, rough above.

= Heads few, large (1-1.5 cm. high).

3. A. furcatus Burgess. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, almost
uniformly leafy to the slightly forked summit; leaves ovate or
elliptic, acuminate, coarsely serrate, lower short-petioled and
slightly cordate, upper mostly sessile, often with broad-winged
laciniate bases; involucre of 4-5 series of pubescent pale green
regularly imbricated blunt bracts, the outer oblong, the innei
linear, all with dark tips ; rays 1 cm. or more long, narrow.
— Woods and rocky shaded banks, 111. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 920.

= = Heads smaller (hardly 1 cm. high), numerous in corymbose or subumhel
late clusters at the tips of the branches.

4. A. glomeratus Bernh. Kather stout, 4.5-9 dm. high;
stem smooth, or pilose toward the summit ; leaves pilose
beneath or glabrate ; the lower broadly ovate, acuminate, long-
petioled ; the upper gradually smaller and narrower, on winged
petioles or sessile ; involucre green, broadly campanulate ; bracts
ciliate, dark-tipped, the inner ones slightly elongated, scarious
only on the margins ; rays short, rarely 0.5 cm. long. — Thick-
ets and wooded banks, Me. to Va. Aug., Sept. Fig. 921.

•t- -1- Involucre slender, cylindric ; bracts thin and scarious {loose and spreading
ivhen dry), the innermost much exceeding the next outer series; large tufted
basal leaves abundant.

5. A. Schreberi Nees. Resembling the preceding ; stem smooth or pilose ;
leaves thin, often pilose on the petioles and veins beneath, smooth or harsh

above ; basal ones large, when well developed with broad

rectangular sinuses ; involucre slightly imbricated ; rays

-\ \ cm. long. (Including A cin*yesce«s Burgess.) — Damp

woods and thickets, N. E. to Va. July-Sept. Fig. 922.

921. A. glomeratus.

922. A. Schreberi.

* * Bays violet or blue {rarely ivhite) ; branches of the
infloresence glandular.

6. A. macrophyllus L. Rather coarse, 0.3-1.5 m.
high, viscid- glandular at least in the inflorescence;
sterile tufts of large ovate cordate leaves abundant ; basal leaves large, cordate ;
the upper of various forms, usually smaller and narrower ; involucre generally
3-4-seriate ; bracts greenish, the outer short-ovate, blunt, and
pubescent; the inner elongated, linear, more scarious, some-
times roseate-tinged on the margins. — An extremely variable
plant, from which several forms are separated, by some
authors, as species. — The typical plant is simple, 3-9 dm.
high, characterized by thick harsh foliage, stout rather
smooth stem, and broad terminal corymbose inflorescence
with many conspicuous stipitate glands. (Including A. ros-
cidus, etc.. Burgess.) — Open woods and thickets, N. B. to
Minn, and N. C. Aug., Sept. Fig. 923. The following
varieties include the best-marked extremes. Var. pingdif6lius Burgess. Stem
glabrous, 5-6 dm. high ; many of the basal leaves very smooth (almost greasy).
others scabrous at least in spots. — Me. to N. Y. and westw. Var. excelsior
Burgess. Stem smoothish, 1 m. or so high, glaucous ; leaves pale, for the most
part narrowly ovate, oblong, or lanceolate ; bracts elongated. — N. H. to Ont.
and Mich. Var. vELtxiNus Burgess. Stems villous-pubescent ; leaves pilose

923. A. macrophyllus.

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

805

beneath, all but the lowest truncate or tapering at base. — Throughout the ranee
the commonest form northw. Var. skjunctls Burgess. Similar to tne pre-
ceding variety, but most of the stem-leaves long-petioled, broad and cordate —
Me. to Pa. and Wise. Var. apricensis Burgess. Freehj branching from near
the base, bearing innumerable heads. — Me. to Pa. Var. iantiiinl's (Burgess)
Fernald. Glands minute, rarely slipitate ; leaves thin. (Including^, ianthinus
violaris, multiformis, and nobilis Burgess.) — Me. to Ont. and VV. Va. '

§ 3. EUAS'I'ER Gray?. Bracts imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous
or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous ; rays numerous; pap-
pus simple, soft and nearly uniform {coarser and more rigid in the first
group) ; achenes flattened.

* Bracts well imbricated, coriaceous, ivith short herbaceous mostly obtuse spread-
ing tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped
or clasping ; heads few or when several corymbose, large and showy.

t- Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, on nearly naked petioles, some rounded
or subcordate at base.

7. A. Herv^yi Gray. Slightly scabrous, 3-9 dm. high, the
summit and peduncles glandular-puberulent ; leaves roughish,
obscurely serrate, the upper lanceolate ; heads loosely corym-
bose, 1 cm. or so high ; involucre nearly hemispherical ; bracts
obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct
green tips; rays violet, 1-1.5 cm. long. — Bordei-s ol oak
woods, in rather moist soil, e. Mass. to
Ct. and L.I. Fig. 924. — An ambigu-
ous species, approaching the preceding
and the next.

•*- I- Badical leaves (usually absent in
no. 11) all tapering into margined
petioles; involucres squarrose {hardly
so in no. 11) ; rootstocks slender.

8. A. spectabilis Ait. Stems 8-6 dm.
high, roughish and glandular-puberulent
above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the

lower spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper en-
tire ; heads few, hemispherical; involucre 1-1.5 cm. high;
bracts glandular-puberulent and viscid, mostly with, the
upper half herbaceous and spreading ; rays about 20, bright
violet, 2 cm. long. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the
coast ; also w. N. C. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 925.

9. A. surcul5sus Michx. Stems 2.5-4 dm. high, from, long
filiform rootstocks ; leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate
or the upper linear ; heads few or solitary, as in the preceding,
but generally smaller, the bracts hardly glandular. — Moist
ground, coast of N. J., and southw\ Aug.-Oct. Fig. 920.

10. A. gracilis Nutt. Rootstocks occasion-
ally tuberous-thickened ; stems slender, 8-4 dm.
high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly
so, small (2-5 cm. long) ; heads few or several ;
involucre top-shaped, 6-9 mm. long, glabrous,
not glandular nor viscid, the coriaceous whitish
bracts with very short deltoid or ovate tips; rays
9-12, 0.5-1 cm. long. — Pine barrens, N. J. to
N. C, Ky., and Tenn. July-Sept. Fig. 927.

11. A. radula Ait. Stem simple or corym-
bose at the summit, smooth or sparsely hairy,

many-leaved, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,

sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose- 927. A. gracilis

924. A. Herveyi.

925. A. spectabilis.

926. A., sarculosus.

806

COMPOSITAE QCOMPOSITE FAMILY)

928. A. radula.

veined^ closely sessile, 5-8 cm. long, nearly uniform ; heads 1-40 ; bracts of bell-
shaped involucre oblong, obtuse, appressed, clearly in several series, with very
short and slightly spreading herbaceous ciliate tips; rays pale
violet ; achenes smooth. — Bogs and low woods, Nfd. to Del. and
w. Va. July-Sept. Fig. 928.

Var. strictus (Pursh) Gray. Slender, 1-8 dm. high ; heads
1-8 ; involucral bracts more foliaceous, acute or acutish, nearly
equal. (Var. biflorus Porter.) — Damp rocky or mossy places,
n. Lab. and Hudson B. to Nfd., N. B., and n. N. E.

* * Involucre and usually the branchlets viscid- or pruinose-
glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky ;
leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all
sessile or clasping ; rays showy, violet to purple ; involucral
bracts spreading, in few or many ranks.

12. A. grandiflbnis L. Minutely
hispid; stems slender, loosely much

branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves very small (0.5-4 cm.

long), oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost

passing into bracts of the hemispherical squarrose

many-ranked involucre ; rays bright violet, 2.5 cm.

long; achenes hairy. — Dry open places, Va., and

south w. — Heads large and very showy. Fig. 929.
13. A. oblongifblius Nutt. Minutely glandular-

puberulent, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-
corymbose, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves narrowly oblong or

lanceolate, inucronate-pointed, partly clasping, tliick-

ish, 2.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. wide ; involucral bracts

nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the base ; rays
violet-purple; achenes canescent. — Bluffs and rocky banks.
Pa. and Va. to Minn, and Kan. Sept., Oct. — Heads middle-
sized or smaller. Fig. 930.

Var. rigidulus Gray. Low, rarely more than 3 dm, high,
with more rigid and hispidulous-scabrous leaves. {A. Kum-
leini Fries.) — More exposed situations. 111., Wise, and
southwestw. Late July-Oct.

14. A. nbvae-angliae L. Stem stout., hairy, 0.5-2.5 m.
high, corymbed at the summit; leaves numerous., lanceolate.,
entire, acute, auriculate-clasping,

929. A. grandiflorus.

1)30. A. oblongifolius.

clothed loith minute pubescence, 0.5-
I dm. long ; bracts nearly equal,

Unear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, as well as

the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, rarely white, very

numerous ; achenes hairy. — Moist chiefly calcareous

grounds, centr. Me. to w. Que., westw. and southw.

Aug. -Oct. — Heads large; a very handsome species,
popular in cultivation. (Escaped
from gardens, and locally natu-
ralized in Eu.) Fig. 931. Var.
k6seus (Desf.) DC. Rays pink
or rose-color. — Range of the typ-
ical form, local.

15. A. mod^stus Lindl. Pu-
bescent or glabrate ; stem slender,

simple, with few large heads terminating slender branch-
lets ; leaves lanceolate, very acute, narroiced to a sessile
base, sparingly serrate or serrulate ; bracts linear-attenuate,
equal, mostly herbaceous ; rays dark violet. (A. major
Porter.) — Rich soil, w. Out. and n. Minn, to B. C. and
Ore. July-Sept. Fig. 932.

A. novae-angllae.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

SOT

f * Leaves whitened^ silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronu-
late ; involucre imbricated in S-several rows ; rays showy, purple-violet.

16. A. sericeus Vent. Stems slender, 2-6 dm. high,
branched ; leaves silver-white, lanceolate or oblong ; heada
mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets ; bracts
of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spread-
ing, except the short coriaceous base ; achenes smooth,
many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks,
Wise, to Man., Tex., and Tenn. Aug.-
Oct. — Heads large ; rays 20-30. Fig.
933.

17. A. c6ncolor L. Stems wand-like,
nearly simple, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
crowded, oblong or lanceolate, appressed,
the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads

in a simple or compound wand-like raceme ; bracts of the
obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed,
rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenes silky. — Dry sandy soil
near the coast, Mass., and south w. Late Aug.-Nov. Fig. 934.

* * * * Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with sessile and
cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem.

18. A. patens Ait. Rough-pubescent ; stem loosely pan-
icled above, 3-9 dm. high, with widely spreading branches ;
heads mostly solitary, terminating slender branchlets, 1-2
cm. broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below
the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins,
the cauline 2.5-7 cm. long ; bracts of the minutely rough-
ish involucre with spreading pointed tips ; achenes silky.
— Dry ground, centr. Me. to Minn., and southw. Aug.-
Oct. Fig. 935. Var. phlogif6lius Nees. A form
usually of shady places, with the larger (6-15 cm. long)
and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves downy under-
neath, sometimes toothed toward the end, mostly much
contracted below the middle. {A. phlogifolius Muhl.)

934. A. concolor.

935. A. patens.

— Mass. to 0. and Tenn.

Yar. gracilis Hook. Stem-leaves very short (1-2 cm. long), thickened and
harsh, those of the flowering branches mostly minute. — Ky. to Kan., and
southwestw.

***** Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled ; no glandular or viscid pubes-
cence ; heads with short and appressed green-tipped bracts (except in nos.
19 and 26), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled.

-t- Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre.

19. A. an6malus Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and
scabrous ; stems slender, 1 m. high, simple or racemose-
branched above ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
entire ; the upper small, almost sessile ; bracts of the hemi-
spherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed,
with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth. — Lime-
stone cliffs and rocky woods, 111., Mo., and Ark. Sept.,
Oct. — Kays violet-purple. Fig. 936.

■«- -t- Bays 10-20 ; involucral bracts appressed or erect.

*^ Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized;
rays bright blue.

20. A. azureus Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-
compound at tne summit, the branches slender and rigid ;

anoinalus.

808

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

Shortii.

leaves rough, the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often
hairy petioles; the others lanceolate or linear, sessile, on the branches awl-
shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses and prairies,
w. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., Mo., and southw. Sept., Oct.
— Involucre much as in A. laevis, but smaller and slightly
pubescent. Fig. 937.

21. A. Sh6rtii Lindl. Stem slender, spreading, nearly
smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles r
leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent
underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, all but the uppermost more or less
heart-shaped at base and on naked petioles,
none clasping ; involucre bell-shaped. —
Cliffs and banks, w. Pa. to 111., and southw.
Aug.- -Oct. — A pretty species, 1 m. high;
leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long. Fig. 938.

22. A. undulatus L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close
pubescence ; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in race-
mose panicles ; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed
margins, roughish above, doicny under-
neath; the lowest heart-shaped, on margined petioles ; the
others abruptly contracted into short broadly winged peti-
oles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly
sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid, the
bracts less rigid. —Dry copses, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and
southw. Aug.-Nov. Fig. 939. — Very variable in outline
of leaves, etc., upon which characters Professor E. S. Bur-
gess proposes many species.

++ ++ Leaves for the most part conspicuously serrate; rays
pale blue or nearly white.

939. A. undulatus. ..v . -^ ^ ^ ^ ■, -l

23. A. cordifblius L. Stem nearly glabrous, much

branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing

very numerous panicled heads; leaves thin, sharply serrate,

minutely scabrous above; the lower all heart-shaped, on
generally slender and tiaked ciliate peti-
oles ; the upper chiefly cordate ; bracts
of the inversely conical involucre all
oppressed and tipped with very short green
points, obtuse or acutish. — Woods and
thickets, e. Que. to la., s. to Ga. and Mo.
Aug.-Oct. — Heads profuse, but rather
small. Fig. 940. Yar. Furbishiae Fer-
nald. Stems, petioles, and lower surfaces
of leaves densely villous. — Banks of
streams, N. B., Me., and N. H. Var. polycephalus Porter.
Most of the upper leaves truncate or narrowed at base.—
Range of the typical form.

24. A. Lowrieanus Porter. Resembling A. cordifolius ;
leaves thickish, glaucous beneath, smooth, often greasy to th^
touch, sharply or obscurely serrate ; the lower ovate, cordate,
on mostly ivinged petioles. —Open woods and thickets, Ct.- to
Ont. and N. C. Sept., Oct. Var. lanceolXtls Porter. Most
of the lower leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, truncate or nar.

rowed at base. (Var. lancifolius Porter.) — Similar range. Var. incisus Porter.

Leaves all lanceolate, the lower incised. (Var. Bicknellii Porter.) — N. Y. and

Pa., local.

25. A. sagittif51ius Wedemeyer. Stem rigid, erect, smooth or slightly

cordifolius.

sagittifolius.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

809

Drummondii.

A. Lindleyanus,

hairy, with ascending branches hearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-
lacceolate, pointed; the lower lieart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the
upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends ; bracts of
the oblong involucre linear^ tapering into awl-shaped slender
and loose tips. — Dry ground, Vt. to Ky., and westw. Aug.-
Oct. — Heads rather larger than in no. 23. Fig. 941.

26. A. Drumm6ndii Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubes-
cence; leaves cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on mar-
gined petioles, the uppermost lanceolate
and sessile ; bracts acute or acutish. • —
Open ground, etc., 111. to Minn, and
Tex. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 942. — Passing
into the preceding.

27. A. Lindleyanus T. & G. Rather

stout, 3-10 dm. high, nearly glabrous ;

radical and loicest leaves ovate, moder-

ately or obscurely cordate, the upper-
most sessile and pointed at both ends ;

heads larger, in a loose thyrse or

panicle, the linear-attenuate bracts

looser and less imbricated; rays blue-
violet. — Thickets and open places. Lab. to Mackenzie,
s. to N. B., n. N. E., Mich., S. Dak., and Mont. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 943. Var.
ExiMius Burgess. Tall (often 2 m. high); leaves harsh above. — N. Y. and 0.
Var. comXtus Fernald. Stems, petioles, and lower surfaces of the leaves villous.

— Range of the typical form, local.

t * * * * * Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute
or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky -canescent.

•t- Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so,
except forms of no. 38), and usually pale and
glaucous; involucral bracts closely imbricated,
firm and whitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped ;
leaves firm, usually entire.
•fv Bays violet or blue ; bracts rather abruptly green-
tipped ; leaves on the branchlets reduced to rigid
subulate bracts.
28. A. turbin^llus Lindl. Stem slender, 0.5-1 m.
high, paniculately branched ; leaves oblong to narrowly
lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins ;
involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped,
9 mm. or more in length ; the bracts linear, with very short
and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenes nearly smooth.

— Dry hills, etc.. 111. to Neb., and south westw. Sept., Oct.

— Well marked and handsome. Fig. 944.

29. A. laevis L. Stouter, 0.5-1 m.
high ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped
base ; bracts of the short-obovoid or
hemispherical involucre with short
abrupt green tips ; rays blue-violet
(rarely white); achenes smooth. — Dry
soil, Me. to Ont., westw. and southw.
Aug.-Oct. — A variable and elegant species. Fig. 945.
A form with broad ovate leaves is var. amplifolius
Porter.

30. A. virg^tus Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with
944 A. virgatus. few or several racemose or terminal heads, like those oJ

944. A. turbinellus.

945. A. laovls.

810

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

the last ; leaves lanceolate or linear^ the lower usually long and narrow.

(A. purpuratus Nees.) — Va., W. Va., and southw. Sept., Oct. Fig. 946.

81. A. concinnus Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest
spatulate-lanceolate on winged petioles ; heads smaller than in
no. 29, numerous, panicled; bracts of involucre loose, with
more herbaceous narrower green tips; rays violet. — Rocky
woods, rare, Ct., and southw. Aug., Sept. —An ambiguous
species. Fig. 947.

•w ^ Bays white, rarely purplish; bracts narrow, suhulately
green-tipped ; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on
the branchlets lax and attenuate.

32. A. polyphyllus Willd. Low or tall, 1-15 dm. high, with
947. A. concinnus. ^j^-gj^^g branches ; cauline leaves lanceolate or linear, 0.5-1 dm.
long ; heads paniculate ; bracts lanceolate-subulate, the outer-
most much shorter; rays 1 cm. long. (A. Faxoni Porter). —
Rocky or gravelly soil, e. Me. and u. Vt. to Ont., Wise, and
southw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 948. — Heads larger than in the
next.

33. A. ericoides L. Smooth, 3-9 dm. high ; the simple
branclilets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the
wand-like spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate,
sometimes toothed ; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-
shaped ; heads 6 mm. high or less; involucre hemispheric or
campnmilate ; bracts often nearly equal, with attenuate or
awl-shaped green tips. — Dry open places, N. E. to Out.,
Minn., and southw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 949. Var. vill6sus 943. a. polyphyllus.
T. & G. Similar, but the stem and generally the narrow leaves

villous-hirsute. (Var. pilosus Porter.) — Same range. Var.
Pri'nglei Gray. A low slender northern form, with few erect
branches and rather small scattered mostly solitary heads.
{A. Pringlei Britton.) — Me. to Ont., s. to Mass. and Wise.

Var. platyphyllus T. & G. Stout; stem and branches
densely white-villous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
mostly pubescent ; heads as in the typical form, but larger. —
O. to Mich., 111., and southw.

34. A. depauperatus (Porter) Fernald.
1-4 dm. high ; basal leaves small, spatulate ;
949. A. ericoides. stem-leaves linear, those of the branches
linear-subulate ; heads small, 4-5 mm. high,
terminating the slender divaricate branches ; involucre tur-
binate, 2-3 mm. broad, of about 20 linear-subulate bracts,
these less rigid than those of the preceding species. {A.
ericoides, var. pusiUus Gray, and var. depauperatus Porter.)
— Serpentine barrens, s. Pa. and adjacent W. Va. July-
Sept. Fig. 950.

Var. parviceps (Burgess) Fernald. Stout, pilose, 3-7 95^^ ^ depauperatus.
dm. high ; leaves linear or lanceolate ; heads rather crowded.

{A. ericoides, var. Burgess.) — Prairies and woods, 111.
and Mo.

•t- -1- Hoary -pubescent or hirsute ; herbaceous tips of the
more or less bristly-ciliate involucral bracts squarrose
or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire,
scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base;
heads numerous, small, racemose.

35. A. amethystinus Nutt. Tall (0.5>-1.5 m. high), up-
right, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute ;
A. amethystinus. leaves not rigid; heads 6 mm. high j the tips of the bracts

Slender, glabrous,

951,

COMPOSITAE (^COMPOSITE FAMILY)

811

952. A. multiflorus.

merely spreading; rays light dear blue or rarely violet. — Moist -rounds
e. Mass. and s. Vt. to Pa., Mo., and la., rare. Sept. Fig 961 — Perhan^
a hybrid of nos. 14 and 36. ^ lernaps

30. A. multiflbrus Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence 3-9
dm. high, much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreadincr
racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreadintr, with rou^^h or ciliate
margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse
hispidulous-cihate bracts; heads 5-0 mm. long- rays
white or rarely purplish, 10-20. —Dry sandy soil,'s. Me
to Ont., westw. and southw. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 952. Var'
ExiGuus Fernald. Heads solitary or slightly clustered
at the tips of slender flexuous branches. — Less common
/T o 1 x^^- ^- conimutatus (T. & G.) Gray. Similar; heads

larger (7-9 mm. long); rays 20-80 (A. incanopilosus Sheldon.) — Plains
Minn, to Sask., westw. and southwestw. July-Oct. '

•♦- H- •»- Bracts glabrous, closely imbricated {the outer regularly shorter) not
coriaceous, imth short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or
divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (4-7 mm. hiah) and
numerous. ^ '

•w Heads scattered, terminating minutely folio se slender branchlets.

38. A. dumbsus L. Smooth or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high, the branches slender
loosely paniculate, divergent ; leaves linear or the upper oblong, cro\vded entire
with rough margins; heads rather numerous; involucre '
obconical or campanulate, with 4-6 rows of linear-spatulate
obtuse bracts with abrupt green tips ; rays pale purple or blue,
larger than in no. 39. — Sandy soil, s. Me. to Ont., and southw.,
except in the upland regions. Aug., Sept. Fig. 953.

Var. coridifblius (Michx.) T. & G. Branchlets slender
and flexuous, elongated, with minute crowded divergent
small leaves, and generally solitary terminal heads. — i3ar-
rens, Mass., and southw.

Var. strlctior T. & G. Branches stiff and ascending.— _„
Mass. to Ont. and N. C. ^''•^- •^- dumosus.

•M. ^ Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.

39. A. vimineus Lam. Smooth or smoothish, 0.5-2 ra. high, bushy, the long
branches almost horizontally spreading; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate,

elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with
fine sharp teeth ; heads small, 4-0 mm. high, crowded ; bracts

narrowly linear, acute or acutish, in 3-4 rows ; rays white.

Moist soil, s. Me. to Ont., westw. and southw. Aug.-Oct.
Fig. 954. Var. roLiOL(bsus (Ait.) Gray. Leaves linear, en-
tire ; the ascending branches with more
scattered paniculate heads. — Similar
range.

Var. saxAtilis Fernald. Low (1.5-6
954. A. vimineus. dm. high); branches and branchlets ^T

short, ascending, leafy-bracteate, termi-
nated by solitary larger heads (often 1.5 cm. broad). —
Rocky shores, N. E. and Que. to O.

40. A. lateriflbrus (L.) Britton. More or less pubes-
cent, much branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lance-
olate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in
the middle; bracts of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in
3-4 rows. (A. diffusus Ait.) —Thickets, fields, etc., very common from N. Sr
to Ont., and southw. Aug.-Oct. — Extensively variable ;' leaves larger than in
either of the two preceding ; the involucre intermediate between them, as to the
form of the bracts. Ravs mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple. Fig. 956

955. A. lateriflorus.

812

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

far. GLOMEEELLus (T. & G.) Burgess. Simple or subsimple ; leaves oblong,
lanceolate, hispidulous ; inflorescences small and axillary, or short, terminal,
and spicate. — N, Y. to O. and S. C.

Var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Porter. Slender; the stem and the mid veins of
the elongated lanceolate leaves generally villous or hirsute ; branches slender,
spreading or ascending, simple. (A. hirsuticaulis Lindl.) — Mostly in low
woods and thickets, N. B. to Mich, and Ky,

Var. bifrons (Gray) Fernald. A luxuriant form, with large thin leaves
(1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide), and rather larger heads loosely disposed on
the spreading branches. (A. diffusus^ var. Gray ; A, lateriflorus, var. grandis
Porter.) — N. Y. to S. C, Mo., and Minn.

Var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Sheldon. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, with
ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and
the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. {A. missouriensis Britton.)

— N. E. to Ont., Mo., and Tenn.

H- H- •«- H- Involucre various; the heads luhen numerous densely or loosely
paniculate on erect or ascending branches.

•w Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not conspicuously cordate nor auriculate^
nor contracted to a loinged. petiole.

— Heads small or middle-sized ; bracts narrow, in several lengths^ the erect

green tips not dilated.

41. A. Tradescdnti L. Stem much branched, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; the numerous
heads (1-1.5 cm. broad) somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves lanceolate to
linear, 5-15 cm. long, tapering to a long slender point; the
lower somewhat serrate in the middle ; involucre 3-5 mm.
long ; its bracts linear, acutish, partly green down the back ;
rays short and narrow, white or purplish. — Low grounds. Me.
to Ont. and Minn., s. to Va. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 956. —
Some forms approach no. 39, others differ from A. panicidatus
only in the smaller heads and shorter rays.

42. A. paniculatus Lam. Stem sraoothish, 0.5-2.5 m. high,
much branched ; the branches and scattered heads (about 2 cm.
broad) loosely paniculate ; leaves elongate-oblong to narrowly
lanceolate, pointed, somewhat serrate or entire ; the cauline
0.5-1.5 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide; involucre 8 mm. long;
its bracts narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips, or the
outermost wholly green ; rays white or purplish, 6-8 mm. long. — Wet meadows,
thickets, etc., throughout. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 957. — Approaches in its different
forms the preceding and the three following species. Var.
lanXtus Fernald. Stems densely white-villous or lanate.

— L. Willoughby, Vt., to L. Winnipeg. Var. bellidi-
rL6RU8 (Willd.) Burgess. Leaves linear or narrow-lance-
olate, mostly entire ; branches ascending, with numerous
clustered heads. — Tliroughout the range. Var. simplex.
(Willd.) Burgess. Leaves large and thin, oblong-lance-
olate to oblanceolate, the cauline 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 cm.
wide, entire or slightly serrate ; heads scattered in leafy
panicles. — N. H. to Neb. and Va. Var. ACtrxiDENS Burgess.
Leaves as in the preceding variety, but conspicuously and
coarsely serrate ; branches short, usually shorter than or
little exceeding the subtending leaves. — Me. to 111., Kan.,
and Ky. Var. cinerAscens Fernald. Stem closely
cinereous-puberulent ; leaves dull green, scabrous above,
lanceolate, with slightly clasping bases, subentire. — Me.
to Mass. and Vt., local.

43. A. salicifblius Ait. Similar to no. 42 ; the leaves commonly shorter^
firmer, often scqhrous, mostly entire ; involucre more imbricated, the firmei
linear or linear-oblong bracts with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads aa

956. A. Tradescanti.

957. A. paniculatus

COMPOSITAE CCOMPOSITB FAMILY)

813

858. A. salicifolius.

9. A. juiiceiis.

large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays
rarely white. — Low grounds, Mass. to Ont., westw. aud
south w. ; most abundant westw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 958. Var.
subAspkr (Lindl.) Gray. Kigid, scabrous, with contracted
leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate,
and the broader scales often obtuse. — 111. to Neb. and Tex.

^ = Heads small or middle-sized; the
looser linear bracts generally subeqiial
and erect, and the acute green tips
not dilated, the outer often wholly
herbaceous.

44. A. junceus Ait. Slender, 3-9 dm.
high, simple with few heads or loosely

branching; leaves linear or narrow, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, entire

or the lower sparingly denticulate, scabrous on the margins;

heads small (6-8 mm. high) ; bracts small, narrow, in 3-4

rows, the outer somewhat shorter; rays purple, roseate,

or white, 1 cm. long. — Wet meadows and cold bogs, e.

Que. to B. C, s. to n. and w. N. E., n. Pa., O., Wise, and

Neb. June-Sept. Fig. 959.

45. A. longifblius Lam. Glabrous, 1 m. or less high^
more or less branched and corymbosely panicled ; leaves
long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, narrowed
to both ends or slightly clasping, entire or sparingly ser-
rate ; heads as in the preceding ; the bracts nearly equal
and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays
0.5-1.5 cm. long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish. — Low
grounds. Lab. to Sask., s. to N. S., n. and w. N. E., and
the Great L. region. July-Oct. Fig. 960. Var, villi.
CAULis Gray. Stem and midrib of the leaves densely
white- villous. — Lab. to n. N. Y.

Bx = = Heads middle-sized ; bracts in feic-several rows, more or less unequal,
linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly
spreading or squarrose.

46. A. n5vi-b6lgii L. Slender, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves oblong to linear-lanceo-
late, entire or sparingly serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat
auriculate ; heads about 1 cm. high ; rays from bright blue-
violet to white. — Nfd. to Ga., mainly near the coast; also in
the White Mts., and doubtfully reported westw. Late July-
Oct. — The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic
border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrow-
to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and
linear bracts with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.
Fig. 961. Var. laevigXtus (Lam.) Gray. Usually glabrous
throughout ; the thin leaves mostly oblong-
lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an
abrupt base ; bracts nearly equal, loosely
erect, with short acutish tips. — N. E., little
known. Var. lit6reu8 Gray. Rigid, mostly
low, very leafy ; leaves thickish, usually very
smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper some-
times auriculate ; bracts in several loose rows, 9G1. A. uovi-belgll
all but the innermost with broadish obtuse
tips, the outer usually spatulate. — Salt marshes and shores.
Que. to Ga. Fig. 962. Var. elides rT. &G.) Gray. Slender,
often low and simple ; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the upper-
most small and bract-like ; bracts narrow, with short and mostly spreading
acutish tips. — Swamps, N. J. to Va.

A. longifolius.

162. A. novi-belgii,
V. litoreus.

814

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY^

tardiflorus.

964. A, prenanthoides.

++ ++ Cauline leaves (at least the lowest) conspicuously contracted into a winged
petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping ; involucre lax.

47. A. tardifldrus L, Glabrous or subpubescent, 0.3-1.5 m. high; leaves
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends,
the lower to a winged petiole, not auriculate or only obscurely
so ; heads loosely panicled ; involucre 5-7 mm. high ; bracts
subequal or 2-3-seriate, linear or linear-subulate ; rays light
blue. (A.patulus Lam.) — N. B. to Pa., commonest northw.
Aug.-Oct. Fig. 963. Var. ves-
TiTus Fernald. Stems densely vil-
lous ; leaves somewhat so beneath.
— N. B. to Vt.

48. A. prenanthoides Muhl.
Stem 1 m. or less high, corymbose-
panicled, hairy above in lines ;
leaves rough above, smooth under-
neath, ovate to lanceolate, sharply
cut-toothed in the middle, con-
spicuously taper-pointed, and rather
abruptly narrowed to a long con-
tracted entire portion, which is
abruptly dilated into a conspicu-
ously auricled base ; heads on short divergent pedun-
cles ; involucre 5-8 mm. high ; bracts narrowly linear,
tips recurved-spreading ; rays violet. — Borders of

streams and rich woods, w. N. E. to Va. and Ky., w. to
Minn, and la. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 964.

49. A. puniceus L. Stem tall and stout, 0.5-2.5 m.
high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below,
panicled above ; flowering branches (in well developed
plants) much exceeding the subtending leaves ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, not narrowed or but
slightly so to the auricled base, regularly and coarsely ser-
rate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above,
generally hispid on the midrib beneath, pointed ; heads
subsessile or short-pediceled ; involucre 7-12 mm. high ;
bracts thin, narrowly linear, attenuate, loose, subequal, in
about 2 rows, the outer sometimes foliaceous ; rays long
and showy, lilac-blue to white. — Low thickets and swamps,
Nfd. toMan.and Ga. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 965. Var. DEMfssus
Lindl. Leaves elongate-lanceolate ; inflorescences mostly
shorter than the subtending leaves ; otherwise as in the
typical form. — N. E. Var. compActds Fernald. Stout,
6-8 dm. high, conspicuously hispid ; leaves sub-rhomboidal,
harsh above ; branches of inflorescence mostly shorter than
to Pa. Var. rfRMus (Nees) T. & G. Stem mostly green,
smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above ; leaves serrate, smooth beneath.
(Var. laevicaulis Gray.) — Range of typical form. Var. LUcfDULus Gray. _ The
very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous ; leaves lanceolate, entire or
slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining ; heads usually numerous,
thyrsoid-paniculate ; bracts less loose and less attenuate. — N. E. to Wise, and
111. Var. OLiGocEPHALus Fernald. Stem essentially glabrous ; leaves as in the
preceding variety ; heads few or solitary ; outer bracts often broad and folia-
ceous.— Lab. and Nfd. to L. Superior and the White Mts.

I 4. DOELLINGERIA (Nees) Gray. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of
long capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and
rigid bristles; bracts short, without herbaceous tips; heads corymbose or
solitary ; rays rather few, white, rarely rose-tinged ; leaves not rigid, veiny.

50. A. umbellatus Mill. Smooth or nearly so, leafy to the top, 0.3-2.5 m.

965. A. puniceus.

irregularly toothed,
the leaves. — Mass.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 815

high ; leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering
at the base. 1-1.5 dm. h)ng; heads very numerous in com-
pound flat corymbs; bracts rather close, obiu.sish, scarcely
longer than the achenes. (Biplopappus Hook. ; DoeUlnqerin
Nees.) — Moist thickets; common, especially nonhw Au-^
Sept. Fig. \)m. Var. pubkns Gray.
Lower surface of the leaves and the
branchlets tomentulose. — Upper Mich,
to Neb. and Man.

Var. Iatif61ius Gray. Leaves shorter,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed
or even rounded at base. (Diplopap-
pus amygdalinus Hook.; DoeUingeria

m. A.umbellatus. humilis Britton.) — Pine barrens,'etc.,
N. J., Pa., and south w.
51. A. infirmus Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous,

1 m. or less high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads

on divergent peduncles ; leaves ohovate to ovate or

oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the

midrib hairy beneath ; bracts more imbricated, thicker

and more obtuse ; rays sometimes creamy ; pappus more

rigid. {DoeUingeria Greene; Diplopappus cornifolius Less.) — Open wood-
lands, e. Mass. to S. C. and Ala. July-Sept. Fig. 967.

§ 5. IAntHE Gray. Pappus less distinctly double, inner
bristles not thickened at top, outer shorter ; bracts well
imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips ; rays violet
or rarely white ; achenes narrow, villous ; leaves numer-
ous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless.
52. A. linariifblius L. Stems 1-6
dm. high, several from a woody root ;
heads solitary or terminating simple
branches, rather large (1-1.2 cm. high) ;
968. A. linariifoiius. leaves 2-3 cm. long, rough-margined,
passing above into the rigid acutish
bracts. (Diplopappus Hook.; lonactis Greene.) — Dry
„^;i ^ 4., n,jg_ ^Q Wise, and southw., except in the
Aug.-Oct. Fig. 968.

§ 6. 0RTH6mERIS T. & G. Pap-

pus simple; bracts imbricated,
appressed, toithout herbaceous
tips, often scarious-edged or dry;
perennial, as all the preceding.

53. A. ptarmicoides T. & G.

Smooth or roughish ; stems clus-
tered, 1.5-6 dm. high, simple; leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1-3-nerved, with
rough margins, 0.5-1 dm. long; heads small, in aflat
corymb ; bracts imbricated in 3-4 rows, short ; rnys ichite,
5-8 mm. long. — Dry calcareous sod, w. N. E. and w. Que.
to Man., Col., and Mo. June-Sept. Fir,. 909. Var.
LUTESCENS (Hook.") Gray. Rays small, pale yellow. —
Englewood, 111. (Hill); Sask.

54. A. acuminatus Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem
3-9 dm. high, simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the
summit ; peduncles slender ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coti-
spicuGusly pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-forra
and entire at the base ; involucral bracts few and loosely

A. acuminfttus. imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin, 0.6-1 cm, long ;

soil, centr. Me,
mountains.

969. A. i.iaiiiiic'oiacs.

816

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

971. A. nemoralis.

heads few-several; rays 12-18, white, or slightl:^^ purple. —Cool rich woods,

Lab. to Ont., Pa., and southw. along the Alleghenies. June-Sept. Fig. 970. —

A monstrous form occurs in N. E. and N. Y. having a

chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy

paleae.

55. A. nemoralis Ait. Minutely rough ish-pubescent ;
stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, veiy
leafy, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves small (2-4 cm. long), rather
rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, loith revolute margins;
heads l-o (-12); bracts of the inversely conical involucre
narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer awl-shaped; rays
lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs and
swamps, Nfd. to Hudson B., s. to
N. J., n. N. Y., and e. Ont., chiefly
coastal. July-Sept. Fig. 971.
Passing to
Var. Blakei Porter. Leaves larger (1-2 cm. wide),
oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; heads few-many. —N. S. to
F Y. and N. J. — A very showy plant about equally
related to this and the preceding species, and not clearly
distinct from either.

56. A. tenuifblius L. Very glabrous; stem often
zigzag, simple or forked, 1.5-6 dm. high; heads rather
large, 1 cm. high, terminal ; leaves few, long-linear, ^-.j ^ tenulfolius.
tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the

upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the bracts subulate-lanceolate
with attenuate acute points ; rays large, numerous,
pale purple. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Aug. -Oct.
Fig. 972.

§ 7. OXYTRIPOLIUM (DC.) T. & G. Involucre as
in § 6 ; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous
annuals, with numerous small heads and narrow
entire leaves,
67. A. subulatus Michx. Stem 0.2-1.5 m. high ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches
awl-shaped ; bracts of the subcylindric involucra (7-8
mm. high) linear-awl-shaped, in few rows ; ray,s some-
what in two rows, short, not project-
ing beyond the disk, more numerous
than the disk-flowers, purplish. — Salt
Late July-Oct.

subulatus.

marshes on the coast.
Fig. 973.

e. N. B. ; N. H. to Fla.

C0NYZ6pSIS T. & G. Bracts of the
campanulate involucre in 2-3 rows, nearly
equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and
loose ; pappus copious, very soft ; rays very
short or none; low annuals, with numer-
ous rather small heads.

974. A. angustus.

58. A. angiistus (Lindl.) T. & G. Branch-
ing, 1.5-6 dm. high, nearly glabrous ; leaves linear-attenuate,
entire, more or less short-ciliate ; involucral bracts all linear,
acute; corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to a tube, much
shorter than the elongated style. (Brnchyactis Britton.) —
Alkaline soil, lower St. Lawrence R., Que.; Minn, to Sask.,
and westw., spreading east to Chicago, etc Aug., Sept.
(Siber.) Fig. 974.

59. A. frond6sus (Nutt.) T. & G. Similar ; leaves linear-oblanceolate to
spatulate, blunt, ciliolate only at base ; outer involucral bracts oblong to

975. A. frondosus

COMPOSITAE (COxMPOSITE FAMILY) 817

oblanceolate, wholly foliaceous ; rays pinkish, longer than the style. — Saline
soil, P. E. I.; Wyo. to N. Mex., and westw. July-Oct. Fig. 975.

23. ERIGERON L. Fleabane

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Involucral bracts narrow, equal, and little imbri-
cated, never coriaceous, neither foliaceous nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved ; pappus
a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a dis-
tinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales. — Herbs, with entire
or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedun-
culate heads. Disk yellow ; rays wliite, pink, or purple. (The ancient name
presumably of a Senecio, from 9jp, spring, and yepu;^, an old man, suggested
by the hoariuess of some vernal species.)

§ 1. EUERtGERON DC. Rays elongated (short in a form of no. 7), crowded
in one or more rows.

* Leafy-stemmed perennials.

-»- Fappus double.

1. E. glab^llus Nutt. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, stout, hairy above, the leafless
summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins,
entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasp-
ing, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays more than 100, purple, more than
twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre ; outer pappus of n)inute bristles.
(E. asper Nutt.) — Plains of n. Wise, Man., and westw. June-Sept.

-t- -!- Pappus simple.

++ Stems slender, densely tufted, very leafy ; leaves narrowly linear,, entire.

2. E. hyssopifblius Michx. Slightly pubescent, 1-3 dm. high, from filiform
rootstocks ; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary
small heads ; rays 20-30, rose-purple to whitish. — Wet calcareous rocks, Nfd.
and Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to N. B., Me., Yt., and JVIich. June, July.

++ -M. Stems stouter, not tufted; leaves broader, toothed.

3. E. pulchellus Michx. (Robin's Plaktaix.) Hairy, producing offsets
from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large heads
on slender peduncles ; hasal leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the
cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays (about 50) rather
broad, light bluish-purple. (E.^bellidifolius Muhl.) — Copses and moist banks,
s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and south w. Apr.-,June.

4. E. philad^lphicus L. Hairy; stem leafy, corymbed, hearing several small
heads ; leaves thin, with a hroad midrib, oblong ; the upper smoothish, clasping
by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays
innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. — Throughout, locally
common, generally in alluvial soil May-Aug.

* * Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems ; pappus simple.

5. E. vernus (L.) T. & G. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the base, oval or
spatulate; scape leafless, slender, 3-7 dm. high, bearing 5-12 small coiymbed
heads; rays white. (E. nudicaulis Michx.) — Low grounds, e. Va., and
southw. May.

*** Annuals (or sometimes biennials), leafy-stemmed and branching ; pappus
double, the outer a croion of minute scales, the inn(r of deciduous fragile
bristles, usually wanting in the ray.

6. E. ^nnuus (L.) Pers. (Daisy F., Swkkt Scabious.) Stem stout, 2-15
dm. high, branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply
toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper ovate-

n,B^Tr^« MANUAL — 52

818 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, tinged
with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. —Fields and waste
places ; a very common weed. June-Get. (Nat. in Eu.)

7. E. rambsus (Walt.) BSP. (Uaisv F.) Stem panicled-corymbose at
the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost
smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest
oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the
length of the minutely hairy involucre. {E. strigosus Muhl.) — Fields, etc.,
common. June-Oct. — Stem smaller and more simple than the preceding, with
smaller heads but longer rays. Var. discoideus (Robbins) BSP., with the
rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in s. N. E. and N. Y.

§ 2. CAEN6TUS Nutt. Bays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer
than the simple pappus ; annuals.

8. E. canadensis L. (Horse-weed, Bdtter-weed.) Bristly-hairy ; stem
erect, wand-like, 0.1-3 m. high; leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-
lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. (Leptilon Britton.)

Waste places, etc., a common weed, now widely diffused over the world.

July-Get. — Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

9. E. divaricatus Michx. Diffuse and decumbent, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
linear or awl-shaped, entire ; heads loosely corymbed ; rays purple ; otherwise
like no. 8. {Leptilon Raf.) — Ind. to Minn., Neb., and south w.

§ 3. TRIMORPHAEA (Cass.) Reichenb. Like § 2, hut with a series of filiform
rayless pistillate flowers icithin the outer row of ray-flowers ; biennial or
sometimes perennial.

10. E. acris L., var. asteroides (Andrz.) DC. Hirsute-pubescent or smooth-
ish ; stem erect, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong,
entire ; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose,
nearly hemispherical, about 1 cm. long ; involucre minutely glandular-puberu-
lent, or somewhat hirsute toward the base ; rays purplish or bluish, equaling or
a little exceeding the copious pappus. (Var. droebachensis Blytt ; E. droeba-
chiensis G. F. Mull.) — Rocky banks and clearings, lower St. Lawrence, n. N. B.,
n. Me., L. Superior, Rocky Mts., westw. and northw. July, Aug. (Eu.)

24. SERICOCArPUS Nees. White-topped Aster

Heads 12-20-flowered, radiate ; rays about 5, fertile, white. Involucre some-
what cylindrical or club-shaped ; the bracts closely imbricated in several rows,
cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading
green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal,
very silky ; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial tufted
herbs, 2-7 dm. high, with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads
mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale yellow.
(Name from o-tiplkSs, silky, and Kapir 6s, fruit.)

* Pappus rusty ; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin.

1. S. asteroides (L.) BSP. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate
or the lower spatulate, ciliate ; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical ;
involucre 5-9 mm. long. {S. conyzoides Nees.)— Dry ground, s. Me. to 0.,
and south w. June-Aug.

* * Pappus ichite ; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller.

2. S. linifblius (L.) BSP. Smooth, slender ; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse,
with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow, in close clusters, few-
flowered ; involucre 4-7 mm. long. {S. solidagineus Nees.) — Thickets, s. N. E.
to G., and southw. June-Aug.

3. S. bifoliatus (Walt.) Porter. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves obovate or oblong-
spatulate, short (1-2.5 cm. long), vertical, both sides aUke ; heads rather loosely

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 819

corymbed, o bo void ; involucre 6-8 mm. long. (S. tortifolius Nees.) Pine

w-Qods, Va , and south w. Aug.

25. BACCHARIS L. Groundsel Tree

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, dioecious, i.e. the pistillate and
staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of tlie
pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the staminate larger and
5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the

staminate plant scanty and tortuous, in the pistillate very long and copious.

Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers vvhitisli or yellow.
(Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)

1. B. halimifdlia L. Glabrous but somewhat scurfy, 1-3 m. high ; branches
angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper
entire ; heads scattered at the ends of the branches, forming pyramidal panicles ;
involucre 6-6 mm. high; bracts ac'utish. — Sea beaches and marshes, Mass. to
Va., and southw. — The fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long
(1-1.5 cm.) white pappus.

2, B. glomeniliflbra Pers. Brighter green ; heads of both kinds sessile o)
nearly so in the axils, forming glomerules ; otherwise much like the preceding
— N. C. to Fla. ; said to reach s. Va. (Bermuda.)

26. PLtrCHEA Cass, Marsh Fleabanb

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central perfect but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers
with tails. Achenes grooved ; pappus in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat
glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered.
Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe Fhiche, French natural-
ist of the 18th century.)

1. P. fo^tida (L.) DC. Perennial, 5-9 dm. high; leaves closely sessile or
half-clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny, only 5-8 cm.
long; heads clustered in a corymb; bracts lanceolate. (P. bifrons DC.) —
Low ground, N. J., and southw.

2. P. camphorata (L.) DC. (Salt Marsh Fleabane.) Anmial,pale,?>-\b
dm. high ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely
veiny, subentire or serrate ; corymb flat ; heads 5-9 mm. high ; involucral bracts
ovate to lanceolate, puberulent. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and south v/.

3. P. petiolslta Cass. Greener and smoother ; leaves slender-petioled, more
finely and sharply serrate ; heads smaller; bracts merely granular, — Moist soil,
Md. to 111., Kan., and southw.

27. OiFOLA Cass. Cotton Rose

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid ; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually
sterile. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped ; the chaff resembling the proper
involucral bracts, each scale covering a single pistillate flower, Achenes terete ;
pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none, — Annual,
with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name an. anagram of
Filago, the name of a related genus.)

1. G. germanica (L.) Duniort. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed
with lanceolate upright crowded leaves, and producing a capitate cluster of
woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a
similar head, and so on; — hence the common name applied to it by the old
botanists, as if the offspring were undutifuUy exalting thejns«Mveg above the
parent. (^Filago L.) — Dry fields, N, Y. to Va. July-6ct. (Nat. from Eu.)

820

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

••-*. Basal leaves lavi

28. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Everlasting. Ladies' Tobacco. Pussy's Toes

Heads maiiy-flowered, dioecious ; flowers all tubular ; pistillate corollas very-
slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle
convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ; pap-
pus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at the base so
as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at
the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbose
or racemose (rarely single) heads. Corolla whitish. Staminate plants smaller
than the pistillate, abundant only in nos. 3, 9, and 10, though occasionally found
in most of the others ; many species parthenogenetic or apogamous. Involucral
bracts of the staminate heads with broad white petaloid tips. (Name from the
resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennae of certain insects.)

iV.^. — The figures in this genus are on a scale of f.
* Stolons assurgent, i.e. decnmbent at base but ivith definitely ascending tips,
rather leafy throughout, but with the terminal leaves much the larger. {In
shade the stolons elongating and suggesting those of the last group.)
H- Basal leaves and those at the tips of the stolons bright green above, glabrous
from the first, or at most only a little arachnoid when young and soon quite
glabrate.

, 5-12 cm. long, broadly obovate or obovate-spatulate, obtuse
or rounded at tip, definitely 3-ne7'ved.

1. A. Parlinii Fernald. Stout and tall, becoming
3-5 dm. high ; the stem, stolons, arid stem-leaves bear-
ing purplish glandular hairs; lower scem-leaves
crowded, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acu-
tish ; heads of the pistillate plant loosely or densely
corymbose; involucre 8-10.5 mm. high, of about 3
rows of bracts ; styles becoming crimson. {A. arno-
glossa Greene.) — Rich soil, often in open woods,
N. E. to la. and D.C. May-July. Fig. 976.

++ ++ Basal leaves small, generally less than 5 cm. long,
spatulate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, only 1
nerve prominent.

A. dioica (L.) Gaertn. Low (1.5 dm. or less high);

basal leaves rarely 2 cm. long ; stem-leaves crowded;

heads subsessile, subglomerulate ; bracts of pistillate
heads rose-color, the outer oblong and obtuse, the
inner acutish. — Found "in woods" at Providence,
R. I., by Geo. Thurber in 1844, but not since col-
lected ; probably a casual introduction.

2. A. canadensis Greene. Forming broad mats;
stems slender, becoming 3-5 dm. high ; basal leaves
generally more than 2 cm. long; stem-leaves scat-
tered ; heads loosely corymbose ; involucre of the
pistillate head 7-11 mm. long; staminate heads
smaller, their bracts with broad white petaloid tips ;
styles pale, drying brownish. — Dry mostly open
soil, Nfd. to Man., s. to Ct., centr. N. Y., and Mich.
4- H- Basal leaves and those at the tips of the stolons dull above, invested with

tomentose or arachnoid pubescence, only the very oldest becoming glabrate.
^ Basal leaves mostly long, 5-12 {in reduced specimens rarely 4.5) cm. in length.

{Large specimens of no. 7 might be looked for here.)
= Heads comparatively small, the involucre averaging 7 (6-8) mm. high; sterna

slender.

3. A. plantaginif51ia (L.) Richards. (Plantain-leaved E.) Stems 1-5

976. A. Pailiiii

May-July.

A. canadensis.
Fig. 977.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

821

9TS. A. fallax.

dm. high ; basal leaves from broadly obovate with rounded tips to oblanceolate
and acutish, distinctly 3-nerved ; stem-leaves scattered, lanceolate, acuminate ;
heads loosely or densely corymbose ; bracts of the pistil
late heads linear, purplish or «ireen, with pale tips; styles
crimson. (A. plantaginea K. lir.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to
Minn., and south w. Apr.-June.

= = Heads comparatively large, averaging 9 (8-10.5)
mm. high ; stems stoutish.

a. Basal leaves mostly broad-obovate or rhombic-obovate,
narrowed from near the middle to the acutish or blunt
tip.

4. A. fdllax Greene. Stems 1-4 dm. high, sometimes
slightly glandular ; basal leaves large, the mature ones
2-5 cm. broad ; lower stem-leaves oblong-
lanceolate, rather crowded ; corynib
rather dense ; bracts of the pistillate
head attenuate to scarious tips or broad
and somewhat petaloid ; styles pale,
sometimes crimson. {A. ambigens Fer-
nald.) — Rich open woods and fields,
centr. Me. to Minn. , and southw. May,
June. Fig. 978.

b. Basal leaves from spatnlate to narrowly spatulate-obovate,
ivith rounded tips.

5. A. occidentalis Greene. Stout; the stem at first low%
becoming 2.6-4 dm. high ; basal leaves 1-2.5 cm. broad; stem-
leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, rather conspicuous ; inflores- 979.
cence subcapitate ; bracts lanceolate to oblong, with conspicu-
ous white tips; styles crimson. (A. Farwellii Fernald, not Greene.) — Rich
open soil, e. Que. to Minn., s. to s. w. Me., s. N. H., w. Mass., N. Y., and 111.
May, June. Fig. 979.

M. ++ Basal leaves small, 2-5 cm. long. (JVos. 10 and 11 with poorly developed
stolons might be sought here.)

=-- Basal leaves spatulate, with little or no distinction of blade and petiole.

6. A. rupicola Fernald. Stems slender, 1.5-3 dm.
high ; stolons very numerous and short, forming dense
mats ; basal leaves mucronate, 1-4 cm. long ; stem-leaves
numerous (10-18), linear-attenuate, the upper dark
green, strongly contrasting with the ichite-pubescent
stem ; corymb compact ; involucre of pistillate plant 8-
10 mm. high ; bracts with conspicuous long yellowish-
white firm papery tips; styles pale. —
Slaty ledges by the Mattawamkeag R.,
Me. June. Fig. 980.

occidentalis.

9S0. A. rupicola

= = Basal leaves with more distinct petioles and obovate
blades.

a. Stem bearing purplish glandular hairs; basal leaves
^-nerved.

7. A. Brain6rdii Fernald. Stem slender, 2-3 dm. high ;
basal leaves obovate or orbicular-obovate, 1-2 cm. broad ; 9Sl. A. BraiucTdii.
stem-leaves remote, small ; corymb rather l<^ose ; involucre
6-8 mm. high ; bracts white-tipped, the outer blunt, the inner attenuate ; styles
crimson. — Rich meadows and open woods, s. Me., Vt., and e. N. Y. May.
June. Fig. 981.

822

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

A. neodioica.

Stem glandless; basal leaves 1-nerved.

8. A. neodioica Greene. Forming broad mats;
stems slender, 0.5-4 dm. high; basal leaves obo~
vate, 5-18 mm. broad; stem-leaves scattered, few
(o-lO), rather small and inconspicuous, linear-
attenuate, 3 mm. or less wide ; corynibs ordinarily-
loose ; involucre 6-9 mm. high ; bracts with scari-
ous blunt or acute tips ; styles pale. — Open woods,
fields, etc., Nfd. to w. Ont., S. Dak., and Va.
May-July. Fig. 982.

Var. grandis Fernald. Stouter throughout,
greener ; stems 3-5 dm. high ; stem-leaves oblance-
olate or oblong-lanceolate, more conspicuous, 5-8

mm. broad; bracts with white petaloid tips. — Woods and meadows, e. Me. to

Mass. and n. N. Y.

* * Stolons, when well developed, procumbent, bracteate, not leafy except at tip.
t- Heads solitary ; basal leaves 1.5 cm. or more broad.

9. A. solitaria Rydb. Stems 0.5-2 dm. high, very slender ; stolons flag elK-
form; basal leaves obovate-spatulate, 4.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, tomen-
tose beneath, arachnoid, becoming glabrate above, ^-nerved; stem-leaves few,
small, appressed ; involucre 1 cm. high, its bracts linear-attenuate ; styles
crimson. — Rich wooded slopes, Pa. and O. to Ga. and La. Apr., May.

•«- •<- Heads more than 1 {solitary in a rare variety of no. 10, which has leaves
less than 1.5 cm. broad).

++ Heads sessile or subsessile in capitate clusters or distinctly racemose ; styles

crimson.

10. A. neglecta Greene. Stems 0.3-4 dm, high,
slender, becoming much elongated in fruit ; stolons
flagelliform ; basal leaves from cuneate-spatulate
to spatulate-obovate, 4 (rarely 5) cm. or less long ;
stem-leaves few and scattered ; heads at first
crowded, later becoming racemose by the develop-
ment of the rhachis ; involucre 7-9 mm. high, fre-
quently purple-tinged at base; bracts of pistillate
heads with linear whitish tips, of the staminate
heads with broad white petaloid tips. — Fields,
plains, and open woods, N. B. to Va., w. to la. and
Kan. Apr., May. Fig. 983. Var. simplex Peck.
Dated by solitary heads. — Sand Lake, N. Y.

++ ++ Heads in a comparatively loose corymb, never race-
mose ; styles pale, drying brownish.
11. A. petaloidea Fernald. Stouter than no. 10 ; stems
2-4.5 dm. high ; stolons generally shorter and rather
stiffer ; basal leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate ;
involucres of the pistillate heads brown or green at base,
their bracts with petaloid or scarious tips. — Fields, dry
banks, and open woods, e. Que. to Ont., s. to n. and
w. N. E., N. Y., and Mich. May-July. Fig. 984.

neglecta.

Stems stiffly erect, termi-

984. A. petaloidea.

29. ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting

Characters of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened
at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at
base ; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center.-
(Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)

1. A. margaritacea (L } B. & H. (Pearly E.) Stem erect, 2-9 dm high.

COMPOSITAE (^COMPOSITE FAMILY) 823

corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
taper-pointed, sessile, tomentose on both surfaces, finally dull green above ;
involucral bracts pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in
age. — Dry hills, woods, and recent clearings ; common northward. July, Aug.
(Asia.)

Var. occidentalis Greene. Leaves broadly lanceolate, bright green and gla-
brous above from the first. — Gravelly or sandy soil, Nfd. and e. Que.- Alaska
to Cal.

30. GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slen-
der, the central perfect. Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat. Achenes terete or flattish ;
pappus a single row of rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent
leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla
whitish or yellowish. (T va(f)d\iovj ancient Greek name of some downy plant,
from Kvd<pa\ov, a lock of wool.)

§ 1. EUGNAPHAlIUM B. & H. Bristles of the pappus distinct.
* Tall erect annuals or biennials, with smooth achenes.

1. G. polyc6phalum Michx. (Common Everlasting.) Erect woolly annual,
3-9 dm. high, fragrant ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, undulate, not
decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of panicled-corymbose
branches, ovoid-conical before expansion, then obovoid; bracts whitish, ovate
and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few. (^G. obtusifolium L. ?) — Old
fields and woods, common.

Var. Hell§ri (Britton) Fernald. Stems glandular-viscid, not tomentose.
{G. Helleri Britton.) — N. Y. to Va., Ky., and southw.

2. G. decurrens Ives. (Everlasting.) Stout, erect, 6-9 dm. high, annual
or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the
branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-
lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; bracts yellowish-white, oval, acutish. —
Clearings, etc., e. Que. to B. C, s. to Pa., O., Mich., Minn., and in the Rocky
Mts. to Ariz.

* * Low chiefly diffuse or tufted plants, with smooth or scabrous achenes.

3. G. uliginbsum L. (Low C.) Diffusely branched or subsimple appressed-
woolly annual, 0.6-3 dm. high ; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not
decurrent ; heads small, in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by
leaves; bracts brownish, less imbricated. — Ditches, roadsides, etc., Nfd. to
Sask., s. to Va., and the Great L. region. (Eu.)

4. G. supinum L. (Mountain C.) Dwarf and tufted perennial, 1 dm. or
less high ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slen-
der simple flowering stems ; bracts brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous ;
achenes broader and flatter. — Alpine summits of Mt. Katahdin, Me., Mt.
Washington, N. H., and high northw. (Eu.)

§ 2. GAMOCHAETA (Weddell) B. & H. Bristles of the pappus united at the
very base into a ring, so falling off all together; achenes Jiispididous.

* Strict perennial, with mostly simple stems and narrow acute leaves.

5. G. sylvdticum L. Silvery-silky, slender, 1-5 dm. high, l^afy ; leaves
linear or oblanceolate, the lower often glabrate above, the broadest barely 6
mm. wide; heads abundant in an elongated leafy spiciform inflorescence ; invo-
lucral bracts linear-oblong, pale, with a brown spot below the hyaline tip. —
Clearings and open places, Gasp6 Co., Que., to n. Me., N. B., and N. S. (Hu.)

* * Simple or branching annual or biennial, with broad obtuse spatulate leaves.

6. G. purpureum L. (Purplish C.) Ascending, 0.5-0 dm. high, silvery-
canescent with dense white wool ; leaves not decurrent, green above ; heads in
sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like

824 coMPOsiTAE (composite family)

summit of the stem ; bracts tawny, the inner often marked with purple. --
Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of s. Me. to Tla.; and from O. to Karu, and
southw. (Trop. Am.)

31. Inula l. elecampane

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre
imbricated, hemispherical, the outer bracts herbaceous or leaf -like. Receptacle
naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4-5-ribbed; pappus simple,
of capillary bristles. — Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple
leaves, and large yellow heads. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. I. Helenium L. (Elecampane.) Stout perennial, 1-1 . 5 m. high ; leaves
large, woolly beneath ; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others
partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug.
— Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

32. ADENOCAULON Hook.

Heads 5-10-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas, the
marginal flowers pistillate, fertile ; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral
bracts equal, in 1 row. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes
elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above ; pappus
none. — Slender perennials, with alternate thin petioled leaves smooth and green
above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle,
beset with glands (whence the name, from d8-^v, a gland, and Kav\6s, a stem).

1. A. bicolor Hook. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves triangular, rather heart-
shaped, with angular-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shores
of L. Huron, L. Superior, and westw.

33. POLYMNIA L. Leafcup

Heads broad, many-flowered ; rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate ; disk-
flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral bracts in two rows ; the outer large,
spreading ; the inner membranaceous, partly embracing the thick achenes.
Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren-
nials, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large, thin, opposite, or the
uppermost alternate, lobed, with dilated appendages at the base. Heads in
panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated
to the Muse, Fohjhymnia, for no obvious reason.)

1. P. canadensis L. Clammy-hairy, 0.5-1.5 m. high; lower leaves deeply
pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3-5-lobed or -angled, petioled ;
heads small ; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, usually
minute or abortive, whitish-yellow, but sometimes (var. radiXta Gray) more
developed, 3-lobed, 1 cm. long, and whitish; achenes 3-costate, not striate. —
Moist shaded ravines, w. Vt. to Ont., Minn., southw. and south westw.

2. P. uvedalia L. Boughish-hairy, stout, 1-3 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate,
angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly nar-
rowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral bracts very large ; rays 10-15,
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner bracts of the involucre.^ yellow ;
achenes strongly striate. — Rich soil, N. Y. to Mo., and southw.

34. ACANTHOSPiRMUM Schrank

Heads small, axillary or subsessile in the forks of the stem. Kay-flowers few,
fertile ; the ligules small, yellow, usually 3-dentate ; the disk-flowers with cam-
panulate yellow 5-toothed corolla, sterile. Involucre double, the outer bracts
herbaceous, the inner more or less strongly modified, closely enveloping the
fertile ray-achenes, muricate or prickly. — Diffuse annuals with opposite toothed
or lobed leaves. (Name from S.Kavda, a thorn, and o-tt^/j^o, seed, from the prickly
fruit formed by the achene and its investing bract.)

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 825

1. A. AUSTRA.LE (Loefl.) Ktze. Sordid-pubescent ; leaves ovate or obovate,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, toothed above the middle, and cuneately narrowed at the
entire base to a short but slender petiole ; bristly fruits 5, stellate-divaricate,
8-10 mm. long. — S. C. to Fla. and La.; extending northw. (according to
Harper) to s. Va., where presumably of recent introduction ; also sporadically
adveutive northeast w. (Trop. Am.)

35. SiLPHIUM L. Rosin-weed

Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat
ovaries imbricated in 2-3 rows ; disk-flowers apparently perfect but with entire
style and sterile. Bracts of the broad and flattish involucre broad and with
loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of
the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded
by a wing notched at the top, without pappus or with 2 teeth confluent with the
winged margins, the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together ;
achenes of the disk sterile and stalk-like. — Coarse and tall perennial herbs,
with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads.
(Sf\0ioi/, the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnaeus to
this genus.)

* Stem terete, alternate-leaved; root very large and thick.

1. S. laciniatumL. (Rosin-weed, Compass Plant.) Bon gh-hristly through-
out; stem stout, 1-3.5 m. high, leafy; leaves pinnateJy parted, petloled but
dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute,
cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire ; heads few, 0.5-1 dm. broad, sessile or
short-peduncled along the naked summit ; bracts ovate, tapering into long and
spreading rigid points ; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 1-4 cm.
long. — Prairies, Mich, to N. Dak., and south w. July-Sept. — Lower and root-
leaves vertical, 3-9 dm. long, ovate in outline, on the wide open prairies dis-
posed to present their edges north and south ; hence the name Compass Plant.

2. S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender, 1-3
m. high, panicled at the summit and bearing several-many large heads, leafless
except toward the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped,
serrate-toothed, thick, rough especially beneath, 3-6 dm. long, on slender
petioles ; scales roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenes narrowly winged, slightly
notched and 2-toothed. Var. piNNATfriDUM (Ell.) Gray. Leaves deeply cut or
pinnatifid. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ont. and O. to Minn., and southw.
July-Sept.

* * Stem terete or slightly ^-angled, leafy ; leaves undivided, not large, some

opposite.

3. S. trifoliatum L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender, 1-2 m.
high, branched above ; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, short-petioled, in whorls ofS or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely
panicled ; achenes rather broadly winged, sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks. Pa. to s. Ont., and southw. July-Sept.

4. S. Asterlscus L. Stein hispid, about 1 m. high ; leaves opposite, or the
lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate,
coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the lower short-petioled ; heads
nearly solitary, large, squarrose ; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth
usually awn-like. — Dry sandy soil, " Md." and Va. to Mo., and southw. Var.
laevicatJle DC. Stem nearly or quite smooth. — Va., and southw.

5. S. integrifblium Michx. Stem smooth or rough, ratlier stout, 0.5-1.5 m.
high, rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate,
entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped
and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick, 8-12 cm.
long ; heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled ; achenes broadly winged,
deeply notched, —Prairies, Mich, to Minn., Neb., and southw. Aug.

826 COMPOSITAB (^COMPOSITE FAMILY^

* * * Stem square; leaves opposite^ connate, 1.5-3.5 dm. in length.
6. S. perfoliatum L. (Cup Plant.) Stem stout, often branched abov^e,
1-2.5 m. high, leafy ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by then
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged
petioles which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; bracts ovate;
achenes winged and variously notched. — Rich soil, Ont. to S. Dak., and south w.,
common ; also escaped from gardens eastw. July-Sept.

36. BERLANDIERA DC.

With the characters of Silphivm, but the 5-12 fertile ray-flowers in a single
series. Involucral bracts in about 3 series, thinner ; the inner dilated, obovate,
exceeding the disk ; the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes without
pappus, obovate, neither winged nor notched at the apex, deciduous with the
subtending bract and 2-3 scales of the chaff. — Alternate-leaved perennials
of the Southern and Southwestern States ; head pedunculate. (Named for J. L,
Berlandier, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)

1. B. texana DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 6-9 dm. high, very leafy;
leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to sub-
cordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile ; heads somewhat cymose, 3-4 cm.
broad. — Mo. and Kan., south w. and south westw.

37. chrys6gonum L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the disk-
flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong bracts
which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave
scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear scale to each disk-flower. Achene obovate,
obcompressed, 4-angled, partly inclosed by the short subtending involucral bract ;
pappus a small chaffy 2-3-toothed crown. — A hairy perennial herb, with oppo-
site long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers,
nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners.
'The Greek name of some plant, composed of xpi^tr6s, golden, and 761/1;, knee.)
' 1. C. virginianum L. Usually low (0.5-3.5 dm. high); leaves ovate, mostly
obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate
base ; rays 1-1.5 cm. long. — Dry soil, s. Pa. to Fla. May-Aug. Var. dentAtum
Gray. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; involucral scales
more acute. — High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.

38. PARTHENIUM L.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; ray-flowers 5, with very short
and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate and
fertile ; disk-flowers staminate, with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre hemi-
spherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish bracts. Receptacle conical,
chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, surrounded by a slender callous margin,
crowned with the persistent ray-corolla. — Leaves alternate. Heads small,
corymbed ; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from irapdivos^
virgin.)

* Upper leaves sessile, but not auricled.

1. P. integrifblium L. Scabrous perennial, 1 m. or less high, from a thick-
ened rootstock; the stems glabrous below, minutely puberulent above; leaves
oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (0.5-1.5 dm. long) cut-lobed be-
low the middle ; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Md. to
Minn., and southw\ June-Aug.

2. P. ripens Eggert. Similar but lower, /rom a slender stoloniferous root-
stock; stems and leaves pilose-hispid ; heads few, rather larger. — Barrens, Mo.
a,nd Kan. to Tex May, June,

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 827

* * Stem-leaves auriculate-dasping.
3. P. auriculatum Britton. Rootstock very thick and tuber-like ; stem 4-7
dm. high, villous : sr-me of the leaves pinnatilid at base, pubescent on tlie veins
beneath with conspicuous appressed strongly divergent hairs. —Mts. of Va.

39. IVA L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-surlb

Heads several-flowered, not radiate ; pistillate and staniinate flowers in the
same heads, the former few and marginal. Anthers nearly separate. Bracts
of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the
flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular ; pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrul^by
coarse plants, with thickish leaves (the lower opposite) and small noddin"-
greenish-white heads of flowers ; in summer and autunm. (Name of unknown
derivation.)

§ 1. EUlVA Hoffra. Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-
like bracts ; fertile flowers with evident corolla.

1. I. oraria Bartlett. Shrubby at base, nearly smooth, 5-10 dm. higli ; leaves
oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, fleshy, the upper reduced to
linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads (;5-G mm. in diameter) are disposed
in leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and bracts of involucre 5. (I.friites-
cens Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Md.

2. I. imbricata Walt. Suffruticose, glabrous, simple, 3-C dm. hiiih ; leaves
alternate, fleshy, spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate ; heads
6-8 mm. high; hemispherical involucre of 6-9 bracts, the outer orbicular.—
Sandy coast, Va., and southw.

3. I. ciliata Willd. Annual, 3-6 dm. high, rough and hairy ; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles; heads in
dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; bracts of
the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. —Moist ground, 111. to Neb., and southw.;
occasionally on dumps, etc. , eastw.

§ 2. CYCLACHAENA (Eresenius) Gray. Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely
bracteate; corolla of the d fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none.

4. I. xanthifblia Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish ; leaves nearly all opposite,
hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly or
incisely toothed, or obscurely lobed ; heads small, crowded, in axillary and
terminal panicles. — Ont. and Mich, to Assina., Kan., westw. and southwestw. ;
locally established eastw.

40. AMBR6SIA [Tourn.] L. Ragweed

Fertile heads 1-3 together, sessile in axils of leaves or bracts, at the base of
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or tup-shaped, of
7-12 united bracts, containing 5-20 staminate flowers, with or without slender
chaff intermixed. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit) ellipsoid,
obovoid, or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an acliene and inclosing a
single flower; elongated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid. — Coarse
homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and incon-
spicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn ; ours annuals, except
the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the
food of the gods.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on
one side into a large lanceolate hooded bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ;
fertile involucre ellipsoid or ovoid and ^-angled.

1. A. bidentata Michx. Hairy, 3-0 dm. high, very leafy; leaves alternate,
lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each
side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak. — Prairies of
111. to Kan. , and southw.

328 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite^ only once lobed; sterile involucre ^-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trifida L. ' (Great R.) Stem stout, 1-6 m. high, rough-hairy, as are
the large deeply 8-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate and serrate ; petioles
margined ; fruit obovoid, 6-(3-ribbed and tubercled. — Rich soil, common westw.
and south'w., much less so northeast w. Var. integrif6lia (Muhl.) T. & G.
Smaller, with the upper leaves (or all of them) undivided, ovate or oval. — Same
habitat, not rare.

* * Leaves all once or tidce pinnatifid, many of them alternate.

3. A. artemisiifblia L. (Romax Wormwood, Hog-weed, Bitter-weed.)
Much branched, 0.O-2.5 m. high, hairy or roughish-pubescent ; leaves thin, bi-
pinnatilid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obovoid or globular,
armed with about 6 short acute teeth or 873? nes. —Roadsides, etc., very common.
— Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, those of the flowermg branches
often undivided ; rarely the spikes all fertile.

4. A. psilostachya DC. Paniculately branched perennial, 5-lo dm. high,
with slender running rootstocks, rough and somewhat hoary with short stiffish
hairs ; leaves once pinnatijid^ thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves
often incised ; fruit obovoid, pubescent, the tubercles absent or smaZL — Prairies
and plains, 111. and Wise, to the Saskatchewan, westw. and southwestw.

41. FRANSERIA Cav.

Sterile and fertile heads separate as in Ambrosia, or sometimes mixed in the
inflorescence. Fertile involucre 1-4-celled, with a single pistil in each cell,
armed with spines in more than 1 series, bur-like. — Herbs (with us) or shrubs,
with mostly alternate leaves, flowering in late summer and autumn. (Named
for Antonio Franseri, Spanish botanist and contemporary of Cavanilles.)
Gaertneria Medic.

1. F. tomentbsa Gray. Perennial, white icith sericeous tomentum; leaves
pinnately 3-7-parted ; segments lanceolate, mostly serrate, the basal ones small ;
sterile racemes 1-many ; spines of fertile involucre mostly uncinate-tipped.
(Gaertneria Ktze.) —Low ground. Neb., Kan., and Col.

2. F. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville. Annual, hispid-hirsute, erect or diffuse,
loosely branched ; leaves bipinnatifid ; spines of the fertile involucre 4-5 mm.
long, stramineous, flattened, the tip usually straight. {Gaertneria Britton.) —
"Minn.," Sask., and southwestw.

42. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. Cocklebur. Clotbur

Sterile and fertile flowers in different heads, the latter clustered below, the
former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in
Ambrosia, but the bracts separate and receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre
coriaceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a
rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender
thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat. — Coarse annuals, with branching
stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves ; flowering in summer and
autumn. (Greek name of some plant used to dye the hair ; from ^avObs, yellow.)

JSf. ^. — The figures in this genus represent the mature fertile involucre x 1^.

Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at base 1. X spinosum.

Leaves cordate or ovate ; axils unarmed.
Body of mature bur fusiform-ellipsoid, more than twjce as long as thick.
Beaks of bur straight or nearly so ; prickles relatively few . . . . 2. X canadenae.
Beaks of bur incurved or hooked; prickles very numerous.
Prickles 3-6 mm. long, shorter than the diam'eter of the body . . . 3. X commune.
Pcickles 8-10 ram. long, exceeding the diameter of the body.

Prickles crowded, weak, filiform, conspicuously hairy . . ■> . 4. X. speciosum.
Prickles more rigid, merely granular or obscurely puberulent . . 5. X ir)fl,exv,m.
Body of mature bur thick-ovoid. 'not more than twice as long as thick.
Prickles 8-10 ram. long, equaling or exceeding the diameter of the body . 4. X speciosum.
Prickles 3-5 (-7) mm. long, much shorter than the diameter of the body . 6. X. echinatum..

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

829

9S6. X. canadense.

1. X. spin6sum L. Hoary-pubescent, armed at the axils
with triple spines ; stems slender ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, short-petiolate, white-downy
beneath, often 2-3-lobed or -cut ; fruit
about 1 cm. long, with a single short beak
or beakless. — Waste places, Me. to Ont.,

„„^ ^ . westw. and southw. (Nat. from Trop.

985. X. spmosum. j^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^

2. X. canadense Mill. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate,
usually 3-lobed and simply or doubly dentate ; bnrs gla-
brous or merely granular- or glandular-puherulent ; the
body fusiform-ellipsoid, 14-17 mm. long, 5-8 nun. in

diameter ; the beaks usually 2, straight

or but slightly curved ; prickles scat-
tered, straight-tipped or hooked. (X.

pensylvanicum Wallr. ? ; X. pungens

Wallr. ; X. (/Z«&raii<7H Britton.) — Kich

soil, especially in moist places. Fig.

986.

3. X. commune Britton. Similar in habit and foliage ;
beaks of the bur more or less strongly incurved, usually
hooked at the summit ; prickles numerous, crowded, 3-<3 mm.
long, hooked at the summit, hairy as is the feody. — Similar
situations. Fig. 987.

4. X. speci5sum Kearney.
Of the same habit, foliage,
etc. ; bur ivith numerous
long (8-10 mm.) filiform

usually stramineous and very hairy prickles;

beaks moderately incurved and hooked. — Waste

places and low moist ground, Tenn. to N. Dak.

and Tex. ; also sparingly adventive on wool-
waste, etc., eastw. Fig. 988.

5. X. infl^xum Mackenzie & Bush. Habit,

foliage, etc., as in the three preceding species ;

bur large, the body 2 cm. long, 0-7 mm. thick,

ovoid-fusiform, merely granular-puberulent ;
beaks 2, very strongly
incurved^ often forming
a loop or arch over the
fruit ; prickles numerous
but less crowded than in
the preceding, firm in
texture, brownish, arcu-
ate, hooked at the summit, granular-puberulent, at leasi
toward the base. — Bottom lands, Courtney, Mo. (Bush).

6. X. echinatum Murr. Of the same habit, etc.; burs
plumper ; the body thickish-ovoid, 15-22 mm. long, 8-12
mm. thick, for the most part densely pubescent as are also
the numerous short rigid hooked prickles and stout falcate-
incurved beaks. (X. canadense, var. Gray.) — Sea-
beaches, lake-shores, etc., Me. to N. C, and westw. chiefly
X. echinatuui. along the Great Lakes to N. Dak. and Sask. Fig. 989.

HELI6pSIS Pers. Ox-eye

Heads many-flowered; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral bracts in 2 or 5
rows, nearly equal ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter
than the disk. Receptacle conical ; chaff linear. Acheues smooth, thick, 4-

830 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border. —Perennial herbs, resem-
bling Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, peti-
oled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name from ryXios, sun, and 6^is,
appearance, from the likt-ness to the Sunflower.)

L H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet. Nearly smooth, 0.3-1.5 m. high; leaves
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate ;
bracts (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base ; rays linear ; pappus
none or o/ 2-4 obscure teeth. (H. laevis Pers.)— Banks and copses,. Ont. to
111, and south w. Aug.

2. H. scabra Dunal. Bourjhish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to
be less narrowly pointed, tiie upper sometimes entire ; rays broadly oblong to
linear or oblanceolate ; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or o conspicuous
teeth. — Me. to Man., s. to N. J. and Ark.; rare eastw.

44. ECLIPTA L.

Heads many-flowered ; ray short ; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile.
Involucral bracts 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat,
with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk later-
ally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at summit ; pappus none or an
obscure denticulate crown. —Annual rough herb, with slender stems and oppo-
site leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown. (Name
from iKXeiireiv, to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. alba (L.) Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs ; stems procumbent
or ascending, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end,
mostly sessile, slightly serrate ; rays equaling the disk. — Wet river-banks and
waste places, Mass., westw. and southw.j in the Northeast an introduced plant.
(Trop.)

45. TETRAGONOTHECA [Dill.] L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double, the
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate bracts, united below by their margins into a
4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of small chaffy bracts, as many as the ray-
flowers and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with
narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick, obovoid, flat at the top ;
pappus none. — Erect perennials, with opposite coarsely toothed sessile some-
times connate leaves, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal
peduncles. (Name from rerpdyupos, four-angled, and Bt^kt], a case, from the
shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoides L. Villous and somewiiat viscid, 3-7 dm. high, simple;
leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base ; involucral bracts and
rays 2-3 cm. long. — Sandy soil, Va., and south w. June.

46. RUDBECKIA L. Cone-flower

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Bracts of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar ; the short
chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angled (in our species), smooth, not mar-
gined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. —Chiefly
perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads ; the rays gen-
erally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the Processors
Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)
* Achenes angulate ; chaff persisting in age.
1- Disk hemispherical to ellipsoid-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown.
++ Lower leaves S-lobed or painted.
1. R. triloba L, Hairy, biennial, much branched, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; branches

COMPOSITAE (^COMPOSITE FAMILY) 831

slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed • lower
3-lobed, tapering at base, coarsely serrate (those from the ba.se pinnately parted
or undivided); rays 8-10, oval or oblong; chaff of the Uack-purpla dcpr,^sed~
globular disk smooth, awned. — Rich soil, N. J. to iMinu., Kan., and southw •
escaped from cultivation further northeastw. July, Aug. — Heads small biit
numerous and showy. '

2. R. subtomentbsa Pursh. Stem branching above, 0.5-1.5 m. high, downy
as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath ; heads
short-peduncled ; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented'; blunt
apex of chaff downy. —Prairies and low ground, Wise, to Kan., and southw.

*+ -M. Leaves undivided, rarely laciniate-toothed.

= Pappus none ; annuals or biennials.

3. R. hirta L. (Yellow Daisy, Black-eyed Susan, Nigger-head.) Bien-
nial very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple or branched near
the base, stout, 3-8 dm. high, naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves
nearly entire, the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-
nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre ; chaff
of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, w. N. Y. to Man.,
and southw.; now common as a weed in eastern fields, where introduced with
seed from the West. June-Sept. — Variable as to the pubescence, and the
breadth and toothing of the leaves. B. Brittonii and B. monticola Small ap-
pear to be mountain phases with somewhat broader and more dentate cauline
leaves.

= = Pappus a short crown; perennials.

4. R. fiilgida Ait. Hairy, 3-9 dm. high, the branches naked at the summit
and bearing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping,
triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, orange-yellow,
equaling or exceeding the ample involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly
smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ky., Mo., and southw. — i?. pa-
lustris Eggert, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, and B. missouriensis Engelm., with
oblong-lanceolate obtusish somewhat more pubescent leaves and slightly more
fasciculate branching, fail to maintain satisfactory specific differences.

6. R. spathulata Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all
lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate ; heads long-peduncled, smaller
than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader. — Pine woods, Pa., Va.,
Tenn., and southw.

6. R. specidsa Wenderoth. Boughish-hairy, 1 m. or less high, branched ;
the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large
heads ; basal leaves elliptic-ovate ; the cauline lanceolate, pointed at both ends,
petioled, S-5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised; involucre much
shorter than the numerous elongate rays (3 cm. long) ; chaff of the dark i)urple
disk acutish, smooth. (B. umbrosa Boynton & Beadle?) — N. J. and Pa. to
Ga. and Mo. Var. SullivAnti (Boynton & Beadle) Robinson. Stem-leaves
ovate, less coarsely toothed, not incised. (B. Sullivanti Boynton & Beadle.) —
0. to Mich, and Ark.

t- ■•- Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow.
++ Leaves divided or cut.

7. R. laciniata L. Stem smooth, branching, 0.5-2 m. high ; leaves smooth
or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7-cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves
irregularly 3-5-parted, their lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost
undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; disk at first globular or hemispherical ; chaff
truncate, downy at tip ; rays oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, drooping. — Low
thickets, w. Me. and w. Que., westw. and southw. July-Sept.

Var. humilis Gray. Low and glabrous ; some of the radical leaves undivided
or with roundish divisions ; heads smaller (12 mm. high) and rays shorter. —
Mcs, of Va. and Tenn.

832 COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILYj

++ ++ Leaves entire.

8. R. mAxima Nutt. Very robust, 1-3 m. high ; leaves large, entire or repand-
denticulate, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, obtuse, smooth and glaucous, the upper
cordate-clasping; columnar disk at length 4-8 cm. long; rays yellow. — Shef-
field, Mo. {Bush) J where sparingly introduced on railroad ballast; Ark., La.,
and Tex.

* * Achenes subterete, not angled; chaff soon deciduous.

9. R. amplexicaiilis Vahl. Annual, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, glaucous, leafy ;
leaves 1-ribbed, entire, serrate or sinuate, upper oblong or ovate, cordate-clasp-
ing ; heads showy, 3-5 cm. broad ; involucral bracts small, lanceolate ; rays
yellow or with brown bases; disk becoming 2-3 cm. high. — Mo., south w. and
southwestw.

47. BRAUNERIA Neck. Purple Cone-flower

Heads many-flowered ; rays mostly drooping, pistillate but sterile. Bracts
of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical, the lan-
ceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick,
short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, with stout
and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head ;
leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays rather persistent ; disk purplish.
(Named, it is said, for Jacob Brauner, a German herbalist of the early part
of the 18th century.) Echinacea Moench.

* Bays purple, rose-color, or rarely white.

1. B, purpurea (DC.) Britton. Stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly ;
leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest ovate, b-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the
others ovate-lanceolate; involucre imbricated in 3-6 rows; rays 15-20, dull
purple (rarely whitish), 2.5-4.5 cm. long or more. {Echinacea Moench.) —
Prairies and banks, from w. Pa. and Va. to Mich., la., and southw.; reported
as adventive eastw. July.

2. B. angustifblia (DC.) Heller. Low, 2-4 dm. high, hirsute; leaves lanceo-
late and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire; involucre less
imbricated and heads often smaller ; rays 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3-toothed, spread-
ing, purplish or white. (Echinacea DC.) — Limestone barrens and dry slopes,
Tenn. to the Saskatchewan and Tex. May- Aug.

3. B. pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Taller than the preceding, 1 m. or less high ,-
rays slender and drooping, 4-7 cm. long, 2-toothed. (Echinacea Nutt.) — Mich,
and 111. to Ala. and Tex.; also locally naturalized eastw. June, July.

* * Bays bright yellow.

4. B. parad6xa Norton. In habit similar to the two preceding, but nearly
glabrous, 5-8 dm. high ; the narrowly knee-linear somewhat rigid and strongly
3-veined leaves 1-2 dm. long, 0.8-3.5 cm. wide, scabrous on the margins, spar-
ingly strigillose or quite smooth on the surfaces; rays drooping, 3-4 cm. long.
(fB. atrorubens Britton, in part, not Nutt.) — Prairies and barrens, Mo. (Bush)
to Tex, June.

48. LEPACHYSRaf.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, neutral. Involucral bracts few and small,
spreading. Receptacle columnar ; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded
at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none
or of 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves ; the
grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single generally showy heads.
Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping ; disk grayish. (Name from "Keirls, a
scale, and irax^js, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L.pinnata (Vent.) T. & G. Hoary vsdth minute appressed haii-s, slender,
0.6-1.5 m. high, branching ; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute ; disk ellipsoid, much
shorter than the large (5 cm. long) and drooping light-yellow rays. (Batibida
Bamhart.) — Dry soil, w. N. Y, to Minn., Neb., and southw.; also local!/

COMPOSITAE ([COMPOSITE FAMILY) 833

adventive eastw. June, July. — The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor
when bruised.

2. L. columnaris (Sims) T. & G. Branching from base, 3-8 dm. high ;
leaflets 6-9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2-3-cleft ; disk columnar, often
3 cm. long or more ; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. pulcherrima
T. & G.) in part or wholly brown-purple. (liatibida I). Don.) — Minn, to
Assina. and Tex. ; also established near Ottawa, Ont. (according to J. M.
Macoun). May, June.

49. SPILANTHES Jacq.

Heads small, many-flowered ; rays, when present, fertile. Involucral bracts
few, loose. Receptacle elongated, columnar; chaff conduplicate, enwrapping
the achenes. Ray-achenes 3-angled or obcompressed ; disk-achenes somewhat
compressed, with acute margins continued into setiform awns, or the pappus
none. — Slender spreading or depressed herbs with opposite leaves and ovoid-
conical pedunculate heads. Rays yellow or white. (Name from (nrlXos, a stain,
and dvOos, floioer. )

1. S. americana (Mutis) Hieronymus, var. rdpens (Walt.) A. H. Moore.
Pubescent or glabrous, decumbent or loosely ascending ; leaves elliptic-ovate to
lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, petioled, strongly but equally toothed ; peduncles li-]2
cm. long ; heads 9-16 mm. in length. (^S. repens Michx.) — Low moist places,
Mo. to S. C, ria., and Tex.

50. BORRICHIA Adans. Sea Ox-ete

Heads many-flowered ; rays fertile. Bracts of the hemispherical involucre
imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff.
Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, o-4-angled ; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.
— Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly
entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers ; anthers
blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frut^scens (L.) DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence, 0.2-1
m. high ; leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near
the base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Salt-marshes, Va., and south w.

51. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower

Heads many-flowered ; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated,
herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persistent chaff embrac-
ing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither
winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the prin-
cipal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales. — Coarse and
stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays ; flowering toward
autumn. (Named from 7;Xios, the sun^ and &vdo^^ ajlower.)

§ 1. Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate ; receptacle flat ; disk brownish.

1. H. dnnuus L. (Common S.) Tall, rough ; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or
the lower cordate, serrate ; involucral bracts broadly ovate to oblong, long-
pointed, ciliate ; disk usually 2.5 cm. broad or more. — Rich soil, Minn, to Tex.,
and westw. ; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds eastw.

2. H. petiolaris Nutt. More slender, 0.3-2 m. high ; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, smaller (2.5-8 cm. long), mostly entire ; bracts lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk about 1.5 cm. broad. — Minn, to Man., Tex.,
and westw. ; occasionally in waste places, etc., eastw.

§ 2. Perennials ; receptacle convex or at length loxo-conical ; lower leaves usually

opposite.

* Involucral bracts loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed,
1-1.5 cm. long ; disk usually pnrple or brownish; leaves linear, l-nerved.

o» H. orgyalis DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate.
gray's manual — 53

834 coMPOsiTAE (composite family)

linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate ; bracts

filiform-attenuate. — T>r J plains, Mo. to Neb., southw. and westw.

4. H. angustifblius L. iS^ew slender, 0.5-2 m. liigh, usually scabrous; leaves
mostly opposite, long and linear, sessile, entire, witli revolute uiai^xns ; heads
loosely corymbed, long-peduncled ; bracts acute or pointed. —Low pine barrens,
L. I. and N. J. to Ky., and southw.

* * Involucral bracts closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foUaceous ;

leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and S-nerved.

H- Disk dark.

5. H. atr6rubens L. Bough-hairy ; stem slender, 1.5-2.5 m. high, smooth
and naked and forking above ; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate,
or the lowest heart-shaped, 7-15 cm. long, serrate, abruptly contracted into a
margined petiole ; heads small, corymbed ; bracts ovate, obtuse, ciliolate,
appressed; rays 10-16 ; pappus of 2 fringed scales.— Dry soil, Va. to Mo., and
southw. ; said to extend northwestw. to Minn.

6. H. scaberrimus Ell. Stem stout, 0.5-2 m. high or more, simple or spar-
ingly branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-
lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the
lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, rather large ; bracts ovate or oblong, obtuse,
or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed ; rays 20-25 ; pappus of 2 large and often sev.
eral small scales. (H. rigidus Desf . ) — Dry prairies, Mich, to the Saskatchewan,
westw. and south westw. ; adventive in e. Mass.

•t- •*- Disk yellow.

7. H. laetiflbrus Pers. Closely resembling the preceding; leaves rather
thinner ; heads single or corymbed ; bracts rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), nar-
rower and acute or mostly acuminate. — Dry open places. Pa. to Minn., and
southw. ; sparingly adventive in e. Mass.— Rays showy, 3-5 cm. long.

8. H. occidentalis Riddell. Somewhat hairy; steyn slender, simple, naked
above, 1 m. or less high, sending out runners from the base, bearing 1-6 small
heads on long peduncles; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long
hairy petioles ; the upper small and remote; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute or
pointed, sometimes ciliate. — Dry barrens, O. to Minn., and southw. ; somewhat
established on the N. J. coast {E. F. Williams).

Var. Dowellianus (Curtis) T. & G. More robust, leafy in the middle, merely
strigillose or puberulent; leaves larger, broadly oval, 6-9 cm. wide. — Mts. of
N. C. and Ga. ; said to extend northw. to D.C.

9. H. illinoensis Gleason. Very similar to the preceding variety, but the
petioles, lower part of stem, etc. , loosely villous ; leaves lance-oblong to ovate,
strictly opposite, the pairs separated by well developed internodes ; the blade
contracted into a winged petiole of nearly its own length. — Sandy soil, in oak
woods, etc., along the Illinois R. (Gleason). — Recently discovered and as yet
but little known ; perhaps only a form of the preceding species.

* * * Involucre looser, the bracts more acuminate or elongated or foUaceous;

disk yellow {anthers dark).

•»- Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate ; pubescence rather soft.

10. H. m611is Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top, 1 m. high ; leaves ovat«
to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed ; scales lanceolate, sel
dom exceeding the disk. — Dry barrens, Mass. to la., Kan., and southw.

-t- •*- Leaves mostly alternate and S-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrout
above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobe^
hirsute.

11. H. tomentbsus Michx. Stem hairy, stout, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves oblong
lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large
(1.5-3 dm. long), somewhat petioled ; disk 2.6 cm. broad; rays 12-16, about
2.5 cm. long. — Rich woods. Va., and southw. along the mts.

COMPOSTTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 835

K -H- H- Leaves narrow, the uppermost alternate, not Z-7ierved, scabrous both

sides ; heads rather small ; bracts loose, attenuate.

++ Stem smooth and glaucous.

12. H. Kellermani Britton. Slender, leafy, paniculately branched above ;
leaves narrowly lance-linear to linear, attenuate to the apex and subsessile base,'
chiefly alternate, green both sides, somewhat scabrous, finely and sparingly
serrate ; heads numerous, 3-4.5 cm. wide ; involucral bracts lance-linear, sub-
equal, about 1 cm. long; rays golden-yellow, 1-2 cm. long. — Near Columbus,
O. {Kellerman).

18. H. grosseserratus Martens. Stem 2-3 m. high ; leaves elongated-lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or
attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath ; bracts
lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry plains, w. Me. to N. J., westw. to Ont.,
Dak., and Tex. — Probably runs into the next.

++ ++ Stem hairy or scabrous.

14. H. gigantdus L. Stem 0.5-3 m. high, branched above; leaves lanceolate,
pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate
at base, but nearly sessile; bracts long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or
strongly ciliate. (H. Dalyi Britton?) — Low thickets and swamps, w. N. E.
to Ont., westw. and south w. — Heads somewhat corymbed ; the pale yellow rays
15-20; roots often becoming tuber-like, especially in var. subtuber6sus (Bour-
geau) Britton which has mostly opposite leaves, and occurs from n. Mich,
north westw.

15. H. Maximiliani Schrad. Resembling the preceding ; stout, often simple,
0.5-3 m. high ; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly den-
ticulate ; heads rather large, usually short-peduneled, terminal and in the upper
axils ; bracts longer-attenuate, more rigid. — Prairies, Minn, and the Saskatche-
wan to Tex. ; occasionally adventive eastw.

■♦- -^ ■«- ■<- Leaves all or most of them opposite, Z-nerved {faintly in no. 17).

*+ Heads very small (abont 8 mm. broad); rays 5-8; bracts few, short, irregu-
larly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems
smooth.

16. H. microcephalus T. & G. Stem 1-2 m. high, with numerous slender
branches above ; leaoes thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate,
petioled, rough above, pale and puberulent beneath ; peduncles slender, rough ;
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. parvijlorus Bernh., not HBK.)
— Thickets, etc.. Pa. and "s. Mich." to Mo., and southw.

17. H. laevigatus T. & G. Stem slender, 0.5-2 m. high, simple or sparingly
branched, glaucous, glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrati> lanceo-
late leaves which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base. — Dry soil,
Allegheny Mts., Va., and southw.

++ +* Heads larger ; rays usually over 10 ; spreading by creeping rootstocks.

= Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.

18. H. doronicoides Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 1-3 m. high ;
leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, triply-nerved above the broadly cuneatc base,
serrulate; bracts loose, attenuate, mostly 1-1.5 cm. long, hairy. —Dry ground,
O. to Mo.

19. H. divaricatus L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top, 0.5-
2 ra. high, smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate,
^-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, 0.5-2 dm. long, serrate, thickish, rough both sides; bracts narrowly
lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equaling the disk" (1 cm. wide); rays 8-12, 2.5 cm.
long. — Tliif'ketsand barrens, s. Me. to L. Winnipeg, Neb., and southw.

20. H. hirsutus Kaf. Stem simple or forked above, stout, 0.5-1 m. high,
bristly-hairy; leaves all short-petioled, ocatc-lanctulate, gradually pointed,
slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the baae, very rough above, usually roughr

836 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

hairy beneath ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equaling the disk; rays about
12. — Dry soil, Pa. to Wise, " Minn.," southw. and southwestw.

21. H. stnimbsus L. Stem 1-2 m. high, very smooth below, often glaucous-
leaves ovate-lanceolate^ tapering gradually to a iwint, or the lower ovate and
acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish
and naJced or minutely downy underneath; bracts broadly lanceolate, with
spreading tips, ciliate, equaling the disk; rays 9-15. — River-banks and low
copses, N, E. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Var. mollis T. & G. Leaves downy
underneath, often subcordate ; bracts looser and more attenuate. (Var. macro-
phyllu& Britton.) — N. E. and Pa. to Ont. and la.

22. H. tracheliifblius Mill. Similar to the preceding; leaves thinner and
nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled ;
bracts all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated. —
Copses, Ct. to Minn., southw. and southwestw.

= = Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft^ coarsely serrate, commonly broad ;
bracts loose, hirsute-ciliate.

23. H. decapdtalus L. Stem branching, 0.5-1.5 m. high, smooth below;
leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined
petioles ; bracts lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foli-
aceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10. {H. scrophulariifolius
Britton ?) — Copses and low banks of streams, centr. Me. and w. Que. to
Minn., Mo., and southw.

24. H. tuber5sus L. (Jerusalem Artichoke.) Pubescent or hirsute, 1.5-
3.5 m. high ; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sca-
brous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath ; bracts lanceolate,
attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12-20. —N. Y. to Minn., westw. and
southw.; often cultivated, and introduced eastw. Var. subcanescens Gray.
Usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. —
Minn, to Mo., and westw.

52. ACTIN6mERIS Nutt.

Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral bracts few,
herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle
small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading
in all directions ; pappus of 2-3 smooth persistent awns. — Tall branching
perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves tapering to the base and mostly
decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed ; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from
uKTis, a ray, and nepls, apart; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1. A. alternifblia (L.) DC. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above,
1-2 m. high ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends; rays 2-8, irregular. (A. squarrosa Nutt.; Verbesina
alternifolia Britton.) — Rich soil, N. J. to Ont., la., Kan., and southw. Aug.,
Sept.

53. VERBESINA L. Crownbeard

Heads several-many-flowered ; rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and
sterile, few or sometimes none. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows.
Receptacle rather convex (conical in no. 3), the chaff concave. Achenes flat
(laterally compressed), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — Mostly perennial herbs;
the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. (" Name
metamorphosed from Verbena.^')

* Heads slender, small, cymosely paniculate ; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile ;

involucre erect.

1. V. occidentalis (L.) Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, OY^te
to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubes-
cent beneath, large and thin ; heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle flattish ;
flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate ; achenes wingless. — Rich soil, Pa. to Ky.,
and southw, Aug!-Oct.

COMPOSITAE (COxMPOSlTE FAMILY) 837

2. V. virglnica L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-pubescent
like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves
heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle convex ; flowers white; rays 3-4 ovar-
achenes winged. — Dry soil, Pa. to Kan., and south w. Aug.

* *

Heads broader^ solitary or few.

3. V. helianthoides Michx. Perennial ; stem hairy, 1 ni. or less high widely
winged by the decurrence of the ovate to ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves
which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath ; involucre appre.ssed ; rays 8-15*
pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. —
Prairies and copses, O. to la., south w. and southwestw. June, ,l\Ay.

4. V. ENCELioiDES (Cav.) B. «& H., var. exauricciAta Robinson & Green-
man. Annual, branching, 3-6 dm. high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or
cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles destitute of the wings or auricles
(characteristic of the typical more southern form) ; involucral bracts lineai;
equal, foliaceous, spreading ; rays numerous, fertile. — Kan. to Tex., and westw. •
adventive by roads, w. Mo.; also casual northeastw., e.g. in s. Me. {Parlin). '

54. C0RE6pSIS L. TicKSEED

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. In-
volucre double ; each series of about 8 bracts, the outer foliaceous and somewhat
spreading ; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle
flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat, ol)Com-
pressed (i.e. flattened parallel with the bracts of the involucre), often winged,
not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the sum-
mit ; the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite leaves
and yellow or party-colored (rarely purple) rays. Too near the last section of
Bidens, but generally well distinguished as a genus. (Name from Kbpis, a bug,
and 3f IS, appearance ; from the form of the achene.)

§ 1. Style-tips truncate or nearly so ; outer involucre small and short ; rays rose-
color oryelloio, with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none.

1. C. rbsea Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth, 2-6 dm. high;
leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles;
rays rose-color, 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, wingless. — Sandy grassy swamps
and shores, e. Mass, to N. J., and south w. July-Sept.

2. C. tinct6ria Nutt. Annual, glabrous, often 1 m. high; leaves 1-2-pin-
nately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear ; achenes oblong, wingless ; rays
yelloio, with more or less of crimson-brown. — Minn, to Tex., etc.; common in
cultivation ; often escaping to roadsides, etc., eastw.

§2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate^ hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes
roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base
and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none ; rays mostly yellow and palmately
lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads ; lower leaves petiolate.

* Wings of achene broad, thin, spreading.

3. C. lanceolata L. Smooth or hairy, 3-6 dm. high, tufted, branched only
at the base ; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes),
lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer bracts ovate-lanctolate.
— Rich or damp soil, Ont. and Mich, to Va., Mo., and southw.; also cultivated
on account of its showy heads, and sometimes escaping eastw. May-July.

Var. vill6sa Michx. Hirsute below, the hirsute or villous leaves ratlier
broader. (C. crassifolia Ait.) —111. and Mo. to Fla.

4. C. grandiflbra Hogg. Mostly glabrous ; lower leaves lanceolate and spatu-
late, entire, the upper -^-'^-parted, with lanceolate to linear and sometiines "J— 3-
parted lobes; heads as in the preceding or larger. — Damp soil, Mo. and e.
Kan. to Tex. and Ga. May-July.

g38 COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

5. C. pub^scens Ell. More leafy, 0.5-1.3 in. high, pubescent or nearly
glabrous ; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper
oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2-4 small lateral lobes ; heads usually smaller.
— Woods, Va. to s. Ill, Mo., and southw. June-Sept.

* * Wings of ache ne narrow, callous-thickened, involute.

6. C. auriculata L. Pubescent or glabrous ; stems 5-13 dm. high, branch-
ing, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-
lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3-5-lobed
or -divided; outer bracts oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Rich woods and banks,
Va. to 111., and southw. June-Sept.

§ 3. Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the
wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.

• Outer bracts narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at
base; rays mostJy entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite,
sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as ifwhorled; perennial, 3-9 dm. high.

H- Leaves S-cleft, but not to the base.

7. C. palmata Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped,
rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. — Prairies,
Mich, to Man., and southwest w. July.

H- H- Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple.

8. C. major Walt. Plant minutely soft-pubescent ; leaves each divided into
3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl.
(C. senifoUa Michx.) — Sandy woods, Va., and southw. July.

Var. stellata (Nutt.) Robinson. Glabrous; the leaves narrower. (C seni-
foUa, var. T. & G.; O. major, var. Oemleri Britton.) — Va., Ky., and southw.

9. C. delphinifblia Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3
sessile leaflets which are 2-6-parted, their divisions lance-linear, 2-6 mm.broad,
rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Va., and southw. July.

10. C. verticillata L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which
are 1-2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Dry ridges
and open woods, Md. to S. C. and Ark.; reported from w. Ont. and n. Mich.;
cultivated in old gardens, but not showy ; occasionally escaping. July-Sept.

* * Outer bracts narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus
none; leaves peliolate, pinnately 3-^-divided ; perennial.

11. C. tripteris L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple, 1-2.7 m.
high, corvmbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. — Pa. to s. Out.,
Wise, e.^Kan., and southw. Aug., Sept. — Heads exhaling the odor of anise
when bruised j disk turning brownish.

55. THELESPtRMA Less.

Heads many-flowered ; rays about 8 and neutral, or none. Involucre as in
Coreopsis, the inner bracts scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious
chaff falling with the wingless and beakless achenes ; pappus of 2 stout subulate
retrorsely hispid awns. — Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and
pedimculate heads of yellow flowers. (From dv^r}, a nipple, and air4pfxa, seed,
on account of the papillose achenes.)

1. T. trifidum (Poir.) Britton. Annual or biennial, 3-7 dm. high, loosely
branching and very leafy ; leaves 2-pinnaie, the lobes filiform ; outer involucral
bracts 8, subulate-linear, hardly equaling the inner which are united only below
the middle; ravs 1 cm. or more long ; outer achenes conspicuously roughened on
the back. —Barrens and plains, Mo to Neb., westw. and south westw. May- Aug.

2. T. gracile (Torr.) Gray. Ferennial rather rigid, naked above; leaves
With narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire ; bracts 4-6. the outer very

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

839

ghort-ovats or oblong, the inner connate above the middle ; rays short or usually
none; achenes less roughened. — Neb. and Kan., south w. and westw • adv
in Mo. * *

56. BtDENS L. Bur Marigold

Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre
double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; chaff
deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel to the bracts of the invo-
lucre, or slender and 4-sided (rarely terete), crowned with awns or short teeth
(these rarely naked). — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves
and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.) '

^- B. — In this genus the measurements of the fruit relate to the inner
mature achenes. The outer are often shorter and uncharacteristic. The figures
of the heads are on a scale of f , those of the achenes are life size.

a. Achenes flat (or at most with a strong rib on either face) h.
b. Eays small or wanting c,
c. Inner achenes less than 2 mm. broad.

Heads cylindric or ellipsoid, much longer than broad ; disk-florets
3—4 ram. long; leaves simple.
Inner achenes 1 cm. or more long ; awns 6-8 mm. long . . \. B. hidenioides.
Inner achenes 7-9 mm. long; awns 8-4.5 mm. long ... 2. B. Eatoni.
Heads hemispherical, nearly or quite as broad as long ; disk-florets
1-1.5 mm. long; achenes 5.5-S.5 mm. long; awns 1.5-2.5 mm.

long ; leaves ternately compound Z. B. discoidea.

c. Inner achenes 2 mm. or more broad d.
d. Leaves simple ; heads subtended by long thick entire leafy bracts ;
achenes 8-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, retrorsely barbed,
the 3 (rarely 2 or 4) awns unequal, at most 6 mm. long . . Q. B. comosa.
d. Leaves pinnate ; achenes upwardly barbed at least at base :
awns 2.
Outer involucre of 5-8 leafy bracts; inner bracts oblong,

equaling the disk ; achenes 2-3.3 mm. broad . . . 4. A frondoaa.
Outer involucre of 10-16 leafy bracts ; inner bracts ovate-trian-

gular, shorter than the disk ; achenes 3.3-4 mm. broad . 5. B. vulgata.
o. Eays conspicuously exceeding the disk e.

6. Leaves mostly pinnate ; awns (if present) upwardly barbed /.
/. Inner achenes 2 mm. or less broad, cuneate.

Inner achenes 3-4.5 ram. long 11. B. ooronaia.

Inner achenes 5-7 mm. long 12'. ^'. trichosp'erma,.

J, Inner achenes more than 2 mm. broad, elliptic-obovate, with thin
scarious margins.
Outer foliaceous bracts 8-10, smooth or merely ciliate, shorter

than the inner 13, J?. aHatosa.

Outer foliaceous bracts 12-20, coarsely hispid, mostly longer

than the inner 14. s. involucrata.

e. Leaves simple or slightly divided ; achenes obovate, 8-4.5 mm. long,

with short teeth 11. B. coronata.

a. Achenes angled or terete g.
g. Achenes distinctly angled ; terrestrial or marsh plants h.
h. Leaves pinnate.

Heads few-flowered, slender ; achenes linear, 4-angled, the inner

1.2-1.8 cm. long, about 1 mm. broad 10. .5. bipinnata.

Heads hemispherical, many-flowered ; achenes cuneate, 3-4 angled,

4-6 mm. long (7) ^. connata, v. pinnata.

lb. Leaves simple; heads hemispherical, many-flowered; achenes
cuneate or obovate.
Leaves petioled or with conspicuouslv narrowed bases ; fruiting

heads erect * 1. B. connata.

Leaves sessile or connate ; fruiting heads mostly nodding.
Outer bracts unequal, mostly exceeding the disk ; rays at most
twice the length of the disk ; achenes dilated above ; leaves

mostly connate 8. A cernita.

Outer bracts subequal, rarely exceeding the disk ; rays 2-4 times
as long as the disk ; achenes not dilated above ; leaves

sessile, but rarely connate 9. B. laevis.

g. Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with the 3-6 very long awns

smooth below ; aquatic, with the immersed leaves finely divided . 15. B. Beckii.

1. B. bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. Glabrous, paniculately branched, 2-^ dm.
high; leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 1.5-2
cm. long ; the outer involucre of 4-5 bracts ; ray.' usually wanting ; achenes

840

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY^

B. EatonL

992. B. Eat.
V. fal.

usually 4

hairy, 1 cm. or more long, with 2 very slender uptoardfg
roughened awns (6-8 mm. long) surpassing the yellowish
4-toothed corolla, and often 2 minute intermediate teeth.
(Coreopsis Nutt.) — Shores of Delaware R. and
Bay. Sept., Oct. Fig. 990.

2. B. Eatbni Fernald. Simple or branched,
2.5-6 dm, high ; leaves lanceolate, with long-
990. B. bidentoides. acuminate tips and slender petiolar bases,
coarsely serrate ; outer involucre of 3-5 bracts,
inner of 5 oblong conspicuously striate ones 1 cm. long ; rays
none ; disk-flowers 15-25 ; inner achenes 7-9 m?n. long, 1-1.7
mm. broad, with strong midribs, usually with retrorse hairs on

the margin ; the 2-4 awns 3-4.5 m^n. long, downwardly barbed. —
Brackish shores, lower Merrimac R., Mass. Sept., Oct. Fig. 991.
Var. riLLAx Fernald. Achenes and awns upwardly
oarbed. — With the typical form. Fig. 992.

8. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Diffusely
branched ; leaves ternately divided, slender-petioled ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ;
heads small, 5 mm. high; outer involucral bracts
achenes linear-wedge-shaped, tuberculate or smooth,
bearing a pair of short and stout upwardly barbed awns of the
length of the orange 5-toothed corolla. (Coreopsis T. & G.)

— Wet banks and swamps, Mass. to Mich., 111., 993^ ^ discoidea
southw. and south westw. July-Oct. Fig. 993.

4. B. frondbsa L. (Beggar-ticks.) Stems tall (7 dm. or
less in height), paniculate-branched; leaves 3-5-divided, gla-
brous, the terminal leaflet long-stalked, acuminate, often again
divided, lateral ones shorter, less acuminate, all sharply serrate ;
heads 1.5 cm. long or less, on slender peduncles ;
outer involucre of 5-8 ciliate bracts; rays small,
yellow; achenes narrowly cu7ie ate, 1-10 mm. long,
black, strongly 1-nerved on each face, often slightly
994. B. frondosa. hairy, the retrorsely barbed slightly divergent slender
awns barely half as long, exceeding the 5-toothed
orange corolla. (B.melanocarpa Wiegand.) — Common in damp
ground, throughout. Aug., Sept. Fig. 994. Var. anomala Porter.
Awns upwardly barbed. — Local, N. S. to Pa. Fig. 995.

5. B. vulgata Greene. (Beggar-ticks, Stick-tight.) Stem tall (often
1.5 m. high) and branching, glabrous; leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, slender-
petioled, nearly glabrous ; leaflets lanceolate, very acute, coarsely serrate, all

short-stalked; heads large, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, stout-peduncu-
late; outer involucral bracts 10-16, unequal, about equaling the
disk or sometimes longer, coarsely ciliate-hispid ; rays pale
yellow ; achenes 9-12 mm. long, obovate- or obloug-cuneate,
usually glabrous, but often tuberculate-roughened, brown or
olive; awns retrorsely barbed, exceed-
ing the 4-5-toothed yellow corolla. (B.
frondosa Wiegand, not L.) — Moist
waste places and roadsides, throughout,

but less common eastw. than the preceding. Aug. -Oct.

Fig. 996.

Var. pub^rula (Wiegand) Greene. Peduncles, leaves,

and outer bracts puberulent. — Wise, to Sask. and Mo.

6. B. combsa (Gray) Wiegand. Stem stout, 8 dm. or 997^ b. comosa.
less in height, glabrous ; branches short ; leaves pale,

elliptic, acute, with ivinged petioles, regularly seiTate, or upper entire ; heada
few, large, 1 cm. or so high, short-pedunculate ; outer involucre of 6-8 nearly
erect linear or lanceolate usually entire unequal large bracts, the longest 2-5
times exceeding the disk / rays wanting^ • achenes about 1 cm. long., cuiieate,

995. C. fron.,
V. anom.

996. B. vulgata.

COMPOSITAE (^COMPOSITE FAMILY)

841

&^

y99. B. cermia.

ohve or brown, nearly glabrous, obscurely nerved or nerveless, s..metimes
punctate ; mens nearly f as long as the achene, eciualinfr the ^-toothed pale-yellow
corolla. {B. connata, var. Gray.) — Sandy shores and rich soil, N. E. to xVIinn
westw. and southw. Sept., Oct. Fig. 997. ''

Var. acuta Wiegand. Leaves subsessile ; heads larger ; outer bracts shorlei
(barely twice exceeding the disk), spreading, acute. (£. acuta Britton.) — Mo
And Kan.

7. B. connata Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Tall and branching, 0.5-1.5
m. high; leaves bright green, undivided or some of the lower deeply parted

lanceolate or elliptic, large, acuminate, slender-petioled, coarsely

jtj serrate ; heads about 1 cm. high, short-pedunculate ; outer invo-

^^^^ lucre of 4: or 5 short entire bracts; rays golden-yellow, generally

\jT\ wanting; achenes 4-6 mm. long, cuneate, the outer 8-angled and

U 3-awned, inner 4-angled, 4-awned ; awns barely half as^lonq as

f the achene, retrorsely barbed, equaling the b-tooihed corolla.

398 B connata Swamps and ditches, N. E. to Minn, and Mo. Sept. (Estab-
■ lished in Eu.) Fig. 998.
Var. pinnata Wats. Leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5-7 divisions
sparingly incised; achenes 4-awned. — Hennepin Co., Minn. {F, L. Couillard).

8. B. cirnua L. (Stick-tight.) Smooth or hispidulous,
2-7 dm. high ; branches short ; leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, unequally serrate, connate at base;
heads erect in anthesis, short-pedunculate ; outer involucre
longer than the head; rays, when present, one half exceeding
the disk or longer; achenes wedge-obovate, 5-0 mm. long,
4-awned, 4-angled, retrorsely barbed, tuherculate on the angles,
and prominently many-nerved ; awns half as long as the achene,
shorter than the yellow 5-toothed corolla. — Wet places,
throughout. July-Oct. (Eu.) Fig. 999. — Very variable.

9. B. laevis (L.) BSP. Smooth, erect, or reclining at base, 1 m. or less high ;
leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, sessile, rarely connate finely and regu-
larly serrate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yellow
(2-^ cm. long) rays; achenes 6-9 mm. long, wedge-shaped, retrorsely almost

serrate on the margins; awns 2, 3, or 4, downwardly barbed,
barely f as long as the achene, and hardly equaling the yellow
6-toothed disk-corolla. {B. chrysanthemoides Michx.) — Swamps
near the coast, Mass., and southw.; also centr. N. Y. Aug.-Oct.

10. B. bipinnata L. (Spanish Needles.) Smooth annual,
branched ; leaves 1-S-pinnately parted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on
slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear bracts equaling the

1000 B bipin. ^hort pale yellow rays; achenes 4-g'rooved, nearly smootli, :i-4-
awned, very unequal. — Damp soil, K. I., westw. and southw.;

occasional on ballast north w. Fig. 1000.

11. B. coronata (L.) Fisch. Nearly glabrous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves variable,
commonly 3-7 -divided, or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed ;
rays golden-yellow, showy ; achenes flat, 1-nerved on each
face, broadly cuneate, 3-4.5 mm. long, with 2 very short blunt
spreading teeth. {Coreopsis aurea Ait.) — Wet ground, Va.
to Fla. "Fig. 1001.

12. B. trichosplrma (Michx.) Britton. (Tickseed Sun-

flower.) Smooth, branched ; leaves short-peti-

Vj oled, nearly all 3-7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate looi. B. coronata.

M or lance-linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves

'm only 3-5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled-corymbose ; rays

H conspicuous, golden-yellow ; achenes narrowly loedge-oblong or the

1002 B trich ^^^^^^ ^^^^ wedge-Unear, 5-7 mm. long, smooth or sparsely hairy,

marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout

teeth. (Coreopsis Michx.) — Swamps, Mass. to \'a. near the coaist ; also N. Y.

U) III. and Ky.; said to extend northwestw. to Miuu. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 1002.

8€2 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

Var. TENufLOBA (Gray) Britton. Leaf-segments narrowly linear; achene^

shorter. — Less common.

18. B. aristbsa (Michx.) Britton. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1-2-pinnately
5_7 -divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani-
cled-corymbose ; outer bracts 8-10, not exceeding the inner^
barely ciliate ; rays showy ; achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and
slender diverging awns as long as the achene itself or reduced
to short teeth. (Coreopsis Michx.) — Swamps, 0. to Mich.,
Minn., and south westw. ; adventive in waste places eastw. Aug.-
Oct. Fig. 1003.

1003. r.. ai istosa, 14. B. Involucrata (Nutt.) Britton. Heads rather larger;
the outer bracts 12-20, mostly exceeding the inner, slender and
hispid; achenes icith 2 short acute teeth. (Coreopsis Nutt.)
— Swamps, w. 111. to Kan. and Tex.; rarely adventive eastw.
I'm. 1004.

15. B. BIckii Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic,
perennial, smooth ; stems long and slender ; immersed leaves
crowded, many times dissected into capillary segments; the
few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ; ^^^^^^ g involucrata.
heads single, short-ped uncled ; involucre much shorter than
the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth, 1-1.5 cm. long; the
stout divergent awns longer, barbed only toward the apex. — Ponds and slow
deer streams, Me. and Que. to N. J., and westw. Aug.-Oct.

57. BALDUINA Nutt.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small bracts imbricated in 3-4
rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes ;
pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — Perennial herb, smoothish ;
the slender simple stems 6-9 dm. high, bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,
and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Eays yellow, 2.5 cm. long; disk
often turning dark purple. (Named for Dr. William Baldwin, 1779-1819, dis-
criminating amateur botanist, friend of Muhlenberg.) Actinosper3ium Ell.

1. B. uniflbra Nutt. {Actinospermum Barnhart.) — Borders of swamps, from
Va. (?) southw. Aug.

58. MARSHAlLIA Schreb.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect ; corolla-lobes slendeJ
and spreading. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in 1-2
rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid
chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled ; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous pointed
scales — Smooth low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-
pedunculate heads terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ;
anthers blue. (Named at the request of Muhlenberg for Dr. Moses Marshall^
nephew of the more distinguished Humphrey Marshall.)

1. M. trin^rvia (Walt.) Porter. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, sessile but not amplexicaul, 6-7.5 cm. long. (ilf. latifolia Pursh.) —
Dry soil, Va., and southw.

2. M. obovata (Walt.) Beadle & Boynton. Leaves chiefly basal, narrowly
obovate, obtusish or rounded at the apex ; involucral bracts linear-oblong, blunt ;
chaff spatulate, uK^re or less distinctly expanded at the tip, blunt ; achene
longer than pappus. — River-banks and open woods, s. w. Pa., and southw.

Var. platyphylla (Curtis) Beadle & Boynton. Stem leafy about to the middle;
leaves lanceolate, narrowed to an obtusish tip, conspicuously amplexicaul. —
Dry open woods, etc.. Pa., and southw. M. grandiflora Beadle «& Boynton
appears to be only a very robust form or state of this variety, with stems 4-7 dm.
high, and cauline leaves 2-3 cm. wide.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) b43

69. GALINSdGA R. & P.

Heads several-flowered, radiate ; rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. Invo-
iUcre of 4-5 ovate thin bracts. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Pappus
of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales, sometimes wanting. — Annual herbs,
with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads ; disk yellow ; rays
white or reddish. (Named for Dr. Mariano Martinez de Galinsoga, a Spanish
botanist.)

* Bays white; pappus of disk-Jloioers about equaling the achenes.

1. G. parvifl6ra Cav. Pubescence subappressed ; leaves ovate, crenate-
serrate, petioled; pappus of the disk-flowers of spatulate obtusish scales. —
Koadsides and waste places, from N. E. across the continent. (Adv. from
Trop. Am.) Var. hispida DC. Pubescence more copious, not appressed ;
pappus-scales of the disk-flowers attenuate and bristle-tipped. — Me. to Ont.,
Wise, and south w. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)

* * Rays reddish; pappus of disk-flowers about half as long as the achenes.

2. G. caracasXna (DC.) Sch. Bip. Pubescence loose and often rather
copious ; leaves as in no. 1. (G. hispida Benth.) — Waste land, Camden, N. J. ;
about mills, etc., Cumberland, Md. {Schriver), and probably elsewhece. (Adv.
from Trop. Am.)

60. FLAVtRIA Juss.

Heads 3-15-flowered, usually with but 1 ray-flower; flowers all fertile.
Involucral bracts few, subequal or 1-2 of the outer much shorter. Receptacle
small, naked or setose. Achenes oblong, 8-10-ribbed, glabrous ; pappus none.
— Opposite-leaved annuals with clustered small yellowish heads. (Name from
flaviis, yellow, the plant being used in dyeing.)

1. F. campestris Johnston. Erect and glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, branched
above ; leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved, mostly serrulate ; heads subsessile,
in mostly terminal glomerules ; involucre 3-bracteate, 2-5-flowered. (F. angus-
tifolia of auth., not Pers.) — Alkaline soil, w. Mo. (^Bush) to Col. and Mex.
May-Sept.

61. HYMENOPApPUS L'H^r.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute
corolla-lobes. Involucral bracts 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-
like, usually white. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-sliaped, with a
slender base, striate ; pappus of 15-20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin
(whence the name of the genus, from vfiriv, membrane, and ird-mros, pappus.) —
Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed
small heads of usually whitish flowers.

* Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales,

1. H. carolin6nsis (Lam.) Porter. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young,
leafy to the top, o-9 dm. high ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong
lobes ; involucral bracts roundish, mainly whitish ; pappus-scales very small,
roundish, nerveless. {H. scabiosaeus L'H^r.) — Sandy barrens. 111. to S. C,
and south w. May, June.

2. H. corymbbsus T. & G. More slender, glabrate, naked above; bracts
obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex. — Woods and plains. Mo. and Neb. to Tex.

62. POlfPTERIS Nutt.

Heads few-flowered, small ; flowers all tubular, deeply 5-parted. Involucral

bracts 8-10, herbaceous. Achenes slender-obpyramidal ; pappus of short
rounded pales or wanting. — Scabrous herbs with narrow short-petioled mostly
Hltemate leaves, and pedunculate loosely corymbose or paniculate small purplish

(^44 COMPOSITAE ([COMPOSITE FAMILY^

heads. (Name from ttoXjJ-, many^ and ttt^pij (jrephv), wing, referring tc the
pappus of some species.)

1. P. callbsa (Nutt.) Gray. Annual, slender, 6 dm. or less in height; leaves
linear ; peduncles glandular ; iovolucral bracts with dry reddish tips. — Dry soil,
Mo. to Tex. , etc.

63. ACTINEA Juss.

Heads many-flowered ; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate.
Bracts of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or
coriaceous, nearly equal, in 2-3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Achenes
top-shaped, densely silky-villous ; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very
thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted with
resinous atoms and bitter-aromatic ; the solitary heads terminating scapes or
slender naked peduncles ; flowers yellow. (Name from clktIs, ray.) Actinella
Pers. PiCRADExiA Hook. Tetraneuris Greene.

1. A. herbacea (Greene) Robinson. Perennial, caespitose ; branches of the
caudex rather stout, bearing numerous thickish spatulate to linear 1-nerved
sparingly villous glandular-punctate leaves and scape-like peduncles (villous or
Ian ate especially toward the summit) ; heads (including the showy rays) 3-4
cm. in diameter. ( Tetraneuris Greene ; Actinella acaulis, var. glabra Gray, in
jrart.) — Ottawa Co., O., and about Joliet, 111.

64. HELENIUM L, Sneezeweed

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3-5-cleft, fertile,
rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed ; the bracts linear or awl-shapcd.
Receptacle globose or ellipsoid. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed ; pappus of 5-8
thin 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.
— Erect branching herbs with alternate leaves, often sprinkled with bitter
aromatic resinous globules ; heads yellow, rarely purple, terminal, single or
corymbed. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Helenus,
son of Priam.)

* Leaves broad, decurrent on the angled stem.

1. H. nudiflbrum Nutt. Perennial, somewhat puberulent, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate
and dentate ; heads mostly small ; disk brownish, globose ; rays yellow or
partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceed-
ing the disk. — 111. and Mo. to N. C. and Tex. ; also abundantly established
locally from N. E. to Pa. June-Aug. — Hybridizes with the next.

2. H. autumnale L. Perennial, nearly smooth, 0.2-2 m. high ; leaves mostly
toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; heads larger (2-4 cm. broad) ; disk yellow ;
rays fertile, yellow. —Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, w. Que. and w.
Mass. to Man., south w. and westw. Aug.-Oct.

* * Leaves linear- filiform, not decurrent.
- .^ct^ 3 H. tenuifblium Nutt. Glabrous annual, much branched, very leafy ; heads
\^ "^ 1.5-2 cm. broad; rays fertile. — Prairies, roadsides, etc., Va. to Kan., and
^ '^ southw. ; locally established by railroads, etc., northeastw. to e. Mass.

65. GAILLArDIA Foug.

Heads many-flowered ; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile,
or none. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, the outer larger, loose, and foliaceous.
Receptacle convex to globose, with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft
chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous ; pappus of 5-10 long thin awn-
tipped scales. —Erect alternate-leaved herbs with long-peduncled showy heads
of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers. (Named after Gaillard de Charenton-
neau, a botanical amateur.)

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) g4fl

1. G. liitea Greene. Erect or nearly so, 4 dm. or more in height, puberulent
and somewhat scabrous, leafy-stem in ed, branched above ; branches a.scendiiig •
leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat amplexicaul at the broadi.sh base, toothed or
subentire ; both disk-Jlowers and rays yellow. (G. lanceolata of auth. in nart
not Michx.) — Mo. (i^zisA) to Tex. ^ '

2. G. aristata Pursh. FevenniaX, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate
broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatitid ; disk-Jlowers brownish-purple '
rays usually numerous and long, yellow; chaff bristly or subulate. — Minn, to
Man., westw. and south w. ; now spreading eastw.

66. DYSSODIA Cav. Fetid Marigold

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; rays pistillate. Involucre of 1 row of
bracts united into a firm cup, with a few loose bracts at the base. Receptacle
flat, beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled ; pappus a row
of chaffy scales, dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, mostly annuals
or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; heads
terminating the branches ; flowers yellow. (Name 5vsu}5la, an ill smell, which
the plants exemplify.) Boebera Willd.

1. D. pappbsa (Vent.) Hitchc. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched, 1-5 dm.
high ; leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut ;
rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. (D. chrysanthemoides Lag.) — Hoad-
sides and banks of rivers, Minn, to 111., Tenn., and south westw. ; occasional as
a weed further eastw. July-Get.

67. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. Yarrow

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucral bracts
Imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes
oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small
corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discov-
ered by Achilles.)

* Leaves simple ; involucre hemispherical ; receptacle low.

1. A. PtXrmica L. (Sxeezeweed.) Stem rather rigid, smooth or slightly
pubescent ; leaves lance-linear, finely appressed-serrate ; corymb loose, the heads
long-pediceled ; rays 8-12, white, much longer than the involucre. — Damp
fields, etc., Nfd. to Mich, and Mass., local. Aug., Sept. (Introd, from Eu.)

* * Leaves bipinnately parted ; involucre slender-cylindric ; receptacle becoming

elongated.

•t- Bays comparatively showy, their blades |-| as long as the involucre; bracts
with dark brown or black margins.

2. A. borelilis Bongard. Stem erect, 0.5-4 dm. high, more or less lanate ;
stem-leaves few (5-9), silky-lanate especially beneath ; corymbs 2-(j cm. broad,
very convex; involucre 4-6 mm. long, its bracts all dark-margined ; nnjs 10-20,
white (rarely pink), short-oblong or suborbicular, 2.5-4 mm. long. — Wet rocks
and mossy slopes. Lab. to Alaska, s. to Nfd., e. Que., and along the Rocky Mts.
to N. Mex. June-Aug. (Boreal Eurasia.)

•*- •*- Bays small, their blades rarely \ as long as the involucre ; bracts pale,
very rarely the uppermost dark-margined.

8. A. Millef51ium L. (Common Y., Milfoil.) Stem simple or sometimes
forked above, 8-10 dm. high, arachnoid or nearly smooth ; stem-leaves numerous
(8-15), smooth or loosely pubescent ; corymbs very compound, <>-20 cm. broad,
flat-topped, the branches stiff ; involucre ;3-5 mm. long, its bracts all i)ale, or in
exposed situations the uppermost becoming dark-margined ; rays 5-10, white
to crimson, short-oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. long. — Fields and river-banks, common,
(Eurasia. ) ^

4. A. Ianul5sa Nutt. Similar; stem 3-6 dm. high, densely woolly; stem-

846

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

leaves silky-lanate ; corymbs 2-10 cm. broad, venj convex; involucre pubescent,
none of its bracts dark-margined ; rays 1-2.5 mm. long. — Gravelly shores and
open ground, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Mich., thence westw, and southwestw.;
naturalized in the Eastern States. (Hex.)

1005. A. Cotula.
Leaf and ray x 1%.

68. ANTHEMIS [Mich.] L. Chamomile

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays pistillate or (in no. 1) neutral. Invo-
lucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious bracts shorter
than the disk. Receptacle conical, usually vs^ith slender chaff at least near the
summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate ; pappus none or a minute
crown. — Branching often strong-scented herbs, with pin-
nately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads ; rays
white or yellow (rarely wanting) ; disk yellow. ('Af^e/i^s,
the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)
* Bays white.
-1- Chaff of the receptacle sharp-pointed.

1. A. Cotula L. (May-weed, Dog Fennel.) Annual,
acrid, ill-scented ; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected ; rays
mostly neutral ; receptacle without chaff
near the margin; pappus none; achenes
tuherculate-roughened. (Maruta DC.) —
Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 1005.

2. A. ARVENSis L. (Corn C.) Pubes-
cent annual or biennial, resembling May-
weed, but not ill-scented ; leaves less rinely 1-2-pinnately
parted ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed, subtending
all the disJc-fiowers and distinctly exceeding them ; achenes
smooth on the sides ; pappus a minute border. — Roadsides,
waste places, etc., occasional. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 1006.
Var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. Chaff of the receptacle shorter
than the disk-flowers. — Fields, etc., becoming frequent. (Nat.
from Eu.)

-I- ••- Chaff of the receptacle blunt.

3. A. n6bilis L. (Garden C.) More downy and perennial^ pleasantly
strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely dis-
sected ; pappus none. — Occasionally spontaneous about old gardens. (Introd.
from Eu.)

* * Bays yellow.

4. A. tinct6ria L. (Yellow C.) Pubescent perennial; leaves pinnately
divided ; heads long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad ; chaff of the receptacle lanceo-
late ; pappus a short crown. — Fields and waste places, becoming frequent.
(Nat. from Eu.)

A. aurea (L.) DC, with small rayless heads has been found near St. Louis,
Mo. {Engelmann).

1006. A, arvensis.
Leaf and ray x 1%.

69. MATRICARIA [Tourn.] L. Wild Chamomile

Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate or wanting. Bracts of the involucre
imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical (at least in fruit), naked.
Achenes 3-5-ribbed, wingless ; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or
none. — Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely
divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none ; disk yellow.
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

1. M. inot)6ra L. Leaves bipinnately divided into tine almost filiform lobes ;
heads large, 3-4 cm. broad^ naked-peduucled, and with many long rays; achenes

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)

847

1007. M. inodora.
Leaf X 11/3.

N. Y., and Pa.;

strongly 8-ribbed ; pappus a short croicn or border. — Tiosid-
sides and fields, Nfd.toCt. and Mich.; abundant in e Me and
adjacent Canada. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1007.

2. M. CnAMOMf LLA L. Similar ; heads smaller, ahoiit 2
cm. broad; rays shorter; receptacle more convex; achenes
less distnictly ribbed ; 2:>appus obsolete. — -iioRdsides and waste
places, Atlantic States, west to O. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. M. suAVEOLENS (Pursh) Buchenau. (Pineapple-weed")
Low; leaves 2-3-pinnately-parted into short linear lobes-
heads rayless, short-peduncled ; bracts oval, with broad mar-
gins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more
terete ; pappus obsolete ; odor of the bruised plant suggesting
pnieapple. (31. discoidea DC; M. matncarioides Porter)
— Roadsides and old fields, locally abundant in N. B., N. E.
also about St. Louis, Mo.; naturalized, probably from the

Pacific slope, where it is common. (Established in n. Eu.)

70. CHRYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L. Ox-eye Daisy

Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat
involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex naked
Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar,' striate*.
— Annual or perennial nerbs, with toothed, piunatifid, or divided leaves, and
single or corymbed heads. Rays white or yellow (rarely wanting); disk yellow.
(Old Greek name, xp'^cai'^e/uoi', i.e. golden flower.)

* Heads large, solitary, terminating the long branches.
1. C. LeucAnthemum L. (Ox-eye or White Daisy, Marguerite, White-
weed.) Stem erect, simple or forked toward the summit; basal leaves spatu-
late-obovate, on long slender petioles, the blades crenate-dentate ; middle and
upper stem-leaves oblong or oblanceolate, coarsely and
regularly crenate or dentate above, with larger spreading
teeth at base ; heads 4-6 cm. broad ; involucral bracts
narrow, brown-margined ; rays ichite (rarely tubular,
laciniate, or deformed). — Fields, etc., Nfd. and e. Que.
to N. J.; rare southw. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1008.

Var. piNNATiFiDuai Lecoq & La-
motte. Basal leaves pinnatifid, subpin-
natifid, or coarsely and irregularly
toothed ; middle and upper stem-leaves
narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, con-
spicuously subpinnatifid at base ; heads
usually smaller than in the typical
form. (Var. subpinnatijidnm Fernald.)
— Fields and meadows, throughout ; an
abundant and pernicious weed eastw.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1009.

2. C. SEGETUM L. (Corn Chrysanthemum, Corn Mari-
gold.) Similar ; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping, coarsely
toothed or pinnatifid ; rays golden-yellow ; bracts broad and
scarious. — Ballast along the coast, N. B. to N. J.; also in fields
n*»ar Schenectady, N. Y. {Wibbe). (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Heads small, corymbed.

3. C. Parthenium (L.) Bernh. (Feverfew.) Tall, branched, leafy ; Zeai'es
bipinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut; rays ichite. — Escaped from gar-
dens, and naturalized in some places. (Introd. from Eu.)

4. C. Balsamita L., var. tanacetoides Boiss. (Costmary, Mint Gera-
nium.) Leaves oblong, crenate, the upper sessile, the lower petioled, ofteu

IOCS.

C. Leucanthemum.
Leaves x 1^.

1009. C. Leuc,

V. pinnat.

Leaves x %.

848 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

with 2 small lateral lobes at base ; heads rayless. — Frequently escaped from
gardens. (Introd. from Asia.)

71. TANACETUM L. Tansy

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid ; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly
pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex,
naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top ; pappus a short crown.

Bitter and acrid mostly strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1-3-

pinnately dissected leaves, and corynibed (rarely single) heads. Mowers yellow,
in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

1. T. vulgXre L. (CoMMOx T.) Stem 0.5-1 m.high, smooth; leaflets and
the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete,
with oblique 3-toothed limb ; pappus 6-lobed. — Escaped from gardens to road-
sides, etc. (Introd. from Eu.) Var. crIspum DC. Leaves more cut and crisped.
— Frequent in similar places. (Introd. from Eu.)

2. T. huronlnse Nutt. Hairy or looolly when young, stout, 3-9 dm. high ;
lobes of leaves oblong; heads large (1-2 cm. wide) and usually /ew? ; pistillate
flowers flattened, .3-5-clef t ; pappus toothed. — River-banks, e. Que. to N. B. and
n. Me. ; shores of the upper Great Lakes ; coast of Ore., Wash., and B. C.

72. c6tULA [Tourn.] L.

Heads hemispherical to globose, many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers
(reduced rays) pistillate and fertile, nearly or quite apetalous ; disk-flowers
tubular, 4-toothed, fertile. Chaff none. Achenes at maturity mised on pedi-
cels, which remain attached to the flat or moderately convex receptacle. Pappus
obsolete or none. — Low mostly diffuse or creeping strong-scented herbs, with
alternate toothed, lobed, or dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads of yellow
flowers. (Name from kotvXt], a small cup, alluding to the hollow at the base of
the amplexicaul leaves.)

1. C. coronopif6lia L. Branched from the base, decumbent and often
somewhat repent, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite smooth ; leaves linear-oblong,
irregular, 3-m any- toothed ; heads at length subglobose, about 1 cm. in diame-
ter, on slender terminal peduncles. — Brackish mud, P. E. I. (Churchill); on
ballast about Chelsea, Mass. ; also on the Pacific coast. (Adv. from s. Afr.)

73. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwood

Heads discoid, few-many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones
pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and
scarious. Receptacle small and flattish. naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small
summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with
small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in
summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in
memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)

§ 1. Beceptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers
perfect hut sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in no. 1.

* Leaves dissected.

1. A. caudata Michx. Glabrous or silky, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; upper leaves pin-
nately, the lower 2-3-pinnateiy divided ; the divisions thread-form, diverging ;
heads small (2-3 mm. broad); the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle;
root biennial. — Sandy soil, Atlantic coast; also Vt. to Man., westw. and
southwestw.

2. A. canadensis Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down, 3-6 dm. high •,
loioer leaves bipinnately divided, the upper 2'-! -divided ; divisions linear, rather
rigid; heads rather large (4-6 mm. broad), in panicled racemes: involucre

coMPosiTAE (composite famtt.y) 849

generally glabrous, green; root perennial. — Calcareons roclvs, Xfd. to B. C, s.
to n. N. E., Minn., etc. (Eu.)

3. A. borealis Pall. Similar, 1-8 din. hip;li ; lovjer Iraves 'i-2-twimtely
divided; upper linear, mostly entire; heads fewer, subraceniose; involucre
pilose or glabrate, hroivnish ; root perennial. — Arctic regions, s. to the serpen-
tine mts. of e. Que., Keweenaw Point, Mich., Col., and Wash. (Asia.)

* * Leaves entire or some S-cleft.

4. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Tall (0.5-1.5 m.), somewhat woody at ba.se,
slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves narrowly linear and entire or the lower
3-cleft ; heads small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks and prairies,
Man. to 111., Mo., westw. and south westw.

5. A. glauca Pall. Strict, 3-G dm. high, somewhat woody at base, minutely
silky-pubescent or glabrate and glaucous; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate ;
heads as in the preceding. — Prairies, Sask. to Minn, and N. Dak. (Siber.)

§ 2. Beceptacle smooth ; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect
Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves,
have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz. A.
Abrotandm L. (the Southernwood), of strict habit, with 1-2-pinnatiM leaves
and pubescent heads ; and A. procera Willd., with more spreading branches,
all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous,

* Branching perennials^ whitened icithfine and close-pressed wool; heads small,

in leafy panicles.

6. A. serrata Nutt. Very leafy, 1.5-3 m. high; leaves lanceolate or the
upper linear, serrate, white-toraentose beneath, green above ; heads greenish,
subcylindric, 4.3 mm. long or less. — 111. to S. Dak.; sparingly naturalized
eastw.

7. A. longifblia Nutt. Stem 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves linear or linear-lanceo-
late, entire, usually glabrate above ; heads subcylindric, canescent, 4-G mm. long.
— Minn, to Neb., and westw.

8. A. ludoviciana Nutt. (Western Mugwort, White Sage.) Whitened-
woolly throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower usually
cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and
green ; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in slender panicles. (Inchiding A.
gnaphalodes Nutt.) — Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., 111., Tex., and westw.; locally
naturalized eastw. — Very variable.

9. A. VULGARIS L. (Common Mugwort.) Tall ; leaves mostly glabrous and
green above, the lower surface (and the branches) white-woolly, all pinnatifid,
with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small, in open pani-
cles. — Waste places and roadsides, and along streams, e. Que. to Out. and Pa.
(Nat. from Eu.)

10. A. kansXna Britton. Low, 1-6 dm. high ; leaves finely pinnatifid into
linear segments; heads densely woolly, in strict close panicles. — Plains and
foot-hills, w. Kan., Col., and N. Mex.; adventive eastw.

* * Densely wliite-tomentose, perennial ; heads large, racemose-glomerate ; invo-

lucral bracts herbaceous.

11. A. StelleriIna Bess. (Beach W., Dusty Miller, Old Woman.)
Stout, 3-6 dm. high, from a creeping base ; leaves obovato or spatulate, pin-
natifid, the lobes obtuse. — Sandy sea-beaches, e. Que. to N. J., and shores ot
Oneida L., N. Y. (Haberer); commonly cultivated in old gardens, and recently
spreading extensively to sandy soil. (Introd. from n. e. Asia.)

* * * Less branched^ biennial or annual, glabrous.

12. A. biennis Willd. Strict, tall ; lower leaves 2-pinnately parted, the
upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in
snort axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a slender and glomerate leafy
pajiicle.—Graveny banks, O. to Tenn., Mo., and northwestw.; now establislied
eastw. by railroads and is ^^te places.

Cray's manual — f^

850 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

13. A. Annua L. Much branched, very sweet-scented; leaves 2-pinnately
divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid ; heads small, in a loose ample
panicle. — Waste places, etc., throughout, locally a bad weed. (Nat. from Old
World.)

§ 3. Beceptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.

14. A. Absinthium L. (Wormwood.) Rather shrubby, 6-9 dm. high,
silky-hoary; leaves 2-3-pinnately parted ; lobes lanceolate ; heads hemispherical,
panicled. — Roadsides, dry banks, etc., thoroughly established and common,
e. Can. and n. N. E.; elsewhere local. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. A. frigida Willd. Low (L5-5 dm. high), in tufts, slightly woody at the
base, white-silky; leaves p innately parted and S-o-cleft, the divisions narrowly
linear ; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., w. Tex.,
and westw.

74. TUSSILAGO [Toum.] L. Coltsfoot

Head many-flowered ; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistil-
late, fertile ; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple.
Receptacle flat. Achenes slender-cylindric or prismatic ; pappus copious, soft,
and capillary. — Low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up
scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-
heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young.
Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed
remedy.)

1. T. Farfara L. — Wet places and along brooks, e. Que. to Pa., 0., and
Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

75. PETASITES [Toum.] HilL Sweet Coltsfoot

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious ; in the substerile plant with a
single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in
the disk ; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or
distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago. — Perennial woolly herbs, the leaves
all from the rootstock, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of
purplish or whitish fragrant flowers in a corymb. (The Greek name for the
Coltsfoot, from, ir^raaos, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.)

* Pistillate flowers ligulate ; flowers whitish.

-t- Leaves deeply lobed.

1. P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray, Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, pal-
mately and very deeply o-7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. — Woods, swamps,
and recent clearings. Lab., to Alb., s. to e. Mass., w. Ct., N. Y., Mich., Wise, and
Minn. Apr.-June. — Full-grown leaves 1-2.5 dm. broad.

+- H- Leaves shallowly or not at all lobed.

2. P. trigonophyllus Greene. Leaves from broadly cordate-deltoid to sub-
orbicular, closely invested beneath with dense white tomentum, the 7-11 shal-
low lobes more or less sharply toothed, in maturity 0.5-1.5 dm. broad. — Wet
meadows, local, Gaspe Co., Que., Sask., and n. Minn. May. .

3. P. sagittatus (Pursh) Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate,
acute or obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath, when fully
grown 1.7-2.5 dm. broad. — Cold swamps. Lab. to B. C, s. to Minn., Col., etc.
May June.

* * Ligules none ; flowers purplish.

4. P. vulgXris Hill. (Butterbur.) Rootstock very stout; leaves round-
cordate, angulate-dentate and denticulate. — Waste or cultivated ground, e. Mass.
and e. Pa. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.!)

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 851

76. Arnica l.

Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate. Bracts of the bell-sliaped involucre
lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, limbrillate. Achenes
slender or spindle-shaped ; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly
roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs (chiefly of mountains and cold
northern regions), with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads
and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of
Ptarmica. )

* Basal leaves petioled ; stem leafy.

•*- Basal leaves tapering to the petiolt.

++ Pappus barbellate^ bright white.

1. A. chionopappa Fernald. Stem 0.7-8.5 dm. high, villous with flat white
hairs; leaves 8-5 pairs, lanceolate to narrowlij ovate., mostly confined to the
lower half of the stem, the basal on very long slender petioles ; the lower cauline
petioled, the upper sessile and much reduced; heads 1-8, 8-4 cm. broad ; invo-
lucre villous, the linear- or lance-attenuate bracts 7-10 mm. long; achenes
3.5-5 mm. long, densely setulose ; pappus in fruit 5-6.5 mm. long. — Cold lime-
stone cliffs and ledges, e. Que. and n. N. B, June, July.

++ ++ Pappus plumose^ sordid.

2. A. m611is Hook. Stem 1.5-7 dm. high, more or less crisp-villous through,
out, somewhat glandular above ; leaves oblanceolate to ovate., the basal slender-
petioled ; the cauline (8-5 pairs) mostly sessile, 0.8-1.5 dm. long, the upper
most only slightly smaller; heads 1-9, on short (8-12 cm. long) naked o?
rarely bracted glandular-villous peduncles, 4-6 cm. broad ; involucre glandular
and villous, its lance-attenuate often purple-tipped bracts 1-1.6 cm. long ; achenes
hirsute, 4-5 mm. long, shorter than the plumose yellow-brown or olive-tinged
pappus. (A. Ghamissonis Man., ed, 6, not Less.; A. lanceolata Nutt.) — Banks
of streams, e. Que. to B. C, s. to the mts. of Me. and N. H., Col., and Cal.
June-Aug.

Var. petiolaris Fernald. Leaves narrow, oblanceolate, all but the very
uppermost tapering to slender petioles; heads 8-4 cm. broad ; involucral bracts
scarcely 1 cm. long. — By alpine brooks, Me., N. H., and n. N. Y.

+- -t- Basal leaves rounded or cordate at base.

3. A. cordif51ia Hook. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, more or less villous throughout,
glandular above ; basal and lower cauline leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, slender-
petioled, upper short-petioled or subsessile ; heads 1-8, slender-peduncled, 5-7
cm. broad ; involucre villous, especially at base ; bracts lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate, 1..8-2 cm. long ; rays about 15 ; achenes hirsute ; pappus white,
barbellate. — Very local, n. Mich.; Yukon to S. I)., Col., Utah, and Cal.

* * Basal leaves rosulate, broad and sessile; stem-leaves remote and small.

4. A. acaulis (Walt.) BSP. Hairy and rather glandular, 1 m. or less in
height; leaves thickish, '■^-b-nerved, ovate or oblong ; heads several, corymbed,
showy. {A. nudicaulis Nutt.) — Damp pine barrens, Del., s. Pa., and south w.
May, June.

77. ERECHTITES Raf. Firewebd

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal
pistillate, with a slender corolla. Bracts of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Recejitacle naked.
Achenes oblong, tapering at the end ; pappus copious, of very fine and white
soft hairs, — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitisli flowers. (The ancient name
of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.)

1. E. hieracifblia (L.) Raf. Often hairy; stem grooved, 0.3 to 3 m. high;

852 coMPOsiTAB (composite family)

leaves lanceolate or obiong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at
base or petioled. — Moist woods, and in recently burned clearings, whence the
popular name ; common, especially northw. July-Sept.

78. CACALIA L. Indian Plantain

Heads 5-many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involncral
bracts in a single row, erect, connivent, with a few bractlets at the base.
Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong or slender-cylindric,
smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles. — Smooth and tall peren-
nial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads in flat
corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

* Involucre 2o-dO-Jlowered, loith several bracts at its base; receptacle flat.

1. C. suaveolens L. Stem grooved, 1-1.6 m. high ; leaves triangvlar-
lanceolate, halberd-shaped^ pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged
petioles. (Synosma Raf.) — River-banks, rich woods, etc., Ct. to la., Minn.,
and southw. in the Allegheny region to Fla.; Newton, Mass. {Farlow), where
probably an escape. Aug., Sept.

* * Involucre B-bracted and 6-floioe7'ed, its basal bracts minute or none ; recepta-
cle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the center.

2. C. renif6rmis Mulil. (Great Indian P.) Not glaucous; stem 1-3 m.
high, grooved and angled ; leaves green on both sides, dllated-fan-shaped,
or the lowest kidney-form, 3-6 dm. broad, repand-toothed and angled, palmately
veined, petioled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. {Mesadenia Raf.) — Rich
damp woods, N.J. to Minn., and southw. along the mts. to N. C. and Tenn,
July, Aug.

3. C. atriplicif51ia L. (Pale Indian P.) Glaucous ; stem terete, 1-2 m.
high; leaves palmately veined and angulate-lobed ; the lower triangular-kidney-
form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed.
{Mesadenia Raf.) — Rich woodlands and prairies, N. J. to Minn., Kan., and
southw. in the AUeghenies to Ga.

4. C. tuberbsa Nutt. Stem angled and grooved, 6-20 dm. high, from a
thick tuberous root; leaves green on both sides, thick, strongly -5-7 -nerved ; the
lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles ; the upper
on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at apex. (Mesadenia Britton.) —
Wet prairies, etc., O. and w. Ont. to Minn., Kan., and southw.

79. SENECIO [Tourn.] L. Groundsel. Ragwort. Squaw-weed

Revised by J. M. Greenman

Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate or none ; involucre cylindrical to bell-
shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the bracts erect-connivent.
Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and capillary bristles. — ■
Ours herbs, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers
chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of
many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

a. AnBuals (rarelv becoming biennial); stems leafy to the inflores-
cence ; heads medium-sized, 1 cm. or less high during anthesis b.

b. Heads discoid „ 1. S. vulgaris.

b. Heads radiate ; rays inconspicuous.

Put>escence viscid-glandular 2. S. viscostts.

Pubescence not viscid-glandular 3. & sylvdticus.

h. Heads radiate ; rays conspicuous.

Leaves irregularly laciniate -dentate to entire ; plant pubescent . 4. S. palustris.
Leaves lyrate or pinnately divided ; plant glabrous . . . 5. 5. glabellus.
a. Biennials or perennials c.

C. Heatls medium-sized, in anthesis about 1 cm. long d.
d» Steins leafy to the iafloresceuce ; leaves mostly 2-8-puinatiseot . 6. SL Jaoobaea,

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE 1 AMiLV) 8o?

f . 8tems mostly leafy below, nearly naked above ; leaves variable ;
the lower ovute, obovate, or oblanceolate ; the upper much
reduced, often bract-like e.
tf. Pubescence when present floccose-lanate and confined chiefly
to the base of the stena and to the leaf-axils /.

/. Heads discoid 7. & dUooideut^

J. Heads radiate (except in S. ohovatus, var. ehingatiift) g.
g. Lower leaves obovate, occasionally subrotuinl or ohlong;

stolons when well developed slender and creeping,' . 8. S. obovcUus.
g. Lower leaves subrotund to lanceolate ; the earliest leaves
cordate or subcordate, usually long-petioled ; stolons
short and stout, assurj^ent.
Basal leaves all broad-ovate, deeply cordate and relatively

lai'fre 9. 5. aurexis.

Basal leaves mostly lanceolate ; onlv the earliest ones

subrotund, cordate, and relatively small . . .10. S. Rohbinsii.
g. Lower leaves oblong-oblanceolate to spatulate, usually
narrowed gradually at the base ; the earliest rarely
subrotund or oblong.
Stem but slightly woolly at the base, comparatively few-
headed 1\. S. BaUamitae.

Stem rather densely and permanently woolly at the base ;

heads usually numerous \2. S. Smallii.

4. Pubescence white-lanate and more or less persistent over stem
and leaves (rarely in no. 13 completely absent).
Basal leaves subrotund-ovate to oblong-lanceolate.

Stem-leaves deeply and irregularly divided . . .13. S. plattenfds.

Stem-leaves usually dentate, not deeply divided, only a

few at most lyrate 14. 6". tomentosus.

Basal leaves oblong-obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate.

Eastern species 15. /S. antennariifohuA

Western species 16. nS. canus.

e. Pubescence of crisp-hirsute or subvillous hairs, not floccose

or lanate, rarely quite glabrous 11. S. integerriimin.

c. Heads larger, 1.5-2 cm." high during anthesis .... IS. S. Pneudo-Arnicd.

1. S. vulgXris L. (Common Groundsel.) Low annual, 1-5 dm. high
corymbosely branched, glahrate, leafy to the inflorescence ; leaves pinnatitid
and toothed, 1-8 cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad; calyculate bracts (bracteoles) of
the involucre distinctly black-tipped ; rays none ; achenes hirtellous. — Waste
grounds, common. July-Sept. (ISat. from Eu.)

2. S. visc6sus L. Coarser, 1.5-4 dm. hi,<;h, viscid-pnbescent and heavy-
scented ; leaves pinnatifid with toothed segments or 2-pinnatifid, 2-10 cm. long,
0.5-5 cm. broad ; calyculate bracts (bracteoles) of the involucre not black-tipped ;
rays minute, bright yellow. — Waste grounds, coast of e. Que. to N. E.; also on
ballast near Philadelphia. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. S. sylvAticus L. Stem erect, 1-7 dm. high, simple or branched, some-
what pubescent ; lower leaves petioled and more or less lyrate, the upper pin-
natitid with unequal lobes, sessile and sagittate at the clasping base, 2-15 cm.
long, 1-8 cm. broad ; inflorescence corymbose, naked or nearly so ; heads cylin-
drical ; involucre barely calyculate ; ligules but slightly surpassing the disk-
flowers. — Clearings and waste places, Nfd. and e. Que. to Me., chiefly near the
coast ; also near Painesville, 0. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. S. palustris (L.) Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely villous to nearly gla-
brous ; stem stout, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed
or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base ; rays 20 or more,
short, pale yellow ; pappus copious and becoming very long. — Wet grounds, la.
to n. Wise, N. Dak., and north w. Jnne-Sept. (Eu.)

5. S. glabellas Poir. (Bdtter-wekd.) Hather tall. 2-5 dm. or more high ;
leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnately divided; divisions crcnate or cut-
lobed, variable ; heads less than 1 cm. high, in a naked corymbose inflorescence ;
rays 6-12, conspicuous. (S. lobatus Pers.) — Wet grounds, N. C. to centr. 111.,
Mo., and south w. March-June.

6. S. JACOBAiiA L. (Stinking Willie.) Arachnoid-tomentulose to nearly
glabrous ; stem erect, 2-G dm. or more high ; basal leaves somewhat lyrate ,
those af the stem 2-Z-pinnatisect, sessile, 2-15 cm. long, 1-7 cm. broad ; inflo-
rescence a many-headed corvmbose cyme ; heads radiate. — Roadsides, pastures,
and ballast, Nfd- and e. Que. to Me., and locally to Out. and N. J. July-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)

854 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

7. S. discoldeus (Hook.) Britton. Stems erect, 2-8 dm. high, striate ; lovfer
haves broadly ovate, 1.5-8 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the
apex, crenate to coarsely dentate, abruptly contracted into a slightly winged
petiole equaling or exceeding the blade ; inflorescence subumbellate ; heads on
rather long peduncles, discoid; involucre sparingly calyculate ; bracts of the
involucre slightly shorter than the flowers of the disk, often purplish-tipped ;
achenes glabrous. — Calcareous ledges, or in damp thickets, e. Que., n. Mich.,
northw^. and westw. June-Aug.

8. S. obovatus Muhl. Stem 3-6 dm. hign, bearing flagelliform stolons at
base; lower leaves obovate, 1-10 cm. iong, two thirds as broad, gradualhj nar-
rowed into a narrowly loinged petiol'>, cienate-dentate, glabrous on both sur-
faces; upper stem-leaves pinnatifid, sc?Siie; inflorescence a corymbose cyme,
not infrequently umbellate ; heads radiate ; achenes glabrous. (S. aureus, var.
T. & G.) — Calcareous ledges and open woods, e. Mass. and s. Vt. to N. C, Ala.,
Ark., and Kan. Apr.-Aug.

Var. rotiindus Britton. Lower leaves more or less orbicular or rotund, other--
wise like the species. — On moist banks and rocks, centr. O., and south westw.

Var. elongatus (Pursh) Britton. Habit and foliage of the typical form, but
with elongated peduncles and discoid heads. — Near Easton, Pa. May, June.

9. S. aureus L. (Golden R.) Stems erect from rather slender rootstocks,
3-8 dm. high, at first often lightly floccose-tomentose, soon glabrate ; lower
leaves long-petioled, ovate-rotund to slightly oblong, 1.5-8 cm. long, two thirds
as broad, crenate-dentate ; stem-leaves lyrate to laciniate-pinnatifid ; the upper-
most sessile, amplexicaul, often bract-like ; inflorescence cymose-corymbose ;
heads radiate ; rays yellow ; achenes glabrous. — In wet meadows, moist thick-
ets, and swamps, Nfd., s. to Va., w. to Wise, Mo., and Ark. May-Aug.

Var. gracilis (Pursh) Britton. Somewhat more slender, with lower stems,
smaller leaves, and fewer heads. — Pa. and Mich. May, June.

10. S. Robbinsii Oakes. Stems strict, 5-8 dm. high; the first leaves small,
ovate-rotund to ovate-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, from two thirds to nearly or quite
as broad, crenate-dentate to rather sharply toothed ; the later radical and lower
cauline leaves lanceolate to slightly oblong -lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm.
broad, sharply and somewhat unequally dentate-serrate; the uppermost leaves
much reduced; inflorescence cymose-corymbose; achenes pubescent. — In wei
meadows or swamps, N. B. and N. S. to n. N.Y. June, July.

11. S. Balsamitae Muhl. Stems l.b-^dm. high, slightly woolly or floccose-
tomentose at the base, nearly or quite glabrous above; lower leaves mostly ob-
long-oblanceolate (rarely oblong-elliptic), 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 (rarely 3) cm.
broad, gradually narrowed at the base into the petiole, crenate-dentate to rather
sharply dentate-serrate, often pubescent in the early stages and glabrate, or gla-
brous from the beginning ; petioles usually not much exceeding the blade ; the
upper leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, or much reduced and entire ; achenes glabrous
or pubescent. {S. aureus, var. T. & G.) — Gasp6 Co., Que., to Md.. Tenn., 111.,
and Mich., thence north westw. essentially across the continent. May-Aug. —
A variable species. In shaded alluvium passing into forms essentially glabrous,
with more pronounced foliar development. Var. pauperculus (Michx.) Fer-
nald. Smaller, sometimes not over 3 cm. in height, and with the inflorescence
not infrequently reduced to a single head. — In cool or much exposed situations.
Me., and north w. July- Aug.

Var. prael6ngus Greenman. Taller ; lower leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves
rather large, often 1 dm. in length, 2 cm. in breadth, pinnatifid with remote
lateral lobes and deep rounded sinuses; achenes hirtellous-pubescei"* — Rocky
woods and banks, Mass., Vt., and N. Y. June, July.

Var. Crawf6rdii (Britton) Greenman. Lower leaves slender-petioled ; the
blade oblong-elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad, mostly rather sharply serrate-
dentate ; petioles 1.5 dm. or less in length; involucral bracts 7-8 mm. long.
{S. Crawfordii Britton.) — Near Philadelphia {Crawford). May.

12. S. Smallii Britton. Stem tall, erect, 2.5-7 dm. high, simple to the in-
florescence, densely and persistently woolly at the base; lower leaves lanceolate
vr oblanceolate. 2.5 dm. or le.ss in length, 1-2 cm. broad, crenate-dentate to

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 855

rather sharply serrate; upper stem-leaves sessile, pinnatifid with remotish seg-
ments and rounded sinuses ; inflorescence cyniose-corymbose, niany-lieaded ;
heads radiate, 6-8 cm. high during anthesis ; achenes usually hispidulous along
the angles. — Va., and southw. May, June.

13. S. platt6nsis Nutt. Stems one to several, simple or branched from the
base, 1.6-6 dm. high ; lower leaves petiolate, ovnte to ohlong -lanceolate, 5-10 cm.
long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, crenate-dentate to deeply and irregularly pinnatifid,
thickish and as well as the stem usually white-tomentose, more or less glabrate ;
inflorescence a corymbose cyme; heads about 1 cm. high, radiate ; achenes
commonly hispidulous. — Dry, sandy, or gravelly soil, s. w. Ont. to e. Mont,
and Tex. Apr.-July.

14. S. tomentbsus Michx. (Woolly K.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous
hoary wool; stems 3-6 dm. high ; basal leaves oblong, 2-15 cm. long, 1-7 cm.
broad, obtuse, crenate or entire, often on elongated stout petioles, 2.5 dm. or
less in length ; the stem-leaves similar, lyrate-pinnatifid to entire ; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose ; heads radiate ; rays 12-15. — N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.-
June.

15. S. antennariifblius Britton. Stem erect, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves mostly
basal, oblong-obovate to spatulate, including the petiole 3-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5
cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex, somewhat remotely and shalloicly
angulate-dentate, narrowed below into the petiole, finely and densely matted-
tomentose beneath, loosely floccose-tomentose above ; stem-leaves sublyrate or
merely dentate, the uppermost reduced to linear entire bracts ; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose, few-headed ; heads radiate ; achenes papillose-hirsute along
the angles. — Blue Ridge, Va. June.

16. S. canus Hook. Usually low, 1.5-3.5 dm. \\\g\i, persistently tomentose,
rarely at all glabrate; lower leaves oblong-oblanceolate or subspatulate, includ-
ing the petiole 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
entire or sparingly toothed, white-tomentose on both surfaces, rarely glabrate
above ; stem-leaves entire or slightly pinnatifid, the uppermost becoming .sessile
and not infrequently clasping the stem by a sub-auriculate base ; inflorescence
few-headed ; heads 10-12 mm. high, radiate ; involucre arachnaid-tomentose to
nearly glabrous, sparingly calyculate ; ray-flowers commonly 8 ; disk-flowers
numerous. — Sask., Alb., and along the Rocky Mts. to Col., eastw. to n. Minn,
(according to Upham). June-Aug.

17. S. integerrimus Nutt. Covered when young tcith long jointed crisp-hir-
sute or subvillous hairs, soon more or less glabrate ; lower leaves oblong-lanceo-
late or suboblong, including the narrowly winged petiole usually 1-2 dm. long,
1-4 cm. broad, entire or denticulate ; the upper bract-like, attenuate from a
broad subclasping base; inflorescence few-headed; heads 10-12 mm. high; in-
volucral bracts usually green-tipped. — Sask., Man., Dak., la., and westw. May-
July.

18. S. Pseudo-Arnica Less. Loosely white-iooolly, sometimes becoming gla-
brous ; stem stout, 0.5-10 dm. high, leafy above, often nearly naked below;
leaves oblong-lanceolate to subovate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 1-5 cin. broad, repand-
dentate to subentire, the lower tapering into a narrow petiole-like base, the
upper sessile ; heads 1.5-2 cm. high ; rays 20 or more, yellow. — Gravelly beaches,
e. Me. to Lab.; and in the Alaskan region.

80. ARCTIUM L. Burdock

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect, similar. Involucre globu-
lar ; the imbricated bracts coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long
stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flattened,
wrinkled transversely ; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, separate and
deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed petioled roundish or
ovate mostly cordate leaves floccose-tomentose beneath, and small solitary or
clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from ApKTos,
a bear, from the rough involucre.)

1. A. LAPPA L. (Gkbat B.) Heads suhcorymbose^ 3-5 cm. broad; invo

S5Q COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY}

lucre glabrous ; bracts straigJitish, lance- to linear-attenuate. (A. Lappa, Tar,
majus Gray ; A. majus Bernh.) — Roadsides and waste places, N. B., N. E,,
and probably westw. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. A. MINUS Bernh. (Common B.) Heads racemose or subracemose,, 1.5-3
cm. broad; involucre glabrous or arachnoid ; bracts shorter, more slender and
more arcuate than in the preceding. {A. Lappa, var. Gray.) — Similar situa-
tions, too common throughout our range except on the northeastern borders
where largely replaced by the preceding. — Including A. Lappa, var. tomen-
tosum Gray, a form differing only in its more or less arachnoid involucre, and
apparently less marked or characteristic than the European A. tomentosum Mill.
(Nat. from Eu.)

81. ECHINOPS L. Globe Thistle

Heads 1-flowered, many, aggregated in dense globular capitate clusters, the
common involucre of small reflexed bracts. Proper involucres cylindrical, of
several series of unequal imbricated spinescent paleaceous bracts ; corollas with
slender tube and cylindric 5-parted limb. Filaments glabrous. Achenes cylin-
drical or somewhat tetragonal ; pappus coroniform or of many short distinct or
connate subpaleaceous bristles. — Stately thistle-like herbs, with alternate spinose
pinnatifid or dentate leaves, and large globose terminal (compound) heads of
whitish or bluish flowers. (Name from ix^vos, hedgehog, and eii/'ts, appearance,
from the bristly nature of the armed foliage or perhaps of the spreading indi-
vidual heads in the dense spherical glomerules.)

1. E. sPHAEROCEPHALus L. Tall, 1-2 m. high, grayish- or white-arachnoid
on the stem and lower surface of leaves. — Frequent in cultivation and not rare
as an escape upon waste-heaps, etc. (Introd. from Eu.)

82. cArDUUS [Tourn.] L. Plumeless Thistle

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. —
Leaves conspicuously decurrent, spiny ; wings of stern spiny. Otherwise as in
Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Heads large, nodding^ solitary on long nearly naked peduncles ; involucre

3-4 cm. in diameter.

1. C. NtJTANsL. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial ; heads solitary, hemispherical,
3-5 cm. broad; bracts lanceolate, the outer reflexed; flowers purple. — Fields
near Harrisburg, Pa.; also pastures, waste places, and ballast, n. to N. B. and
Que. June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

** Heads smaller, chiefly clustered at the ends of winged branches; involucre
1-2.5 cm. in diameter,

2. C. ACANTHOiDES L. Annual or biennial ; involucre hemispherical, 1.5-2.5
cm. broad; bracts linear, the outer somewhat herbaceous and spreading ; flowers
rose-purple ; corollas about 18 mm. long. — Waste places and ballast, N. S. to
N. J. June-Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. CRispus L. Annual or biennial ; heads mostly clustered and sessile or
nearly so; involucre ovoid, 1-1.3 cm. broad; bracts linear-attenuate, the outer
rather rigid, hardly spreading ; flowers purple or white ; corollas about 14 mm.
long. — Roadsides, Sydney, Cape Breton ; Philadelphia, Pa. ; and St. Louis, Mo.
Aug. -Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

d3. CIRSIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Common or Plumed Thistle

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imper-
fectly dioecious. Bracts of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many
rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft
bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed ; pappus of numerous
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous.-

COMPOSITAE (^COMPOSlTE FAMILY) «57

Herbs, mostly biennial ; the sessile alternate leaves often plnnatifid, prickly.
Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowl
ish ; in summer. (Name i'rom Kipabs, a swelled vein, tor which the Tliistle waa
a reputed remedy.) Cnicus of many auth., not L. By some recent Am. auth.
included in Carduus.

* Bracts of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

1. C. lanceoiAtum (L.) Hill. (Common or Bull Thistle.) Leaves decur.
rent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, piunatifid, rough and bristly
above, woolly with decitluous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; ilowers purple.
(Carduus L.; Cnicus Willd.) — Pastures and roadsides. July-Nov. (Nat*
from Eu.)

* * Heads leafy-hracteate at base (see also no. 11); proper bracts not prickly.

2. C. spinosissimum (Walt.) Scop. (Yellow Thistle.) Stout, 0.3-1.5 m.
high, webby-haired when young ; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish
prickles ; heads 4-8 cm. broad, surrounded by very prickly bract-like leaves,
which usually equal the narrow involucral bracts ; flowers pale yellow or purple.
(Carduus Walt.; Cnicus horridulus Pursh.) — Sandy soil. Me. to Va., and
southw., near the coast; reported from L. Superior. June-Aug.

* * * Bracts ajjpressed, the inner not at all prickly.

•»- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above ; outer bracts succes-
sively shorter, spinose-tipped.

++ Leaves white above.

= Leaves pinnate, ivith linear mostly entire divisions.

3. C. Pitcheri (Torr.) T. & G. White-woolly throughout, low; stem very
leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted^ into rigid narrowly linear and elongated
sometimes again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins ; inner invfilncral
bracts acumiyiate, generally to a weak prickle ; flowers cream-color. ( Cnicus
Torr.; Carduus Porter.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Supe-
rior. July, Aug.

= = Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or triangular.

4. C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Resembling the preceding ; root biennial ;
leaves partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pinnatifid, or rarely pinnately parted,
moderately prickly ; involucre 2-3 cm. high ; bracts with a definite glandular
ridge on the back, and twice or thrice as long as the slender spreading prickle ;
flowers reddish-purple. (Carduus Nutt.; Cnicus Gray.) — Islands of L. Huron
to Mich., la., Kan., and westw. June-Oct. Var. megacephalum (Gray)
Feinald. Heads larger ; involucre 3-4.5 cm. high. — Minn, to Okla., Tex., and
westw.

5. C. canlscens Nutt. Beep-rooted perennial; leaves narrower and more
deeply pinnatifid than in no. 4 ; involucre 2-2.5 cm. high, its narrow bracts end-
ing in very slender spines. — Minn, and w. la., westw. and southwestw.

*+ ++ Leaves green above.

= Stems leafy up to the heads.

a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear-lanceolate lobes.

6. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Branching perennial, 1-2 m. high ; stem
strongly furrowed, hirsutulous ; basal leaves 3-4 dm. long, deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes often cleft ; upper leaves with somewhat falcate lobes, white-woolly
beneath ; heads mostly solitary at the tips of the branches; involucre 2.5-C-i cm.
high ; bracts appressed ; the outer tipped by a weak recurved prickle ; tlw inner
linear- or lance-attenuate, with a very long colorless entire appendage. ( Cardum
Nutt.; Cnicus altissimus, var. Gray.) — Rich soil, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and
southw.

858 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

b. Leaves entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed (only the basal sometimes deeply

pinnatijid.)

7. C. altlssimum (L.) Spreng. Biennial; stem downy, branching, 1-3.8 m,
high ; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-
ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, or undulate-pinnatiftd,
the lobes or teeth with weak prickles ; involucre 2-3 cm. high ; outer bracts with
a short dark glandular line on the back, abruptly tipped by a spreading setiforui
prickle ; inner with a lanceolate or deltoid usually serrulate tip; tiowers chiefly
purple. {Carduus L.; Cnicus Willd.) — Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn.,
Neb., and southw.

8. C. iowense (Pammel) Fernald. Similar, but with larger heads ; involucre
3-3.5 cm. high; bracts with broad long dark glandular back; the inner with a
prolonged linear- or lance-attenuate colorless tip. — la., S, Dak., and Kan.

= = Heads on naked peduncles.

9. C. virginianum (L.) Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched, 0.3-1 m. high, the branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceo-
late, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles,
entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ;
heads small; outer bracts scarcely prickly; flowers purple. {Carduus L.;
Cnicus Pursh.) — Woods and plains, Va., O., and southw.

+- ••- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath;
heads large ; bracts scarcely prickly-pointed.

10. C. muticum Michx. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall, 1-2.5 m. high,
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit ; branches sparingly leafy, bearing
single or few rather large heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with
loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatijid, the divisions lanceolate,
acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; bracts of the webby and glutinous (sometimes
glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate ; flowers
purple. {Carduus Pers. ; Cnicus Pursh.) — Swamps and low woods, common,
July-Sept. Var. subpinnatifidum (Britton) Fernald. Leaves slightly lobed,
not deeply pinnatifid. {Carduus muticus, var. Britton.) — Nfd. to W. Va.

11. C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. (Pasture or Bull Thistle.) Biennial;
stem low and stout, 3-9 dm. high, hairy, bearing very large heads (4-8 cm.
broad), which are often leafy-bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-
oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatijid, ivith short and cut very
prickly-margined lobes ; outer bracts prickly -pointed, rarely a little glutinous on
the backs, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white, fragrant,
5 cm. long; anthers scarcely acuminate; roots terete, solid. (Cuccus odoratus
Muhl., nomen subnudum ; Carduus odoratus Porter.) — Dry fields, N. E. to Pa.
and Del. July-Sept.

12. C. Hillii (Canby) Fernald. Similar to the preceding, perennial, rarely
with more than 1 head ; leaves less deeply and more bluntly pinnatifid, with
finer and shorter prickles ; bracts with a conspicuous dark glutinous line down
the back; anthers acuminate; perpendicular root fusiform, hollow. {Cnicus
Canby ; Carduus Porter.) — Fields, Ont. to Minn., s. to Pa., 111., and la.

* * * * Outer bracts of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed; heads
mostly small and numerous.

•I- None of the leaves strongly decurrent.

13. C. ARVENSE (L.) Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, slender, 3-9
dm. high, the rootstock extensively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, finally green both sides, strongly sinuate-
pinnatifid, very prickly-margined, the upper sessile but scarcely decurrent ; heads
imperfectly dioecious; flowers rose-purple or whitish. {Carduus Robson ;
Cnicus Hoffm.) — Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common; a most
troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. ves-
titum Wimm. & Grab. Leaves permanently white-lanate beneath. — Locally
established. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. integbif6lium Wimm. & Grab. Leaves

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 859

chiefly plane and uncut, or the lowest slightly pinnatifid. — Local, Que N E
andN. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) i • •»

■*- ^ At least the lower leaves strongly deciwrent.

14. C. PALUSTRE (L.) Scop. Tall, not stoloniferous ; stem armed thronqhout
by the prickly decurrent wings which extend down from the very long linear or
linear-lanceolate more or less pinnatifid spinose-ciliate leaves; heads resembling
those of no. 13, but in denser glomerulate clusters, hermaphrodite. — Thoroughly
naturalized in woods, East Andover, N. H. {G. W. Holt). (Nat. from Eu.)

15. C. cXnum (L.) Bieb. Roots fusiform ; lower leaves very long, lanceo-
late, toothed or slightly pinnatifid, green on both sides, their bases decurrent an
ciliate wings along the stem; upper leaves sessile; heads comparatively large,
hemispherical, on long peduncles. — Established at Kendal Green, Mass. {Miss
Farsons). (Adv. from Eu.)

84. 0N0p6RDUM [Vaill.] L. Cotton or Scotch Thistle

Receptacle deeply honey-combed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Other-
wise as Cirsium. — Coarse branching annuals or biennials, with the stems
winged by the decurrent bases of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves.
Heads large ; flowers purple. (Latinized from the ancient Greek name of the
plant. )

1. 0. AcAnthium L. Stem (1-3 m. high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales
iinear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places, N. B. and N. S. to Ont., s. to
N. J. and Mich., rather rare. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

85. SILYBUM [Vaill.] Adans. Milk Thistle

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all alike, tubular, perfect, fertile, involucre
large, depressed-globose ; the bracts large, prickly, the broadly ovate base
gradually or rather abruptly contracted to a straightish rigid spreading or
reflexed herbaceous but indurated and pungent tip. Receptacle flattish, densely
bristly. Achenes glabrous ; pappus of numerous flattish barbellate bristles
united into a ring at the base and deciduous together. — Thistle-like tall stout
prickly herbs with sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid mottled leaves and large solitary
heads of purple flowers. (Derived from (xiXv^osj the ancient Greek name of an
edible-stemmed thistle. )

1. S. mariXnum (L.) Gaertn. (Lady's Thistle.) Stout and nearly gla-
brous annual or biennial, with large mottled amplexicaul leaves variously lobed
and prickly on the margin. (Mariana Hill.) — An occasional escape from gar-
dens, or weed on ballast and waste grounds. (Introd. from s. Eu.)

86. CENTAUREA L. Star Thistle

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger
(as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose,
imbricated ; the bracts margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong,
compressed or 4-angled, attached obliquely at or near the base ; pappus setose
or partly chaffy, or none. — Herbs with alternate leaves ; the single heads rarely
yellow. (KevTavplrf, an ancient Greek plant-name, poetically associated with
Chiron, the Centaur, but without wholly satisfactory explanation.)

Bracts of the involucre (or at least the outer ones) terminated by a definite
elongate ri»id spine ; annuals.

Stems not winged 1- C'. C'llcitrapa.

Stems winged.
Spines of the involucre stout, straw-colored, 12-18 mm. long ... 2. C. solxtitialiit.
Spines of the involucre slender, purplish, (>-9 mm. long .... 3. C. melitensiH.
Bracts not spinose-tipped, or merely with short lirm tip hardly longer than
the lateral teeth, cilia, or fringe.
Bracts entire or merely with irregularly denticulate or lacerated (not regu-
larly toothed or pectinate) margin 4. (7. Jaosa.

860 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY^

Some bracts with regularly pectinate or toothed margin or tip.

Annual, with floccose white pubescence and simple entire linear or lanceo-
late leaves 5. (7. Cyanus.

Biennials or perennials (exceptionally annuals), green; lowest leaves
usuaUy pinnatilid or coarsely toothed.
Middle and outer bracts pectinate or fringed two thirds to the base.
Leaves all pinnatifld ; green bodies of the involucral bracts con-
spicuous, their margins dark 6. C. Scahioaa.

At least the upper leaves entire or merely short-toothed ; pale
bodies of the involuci'al bracts mostly hidden by the imbricated
appendages.
Heads 2-5 cm. broad ; involucral bracts with dark appendages . T. C. nigra.
Heads 6-12 cm. broad; bracts with pale brown or straw-colored

appendages . %. O. americana.

Middle and outer bracts pectinate only at the usually darker tip.
Lower leaves pinnatifld into linear or lanceolate segments, the upper

mostly linear ; involucral bracts distinctly ribbed . . . . 9. C. maculosa.
Lower leaves elliptic or oblauceolate, lyrate-pinnatifid or coarsely
dentate, the upper similar; involucral bracts plane or obscurely-
ribbed . . . • 10. (7. vochin&nsis.

1. C. CALCfxRAPA L. (Caltrops, Star Thistle.) Diffusely branched,
somewhat pubescent ; leaves spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile ; all but the inner-
most involucral bracts terminated by a stout divergent straw-colored spine (1-2.5
cm. long), which is naked or with 1 to 4 pairs of spinules at the broad base ;
corollas purplish, all tubular. — Ballast and waste ground, rarely in open woods
near towns, N. Y. to Va. June-Get. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. C. solstitiAlis L. (Barnaby's Thistle.) Grayish with loose floccose
pubescence, branched, 3-5 dm. high ; basal leaves deeply pinnatifld ; the lobes
oblong and elliptical, serrate ; cauline leaves small, oblong-lanceolate, entire or
nearly so, strongly decurrent in hroadish wings upon the stem; body of the
involucre ovoid, 1.5 cm. in diameter, the stout straight stramineous spines 12-18
mm. long, widely spreading or reflexed ; flowers yellow. — Waste ground, etc.,
e. Mass. to Ont. and la., becoming frequent. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. MELiTENsis L. LpMves slightly decurrent ; heads subsessile, or mostly
short-peduncled, leafy-bracted at base; middle and lower bracts terminated by

slender weak divergent spinulose-based spines ; innermost bracts

with ascending purplish spines ; corollas yellow. — Ballast and

MMi^ *Tn. "^^ste grounds about ports ; more abundant in the Pacific States.

June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

_ 4. C. JlCEA L. Simple or branched, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves

1010 c Jacea lanceolate or oblanceolate, slightly denticulate, the lowest peti-

Involu re and' ©led, the upper sessile ; heads showy ; involucre subglobose ;

bract X V outer bracts pale ; the others glossy dark brown, entire or

^' slightly lacerated; corollas rose-purple, the marginal conspicvr-

ously enlarged and falsely radiate. — "Waste ground and

fields, local, N. E., N. Y., and N. J June-Sept. (Nat.

from Eu.) Fig. 1010.

Var. lIcera Koch. Leaves often runcinate-dentate ;
outer and middle bracts of the involucre with a pale finely
lacerated fringe. Mass, to N.J. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1011.

5. C. Cyanus L. (Bluebottle, Bachelor's Button, loil. C. Jacea, v. lac.
Corn-flower.) Slender, Vf\i\\ long ascending branches ter- involucre and bract
minated by solitary heads j involucre ovoid, of about 4 very x i/g-
unequal series of pale bracts; the outermost narrowly del-
toid, and with the longer middle ones bordered by a white or silvery sharp-
toothed scarious band; the innermost elongate-lanceolate, with more or less
erose and colored tips ; marginal flowers large and ray-like, blue, violet, pink,
or white. — Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, etc. July-Sept. (Introd.
from Eu.)

6. C. ScABi6sA L. Plant rather villous, leafy toward the base, the solitary
large (5-6 cm. broad) heads on elongated bracted peduncles ; involucre broadly
ovoid; the outer bracts ovate-triangular, the inner oblong, all icith a conspic-
uously pectinate-ciliate dark margin ; corollas purplish, the marginal falsely
radiate. — Fields and waste places, local, e. Que. to Ont. and 0. (Nat. from Eu.)

COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 861

7. C NiGRA L. (Knapweed, Spanish Buttons.) father harsh somewhat
branched plant, with reduced leaves extending nearly or quite to the heads

involucre subglobose ; the appendages oi Ihu hvj,Q,iA hirtelhnis,
blackish (rarely tawny) ; the outermost and middle ones lance'-
deltoid and very deeply iJectinale-ciliate ; the iiinermoat ovate
or orbicular, paler and irregularly lacerate ; corollas rose-
purple, all tubular. — Fields and roadsides, locidly abundant
m-£ c ni-ra NM. and Que. to N. J. July-Sept. (Nat, from Ku.) Fig. IOI2!

T , ■ * i\ ' X V^i'- RadiXta DC. Involucre taiony (rarely blacki.sin •

Involacre and bract ^^^^^,, ^^^^,,.^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^ _ ^^ g^ J^^^^ J^ Pa Nat

^ '^- from Eu.) ^

8. C. americana Nutt. Tall and smoothish (0.5-1.5 in. high); stems con-
spicuously thickened below the showy heads; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly
entire; bracts all tvith conspicuously fringed scarious appendages, the outer-
most and middle with spi^eading, the elongate innermost loith ascending, teeth •
corollas rose-purple to flesh-pink, the outer conspicuously enlarged. — Plains'
Mo., southw. and southwestw. May-Aug.

9. C. macul6sa Lam. Pubescent or glabrate, with ascending rather wiry
branches; involucre ovoid-campanulate, in fruit becoming open-campamihiie';
the outer and middle ovate bracts with rather firm points and with 5-7 pairs of
cilia at the dark tip; innermost bracts elongate, entire or
lacerate ; corollas \Yhitish, rose-pink, or purplish, the marginal
falsely radiate. — Waste places, roadsides, etc., N. E. to N. J.
(Adv. from Eu.)

10. C. vocHiNENSis Bernh. Harsh, somewhat resembling
no. 7; involucre of several very unequal series; the outer-
most bracts deltoid or ovate, short, the dark pointed tip bear- 1^,., ,, , .
mg b- 1 pairs of long Cilia ; middle bracts c\o\\^?iie-\2iJiQ.ed[2i\.e, , ^ . ib t
terminated by a dilated ovate or orbicular da)'^• pectinate ^"'^^^^^^^'^ ""^c
appendage ; innermost bracts elongate, with dark or brightly

colored arose or lacerate appendage ; corollas rose-purple, the marginal falsely
radiate. — Fields and roadsides, local, N. E. to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
1013.

87. CNtCUS L. Blessed Thistle

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal sterile, shorter than
the others, which are perfect and fertile. Bracts of the ovoid involucre coria-
ceous, appressed, extended into a long and rigid spinous appendage. Recepta-
cle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenes terete, short, strongly inany-striate,
crowned with 10 short and homy teeth and bearing 10 elongated rigid bristles,
also 10 shorter alternating ones in an inner row. — An annual somewliat
pubescent herb, with scarcely pinnatitid-cut but spinescent leaves and large
leafy-bracted heads of yellow flowers. (Latin name of the Saftlower, from the
Greek kvt^kos.^

1. C. BENEDfcTus L. (Centaurca L.) — Roadsides and waste places, rare
N. B. and N. S. to Pa., and southw. (Adv. from Eu.)

88. lApSANA L. Nipple-wort

Heads 8-12-flowered. Bracts of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect; a short
outer series also present. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong ; pappus none.— -
Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled
small heads ; flowers yellow. (The \aii\//dv7] of Dioscorides was evidently t
wild Mustard.) Lampsana Hill.

1. L. COMMUNIS L. Nearly smooth, .S-8 dm. high ; lower leaves ovate, somr
times lyre-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places, Que. to Pa., and Mich. (Nal
from Eu.)

862 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

89. SERINIA Raf.

Heads as in Lapsana, but the involucre not calyculate ; tips of the bracts
somewhat conniving in fruit. Achenes obovoid, 10-costate, obscurely and trans-
versely scabrous-lineolate. — Low glaucescent glabrous annuals, with oblong to
lanceolate entire or repand-dentate leaves, the upper sessile; and small scat
tered heads on slender peduncles. (Name intended as a diminutive of or^piSj
chicory.^ Apogon Ell.

1. S. oppositifblia (Raf.) Ktze. Peduncles naked or glandular-bristly belo\«
the small (0.5 cm. high) heads. — Damp sandy soil, S. C. to 111., Kan., and
southw. March-June.

90. ARN6SERIS Gaertn.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all ligulate and fertile. Involucre campanulate ;
bracts narrow, equal, in 1 series, acuminate, after anthesis tliickened toward the
base. — Small annual, with rosulate leaves and branched upwardly thickened
scapes bearing rather small heads of yellow flowers. (Name from apvb%, lamb,
and (T^ptSy chicory.)

1. A. MINIMA (L.) Dumort. (Lamb Succory.) Puberulent, 1.5-3 dm.
high; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, mostly toothed. — Fields, etc.. Me., 0.,
Mich., and probably elsewhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

91. CICH6RIUM [Toum.] L. Succory or Chicory

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8-10, the
outer of 5 short and spreading bracts. Achenes striate ; pappus of numerous
small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep
roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal, or solitary on
short thickened branches. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink
(rarely white), showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

1. C. tNTYBUs L. (Common C, Blue Sailors.) Stem-leaves oblong
or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runicate, those of the rigid flowering
branches minute. (Including var. divaricatum of Am. auth., probably not of
DC.) — Roadsides and fields, Nfd. to Minn., and southw. July-Get. (Nat.
from Eu.)

92. KRIGIA Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion

Heads several-many-flowered. Involucral bracts several, in about 2 rows,
thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled ;
pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate
bristles. — Small herbs, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly radical,
lyrate or toothed ; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches.
Flowers yellow. (Named for David Krieg, a German physician, who was
among the first to collect plants in Maryland.) Adopogon Neck.

§ 1. CYMBIA T. & G. Bracts of involucre 5-8, remaining erect; achenes turhi'
. nate; pappus of 5 obovate scales, and usually 5 alternating bristles; annual.

1. K. occidentalis Nutt. Scapes tufted, 1.5 dm. or less high, glandular*
hispid, at least above ; leaves obovate to lanceolate, entire, lyrately lobed, or
pinnatifid. {Adopogon Ktze.) — Prairies, s. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. March-May.

§ 2. EUKRfGIA T. & G. Bracts of involucre 9-18, reflexed in age; achenes
turbinate, ^^-angled ; pappus of 5-7 short roundish scales and as many alter-
nating bristles ; annual.

2. K. virginica (L.) Willd. Scapes several, 3 dm. or less high, becoming
branched and leafy ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and
often pinnatifid. {Adopogon carolinianum Britton.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to Out.,
Minn., and southw. Apr.-Aug.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 863

§3. CYNTHIA (D. Don) Gray. Involucre of the preceding section: achenes
more slender; pappus of 10-15 small oblong scales and 15-20 bristles •
perennial. *

3. K. Dandelion (L.) Nutt. Roots slender, tubeHferous ; scapes leafless
J. 6-5 dm. high ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire
or few-lobed. {Adopogon Ktze.) — Moist ground, Md. to Kan., and soutliw
March-July.

4. K. amplexicaulis Nutt. (Cynthia.) i?oo«s^&ro?fs; stem 1-0 dm. high;
stem-leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on
short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. (Adopo-
gon virginicum Ktze.) — Moist banks, Mass. to Ont., Man., and southw May-,
Aug.

93. HYPOCHAERIS L. Cat's-ear

Similar to Leontodon, but at least the inner achenes produced into long slen-
der beaks. Receptacle chaffy. — Old World and South American herbs, with
bracteate slightly branching scapes and yellow flowers. (A name used by
Theophrastus for this or a related genus.)

1. H. RADICA.TA L. Perennial; leaves hirsute; scapes 2-4 dm. high, stout ■
heads 2.5-4 cm. broad; achenes all beaked. — Fields, waste places, and on bal-
last, Mass. to N. J. and Ont. (Morton). (Nat from Eu.)

2. H. glAbra L. Slender, glabrous, with smaller heads ; outer achenes
truncate. — Sparingly in grassland in Me. and O.: naturalized in Cal. CAdv
from Eu.)

94. LE6nT0D0N L. Hawkbit

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike ; pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base,
with sometimes an outer paleaceous crown. Receptacle not chaffy. — Low and
stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid basal leaves, and scapes bearing
one or more yellow heads, (Name from X^wj/, a lion, and 65ovs, a tooth, in
allusion to the toothed leaves.)

* Scape simple or branching, scaly-bracteate above; heads before anthesis
erect; pappus a single row of plumose bristles.

1. L. autdmnXlis L. (Fall Dandelion, "Arnica.") Leaves laciniate-
toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent ; scape commonly forking, 1-6 dm.
high ; peduncles thickened at summit, scaly-bracteate (rarely leafy) , involucre
glabrous or slightly pubescent ; tawny pappus a row of equal bristles. — Fields
and roadsides, Nfd. to w. Ont., Mich., and Pa. Late May-Nov. — A frequent
teratological or pathological form has greenish-yellow heads without ligules.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Var. PRATENSis (Link) Koch. Usually larger; involucre and tips of pe-
duncles densely soft-pubescent with blackish hairs. — Often more abundant
than the typical form. (Nat. from Eu.)

** Scape simple and naked; heads before anthesis nodding; pappus of two

kinds.

H- Pappus similar in all the flowers, the obiter a few short setae., the inner a rois
of plumose bristles with dilated bases.

2. L. HASTiLis L. Rather stout, glabrous throughout ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, dentate or pinnatifid ; scape 2-7 dm. high, thickened upward ; heads rather
large; involucre 11-14 mm. long, its smooth lanceolate bracts lead-colored. —r
Fields, local, Ct. to O. (Adv. from Eu.)

Var. vdlgXkis Koch. Leaves, scape, and involucre bristly-hi.spid. (L.
hispidus L.) — Fields and waste places, R. I. to Oui. and s. N. Y. (Adv.
from Eu.)

864 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

- +■ Pappus of the marginal flowers a crown of short scales, of the innei
-flowers setiform and plumose.
3. L. NUDiCAULis (L.) Banks. Slender; leaves hispid; scape filiform, 1-2
dm. high ; involucre 7-10 mm, long, its lanceolate bracts hirsute or glabrous.
(L. hirtus L.) — Locally established in pastures and waste places, Ct. to N. J.
(Adv. from Eu.)

95. PtCRIS L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer bracts loose or spread-
ing, Achenes with 5-10 rugose ribs ; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose
bristles. — Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The
Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from wiKpSs, bitter.)

1. P. HiERACioiDES L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles
somewhat barbed at tip ; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly
toothed; outer involucral bracts narrow; achenes oblong, with little or no
beak ; pappus sparsely plumose. — Waste places, sparingly in the interior, and
in ballast on the coast. June-Get. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. P. ECHioiDES L. (Ox-TONGUE.) ^\m.\\?iV.,'bVitleavesandbractsspinescent,
the outer bracts ovate, subcordate, the narrow inner ones becoming thickened
below ; achenes beaked ; pappus densely plumose. — Similar situations. July-
Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

96. TRAG0p6G0N [Tourn.] L. Goat's Beard

Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate
equal bracts. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-nbbed, long-beaked ; pappus
of numerous long plumose bristles. — Stout glabrous biennials or perennials,
with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow or
purple flowers. (Name from rpdyos, goat, and 7rc67a>i', beard.)

1. T. porrif6lius L. (Salsify, Oyster-plant.) Stem 1 m. or less high;
peduncle thickened and fistulous below the head ; flowers purple ; achenes and
pappus 7-8 cm. long. — Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from
Eu.)

2. T. PRATENSis L. (Goat's Beard.) Very similar; leaves somewhat
broader at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow. — Fields, rocky
banks, etc., N. B. and N. S. to N. J., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.)

97. CHONDRIlLA [Tourn.] L. Gum Succory

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal
bracts and a row of small bractlets at base, Achenes terete, several-ribbed,
smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among
which springs an abrupt slender beak ; pappus copious, of very fine and soft
capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like
branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name used by Dioscor-
ides for some plant which exudes a gum.)

1. C. JUNCEA L. (Skeleton-weed.) Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth
above, 1 m. or less high ; root-leaves runcinate ; stem-leaves few and small,
linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 1-1.5 cm. long. — Fields
and roadsides, abundant in Md, and n. Va. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

98. TARAXACUM [Haller] Ludwig. Dandelion

Heads many-flowered, large, solitary on U, slender hollow scape^ Involucre
double, the outer of short bracts ; the inner of long linear bracts, erect in a
single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4-5-ribbed, the ribs roughened :
the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft white
capillary pappus. — Perennials or biennials ; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runci-

COMPOSITAB (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

865

1014. T. officinale.
Heads and leaf-tips x %.

nate ; flowers yellow. (Name from rapdaa-eii',
to disqiiiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal
properties.)

1. T. officinXle Weber. (Common D.;
Leaves coarsely pinnatijid, sinuate-dentate,
rarely subentire ; heads large (3-5 cm. broad),
orange-yellow; involucral bracts not glaucous;
the outer elongated, conspicuously rejlexed;
achene olive-green or brovniish, bluntly muricate
above, its beak 2-3-times its length ; pappus
lohite. {T, Dens-leonis Desf. ;
T. Taraxacum Karst.) — Pas-
tures and fields, very common.
Apr.-Sept. (and rarely through-
out autumn and winter). —
After blossoming, the inner in-
volucre closes, and the slender
beak elongates and raises up
the pappus while the fruit is
forming ; the w^hole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the
wind the naked fruits, with the pappus in an open globular
head. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1014.

Var. PALusTRE (Sm.) Blytt. Outer bracts lance-
olate to deltoid-ovate, ascending or spreading. — In
damp places, e. Que. to Ct. (Nat. from Eu.) Eio.
1015.

2. T. ERYTHROSPERMUM Audrz. (Red-seeded D.)
Leaves deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided
hi to narrow segments; heads smaller (2-3 cm. broad) ,
sulphur-yellow., outer ligules purplish without ; invo-
lucre glaucous., the inner bracts corniculate-appendaged
at tip; the outer short, lanceolate, spreading or ascend-
ing; achene smaller, bright red or red-brown, sharply
muricate above, more than half as long as the beak :
pappus sordid-white. — In dry fields and on rocks. Me.
1016. T. erythrospermum. to Pa., locally w. to Kan. Late Apr.-June. (Nat,
Heads and leaf-tip X 2/3. from Eu.) Fig. 1016.

1015. T. off. V. pal.
Closed head x %.

99. s6nCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sow Thistle

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im-
bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious,
of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly
falling together. — Leafy -stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly
smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate
heads of yellow flowers produced in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Greek name. )

* Perennial, vnth creeping rootstocTcs; flowers bright
yellow, in large heads.

1. S. arvensis L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped
base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes trans-
versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, fields, and
gravelly shores, Nfd. and N. S. to N J., w. to the
Rocky Mts.j commonest north w. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annual; flowers pale yellow.

2. S. olerXceus L. (Commov S.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, o"
rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, claspmg by a heart'

gray's manual — 56

1017. S. oleracens.
LeafxVa- Arhcne x 1%.

8b'd

COMPOSITAE ^COMPOSITE FAMILYj

lOlS. S. asper.
Leaf X %. Achene x 1%.

shaped base, the auricles acute ; Involucre
downy when young ; achenes striate, also
wrinkled transversely. — Waste places, chiefly
in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 1017.

3. S. Asper (L.) Hill. (Spint-leaved S.)
Stem-leaves less divided and more spiny-
toothed, the auricles of the clasping base
rounded ; achenes margined, 3-nerved on each
side, smooth. — Waste places, roadsides, etc.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1018.

100. LACTtrCA [Tourn.] L. Lettuce

Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical ;
bracts imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes contracted
into a beak, which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very
soft capillary pappus, its bristles falling separately. — Leafy-stemmed herbs,
with panicled heads ; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn.
(The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa L. ; from lac, milk, in allusion to
the milky juice.)

JV: B. — In this genus, the figures of the fruiting heads are on a scale of f , of
the achene 1^.

§ 1. SCARiOLA DC. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, with a distinct
soft filiform beak; pappus white; biennial or annual; cauline leaves
sagittate-clasping.
* Heads small, 6-12-flowered ; achenes from linear-oblong to obovate-oblong^
several-nerved, about equaling the beak; introduced species.

1. L. scARioLA L. (Prickly L.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly ; leaves
pinnatifid, spinulose-denticulate, tending to turn into a vertical position (i.e. with
one edge up); midrib usually setose beneath ; panicle loose, with widely spread-
ing branches ; flowers pale yellow, sometimes turning bluish in fading or drying.
— Roadsides, railway ballast, etc., s. N. E. to O., Mo., and Ky., chiefly westw.,
but even there less common than the following variety. (Adv. from Eu:)

Var. integrXta Gren. & Godr. Leaves oblong, denticulate, none of them or
only the lowest pinnatifid ; midrib prickly-setose or rarely smoothish. (L.
virosa of Am. auth., not L.) — Waste grounds and roadsides, across the conti-
nent ; westw. an abundant and pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. SALfGNA L. Much more slender than the preceding species; stem
nearly or quite smooth ; leaves linear-oblong or narrow and runcinately pin-
natifid (the winged rhachis only 8-5 mm. wide), the margin sparingly toothed,
not regularly or conspicuously denticulate; heads short-pediceled, in virgate
somewhat fastigiate panicles. — Waste ground, 0,{Selby, Kellerman), (Adv.
from Eu.)

** Heads 12-W-flowered ; achenes oval to oblong-oval, blackish, narrow-mar'

gined, about equaling the beak, 1-nerved on each face.

-t- Leaves glabrous.

3. L. canadensis L. (WildL., Horse-aveed.) Mostly tall (1-3.2 m. high),
very leafy, glabrous or nearly so, glaucous ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, pale beneath,

mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire;
heads 1-1.5 cm. long, numerous, in an elongated usually open
panicle ; flowers pale yellow. — Rich damp soil, borders of
fields or thickets, common. Fig. 1019. Var. montXna Brit-
ton. Leaves all entire, rather narrowly oblong-lanceolate. —
Shores, clearings, and rocky uplands, N. S. to Out. and O.
— A similar state is often developed when the main axis is
injured as by mowing.
:oi9. L. canadensis. 4. L. Integrifblla Bigel. Similar in stature, inflorescence,

COMP08ITAE QCOMPOSITB FAMILY)

867

etc.; leaves broadly oblanceolate or even obovate, unlobed, pale beneath, acumi-
nate, sagittate at base, some or all ratlier Jiriely siniiate-touthed, the upper
usually entire or nearly so. — Rich thickets, etc., e. Mass. to Ind.

6. L. sagittifblia Ell. Tall and stout, glabrous, very leafy ; leaves thickisli.
broadly oblong or lance-oblong, acute, strictly entire or merely a little toothed
on the broad and conspicuous amplexicaul auricles of the sagittate base ; inflo-
rescence, etc., as in nos. 3 and 4. (X. integrifolia Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Rich
soil. Pa. to S. C.

•♦- ■*- Leaves hirsute or hispid-setose on the midnerve beneath.

*+ iStem leafy chiefly at or below the middle; bracts of the inflorescence minute^
subulate ; slender eastern and southern species.

6. L. hirsuta Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 0.5-1 m. high,
commonly hirsute at base ; leaves hirsute on both sides or only
on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid, with rather narrow
rhachis and lobes; heads slender and elongated, in a loose
open panicle ; achenes elliptic-oblong, equaled by the beak ;
flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. — Dry
open ground, Que. to La. and Tex. Fig.
1020.

1020. L. hirsuta.

<*■*■ •»-«• Stem more uniformly leafy ; bracts at
the base of the inflorescence somewhat
foliaceous; stout species of the interior.

7. L. ludovici^na (Nutt.) Riddell. Tall and stout, 0.5-
1.5 m. high, leafy ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the rhachis and
spinulose-toothed lobes rather broad ; heads large, ovoid, in io21. L. ludoviciana.
an open panicle; the involucre much imbricated, 1.6-2 cm.

long \ flowers yellow. — Minn., la., and southwestw. Fig. 1021.

8. L. campestris Greene. Closely similar to no. 7, h\ii flowers blue. — Prai-
ries, s. Minn, to Kan. — Perhaps only a color form of the preceding.

*** Heads about \8-floicered; achenes lanceolate, S-ribbed on each face., nar-
row-margined, 3-4 times exceeding the beak.

9. L. M6rssii Robinson. Very leafy, somewhat hirsute below, 1-3 m. high ;
leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, mostly 5-lobed, 1.2-2 dm. long, half as broad, on

broadly winged clasping petioles, the lower somewhat hirsute
beneath on the midrib, etc. ; panicle ample ; involucre about 1 cm.
long ; flowers blue ; achene black, mottled with brown ; pappus
cream-colored in drying. — Rich low ground, Me. and Mass.; also
reported from n. N. Y. Fig. 1022.

§2. LACTUCASTRUM Gray. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong,
marginless, tapering to a short slender firm beak; perennial;
1022. L. Morssil. ./^oioers blue.

10. L. Ste^lei Britton. Tall and stout ; leaves ovate-oblong to
broadly lanceolate, doubly dentate but unlobed, acuminate, hin^ute upon the
midnerve and principal veins beneath, narrowed at the base to
rather long and winged petioles ; heads in an open panicle ;
flowers bluish-purple ; achenes lanceolate, 3-ribbed on each
surface, the margin slightly thickened. — Open woodland, n^ar
Washington, D. C. (Steele).

11. L. pulch611a (Pursh) DC. (Bluk L.) Pale or glau-
cous ; stem simple, 1 m. or less high ; leaves sessile, glabrous,
oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-
pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-
bracted peduncles ; involucral bracts imbricated in 8-4 ranks.
— Upper Mich, and Ont., westw. and soutl'W. Fig.

lO.'.S. L. i>ulchella

1023.

868

COMPOSITAE ([COMPOSITE FAMILY)

1024. L. villosa.

§ 3. MULGEDIUM (Cass.) Gray. AcJienes thickisJi^ ohlong, contracted into a
short thick beak or neck ; annual or biennial ; flowers chiefly blue,

* Pappus ichite.

12. L. villbsa Jacq. Tall biennial, 1-2 m. high, with many
small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly
serrate, or runcinate, sometimes hairy on tlie midrib beneath,
contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest
occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the
cauline sauittate or hastate ; achenes beakless.
(L. acuminata Gray.) — Borders of woods, N. Y.
to Neb., and south w. Fig. 102'1.

13. L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate,
or rarely entire, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping
base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked; otherwise as
no. 12. — Rich soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Keb., and southw. Pig.
1026.

* * Pappus taiony.

14. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Nearly smooth biennial, tall
(1-3.6 m. high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, some-
times runcinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline sessile and
auriculate, sometimes clasping ; heads in a large and dense com-
pound panicle ; flowers bluish to cream-color ; achene short-
beaked. {L. leucophoea Gray^ ) — Low grounds, rather common.
Pig. 1026. Var. iNXEGRirdLiA (Gray) Britton. Leaves un-
divided, or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. — Me. to 111. and N. C.

1025. L. floridana.

1026. L. spicata.

101. LYGODESMIA D. Don.

Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Prenanthes, the cylindrical involucre
more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit ;
pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, with terminal or
scattered heads of rose-purple flowers on the leafless or rush-
like stems or branches. (Name composed of Xu7os, a pliant
«wi(/,and 5eV/x?7, a bundle^ from the fascicled twiggy or rush-
like stems.)

1. L. juncea (Pursh) D. Don. Perennial, 2-4 dm. high,
tufted, rigid, much branched ; lower leaves
lance-linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, rigid, the tipper
awl-shaped and minute; heads 5-flowered,
terminal ; achene filiform, only slightly
attenuate above, 4-5 mm. long. — Plains, St.
Croix River, Wise, to the Saskatchewan,
Mo., and westw. June-Sept. Pig. 1027.

2. L. rostrata Gray. Annual, 1 m. or less
high, corymbose-paniculate ; leaves elongate,
the lower about 1 dm. long ; heads 8-9-flowered, scattered ; achene
fusiform, distinctly attenuate above, 1 cm. Zongr.— Sandy soil,
Kan. to the Saskatchewan, and westw. Aug. -Sept. Pig. 1028.

1027. L. juncea.
Heads x %.
Achene X 1%.

1028. L. rostrata.
Achene x 1%.

102. AG6SERIS Raf.

Head large, solitary, m^ny-flowered. Bracts of the bell-shaped involucre
ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth,
10-ribbed, with or without a distinct beak ; pappus usually longer than the
achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles. — Perennial
scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted basal leaves, and yellow flowers.
(Name from atg, goat^ and o-^pis, chicory.)

1029. A. cuspidata.
Head x %.
Achene x li^.

COMPOSITAB (CO^IPOSITB FAI^IILY)

1. A. cuspidata (Pursh) Steud. Scape 8 dm
from a thickened caudex ; leaves lan-
ceolate, elongated, tapering to a sliaip
point, entire, woolly on the margins;
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, shurj.-
pointed; achene healdess. (Troximon
Pursh ; Nothocalais Greene.) — I'rairies,
Wise, and n. 111., westw. and north-
westw. Apr., May. Fig. 1029.

2. A. glauca (Pursh) Steud. Scape
3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear to lanceo-
late, entire to dentate or laciniate ; head
often pubescent or villous ; achene loug-
heaked. (Troximon Pursh.; — JMinn.

8G9

high,

to the Saskatchewan, south w. and westw. Pig. 1030.

11-11. A. gbiicA.
Achene x I^.

1031. P. carolinianus.
Head x %. Achene x 1%.

103. PYRRHOPAPPUS DC. False Dandelion

Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft
pappus reddish or rust-color, and surrounded at ba.se
by a soft-villous ring. — Mostly annual or biennial
herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below.
Heads solitary, terminal. Flowers deep yellow. (Name
composed of irv^pSi, flame-colored, and iraTnrds, pappus.)
SiTiLiAS Raf.

1. P. carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Annual or bien-
nial, branching, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong or lanceo-
late, entire, cut or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly
clasping. (Sitilias Paf.; — Sandy fields, Del. to Mo.,
Kan., and south w. Apr.-July. Fig. 1031.

104. CREPIS L. Hawk's Beard

Involucre few-many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal bracts often
bfiooming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white, soft. — Annuals or bien-
nmU, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some ]ilant,
from Kprjirls, a sandal.)

* Involucre glabrous.

1. C. pulchra L. Annual, 0.3-1.5 m. high, pubescent below, leafy near
the base ; leaves pubescent, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, runcinate-dentate. the
lower on margined petioles, the upper somewhat clasping ; heads in a loose
naked panicle ; involucre 1 cm. high — Locally established in Va. (Adv.
irom Eu.^

* * Involucre pubescent.

•«- Perennial; scapose or nearly so.

2. C. runcin^ta (James) T. & G. Stem 3-9 m. high, glabrous or somewhat
glandular-hispid ; leaves rosulate, obovate-oblong or oblong-spat ulate, repand or
runcinate-dentate, glabrous or slightly hispidulous ; heads loosely corymbose,
2 cm. broad ; involucre hirsute, 1 cm. or so high. — On saline soil, Man. to la.,
and westw June, July

^- H- Annuals or biennials ; steins leafy

3. C. CAPiLLlRis (L.) Wallr Ascending, 3-(> dm. hich
leaves lance-spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or merely dentate
the canline with sagittate-auriculate bases ; heads small, invo
lucre 6-7 mm. hish ; achenes smooth, 'iO-nerved, slightly nar
rcjsed at both ends. (C. virens L.) —Fields and waste places
becoming frequent. (Adv. from Eu.) Fio. 1032.

T

103-2. O. c.ni>Illart».
Aoheou X 1^^

»JTO

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

4. C. tect6rum L. Slender, branching from the base, 2-4

dm, high ; leaves narrow, runcinate, often sagittate-auriculate ;
heads small, in a loose panicle ; achenes fusi-
form, attenuate above, the ribs upwardly sca-
brous.— In fields, Ont., Mich., and Neb.; and
on ballast eastw. July-Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
Fig. 1038.

5. C. BIENNIS L. Somewhat pubescent, 6-8 dm.
high, leafy ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads
rather large, 2-4 cm. broad, corymbose ; achenes

13-nerved, glabrous, attenuate above. — Locally in fields and waste 1034. c. biennis.
places, N. E. to Va,. and Mich. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 1034. Achene x i%.

lOco. C. tectorum.
Head x %.
Achene X 1%.

105. PRENANTHES [Yaill.] L. Rattlesnake-root

Heads 5-30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 6-14 linear bracts in a single
row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate
or grooved, not contracted at tlie apex. Pappus of copious whitish, straw-
colored, or brownish rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright
leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable
leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers in late summer
and autumn. (Name from irpTjvi^s, drooping, and Avd-q, blossom.) Nabalus
Cass.

* Heads rather broad, 2L>-S6-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.

1. P. crepidinea Michx. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout, 1.5-2.7 m. high,
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters ; leaves large (1.5-3 dm.
long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly toothed, contracted
into winged petioles; flowers cream -color ; pappus brown. (^Nabalus DC.) —
Rich soil, w. N. Y. to Minn., and south w. Sept., Oct.

♦ * Heads slender, 8-lo-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence;
stems simple ; cauline leaves sessile ; pappus straw-color.

•*- Inflorescence pubescent, strict ; heads nearly erect, l2-l6-flowered.

2. P. racembsa Michx. Stem 0.2-1.5 m. high, smooth and glaucous, as well
as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower leaves tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping ; heads in
crowded clusters ; flowers purplish. {Nabalus Hook.) — River-banks and prai-
ries, e. Que. to Alb., s. to N. B., n. Me., Great L. region. Mo., S. Dak., and Col.;
also in marshes of s. N. Y. and n. N. J. Aug., Sept. Var. piNNAxfriDA Gray.
Leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. — Marshes, s. N. Y. and n. N. J. ; also in Ont.
(according to Macoun).

3. P. aspera Michx. Stem 0.5-1.3 m. high, rough-pubescent, as well as the
oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping;
heads in small clusters ; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus T. & G.) — Dry-
prairies and barrens, O. to S. Dak., and south w. Aug., Sept.

■*- ■*- Whole plant glabrous ; heads nodding, S-l2-flowered; thyrse looser.

4. P. virgata Michx. (Slender R.) Slightly glaucous ; stem 6-12 dm.
high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (4-6 dm. long); heads
clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the
upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid ; involucre (purplish)
of about 8 bracts. (Nabalus DC.) — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept.,
Oct.

5. P. main§nsis Gray. Stem 0.5-1 m. high, leafy ; leaves as in no. 2, but the
radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole ; heads persistently
drooping on slender pedicels. — St. John and Aroostook valleys, Me. and N.B.
Aug., Sept. — Perhaps a hybrid between nos. 2 and 8.

m

COMPOSITAE rCOMPOSITE FAMILY) 871

• * * Heads 5-lS-nowered, racpmoi^e or pnnirulate., commonly ppttduloun • Uavet
variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at haxe.

^ Involucre cylindrical (at least below the middle)-, bracts ncarious-margimd
the outer numerous, short, apprc.ssed. '

*+ Involucre of 6-8 primary bracts, S-]2-flowered.

= Pappus deep reddish-brown.

6. P. Alba L. (White Lettccr, Rattlesnakk-uoot.) Smootli an<l glau-
cous ; stem stout, usually purplish, 0.5-1. 5 m. high, corvnilxw-paiiidt'd at
summit; leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-fonn, sinuate-tooth.-d (.r;{-r>-cleft,
the uppermost oblong and undivided ; involucre whitish-green :in<i pnrplish'
glaucous; flowers whitish. (Xahahis Hook.) — Rich woods and thir-krta s'
Me. to the Saskatchewan, s. to Ga., Ky., and 111. Late July-early Oct.

= = Pappus whitish or brownish-white.

a. Primary bracts scarcely as long as the pappus, the small outer ones

lanceolate.

7. P. serpentkria Pursh. (Lion's-foot, Gall-of-tue-earth.) Stem smooth,
3-12 dm. high, usually purplish, corymhose-panirlcd at summit; leaves thick,

variously lobed, often piiinatifid with blunt or rounded lobes,
or even entire, the lower on margined petioles; heads ckicjly
clustered at the tips of elongate branches; involucre funnel-
form, ciilindric hehno, its subherbaceous green or purplish
frequently setulose bracts abruptly spreading above the middle ;
flowers purplish, greenish-white, or cream-color; aelienea
1035. P. serpen taria. yellow-brown. (Nabalus Hook.)— Dry open soil, e. Mass.
Heads x%. to Fla. and Ala. Sept., Oct. Fig. 1035.

b. Primary bracts as long as the pappus, the small outer ones deltoid to ovate.

8. P. trifoliolata (Cass.) Fernald. (GALL-OF-THK-EAnTii.) Glabrous, 1.5-15
dm. high ; leaves thinnish, nearly all petioled ; the lower mostly 3-divided or
angulate, occasionally uncleft or with the divisions finely dis-
sected ; inflorescence an elongate panicle, the heads clustered
at the tips of comparatively short ascending branches or in the
upper axils; involucre cylindric, glaucous; its pale green or
purple-tinged primary bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, the inner
with broad scarioiis margins; outer calyculate bracts lance-
deltoid, rather firm, with pale hyaline margins, regularly 1086. P. trif..ii..i«ta.
imbricated, the longest 1.5-2.5 mm. long; achenes yellow- Heads x%.
brown. (Nabalus Cass.; P. serpentaria Man. ed. 6, in i)art,

not Pursh.) — Thickets and woods, Nfd. and Que. to Del., Pa., and along the
mts. to Tenn. Aug., Sept. Fig. IO06.

9. P. nana (Bigel.) Torr. Stem simple and strict, 0.5-7.5 dm. high ; leavea
much as in the preceding, very variable in outline; inflorescence a thyrse or
raceme, rarely somewhat paniculate or subcorymbose ; involucre thick--cylin(lric,
glabrous ; bracts lead-color or blackish ; the prijnary ones linear- to lance-oblong,
blunt or acutish, the inner loith narrow scarious margins; outer calyculate
bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blacki.'<h-green, herbaceous or fleshy, very
unequal, the longest 3-6 mm. long; achenes yellowish- to reddish-brown.
(Nabalus DC; P. serpentaria, var. Gray; P. trifoliolata, var. Fernald.) —
Rocky or mossy places. Lab. and Nfd. to the coast of N. S., and the higher mts.
of n. N. E. and n. N. Y. July-Sept.

++ ■*-*■ Involucre of 5 primary bracts, f^-C^-flowered.

10. P. altlssima L. Smooth, tall and slender, 1-2 m. high ; heads in sinall
axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle;
leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and
merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequeuUy :i-5-parted,

872 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

with the divisions entire or again cleft ; involucre very slender, greenish ; flower
greenish-white; pappus cream-color. {Nahalus Hook.) — Rich moist woods,
Nfd. to Man., s. to Ga. and Tenn. Late July-early Oct. Var. hispidula
Fernald. Stems villous or hispid ; leaves at least hispidulous on the vems
beneath. — Wet woods, e. Que. to Vt. and Ct.

Var. cinnambmea Fernald. Pappus cinnamon-color or deep brown. — Ind.
to Mo. and La.
H- 1- Involucre slender-campanulate ; secondary basal bracts 2-o, linear, loose.

IL P. Bo6ttii (DC.) Gray. Simple, dwarf, 1-3 dm. high, pubescent at the
summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapermg
into a margined petiole ; involucre livid, 10-18-flowered ; the primary bracts
10-15, very obtuse; pappus pale straw-color. — Alpine regions, n. N. E. and
n. N. Y. July-Sept.

106. HIERACIUM [Tourn.] L. Hawkweed

Heads 12-m any-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked ; pappus a single row of tawny
and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Hispid or hirsute and often glandular
perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly
yellow flowers ; summer and early autumn. (Name from lepa^, a hawk.)

* Bootstock slender, elongated; stolons usually iwesent ; scapose.

H- Sca2:)e l-3(-l)-/iea(ZctZ.

1. H. PiLOSELLA L. (MousE-EAK.) Leavcs oblong-lanceolate or spatulate,
2-6 cm. long, setose upon both surfaces, green above, whitened beneath with
close stellate tomentum ; stolons several, slender, leafy ; scape 5-20 cm. high,
1-headed; heads 2.5-3 cm. broad; flowers yellow. —Grassland, becoming fre-
quent. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. viRiDE Ser. Coarser ; leaves often 1 dm. long, green on both surfaces ;
scape l-3(-4)-headed, 1.5-4 dm. high. —Fields, pastures, etc., also becoming too
frequent. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

■*- t- Scape bearing several-many heads in a rather dense corymb.

++ Flowers orange-red.

2. H. AURANTiACUM L. (Orange H., Devil's Paint-brush, Grim the Col-
lier.) Long-hirsute ; leaves oblanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, green on both sid^s ;
stolons numerous, slender; scape 2-6 dm. high, usually 1-2-bracted ; heads
about 2 cm. broad. — Fields, etc., e. Que. to Ont. and Pa., locally too abundant.
June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

■4-v ++ Flowers yellow.

3. H. FLORiBUNDUM "Wlmm. & Grab. Glaucous; stolons numerous; basal
leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, essentially glabrous above, setose
on the margin, midrib, and sometimes very sparingly on the surface beneath;
primary scape 3-8 dm. high, usually naked or with only 1 leaf near the base ;
involucre nigrescent ; flowers bridit yellow. — Fields and open ground, N. B. and
e. Me. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) —Luxuriant plants developing decumbent
leafy secondary flowering axes as well as stolons.

4. H. PRATtNSE Tausch. (King Devil.) 6^ree?i, not glaucous ; stolons few ;
basal leaves narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 1-2.5 dm. long, setose upon both
surfaces; scape 4-8 dm. high, bearing 1-3 well developed leaves; otherwise
like the preceding. — Fields, roadsides, etc., e. Que. to s. N. Y. Juue-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)

o.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 873

* * Rootstock short, stout, praemorse.
•«- Heads small, 1-2.3 cm. in diauuter.

Inflorescence a corymhiform panicle (sometimes suhrylindric in no. 11, xchich
has leafy bracts).
= Leaves (at least those of the primary axis) chiefly basal.
a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, glaucous.
H. praeAltum Gochnat, var. DEcfpiKxs Koch. Suine\vh;it j^laucuH bear-
ing numerous slender elongated leafy branches from the base; basal leaves
narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblong, soniewluu hisijid on both surfaces and
finely stellate-pubescent beneath; scape tall, setose; corymb im-guhir ; flowers
yellow. — Established in a dry pasture, Andover, Mass. (^1. S. I'ease), June.
(Adv. from Eu.)

0. H. FLOREXTiNDM All. (KixG Devil.) WUhout slender leafy branches
from the base, smootbish ; basal leaves oblance.jlate to spatulate, thickish
sparingly setose or more often glabrous; scape 8-8 dm. high, smooth or spar-
ingly setose ; corymb many-headed. (IL praealtum Man. ed. (J, not Gochnat )
— Open places, fields, etc., e. Que. to n. N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

b. Leaves elliptic-oblong.

7. H. venbsum L. (Kattlesxake-weed, Poou Rqbis's Plantain.) Scape
2-7 dm. high, naked, or with 1 rarely 2 leaves (var. SLncAi-LtscExs T. & G.),
smooth, slender, forking above into a loose corymb; leaves nearly entire,
scarcely petioled, thin, glabrous and often purple-veined or mottled above]
glaucous beneath ; pedicels very slender, sparingly glandular-pubescent toward
the tip. — Dry woods and open sandy places, s. Me. to Ga., and westw. Late
May-Sept.

8. H. Greenii Porter & Britton. Scape 2-7 dm. high, usually spreading-
villous especially below, naked or more often with 1-2 leaves near tlie bjise ;
leaves spatulate to obovate, green, conspicuously sordid- or taicny-villous on
both surfaces; inflorescence copiously glandular-hispid. (H. marianum, var.
spathulatum Gray.) — Dry woods, Pa. and O. to Mo., and southw.

= = Stem leafy to the inflorescence.

9. H. paniculatum L. Stem slender, 3-12 dm. high, glabrous except at the
villous base; leaves thin, lanceolate, remotely toothed, acute, glabrous, glaucous
beneath; panicle lax; heads comparatively .sm^^/Z (rJ-2(>-/?oHv?V(/), on filiform
smoothish pedicels. — Open woods, N. S. and centr. Me. to Mich., s. to Ga. and
Ala. Late July-Sept.

10. H. marianum Willd. Stouter ; stem setose at least below ; leaves obo-
vate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at tip, subentire; the biusal large, on hairy
winged petioles, green or rarely purple-veined, glabrous above, hairy on the
veins beneath; panicle open, corymbiform ; heads larger ('2()-4()-flotcered), on
whitish-tomentose and glandular-hispid pedicels. — Open woods and clearings,
N. H. to O., ?nd southw. June-Aug.

11. H. scabrum Michx. Stoutish, 3-12 dm. high, rough-hairy ; /fa jv.s elliptic
to spatulate-obovate, obtuse, subentire. thickish, hairy on both surfaces, deep
green above, paler beneath ; panicle stiff, corymbiform, its axis and branches
densely white-tomentose and commonly covered with numerous dark glands ;
heads 40-'j0-flowered, on thickish pedicels. — Dry woods and paijture.s, fretjuent.
July-Sept.

++ ++ Inflorescence more slender and elongated, subcylindric, not hafy-bracted.

12. H. Gronbvii L. Stem wand-like, 3-12 dm. high, leafy chiefly IhIow the
middle, villous at base ; basal leaves oblong to obovate, 6-15 cm. long, rounded
or obtuse at the tip, setose chiefly above, minutely stellate-pulM'scent In-neaih ;
the stem-leaves similar, decreasing rapidly in size ; panicle thyrsoid. 1-1 dm.
long, without leafy bracts; heads 15-20-flowered, on slightly glandular pedi-
cels. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Out., Kan., and southw. Aug. -Oct.

874 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)

13. H. longipilum Torr. Similar, copiously covered with extremely long
(1-2 cm.) soft white to tawny hairs; basal leaves oblanceolate, aculish, 1.8-3
dm. Ions; upper leaves similar, much smaller; heads 20-:30-flowered ; pedicels
copiously glandular. — Open woods and prairies, Mich, to Minn., southw. and
south westw. Aug., Sept.

H- H- Heads large, 2.5-4.5 cm. in diameter.
■^ Basal leaves elliptic to ovate, slender-petioled, the cauline rather few.

14. H. mur6rum L. (Golden Lungwort.) Scape naked or with a single
Ipaf, '2-7 dm. high, smoothish ; leaves green, not mottled; the basal toothed or
incised especially near the rounded or subcordate base; heads few; involucre
densely glandular. — Established in open woods, Northampton, Mass. {Mrs.
Teri-y) and near Brooklyn, N. Y. May, June. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. H. vulgItum Fries. Stem bearing 2-several leaves, L5-8 dm. tall,
rather slender and flexuous ; basal leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, tapenng to
the petiole, remotely dentate, usually purplish-mottled above ; heads 1-several,
about 4 cm. in diameter.— Fields, open woods, and ledgy shores, Nfd. to w.
Que. and locally s. to s. N. Y. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

■M. -^ Basal leaves lance-oblong, scarcely petioled, the cauline numerous.

16. H. canadense Michx. Stoutish, 2-12 dm. high; leaves ovate to lance-
oblong, spreading, coarsely toothed especially below the middle, acute, firm
in texture, at least the upper rounded or subcordate at the base; heads several,
in a corymb. — Borders of woods, shores, etc., Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa.,
the Great L. region, and Ore. July-Sept.

17. H. umbellatum L. Similar ; leaves lance-linear to lanceolate, attenuate
to a narrow sessile base, entire or nearly so; heads few, subumbellate. —
L. Superior, northw. and westw. (Eurasia.)

GLOSSARY

Abortion. Imperfect development or non-devel-
opment of an organ.

Abortive. De^ctive or barren.

Acauleacent. Stemless or apparently so, or
with stem subterranean.

Acoumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges
against the radicle.

Achene. A small dry and hard 1-celled l-seeded
indehiscent fruit.

Achlamydeous. Without calyx or corolla.

Acicular. Slenderly needle-shaped.

Aculeate. Prickly ; beset with prickles.

Aculeolate. Beset with diminutive prickles.

Acuminate. Tapering at the end.

Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well defined
angle.

Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with the
calyx-tube. Adnate anther, one attached for
its whole length to the inner or outer face of
the filament.

Adventive. Imperfectly naturalized.

Aestivation. The arrangement of the parts of
the perianth in the bud.

Alate. Winged.

Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material
accompanying the embryo.

Albuminous. Having albumen.

Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of garlic.

Alternate (of leaves, etc.). Not opposite to each
other on the axis, but arranged singly at
diflFerent heights.

AlVMlate. Honeycombed ; having angular de-
pressions separated by thin partitions.

Alveolation. A honeycombed condition.

Am&nt. A catkin, or scaly spike.

Amphigean. Native of both Old and New
Worlds.

Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Halfinverted
and straight, with the hilum lateral.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem.

Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins and
forming a network.

Anatropous (ovule). Inverted and straight.
with the micropyle next the hilum and the
radicle consequently inferior.

Aauyipital. Two-edged.

Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of
both staminate and pistillate flowers.

Androsporangium. The receptacle in which
androspores are formed.

Androspore. The minute reproductive body,
which gives rise to the (often exceedingly ob-
scure) male plantlet in the sexual generation.
The same as Microspore.

■androua. In composition, having stamens.

Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne wlthtt
a pericurj).

Anmuil. Of only one year's duration. Wiutfr
annual, a plant from autiimn-nown Bee<l which
blooms and fruits in the following soring.

Annular. In the form of a ring.

Anterior. On the front side of a flower and D«zt
the bract, remote from the axis of Intloresconc* ;
equivalent to inferior and (less properly) ex-
terior.

Anther. The polliniferous part of a stamen.

Antheridiuni. In Cryptogams, the organ cor
responding to an anther.

Anther i/erous. Anther-bearing.

Antherozoid. One of the minute organs devel-
oped in an antheridiura.

Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower.

Apetalotis. Having no jtetals.

Apieidate. Ending in a short pointed tip.

Apogarnous. Developed without fertilization.

Appressed. Lying close and flat against.

Arachnoid. Cobwebby ; of slender entangled
hairs.

ArcheQonium,. The organ in the higher Crj-pto-
gams corresponding to a pistil in the Flowering
Plants.

Arcuate. Moderately curved.

Areolate. Marked out into small spaces ; retlca-
iate.

Areole. A small space marked out upon a sur-
face.

Aril. An appendage growing at or about the
hilum of a seed.

Arillate. Having an aril.

Aristate. Awned ; provided with stlfllsh brisU*-
shaped appendages.

Articulate. Jointed ; having a node or Joint.

Ascending. Kising somewhat obliquely, or
curving upward. Ascending ovuU, one lh«t
is attached above the base of the ovary and la
directed upward.

Asffiirgent. Asoonding.

Attenuate. Slenderly tapering ; becoming vory
narrow.

Auricle. An eat-8hape<l appendage.

Auricnlate. Furnished with auricles.

Aicl-shajied. Tapering upward from lhe> ha**
to a slender or rigid point.

Awn. A bristle-shaped api>endage.

Aril. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with
the stem.

Axils. Situated In the axli*.

Axillary. Slluateil in an axil.

Axis. The central line of any organ or support
of a group of organs ; a stem, etc.

876

876

GLOSSARY

Baccate. Berry-like ; pulpy throughout.
Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or short

bristles, usually reflex ed I!k3 the barb of a fish

hook.
Barbellate. Finely barbed.
Barhidate. Finely bearded.
Basifixed. Attached by the base.
Bast. The fibrous portion of the inner bark.
Beaked. Ending in a prolonged tip.
Bearded. Bearing a long aw n. or furnished with

Jong or stifiF hairs.
Berry. A fruit, the whole pericarp of which is

fleshy or pulpy.
Bi- or Bis-. A Latin prefix signifying two.

twice, or doubly.
Bideniate. Having two teeth.
. Biennial. Of two years' duration
Bifid- Two-cleft.
Bilabiate. Two-lipped.
Bilocular. Two-cefled,
Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils.
Bivalvular. With two valves.
Blade. The expanded portion of a leaf. etc.
Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending

a flower or belonging to an inflorescence or

sometimes cauline.
Bracteal. Of or pertaining to the bracts.
Bracteate. Having bracts.
Bracteolate. Having bractlets.
Bracteole. Bractlet.
Bracteose. With numerous or conspicuous

bracts.
Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the

pedicel of a flower.
Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or

branch ; an unexpanded flower.
Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales

or coats.
Bulbiferous. Bearing bulbs.
Bulblet. A small bulb, especially one borne

upon the stem.
Bulbous. Having the character of a bulb.
Bullate. Blistered or puckered.
Bursicle. A pouch-like receptacle.

Caducous. FaUing o^ very early,

Caespltose, See Cespitose.

Calcarate. Produced into or having a spur

Callosity. A hardened thickening.

Callus. A hard protuberance or callosity ; in the

Grasses the tough often hairy swelling at the

base or insertion of the lemma or palet.
Calyculate. Having bracts around the calyx or

involucre imitating an outer calyx.
Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower
Campanulate. Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with y

broad base.
^ampylotropous (ovule or seed). So curved as

to bring the apex and base pearly together.
hnaliculate. Longitudinallv channeled.
7anescent. Hoary with gray pubescence.
Capillary. Hair-like.
Capitate. Shaped like a head ; collected into a

head or dense cluster.
Capsular. Belonging to or of the nature of a

•apsule.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed Al
more than one carpel.

Carinal. On or having relation to a ridge or keel.

Carinate. Having a keel or projecting longi-
tudinal medial line on the lower surface.

Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a
compound pistU.

Carpopjhore. The slender prolongation of the
floral axis which in the Umbelliferae supports
the pendulous ripe carpels.

Caruncle. An excrescence or appendage at or
about the hilum of a seed.

Carunculate. Having a caruncle.

Caryopsis. A grain, as of Grasses ; a seed-like
fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the con-
tained seed.

Castaneous. Of a chestnut-color ; dark brown.

Catkin. An ament.

Caudate. Having a slender tail-like appendage.

Caudex. The persistent base of an otherwise
annual herbaceous stem.

Caudicle. The thread-like or strap-shaped stalk
of a pollinium.

Caulescent. Having a manifest stem above
ground.

Cauline. Belonging to the stem.

Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very various
forms, of which plants are formed. Any struc-
ture containing a cavity, as the cells of an
anther, ovary, etc.

Cellular (tissue). Composed of short transpar-
ent thin-walled cells, in distinction from fibrous
or vascular.

Centrum. The central portion ; here used spe-
cifically for the large central air-space in hollow
stems such as those of Equisetum.

Cei^pitose (or Caespltose). Growing in tufts;
forming mats or turf.

Chaff. A small thin scale or bract, becoming
dry and membranous.

Cha'ff'y. Having or resembling chaff.

Channeled. Deeply grooved longitudinally, like
a gutter.

Chartaceous. Having the texture of writing-
paper.

Chlorophyll. The green coloring-matter within
the cells of plants.

ChlorophijUose. Containing chlorophyll.

Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cinereous. Ash-color.

Circinate. Coiled from the top downward, as
the young frond of a fern.

Circumscissile. Dehiscing by a regular trans-
verse circular line of division.

Clavate. Club-shaped", gradually thickened
upward.

Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud, without
the opening of the flower.

Coalescence. The union oi parts or organs oi
the same kind

Coccus (pi. Cocci'). One ot the parts into which
a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits.

Cochleate. Spiral, like a snail-shell.

Cohesion. The union of one organ with an
other of like nature.

GLOSSARY

877

Commiaaure. The snrfece by which one carpel
joins another, as in the Umbelliferae.

Comose. Furnished with or resembling a tu<l
of hairs.

Complicate. Folded upon itself.

Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar
parts united into one whole. Compound leaf,
one divided into separate leaflets.

Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally.

CouduplicatB. Folded together lengthwise.

Confluent. Running into each other; blended
into one.

Coniferous. Cone-bearing,

Connate. United ; used especially of like struc-
tures joined from the start.

Connective. The portion of a stamen which
connects the two cells of the anther.

Connivent. Coming into contact ; converging.

Conoidal. Nearly conical.

Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally.

Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point up-
ward.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Coj^m. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem,
bulb-like but solid.

Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or con-
nate petals.

Coroniform. Shaped like a crown.

Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds.

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-
cluster, in the stricter use of the word equlv-

1 alent to a contracted raceme and progressing
in its flowering from the margin inward.

Corymbose. In corymbs, or corymb-like.

Costa. A rib ; a midrib or mid-nerve.

Costate. Eil)bed ; having one or more longi-
tudinal ribs or nerves.

Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves
(one, two, or more) of the embryo as found in
the seed.

Crateriform. In the shape of a saucer or cup,
hemispherical or more shallow.

Creeping. Running along at or near the sur-
face of the ground and rooting.

Crenate. Dentate with the teeth much rounded.

Crenulate. Finely crenate.

Cristate. Bearing an elevated appendage resem-
bling a crest.

Crown. An inner appendage to a petal, or to
the throat of a corolla.

Cruciate. Cross-shaped.

Crxistaceotis. Of hard and brittle textnre.

Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped ; cowled.

Culm. The peculiar stem of Sedges and Grasses.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the
acute angle downward.

Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp or sharp and
rigid point.

Cyme. A usually broad and flattish determinate
inflorescence, i.e. with its central or terminal
flowers blooming earliest.

Cymose. Rearing cymes, or cyme-like.

Deciduous. Not persistent : not evergreen.
DtGompo'wnd, More than once compound or
4ivided.

Decwmhent. Recllninir, but with the ramml

ascending.
Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the Bleu

below the Insertion.
DecuHsate. Alternating In pairs at rlKht angled.
Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding

twenty.
Defleved. Bent or turned abruptly downward.
Dehiscent. Ouenlng re^'ulurly by valves, allta,

etc., as a capsule or anther.
Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek lettor A
Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth di-
rected outward.
Denticulate. Minutely dentate.
Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.
Di; Die-. A Greek prefix slgnlfyir^g two ot

twice.
Diadelphous (stamens). Combined In two seta
Didiidronx. Having two stamens.
Dicnrpellary. Composed of two carpels.
Dichotoinous. Forking regularly by pairs.
Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.
Didymous. Twin ; found In pairs.
Didynamous (stamens). In two pairs of on

equal length.
Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.
Digitate. Compound, with the members aria*

ing together at the apex of the support.
Dimerous (flower). Having all the parts to

twos.
Dimorphous. Occurring In two forms.
Dioecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds ol

flowers on separate plants.
Discoid. Resembling a disk. Discoid head,

in Compositae, one without ray-tlowers.
Disk. A development of the receptacle at or

around the base of the pistil. In Covijtoxitae,

the tubular flowers of the head as distinct froo.

the ray.
Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous

segments.
Dissepiment. A partition In an ovar>- or fruit
Distichous. In two vertical ranks.
Distinct. Sei>amte; not united ; evident
Divaricate. Widely divergent
Divided. Lobed to the base.
Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or outer

surface of an organ.
Dorsorentral. With distinction of back and

front, or placed with reference to the back or

front.
Drupaceous. Resembling or of the nature of a

drupe.
Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the Inner

portion of the pericari) (l-c.'Ile<l and l-6<MMled,

or sometimes several -eel Id) hard or stony.
Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.

K- or Br-. A T>atin prefix hn\Mnpofl«'n a priva-
tive signification, as fhractt <//«•. without bracts-

Echinate. Heset with prickles.

Kcological. Concerning the relation of plant,*
to their siirroundlngs.

Efiise. Verv looselv spreadlnir.

Emargiuate. Having a shallow notch at aj«
extremity.

878

GLOSSARY

Embryo. The radlmentary plantlet within the

seed.
Endooarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.
Endogenous. Growing throughout the sub-
stance of the stem, instead of by superficial

layers.
Entire. "Without toothing or division.
Ephemeral. Lasting for only one day.
Epicarp. The outer layer of the pericarp or

matured ovary.
Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells.
'EpigynouH. Growing on the summit of the

ovary, or apparently so.
Epiphyte. A plant growing attached to another

plant, but not parasitic ; an air-plant.
Eqtiitant. Astride ; used of conduplicate leaves

which enfold each other in two ranks, as in Iris.
Erase. As if gnawed.
ExaZbuminous. "Without albumen.
Excurrent. Running out, as a nerve of a leaf

projecting beyond the margin.
Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers.
Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near

the surface ; belonging to the Exogens.
Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as

stamens from a corolla.
Exsiccated. Dried.
Extrorse. Facing outward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped ; curved and flat, tapei*-
ing gradually.

Farinaceous. Containing starch ; starch-lilie.

Farinose. Covered with a meal-Uke powder.

Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.

Fasciculate. In close bundles or clusters.

FasUgiate (branches). Erect and near together.

Ferruginous. Eust-color.

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit ; or produc-
tive, as a flower having a pistil, or an anther
with pollen.

Fibrillose. Furnished or abounding with fine
fibers.

Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers.
Fibrous tUsue, a tissue formed of elongated
thick-walled cells.

Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibers
and ducts.

Filament, The part of a stamen which sup-
ports the anther ; any thread-like body.

Filamentous. Composed of threads.

Filiform. Thread-shaped ; long, slender, and
terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Fimbrillaie. Having a minute fringe.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindrical.

Flaccid. "Without rigidity ; lax and weak.

Flexcuous. Zigzag ; bending alternately in op-
posite directions.

FlocGOse. Clothed with locks or flocks of soft
hair or wool.

Floret. A small flower, usually one of a dense
cluster.

Floriferotta. Flower-bearing.

Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance.

•foliate, -leaved ; having leaves.

'foliolate. Having leaflets.

Foliose. Bearing numerous leayes.

Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel,

dehiscing by the ventral suture.
Follicular. Like a follicle.
Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches.
Free. Not adnate to other organs.
Frond. The leaf of Ferns and some other Cryp.

togams ; in Lemnaceae^ the thallus-like stem

which functions as foliage.
Friictificaiion. The act or organs of fruiting.
Fruit. The seed -bearing product of a plant,

simple, compound, or aggregated, of whatever

form.
Fugacious. Falling or fading very early.
Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed.
Fuscous. Grayish-brown.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the

middle and narrowing toward each end.

Galea. A hooded or helmet-shaped portion of

a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconitum,

and the upper lip of some bilabiate corollas.
Galeate. Helmet-shaped ; having a galea.
Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the corolla

more or less united.
Gamophyllous. Composed of coalescent leaves

or leaf-like organs.
Gamosepalous, Having the sepals united.
Geminate. Equal, in pairs.
Gemma. A bud or body analogous to a bud by

which a plant propagates itself
Gemmiparous. Producing gemmae.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee.
Gibbosity. A swelling of moderate extent ani

asymmetrical character, chiefly at or near the

base of an organ.
Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one side.
Gldbrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming

glabrous.
Glabrous, Smooth; not rough, pubescent, of

hairy.
Gladiate. Sword-shaped.
Gland. A secreting surface or structure; any

protuberance or appendage having the appear-
ance of such an organ.
Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature of

a gland.
Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.
Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.
Glomerate. Compactly clustered.
Glomerulate. In small compact clusters.
Glumaceous. Furnished with or resembling*

glumes.
Glume. A chaff-like bract; specifically one of

the two empty chaffy bracts at the base of the

spikelet in the Grasses.
Granulose. Composed of or appearing as if

covered by minute grains.
Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds, with-
out an ovary.
Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne upon

the pistil, as in Orchidaceae.
Gynobase. An enlargement or prolongation ol

the receptacle bearing the ovary.
Gynosporangium. The receptacle In which

gynospores are developed.

GLOSSARY

879

Oynoapore. One of the larger (female) repro-
ductive bodies in the Isoetaceae, etc.

Gynostemium. The compound structure re-
sulting from the union of the stamens and
pistil in the Orchidaceae.

Eahit. The general appearance of a plant.
ffalberd-shnped. The same as Hastate.
Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the
basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right
angles.

Bead. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly ses-
sile flowers on a very short a.xis or receptacle.

Heart-shaped. Ovate with two rounded lobes
and a sinus at base ; commonly used to define
such a base.

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem
above ground.

Herbaceous. Having the characters of an herb ;
leaf-like in color and te.xture.

Heterocarpous. Producing more than one kind
of fruit.

Heterogamous. Bearing two kinds of flowers.

Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the
seed.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiflF
hairs.

Hirsutulous. Slightly hirsute.

Hirtellous. Minutely hirsute.

Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with
bristles.

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubes-
cence.

Homogamous. Bearing but one kind of flowers.

Hyaline. Transparent or translucent.

Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.

Hijgroscopio. Altering form or position through
changes of moisture,

HypocMl. The (often fleshy or otherwise
modified) basal portion of the labellum or lip
in Orchidaceae.

Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle be-
neath the ovary and free from it and from
the calyx; having the petals and stamens so
situated.

Imbricate. Overlapping, either vertically or
spirally, where the lower piece covers the
base of the next higher, or lateral!}', as in the
aestivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least
one piece must be wholly external and one
internal.

Immersed. Growing wholly under water.

Impressed. Bent inward, hollowed or furrowed
as if by pressure.

Incised, Cut sharply and irregularly, more or
less deeply.

Included. Not at all protruded from the sur-
rounding envelope.

Incumbent (cotyledons). Lying with the back
of one against the radicle.

Inde^nite {stamens, etc.). Inconstant in number
or very numerous.

Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, etc, ;
remaining persistentlv closed. .

Indigenous. Native and origfnal to the

region.
Indurateil. Hardened.
Judusiate. I'n.vid.-.l with nn InduHJum.
InduHium. The i.ropc-r (often shleld-nhaped)

covering of the sorus or fruit dot In Fern*.
Inferior. Lower or below; outer or anterior.

Inferior otary, one that la aduat« to th«

calyx.
Inflated. Bladdery.
Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant,

and especially the mode of its arranireinptit.
Infra-. In composition, below ; as infra-

ao'illnry, below tlie axil.
Innovation. An offshoot from the stem.
Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.
Inter- or Intra-. In composition, between.
Interfoliaceous. Between tlie leaves of a pair,

as the stipules of many linbiaceae.
Internode. The portion of a stem between two

nodes.
Intramarginal. "Within and near the margin.
Introduced. Brought intentionally from another

region, as for puri)oses of cultivation.
Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis.
Involucel. A secondary involucre, as that of an

umbellet in UmbelUferae.
Involucellate. Having an involucel.
Involucral. Belonging to an involucre.
Involucrate. Having an involucre.
Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts sur-
rounding a flower cluster or head, or a single

flower.
In volute. Rolled inward.
Irregular (flower"). Showing inequality in the

size, form, or union of its similar parts.

Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a
boat; the two anterior united petals of a
papilionaceous flower.

Labellum. Lip ; the peculiar npper (but by a

twist of the pedicel apparently lower) i»etal of

the Orchidaceae.
Labiate. Lipped ; belonging to the Labiatat.
Ldhyrinthiform. With complicated sinuous

lines or winding passages.
Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn,
Laciniate. Slashed; cut into narrow pointed

lobes.
Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flattened

ridge.
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, several

times longer than wide, broadest above the

base and narrowed to the Bi>ex.
Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.
Legume. The fruit of the LeguminoMtt, formed

of a simple pistil and usually dehiscent by both

sutures.
Leguminous. Pertaining to a legume or to the

Legumiiiosae.
Lemma. The lower of the two bracts Inclosing:

thellowerin the Grasses; sometimes called the

flowering glume.
Lenticular. Le n til- shaped ; of the shape of •

double-convex lens.

880

GLOSSARY

Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.

Ligulate. Furnished with a ligule.

Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray-
flowers of CompoHitae; a thin often scarious
projection from the summit of the sheath in
Grasses.

Limb. The expanded portion of a garaopetalous
corolla above the throat ; the expanded portion
of any petal, or of a leaf

Linear. Long and narrow, with parallel margins.

Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a
bilabiate corolla or calyx ; the peculiar upper
(but by a twist of the pedicel apparently lower)
petal in Orchids.

Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially if
rounded.

Lobed. Divided into or bearing lobes.

-locular. In composition, having cells.

LoeiUicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity ot a cell
through the dorsal suture.

Lunate. Of the shape of a half-moon or crescent.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded
terminal lobe and with the lower lobes small.

Macrosporangium. The receptacle in which
macrospores are developed.

Macro.'ipore. The larger kind of spore in Sela-
gineUaceae, etc.

Ma/pighiaeeous h airs. Hairs which are straight
and appressed but attached by the middle.

Marcesceiit. Withering but persistent.

Membranaceous, Ilembranoiis. Thin, rather
soft, and more or less translucent.

Meniscoidal. Thin and concavo-convex, like
the crystal of a watch.

Mericarp. One of the achene-llke carpels ol
UmhelUferae.

jmeroiLH. Jn composition, having parts, as
2-merous, having two parts of each kind.

Micropyle. The point upon the seed at which
was the orifice of the ovule.

Wcrosporangium. The receptacle in which
microspores are developed.

Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in Sela-
ginellaceae, etc.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Mitri/orm. Shaped like a mitre or cap.

Monadelphous (stamens). United by their fila-
ments into a tube or column.

Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads;
cylindrical with contractions at intervals.

Monocotyledonous. Having but opf- ".otyledon.

3fonoecious. With stamens and pistils in sepa-
rate flowers on the same plant.
Uucro. A short and small abrupt tip

Mticronate. Tipped with a mucro,

Muliifid. Cleft into many lobes or segments

Muricate. Rough with short hard points.

Muriculate. Yery finely muricate.

Nectary. Any place or organ where nectar is

secreted.
NectariferoxiH. Producing nectar.
Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender

rib.
Neuter, neutral. Without stamens or pistils

Node. The place upon a stem which normally

bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.
Nodose. Knotty or knobby.
Nodulose. Provided with little knots or knobs.
Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which by

fertilization becomes the seed ; the kernel of a

seed.
Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded

fruit, though usually resulting from a conb

pound ovary.
Nutlet. A diminutive nut.

Ob: A Latin prefix, usually carrying the idea

of inversion.
Obcompressed. Compressed dorso-ventrally in-
stead of laterally.
Ohconically. Inversely conical, having the at-
tachment at the apex.
Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped.
Oblauceolate. Lanceolate with the broadest

part toward the apex.
Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.
Oblong, Longer than broad and with nearly

parallel sides.
Obovate. Inverted ovate.
Obovoid. Having the form of an inverted egg.
Obsolescent. Becoming rudimentary.
Obsolete. Not evident ; rudimentarj'.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.
Ochroleucous. Yellowish-white.
Ocrea. A legging-shaped or tubular stipule
Ocreate. Having sh-iihing stipules.
Officinal. Of the shops; used in medicine ot

the arts.
Oospore. The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell oI
the archegonium in Cryptogams, from which
the new plant is directly developed.
Opaque. Dull ; neither shining nor translucent.
Operculate. Furnished with a lid.
Operculum. A lid; the upper portion of a

circumscissile capsule.
Orbicular. Circular.
Orthotropous (ovule or seed). Erect, with the

orifice or micropyle at the apex.
Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the

ovules.
Orate. Egg-shaped , having an outline like that

of an egg. with the broader end downward.
Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.
Ovule. The body which after fertilization be-
comes the seed.
Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.

Palate. A rounded projection oi the lower lip

of a personate corolla, closing the throat.
Palea, Palet. The upper bract which with the

lemma incloses the flower in Grasses.
Paleaceous. Chafiy
Paleophytot.ogical. Relating to the study ol

fossil plants.
Palmate (leaf >: Eadiately lobed or divided.
Palmately. In a palmate manner.
Palustrine. Of or growing in marshes.
Pandurate, Pandtiriform. Fiddle-shaped.
Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflO"

rescence with pedicellate flowers.

GLOSSARY

^5i

Panicled, Paniculate. Borne in a panicle ; re-
sembling a panicle.
Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a standard,
wings, and keel, as in the peculiar corolla of
many Leguminosae.

Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped pro-
jections.

Pappus. The modified calyx -limb in Composi-
tae, forming a crown of very various character
at the summit of the achene.

Parasitic. Growing on and deriving nourish-
ment from another plant.

Parenchyma. Soft tissue of cells with un-
thickened walls.

Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or
inner surface of a capsule.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the
base.

Partheno genetic. Developing without fertiliza-
tion.

Partial. Of secondary rank.

Pathological. Diseased.

Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow closely s^
segments ; comb-like.

Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with the
lateral segments 2-cleft.

Pedicel. The support of a single flower.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting
either a cluster or a solitarj^ flower.

Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.

Pellucid. Clear, transparent.

Peltate. Shield-shaped and attached to the sup-
port by the lower surface.

Pendulous. More or less hanging or declined.
Pendulous ovule, one that hangs from the
side of the cell.

Perennial. Lasting year after year.

Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and sta-
mens.

Perfoliate (leaf). Having the stem apparently
passing through it.

Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of
the calyx and corolla (when present), whatever
their form.

Pericarp. The matured ovary.

Perigynium. The inflated sac which incloses
the ovary in Carex.

Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and there-
fore around the ovary and not at its base.

Peripheral. On or near the margin.

Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx upon
the fruit, leaves through winter, etc.

Personate (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat
closed by a prominent palate.

Petal. A division of the corolla.

Peialoid. Colored and resembling a petal.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf

Phaenogamous. Having flowers with stamens
and pistils and producing seeds.

Phyllodium (pi. Phyllodia). A somewhat
dilated petiole having the form of and serving
as a leaf-blade.

Phytological. Relating to the study of plants.

Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs.

gray's manual — 66

Pinna (pi. Pinruie). One of the primary dl-

visions of a pinnate or compoundly pltlnale

frond or leaf
Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the IcaflctJ!

arranged on each side ..fa common petiole.
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cicfl.
Pinnule. A secondary pinna; one of the j.ln-

natc'iy disposed divi.sions of a pinna.
Pistil. The seed-bearing orijan of the flower.

consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style wheti

present.
Pistillate. Provided with pi.stils, and, in Ita

more proper sense, without sfamcnu.
Pitted. Marked with small dei)res»lons or \Mn.
Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary

which bears ovules.
Plicate. Folded into plait.-*, usually lengthwise.
Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like

the plume of a feather, as the pai.pus-bristles

of some Thistles.
Plumule. The bud or growing point of the

embryo.
Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.
Pollen. The fecundating grains contained In

the anther.
Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.
Pollinium (pi. Pollinia). .\ mass of waxy

pollen or of coherent pollen-grains, as io

Asclepids&u^ Orchidaceae.
Polypetalous. Having separate petals.
Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit of which the

apple is the type.
Porose. Pierced with small holes or pores.
Posterior. In an axillary tlower, on the side

nearest to the axis of inflorescence.
Praemorse. Appearing as if bitten off.
Prickle. A small spine or more or less slender

sharp outgrowth from the bnrk or rind.
Prismatic. Of the shape of a prism, angular.

with flat sides, and of nearly unifonn slzo

throughout.
Procumbent. Lj'ing on the ground or trailing

but without rooting at the nodes.
Proliferating, Proliferous. Producing oflT-

shoots.
Proi^trate. Lying flat upon the ground.
Proterogynous. Having the stigma ripe for the

pollen before the maturity of the anthers of

the same flower.
Proihallus. A cellular usually flat and thallus-

like growth, resulting from the germination of

a spore, upon which are developed sexual

organs or new plants.
Puherulent. Minutely pubescent.
Pubescent. Covered with hair.*, especially If

short, soft and down -like.
Pulverulent. Powdered ; appearing as If cov-
ered by minute grain."* of dust.
Punctate. Dotte<l with dejiresslons or with

translucent Internal glands or rolore<l dots.
Piincliculate. Minutely punot.nte.
Pungent. Terminating In a ricid sharp point;

acrid.
Putiimeii. The shell of a nut ; the bony part of

a Moil.' fruit.
Pyrifonn. Pear-aha{>ed.

882

GLOSSARY

Quadrate. Nearly square in form.

Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pediceled

flowers upon a comuion more or less elongated

axis.

Racemose. In racemes ; or resembling a raceme.

Radiate. Spreading from or arranged around

1 common center ; bearing ray-flowers.
Radical. Belonging to or proceeding from the

root or base of the stem near the ground.
Radicle. The portion of the embryo below the

cotyledons, more properly called the caudicle.
Rameal. Belonging to a branch.
Ramijication. Branching.
Bay. The branch of an umbel; the marginal
flowers of an inflorescence when distinct from
the disk.
Receptacle. The more or less expanded or pro-
duced portion of an axis which bears the organs
of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers
of a head ; any sunilar structure in Cryptogams.
Recurved. Curved downward or backward.
Reflexed. Abruptly bent or turned downward.
Regular. Uniform in shape or structure.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.
Repand. With a slightly uneven and somewhat

sinuate margin.
Repent. Creeping; prostrate and rooting at

the nodes.
Resiniferous. Producing resin.
Resupinate. Turned upside down.
Reticulate. In the form of network ; net-
veined.
Retrome. Directed back or downward,
Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded

apex.
Revolute. KoUed backward from the margins

or apex.
Rhachilla. A secondary axis ; specifically in the
Grasses and Sedges the floral axis as opposed
to that of the spike or spikelet.
Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound

leaf.
Bhaphe. The ridge or adnate fnnicle which in

an anatropous ovule connects the two ends.
Ehaphides. Needle-shaped crystals often oc-
curring in bundles within the cells of certain
plants.
Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean stem,
usually rooting at the nodes and becoming
erect at the apex
Ril) A oilmary or prominent vein of a leaf.
Ringent. Gaping, as tho mouth of an open

bilabiate corolla
Root. The underground part ox -i plant which

supplies it with nourishment.
Bootstock. Same as Rhizome.
BosteUum. A Mttle beak; a slender extension

from the upper edge ol thr stigma in Orchids.
Rostrate. Having a beak.
Bosnia. A rosette.
Bosulate. In the form of a rosette.
Botate (corolla 1. Wheel-shaped : flat and circu

lar in outline.
Bufous. Reddish-brown,
Bugose. Wrinkled.

Bv/ncinate. Sharply incised, with tbe segmentg

directed backward.
Bunner. A tiUform or very slender stolon.

Saccate. Sac-shaped.

Sagittate Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal

lobes directed downward.
Salver-Hhaped (corolla). Having a slender tube

abruptly expanded into a flat limb.
Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.
Scabridulous. Slightly rough.
Scabrous. Rough to the touch.
Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground,

naked or without proper foliage.
Scapose. Bearing or resembling a scape.
Scarioxis. Thin, dry, and membranaceous, not

green.
Sclerenchymaioua. Of sclerenchyma, that is,
of tissue composed of cells with thickened and
hardened walls.
Scorpioid (inflorescence). Circinately coiled

while in bud.
Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the em-
bryo and its proper coats.
Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other

like organ that is cleft or divided.
Sepal. A division of a calyx.
Septate. Divided by partitions.
Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the

partitions and between the cells.
Septum. Any kind of partition.
Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward.
Serrulate. Finely serrate.
Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind.
. Seta. A bristle.
Setaceoics. Bristle-like.
Setiform. Bristle-shaped.
Setose. Beset with bristles.
Setulose. Having minute bristles.
Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower part

of the leaf in Grasses.
Sheathing. Inclosing as by a sheath.
Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree,

usually with several stems.
Silicle. A short silique.
Silique. The peculiar pod of Cruciferae.
Silky. Covered with close-pressed soft and

straight pubescence.
Simple. Of one piece ; not compound.
Sinuate. With the outline of the margin

strongly wavy.
Sinus. The cleft or recess between two lobes.
Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.
Sobole. A shoot, especially from the ground.
Soboliferous. Bearing soboles.
Sorus (pi. Sori). A heap or cluster, applied to

the fruit dots of Ferns.
Spadix. A spike with a fleshy axis.
Spathe. A large bract or pair of bracts inclosing

an inflorescence.
SpatiUate. Gradually narrowed downward

from a rounded summit.
Spermatosoid. A motile ciliated male reproduc-
tive cell.
\Spicat6. Arranged in or resembling f epike.
Sviciform, . 8 pike-like.

GLOSSARY

888

Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with the

flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more or less
elongated common axis.

Spikelet. A small or secondary spike.

Spindle-shaped. Same as Fusiform.

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from
the stem.

Spinose. Spine-like, or having spines.

Spinule. A little spine or spine-like process.

Sporangium. A spore-case.

Spore. The reproductive organ In Cryptogams
which in function corresponds to a seed but
possesses no embryo.

Sporocarp. The fruit-cases of certain Crypto-
gams containing sporangia or spores.

Sporophyll. A leaf bearing spores.

Spur. A hollow sac-like or tubular extension
of some part of a blossom, usually nectar-
iferous.

Squarrose. Having its parts or processes (such
as the tips of involucral scales) spreadmg or
recurved at the end.

Squarrulose. Diminutively squarrose.

Statnen. One of the pollen-bearing organs of the
flower.

Staminode or Staminodium. A sterile stamen,
or any structure without anther corresponding
to a stamen.

Standard. The upper dilated petal of a papilio-
naceous coroHa.

Stellate, Stelliform. Star-shaped.

Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.

Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without iiis-
til, or stamen without an anther.

Stigma. That part of a pistil through which
fertilization by the pollen is effected.

Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of the
stigma.

Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil ; the
leaf-stalk of a Fern.

SUpitate. Having a stipe.

Stipular. Belonging to stipules.

Stipulate. Having stipules.

Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petio'e
or on each side of its insertion.

Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that is
disposed to root.

Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Stoma (pi. Stomata). An orifice in the epider-
mis of a leaf communicating with internal air-
cavities.

Stram ineoics. Straw-colored.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or
ridges.

Strict. Very straight and upright.

Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight
and stiff hairs.

Strobile. An inflorescence marked by iinlni-
cated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and IMne-
cone.

Strophiole. An appendage at the hilum of cer-
tain seeds.

Style. The usually attenuated portion of the
pistil connecting the stigma and ovary.

Stylopodium. A disk -like expansion at the
base of a style, as in Umhelliferue.

Sub: A Latin prefix, usually n\gn\ty\ng some-
what or slightly.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succulent. Juicy ; fleshy.

Suffrutencent. Slightly or obsoorely shrubby.

SiiffruticoHe. Very low and woody ; diminu-
tively shrubby.

Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior (ovary). Frt-f fruin the caIvx.

Supra-aa-illary. Boriu- above the uxll.

Surculoxe. Producing Mickets.

Suxpended (ovule). Haiigin;; from the apex oi
the cell.

Suture. A line of dehiscence.

Symmetrical (flower). Regular kr to the num-
ber of its parts ; having the same number of
parts in each circle.

Teratological. Monstrous; relating to a mon-
strosity.
Terete. Having a circular transverse section.
Ternate. In threes.
Te^Ui. The outer commonly hard and brittle

seed -coat.
Tetradynamous. Having four long and two

shorter stamens.
Tetragonal. Four-angled.
Thalloid, Thallofie. Resembling a thalliis.
77iallu8. In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion

taking the place of stem and foliage.
Throat. The orifice of a gamo[)etaIou8 corolla

or calyx ; the part between the proper tube

and the limb.
Thyrse. A contracted cylindrical or ovoid and

usually compact panicle.
Tliyrsoid. Resembling a thyrse.
Tomentone. Densely pubescent with matted

wool.
Torose. Cylindrical with con tractions, at lnter\ala.
Tnrulose. Diminutive of torose.
Torus. The receptacle of a flower.
Tri: In composition, three or thrice.
Triandrous. Having three stamens.
Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.
Trigonous. Three-angled.
TriutorphouH. Occurring under three fbrmft.
Triquetrous. Having three salient angles, Um

sides concave or channeled.
Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off tnuia-

versely.
Tuher. A thickened and short subterranean

branch having niiineroiis butls or eyes.
Tubercle. A small tuber or tuber-like (not

necessarily subterranean^ body.
Tuheriferous. Hearing tubers.
Tuberoid. A fleshy-lhlckcnetl root, reaembllng

a tuber.
TulN'rous. Having the character of a tuber;

tuber-Ilke In appeurance.
Tumid. Swollen.
Tunicated. Having concentric coata, as an

onion.
Turf'inat*. Top-fhapod ; inversely conical.
Turgiil. Swollen, or tightly drawn, said of •

membrane or covering expanded by preaaort

from within.

884

GLOSSARY

Uiribel. An Inflorescence in which the peduncles

or pedicels of a cluster spring iroin the same

point.
Vmbellate. In or like an umbel.
Umhellet. A secondary umbel.
Umhelliform. In the shape of an umbel.
Unibellule. An umbellet.
Unibonate. Bearing a stout projection in the

center ; bossed.
Undulate. With a wavy surface ; repand.
Unguiculate. Contracted at base into a claw.
Uni: In composition, one.
Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or

pistillate only.
Urceolate. Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid, and

contracted at or below the mouth, hke an

urn.
Utricle. A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit ; any

small bladder-like body.

Vallecular. Of or near a valley or groove.
Valvate. Opening by valves, as a capsule ; in

aestivation, meeting by the edges without

overlapping.
Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule

splits.
Vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts.
Veins. Threads of fibro- vascular tissue in a leaf

or other organ, especially those which branch

(as distinguished from nerves).
Velutn. The membranous indusium in Iso-

etes.
Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or Inner

£ace of an organ ; the opposite of dorsal

Venfrieose. Swelling unequally, or Inflated on
, one side.

Vei'miform. Worm-shaped.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the
bud.

Verrucose. Covered with wart-like elevations.

Versatile (anther). Attached near the middle
and turning freely on its support.

Verticil. A whorl.

Verticillaster. A cluster resembling a whorl
but composed of two opposite cymes.

Verticillastrate. Bearing or arranged in clus-
ters resembling whorls.

Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl.

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity.

Vesicular, Vesiculose. Composed of or cov-
ered with vesicles.

Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs.

Virgate. Wand-shaped ; slender, straight and
erect.

Viscid, Glutinous ; sticky.

Vitta. An oil-tube ; a structure commonly
present in the pericarp of the Vmbelliferae.

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a
circle round the stem.

Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion
bordering or surrounding an organ ; the lat-
eral petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or
matted hairs.

ZygomorpMe. Capable of division by only one
plane of symmetry.

INDEX

Latin names of families are in small capitals. Synonyms and names of plants merely menUoned
are in italics, or are indicated by italic numbers.

Abama americana

282

Abele 328

Abies 65

balsamea 65

canadensis 66

Fraseri 65

Abutilon 566

Ahutilon 566

Avicennae 566

Theophrasti 566

Acacia 503

angustissima 503

False 514

filicioidea 503

hirta 503

Rose 514

Acalypha 543

caroliniana 543

gracilens 543

monococca 543

ostryaefolia 543

virginica 543

ACANTHACEAE 742

Acanthospermum

824

australe 825
Acanthus Faraily

742

Acer 557

carolinianum 558

dasycarpum 558

Drummondii 558

Negundo 558
pennsylvanicum

558

rubrum 558

saccharinum 558

saccharum 558

spicatum 558

ACERACEAE 557

Acerates 666

angustifolia 666

auriculata 667

floridana 667

lanuginosa 667

longifolia 667

vlridiflora 667

Achillea 845

borealis 845

lanulosa 845

Millofoliuna 845

Ptarmira 845

Achroanthes 318

Acnida 373

cannabina 373

rusocarpa 373

tamariscina 373

mberculata 373

A onite 406

Winter 405

Aconitum 406
noveboracense 407

recHnatum 407

uncinatum 407

Acorus 258

Calamus 258

Actaea 407

alba 408

ebumea 408

neglecta 408

rubra 408

spicata 408

Actinea 844

herbacea 844

Actinella 844

acaulis 844

Actinomeris 836

alternifolia 836

squamosa 836

Actinospermum 842

uniflorum 842

Acuan illinoense 503

Adam-and-Eve 319

Adam's Needle 270

Adder's Mouth 318

Adder's Tongue 47

Family 47

Yellow 289

Adelia 652

acuminata 652

Adenocavilon 824

bicolor 824

Adiantum 35
Capillus-Veneris

36

pedatum 35

Adicea pumila 349

Adlumia 417

cirrhosa 417

fungosa 417

Adonis 399

annua 399

autumnalis 399

Adopocjon carolini-
anum 862
Dandelion 863
occidentale 862

virginicum 863

Adoxa 761

Moschatellina 761

Aegopodium 614

Podagraria 614

Aeschynomene 518

hispida 518

virginica 618

Aesoulus 559

arguta 560

flava 560

glabra 559

Hippocastanum

559
octandra 560

Pavia 560

Aethusa 618

Cynapium 618

Afzelia 729

Agastache 61^6

anethiudora 697
Foeniculum 697
nepetoides 696
scrophulariaefolia
696
Agave 298

americana 298

virginica 298

Agoseris 868

cuspidata 869

glauca 869
Agrimonia 493

Brittoriiana 494
Eupatoria 493, 494

gryposepala 493

hirsuta 493

niicrocarpa 494

mollis 4l!4

parviflora 494

pulxscena 494

pumila 494

rostellata 4'.;4

striata 494

.Agrimony 493

Agropyron 165

biflc'um 166

caninum 167

dasystarhyiim 166

novae-angliae 167

occidentale 166

pscudorepens 167

pungoris 166

ropons 166 I

Riclmrdsonii 167 I

Smithii 166

spicatum 166

ttneruin 167

tetraatachya 166

viulaceum 167

Agrr)stemnia 384

Cithago 384

Agrostis 1 32
alba 132. 13S

altissima 1 33

borealis 1.33

canina 133

coarctata 132

elata 133

Elliottiana 132

hyemalis 132

inttrmedia 133

laxi flora 133

nmae-angliae 133

perennans l'.i3

rubra 133

rupestris 133
scabra 132, 133

stuloni/era 132

stricta 132

sylxatica 13P

vulgaris 132

Ailanthus 53^

glandulosa 53^

Aira 137

capillaris 137

caryophyllea 137

praecox 137

AlZOACKAE 377

Ajuga 692

genevensis 692

reptans 692

.\lbizzia 5()3

jnlibri.ssin 503

Alclu-niillft 493

ar\eri.si» 49:<

prnttMisis 493

Alder 336
IMack 337. 55.'i

Downy Green 3:U)

Green 336

Hoary 3,37

Mountain 3.30

Sea-side 337

SnicH)th 337

SpcrkliHi 337

Wliifo 627

\U-tri.M 294

auTM 2M

886

S86

INDEX

Aletris farinosa 294

Alfalfa 510

Alisma 84

Geyeri 85

Plantago-aquatica

84

tenellum 84

Alismaceae 80

AlkaU Grass 153

Alliaria 429

Alliaria 429

officinalis 429

Allionia 375

albida 375

bracteata 375

Bushii 375

hirsuta 375

lanceolata 375

linearis 375

ovaca 375

Allium 286

allegheniense 287

canadense 287

cernuum 287

mutabile 287

reticulatum 287

Schoenoprasum

287

stellatum 287

tricoccum 287

vineale 287

All-seed 532

Allspice, Carolina

409

Wild 414

Alnus 336

Alnobetula 336

crispa 336

incana 337

maritima 337

mollis 336

rugosa 337

serrulata 337

viridis 336

vulgaris 337

Aloe, American 298

False 298

Alopecurus 129

agrestis 129

fulvus 129

geniculatus 129

pratensis 129

Alpine Azalea 632

Bearberry 637
Brook Saxifrage

446

Alsike Clover 509

Alsine 381

aquatica 383

borealis 381

craasifolia 382

fontinalis 382

graminea 382

Holostea 382

humifusa 382

longifolia 382

longipes 382

media 382

pubera 382

uliginosa 382

Althaea 567

cannabina 568

officinalis 567

rosea 568

Shrubby 569

Alum Root 447

Common 447

Alyssum 424

alyssoides 424

calycinum 424

incanum 423

maritimum 424

Sweet 424

Amaranth 371

Family 371

Globe 374

Green 371

Purple 372

Thorny 372

Amaranthaceae

371

Amaranthus 371

albus 372

blitoides 372

chlorostachys 371

crispus 372

deflexus 372

graecizans 372
hybridus 371,57^
hypochondriacus

371

Uvidus 372

Palmeri 371

paniculatus 372

pumilus 372

retroflexus 371

spinosus 372

iamariscinus 373

viridis 372

Amaryllidaceae

297

Amaryllis Family

297

Ambrosia 827

artemisiifolia 828

bidentata 827

psilostachya 828

trifida 828

Amelanchier 459

alnifolia 460

arguta 460
canadensis

459, J,60

oblongifoUa 460

oligocarpa 460

rotundifolia 460

spicata 460

American Aloe 298

Aspen 328

Barberry 413

Bladder Nut 557

BrookUme 727

Bugbane 407

Columbo 659

Cowslip 647

Crab 458

Cranberry 641

Elm 345

Fly Honeysuckle

755
Frog's Bit 86

Germander 693
Holly 554

Hop Hornbeam

334
Hornbeam 334
Ipecac 457

Larch 65

Mistletoe 351

Mountain Ash 459
Pennyroyal 705
Sea Rocket 427
White Hellebore

285
Woodbine 756

Yew 62

Amianthium 283

muscaetoxicum

284

Ammannia 591

auriculata 592

coccinea 592

humilis 591

Koehnei 592

latifolia 592

Ammodenia pep-

loides 380

Ammophila 136

arenaria 136

arundinacea 136

Amorpha 512

angustifolia 512
canescens 512

fruticosa 512

microphylla 512

Ampelanus albidus

667

Ampelopsis 563

arborea 563

cordata 563

quinquefolia 563

Amphiachyris 787
dracunculoides

787

Amphicarpa 529

monoica 530

Pitcheri 530

Amphicarpon 96

A mphicarpon 97
Purshii 97

Amsinckia 682

lycopsoides 682

Amsonia 661

Amsonia 661

salici folia 661

Tabernaemontana

661

Amygdalus 497, 499
Persica 499

Anacardiaceae 552

Anacharia canaden-
sis 85

Anagallis 647

arvensis 647

Anaphalis 822

margaritacea 822

Anastrophus 100

Andrachne 545

phyllanthoides

545

Andromeda 634

floribunda 635

glaucophylla 635

ligustrina 635

mariana 635

nitida 635

PoUfolia 634, 6S5

Andropogon 93

argyraeus 94

corymbosus 94

EUiottii 94

furcatus 94

glomeratus 94

littoralis 94

macrourus 94

nutans 95

scoparius 94

ternarius 94

virginicus 94

Androsace 644

occidentalis 644

Anemone 401

canadensis 402

caroliniana 401

cylindrica 401

decapetala 401

Hudsoniana 401

multifida 401

nemorosa 402

nudicaulis 395

parviflora 401

patens 401

pennsylvanica 402

quinquefoUa 402

riparia 402

Rue 400

trifolia 402

virginiana 402

Wood 402

Anemonella 400

thalictroides 400

Anethum 621

graveolens 621

Angelica 622

atropurpurea 622

Curtisii 622

hirsuta 622

sylvestris 622

villosa 622

Angelica-tree 606

Angelico 618

Angle-pod 667

Animated Oats 141

Anogra 599

pallida 599

Anonaceae 410

Antennaria 820

ambigens 821

arnoglossa 820

Brainerdii 821

canaaensis 820

dioica 82(?

INDEX

887

Antennaria fallax

821

Farwellii 821

neglecta 822

neodioica 822

occidentalis 821

Parlinii 820

petaloidea 822

plantaginea 821
plantaginifolia

820

rupicola 821

solitaria 822

Anthemis 846

arvensis 846

aurea 846

Cotula 846

nobilis 846

tinctoria 846

Anthoxanthum 121

odoratum 121

PueUi 121

AnthriscUi 617

Cerefolium 617

Anthyllis 511

Vulneraria 511

Antirrhinum 720

majus 720

Orontium 720

Anychia 376

canadensis 376

capillacea 376

dichotoma 376

polygonoides 376

Apera 136

spica-venti 136

Aphyllon 740

fasciculatum 740

ludovicianum 740

uniftorum 740

Aviastrum patens

613

Apios 528

Apios 528

Priceana 528

tuberosa 528

Aplectnim 319

hyemale 319

Shortii 319

Aplopappus 798

ciliatus 798

spinulosus 798

Apocynaceae 661

Apocynum 662

album 663
androsaemifolium
662

cannabinum 662

hypericifolium 663

medium 662

Milleri 662

nemorale 663

pxibescens 663

speciosum. 662

urceolifer 662

Apogon 862

Apple 458

Crab 458

of Peru 716

Purple Thorn 717

Thorn 717

Aquifoliaceae 554

Aquilegia 405

canadensis 405

coccinea 405

vulgaris 405

Arabis 436

brachycarpa 437

canadensis 438

confinis 437

dentata 437

Drummondi 437

glabra 437

hirsuta 438

Holboellii 437

laevigata 438

ludoviciana 437

lyrata 436

patens 437

perfoliata 437

virginica 437

Araceae 257

Aragallus 517

johannensis 517

Lamberti 518

splendens 518

Aralia 605

hispida 606

nudicaulis 606

quinquefolia 606

racemosa 606

spinosa 606

tnfolia 606

Araliaceae 605

Arbor Vitae 66, 67

Arbutus, Trailing

636

Arceuthobium 35 1

pusillum 351

Archangelica atro-

purpurea 623

Arctium 855

Lappa 855

majus 856

minus 856

tomentosum 856

Arctostaphylos 637

alpina 637

Ura-ursi 637

Arenaria 379

caroliniana 38 1

groenlandica 381

lateriflora 380

leptoclados 380

litorea 380

macrophylla 380

Michauxii 380

patula 380

peploides 380

propinqua 381

serpyllifolia 380

squarrosa 38 1

stricta 380

texana 38 1

verna 38 1

Arethusa 312

bulbosa 312

spicata 31<j

Argemone 416

alba 416

intermedia 416

mexicana 416

platyceraa 416

Argentina Anaerina
484

Argythamnia 543

mercurialina 543

Arisaeiua 257

Dracontium 257

pusillum 257

Stewardsonii 257

triphyllum 257

Aristida 124

basiramea 125

dichotoma 124

gracilis 125

intermedia 125

lanata 126

lanosa 126

oligantha 125

purpurascens 126

purpurea 126

ramosissima 125

tuberculosa 125

Aristolocliia 352

Clematitis 353

hastata 353

macrophylla 353

Nashii 353

Serpentaria 352

Sipho 353

tomentosa 353

Aristolochiaceae
351

Arnica 851, 863

acaulis 851

Chamissonia 851

chionopappa 851

cortlifulia 851

lanceolata 851

moUis 851

nudicaulis 85 1

Arnosoris 862

minima 862

Aromatic Winter-
green 636

Aronia 45S

arbutifolia 45M

atropurpurea 459

nigra 459

Arrenatherum 141

avenaceum 141

elatius 141

Arrow Arum 257

Arrow Grass 80

Family 79

Arrow-head 81

Arrow-U-aved Toar-

thuinb 362

Arrowroot Family

304

Arrow- wood

758, 759, 760

Downy 759

Artemisia 848

Abrotauurii 849

AbMinthiuni 850

annua 85(J

bieimifl 849

borealis 849

canadensis 848

caudata tAH
dracunculoidee

840

frigida 850

glauca 849

kaiihana 849

longifoiia 849

ludoviciana 849

procera 849

serrata 849

Stclleriana 849

vulgaris 849

Artichoke, Jerusa-
lem 838

Arum, Arrow 257

Dragon 257

Family 257

Water 258

Aruncus 457

Aruncus 457

eylvesl er 457

Arundiiiaria 171

macrospcrma 171

tecta 171

Arundo Donax 148

Asarabacca 352

Asarum 351

acuminatum 352

arifohum 352

canatlcnse 352

grandiflorum 352
hcleropliyllum 352

macranthum 352

Memmingeri 352

minus 352

rejlexum 352

Rulhii 352

*S/i u ttleu-orth ii C5 2

virginicum 352

ASCLEPIADACEAE 663

Asclepias 663

ainplexicaulis 665

Cumuti 665

decumbent 664

txaltdta 665

incariiata 664

lanceolata 664

Meadii 665

obtusifolia 663

ovalifolia 666

paupvrcula 664

perennis 666
phytolaccoides 665

pulchra 665

puinila 666

purpurascens 664

(luadrifolia 666

rubra 664

sptniosa 665

stcnophylla 666

Sullivautii OM

888

INDEX

Asclepias syriaca 605
tuberosa 664

variegata 666

verticillata 666

Asclepiodora 663
viridis 663

Ascyrum 57 1

Crux-Andreae 571
hypericoides 571
stans 571

Ash 650

American Moun-
tain 459
Black 651
Blue 651
European Moun-
tain 459
Green 651
Mountain 459
Northern Prickly

537
Prickly 537

Pumpkin 651

Red 651

Southern Prickly

537
Water 651

White 650

Asimina 410

triloba 410

Asparagus 290

officinalis 290

Aspen 328

American 328

Large-toothed 328

Asperugo 682

procumbens 682

Asperula 747

galioides 747

Asphodel, Bog 282
False 283

Aspidium 41

acroatichoides 40
aculeatum 41

Boottii 42

cristatum 42

Filix-mas 42

fragrans 42

Goldianum 42

Lonchitis 41

marginale 42, 4^
noveboracense 41
pittsfordense 43
simulatum 41

spinulosum 42, 43
Thelypteris 41

4splenium 38

acrostichoides 39
augustifolium 39
Bradleyi 39

ebeneum 39

ebenoides 38

Filix-femina 40
montanum 39

parvulum 39

pinnatifidum 38
platyneuron 38, 39
resiliem 39

Ruta-muraria 39

thelypteroides 40

Trichomanes 39

viride 38

Asprella patula 171

Aster 799

acuminatus 815

amethystinus 810

angustus 816

anomalus 807

azureus 807

carmesinus 804

comniutatus 811

concinnus 810

concolor 807

cordifoUus 808

corymbosus 804

curvescens 804

depauperatus 813
diffusus 811, 812

divaricatus 803

Drummondii 809

dumosus 811

ericoides 810

Faxoni 810

frondosus 816

furcatus 804

glomeratus 804

Golden 787

gracilis 805

grandiflorus 806

Herveyi 805

hirsuticaulis 812

incanopilosus 811

infirm us 815

junceus 813

Kumleini 806

laev-ib 809
lateriflorus

811, 813

linariifolius 815

Lindleyanus 809

longifolius 813

Lowrieanus 808

macrophyllus 804

major 806

missouriensis 812

modestus 806

multiflorus 811

nemoralis 816

novae-angliae 806

novi-belgii 813

oblongifolius 806

paludosus 803

paniculatus 812

patens 807

patulus 814

phlogifoHus 807

polyphyllus 810
prenanthoides 814

Pringlei 810

ptarmicoides 815

puniceus 814

purpuratua 810

radula 805

roscidus 804

sagittifolius 808

salicifolius 812

Schreberi 804

sericeus 807

Shortii 808

spectabilis 805

subulatus 816

surculosus 805

tardiflorus 814

tenebrosus 804

tenuifoUus 816

Tradescanti 812

turbinellus 809

umbellatus 814

undulatus 808

vimineus 811

virgatus 809

White-topped 818

Astilbe 444

biternata 445

decandra 445

Astragalus 515

adsurgens 516

alpinus 516

Blakei 516

canadensis 516

carolinianus 516

caryocarpus 615

Cooperi 517

crassicarpus 515

distortus 517

elegans 517

eucosmus 517

flexuosus 517

gracilis 516

hypoglottis 516

Jesupi 616

lotiflorus 517

mexicanus 615

microlobus 616

multiflorus 517

neglectus 517

occidentalis 516

oroboides 617

parviflorus 616

plattensis 615

racemosus 616

Robbinsii 516

tenellus 517

tennesseensis 515

Atamasco Lily 298

Atamosco Atamasco
298

A thyrium 39

acrostichoides 40

angustifolium 39

Filix-femina 40

A tragene americana
403

Atriplex 368

arenaria 368

argentea 368

patula 368

rosea 368

Autumn Willow 322

A vena 140

fatua 141
pennsylvanica 139

pubescens 141

sativa 141

Smithii 152

sterilis 141

striata 162

Avens 485

Purple 486

Water 486

Awlwort 426

Awned Wheat Grass
167

Axonopus 100

furcatus 100

Azalea, Alpine 632

calendulacea 63 1

canescens 631

Clammy 631
Flame-colored 631

lutea 631

nudiflora 631

Purple 631

Smooth 631

viscosa 631

Azolla 50

caroliniana 60

Baby's Breath 749

Baccharis 819

glomeruliflora 819
halimifolia 819

Bachelor's Button

860

Bacopa 724

acuminata 724
caroliniana 724
Monniera 724

rotundifolia 724

Baked-apple Berry

487

Bald Cypress 66

Rush 185

Balduina 842

uniflora 842

Ball Mustard 427

Balloon Vine 659

Ballota 700

nigra 701

Balm 705

Bee 703

Common 705

Horse 711

Balm of Gilead 329
Fir 65

Balmony 72c<

Balsam 560

Fir 65

Poplar 329

Balsam-apple, Wild
765

Balsaminaceae 560

Baneberry 407

Red 408

White 408

Baptisia 505

alba 506

australis 506

bracteata 506

leucantha 506

leucophaea 506
tinctoria 606

INDEX

889

Baptisia villosa 506

Barbarea 432

Barbarea 433

lyrata 433

praecox 433

stricta 433

verna 433

vulgaris 432

Barberry 413

American 413

Common 413

Family 411

Barley 167

Barnaby's Thistle

860

Barnyard Grass 117

Barren Oak 344

Strawberry 480

Bartonia 659

iodandra 660

lanceolata 660

paniculata 660
tenella 660

verna 659

virginica 659

Bartsia Odontites 734

Basil 706, 707

Thyme 706

Basket Oak 340

Basswood 565

White 566

Bastard Pennyroyal
694
Toad-flax 350

Batidaea heterodoxa

487

Batodendron andrach-

neforme 638

arboreum 638

Batrachium confer-
voides 394

Drouetii 394

flacadum 394

hederaceum 394
tnchophyllum 394

Bay, Lapland Rose
632
LobloUy 571

Mountain Rose

632
Red 413

Sweet 409

Tan 671

Bayberry 330

Bay-leaved Willow
321

Beach Grass 136

Pea 527

Plum 498

Wormwood 849

Beak Rush 199

Beaked Hazelnut

333

Bean, Hyacinth 529
Indian 741

Kidney 528

Sacred 392

Wild 528

Bear Grass 290

Huckleberry 638

Oak 343

Bearberry 637

Alpine 637

Beard Grass 93, 133

Beard-tongue 721

Bearded Darnel 165

Beaver Poison 614

Beckmannia 144

erucaeformis 144

Bedstraw 747

Northern 749

Rough 750

Sweet-scented 750

Yellow 748

Bee Balm 703

Beech 337

Blue 334

Family 337

Fern 35

Water 334

Beech-drops 739

False 630

Beggar's Lice 681

Beggar-ticks 840

Swamp 841

Belamcanda 301

chinensis 301

Bellflower 766

Clustered 767

Marsh 767

Nettle-leaved 767

Tall 767

BelUs 799

integrifolia 799

perennis 799

Bellwort 285

Benjamin Bush 414

Bent Grass 132

Benzoin 414

aesiivale 414

Benzoin 414

melissaefolium 414

Berberidaceae 411

Berberis 413

canadensis 413

vulgaris 413

Berchemia 561

scandens 661

voLubiixs 561

Bergamot, Wild 704

Bergia 676

texana 676

Berlandiera 826

texana 826

Bermuda Grass 144

Berteroa 423

incana 423

mutabilis 423

Berula 615

angustifolia 615

erecta 615

Betony, Wood 734

Betula 334

alba 335

alleghaniensis 334

caerulea 335

glandulosa

336

River

335

lenta

334

Swamp

336

lutea

334

Sweet

334

nigra

335

Wliite

335

papyracea.

33G

Yellow

334

papynfera

335

Bird Cherry

408

pendula

335

Bir.J-foot Violet

580

populifolia

335

Bird's-eye

727

pubescens

335

Primrose

644

pumila

330

liird's-foot Trefoil

verrucosa

335

511

Betulaceae

332

Birthroot

203

BicucuUa

417

Birthwort

352

canadensis

417

Family

351

Cucullaria

417

Bishop's Cap

448

eximia

417

Bishop 's-weed,

Mock

Bidens

339

613

acuta

841

Bitter Cress

435

aristosa

842

Dr)ck

356

Beckii

842

Nut

332

bidentoides

839

Pecan

332

bipmnata

841

Bittersweet

713

cernua

841

Climbing

557

chrysanthemoides

Shrubby

557

841

Bitter-weed

828

comosa

840

Black Alder 337

'. 555

connata

841

Ash

651

coronata

841

Bindweed

362

discoidea

840

Birch

334

Eatoni

840

Cohosh

407

frondosa

840

Crowberry

551

involucrata

842

Currant

452

lea vis

841

Grass

270

melanocarpa

840

Gum

625

trichosperma

841

Haw

760

vulgata

840

Henbane

716

Big Shell Bark

332

High Blueberry

Bigelovm

798

640

Bigelowia

798

Horehound

701

nudata

799

Huckleberry

638

Bignonia

741

Jack Oak

344

capreolata

741

Larch

65

crucigera

741

Medick

510

Family

740

Moss

265

BiGNONIACEAE

740

Mustard

428

Bikukulla

417

Oak 342

, 343

Bilberry

640

Oat Grass

123

Bog

640

Poplar

329

Dwarf

640

Raspberry

487

Bilhon-Dollar G

rass

Scrub Oak

343

117

Snakeroot 407

,610

Bilsted

453

Spruce

65

Bindweed

670

Sugar Maplp

558

Black

362

Ti-ti

553

Field

671

Walnut

331

Hedge

671

Willow

320

Birch

334

Blaokberry

488

Black

334

Lilv

301

Blue

335

Sand

491

Canoe

335

Wliite

4S9

Cherry

334

Black-eyeil Susan

Dwarf

336

831

Family

332

Bladder Campion

Gray 334

.335

386

Low

336

Fern

43

Old Field

335

Nut

667

Paper

335

Nut. A men cat

667

Red

335

Nut. Family

567

890

INDEX

Bladderwort 736

Family 736

Greater 737

Smaller 737

Blazing Star 283, 785

BlephangloUis 310

Blephilia 704

ciliata '/04

hirsuta 705

Blessed Thistle 861

Blinks 388

Blite, Coast 367

Sea 369

Strawberry 366

Blitum capitatum

366

Bloodroot 415
Bloodwort Family

296

Blue Asn 651

Beech 334

Birch 335

Cohosh 412

Curls 693

Devil 688

False Indigo 506

Hearts 732

Huckleberry 638

Lettuce 867

Phlox 675

Sailors 862

Tangle 638

Vervain 689

Bluebell 767

Family 765

Bluebells 685

Blueberry 638, 639

Black High 640

Early Sweet 639

Evergreen 639

High 640

Late Low 640

Low Black 639

Low Sweet 639

Sour-top 640

Swamp 640

Veivet-leaf 640

Bluebottle 860

Blue-eyed Grass 301

Mary 720

Blue-joint 166

Grass 135

Bluets 752

Blue-weed 688

Bocconia cordata

415

Boebera 845

Boehmeria 349

cyhndrica 349

Bog Asphodel 282

Bilberry 640

Rosemary 635

Rush 267

Spruce 65

Bois d'Arc 347

Boltoma 799

asteroides 799

decurrent, 799

799

latisquama 799

Boneset 783

Upland 783

Borage Family 679

BORAGINACEAE 679

Borrichia 833

frutescens 833

Botrychium 47

lanceolatum 48
Lunaria 48

Matricariae 49
matricariaefolium

48
neglectum 48

obUquum 48

onondagense 48
ramosum 48

j-utaceum 49

simplex 48

tenebrosum 48

ternatum 49

virginianum 49

Bottle Grass 118

Bottle-brush Grass

170

Bouncing Bet 386

Bouteloua 145

curtipendula 146

hirsuta 146

oligostachya 146

racemosa 146

Bowman's Root 457

Box Elder 558

Family 550

Huckleberry 638

Boykinia 445

aconitifolia 445

Brachyactis angusta
816

Brachychaeta 798

cordata 798

sphacelata 798

Brachyelytrum 128

anstatum 128

erectum 128

Bracken 36

Bradburya 529

Bradleya frutescens

515

macrostachys 615

Brake 36

CUff 37

Common 36

Rock 37

Bramble 486

Brasenia 392

peitata 392

purpurea 392

Schreberi 392

Brassica 427

alba 428

arvensis 428

campestris 428

japomca 428

juncea 428

Napus 428

nigra 428

oleracea 428

Rapa ^S8

Sinapistrum 428

Brauneria 832

angustifolia 832

atrorubens 832

pallida 832

paradoxa 832

purpurea 832

Braya 430

humilis 430

Breweria 669

aquatica 669

humistrata 669

Pickeringii 669

BrickelUa 784

grandiflora 785

Brier, Cat 294
Common Green

295

Green 294

Horse 295

Saw 295

Sensitive 503

Bristly Crowfoot 398

Foxtail Grass 118

Locust 514

Sarsaparilla 606

Briza 154

media 154

minor 154

Brome Grass 162

Bromeliaceae 265

Bromus 162

altissimus 164

arvensis 163

brizaeformis 163

ciliatus 164

commutatus 163

erectus 164

hordeaceus 163

incanus 164

jap>onicu3 163

Kahnu 164

mollis 163

patulus 163

purgans 164

racemosus 163

rubens 164

jecalinus 163

steriUs 164

tectorum 164

Brookhme, American

727

European 727

Brook-weed 644

Broom 507

Crowberry 551

Hickory 332

Scotch 508

Broom-rape, 740

Family 739

Broussonetia 347

papyrifera 347

Brown Bent Grass

133

Brunella 698

Brtimiichla 364

wrrhosa 364

Bryanthus taxifoliiis
633

Buchloe. 148

dactyloides 148

Buchnera 732

americana 732

Buckbean 660

Buckeye 559

Fetid 559

Ohio 659

Red 660

Sweet 660

Buckthorn 661

Common 661

False 648

Family 560

Southern 648

Buckwheat 363
CUmbing False 362

Family 353

Buda 378

borealis 379

marina 378

Buffalo Berry 590

Bur 713

Clover 509

Currant 452

Grass 148

Buffalo-nut 350

Bugbane 407

American 407

False 399

Bugle Weed 692, 709

Bugloes 683

Small 683

Viper's 688

Bug-seed 368

Bulbilis dactyloides

148

Bulbous Buttercup
398

Crowfoot 398

Bull Thistle 857. 858

BuUace Grape 565

Plum 498

Bulrush 187

Great 192

River 192

BumeUa 648

lanuginosa 648

lycioides 648

Bunchberry 624

Bunch-flower 285

Bupleurum 617

rotundifoUum 617

Bu/ Clover 510

Grass 119

Oak 340

Burdock 855

Common 856

Great 855

Burmannia 304

biflora 304

FamilT- 304

BURMANNIACEAE 304

Burnet 494

Canadian 494

INDEX

891

Burnet, Garden 494

Burning Bush 556

Bur-reed 68

Family 68

Bursa Bursa-pastoris

426

Bush Clover 522

Honeysuckle 754

Butneria 409

fer tilts 410

florida 410

Butter and Eggs 719

Butterbur 850

Buttercup 394

Bulbous 398

Creeping 397

Dwarf 396

Swamp 397

Tall 398

Butterfly Pea 529

Butterfly-weed 664

Butternut 331

Butter-weed 818, 853

Butterwort 738

Button Snakeroot

609, 785
Buttonbush 751

Buttonweed 750, 751
Buttonwood 454

BUXACEAE 550

Cabbage

428

Skunk

258

Cabomba

392

caroliniana

392

Cacalia

852

atriplicifolia

852

reniformis

852

suaveolens

852

tuberosa

852

Cactaceae

588

Cactus Family

588

missouriensis

588

vivipariLS

588

Cakile

427

americana

427

edentula

427

Calamus

258

Calamagrostis

134

hrevipilis

134

breviseta

134

canadensis

135

cinnoides

136

confinis

135

hyperborea

135

inexpansa

135

Langsdorfii

135

lapponica

135

longifolia

134

neglecta

135

nemoralis

135

Nuttalliana

136

perplexa

135

Pickeringii

134

Porteri

134

stricta

135

Calamint

705

Calamintha

705

Clinopodium 706

glabella 706

Nepeta 706

Nuttallii 706

Calamovilfa 133

brevipilis 133

longifolia 134

Calceolaria 579

Calico Bush 633

Calla 25S

palustris 258

Callicarpa 690

americana 690

purpurea 690

Callirhoe 568

alcaeoides 569

digitata 569

involucrata 568

triangulata 568

Callitrichaceae

549

Callitriche 550

Austini 550

autumnalis 550

bifida 550

deflexa 550

heterophylla 550

palustris 550

verna 550

Calluna 637

vulgaris 637

Calophanes 743

oblongifolia 743

Calopogon 312

pulchellus 312

Caltha 404

natans 404

palustris 404

Caltrop 536. 860

Family 536

Water 602

Calycanthaceae

409

Calycanthus 409

Family 409

fertilis 410

floridus 410

glaucus 410

laevigatus 410

Calycocarpum 411

Lyoni 411

Calymenia piloaa 375

Calypso 318

borealis 319

bulbosa 318

Camassia 289

esculenta 289

Fraseri 289

quamash 289

Camelina 426

microcarpa 427

sativa 427

silvesfris 427

Camellia 570

Family 570

Cammarum hyemale
405

Campanula 76b

americana 767

aparinoide* 767

divuricata 768

dubia 757

glomerata 767

intercedens 767

patula 767

rapunculoides 767

rotundifolia 767

'IriK helium 767

uJiKinoaa 768

CaMI'AM LACEAE 765

Campi<jn 384. 385

Bladder 386

Moss 386

Red 384

Starry 386

White 384

Camptosorus 40

rhizophyIlu8 5<9. -10

Campulosus 146

Canada Blue Graas

155

Plum 499

Thistle 858

Violet 586

Canadian Burnet 494

Canary Grass 121

Cancer-root 739

One-flowered 740

Cane 171

Large 171

Small 171

Switch 171

Cannabis 347

sativa 347

Canoe IMrch 335

Caper Family 438

Spurge 549

Capers 438

Capillaire 637

Capnodea 417

aureum 418

crystallinum 418

flavulum 418

Capnoides 417

campestre 418

micranthum 418

munUmum 41S

8cmperviren9 4 IS

Capparidaceae 438

Capparis apinoaa 438

Caprifoliaceae 754

Capriola 144

Dactylon 144

Capsella 426

Bursa-pnstoria 426

Caraway 614

Cardamine 435

arenicnla 436

bpllidifolia 430

bulbosa 435

Cicinatitis 435

Doncliissii 435

flcTiman 436

hirsutn 436

parviflorn 436

pcunsylvuuica 436

pratenma 436

rhombiiuJea A'.if}

r<)tiiiKlif(,lia 435

C'ardinal-fiowiT 76fc

C'urdioBptriiium Wfe
Carduua 856. 867

a<antlioidc8 8i6

altianmua 85«

anenatM 858

rriapua 856

disroli/r 867

mUii 858

lanceolatUM 867

muticua 858

nutans 866

oduratuB 868

I'iuheri 857

ajniinaaxmu* 867

vnduUitua 857

tirffinianus 858

Carex 204

abacta 254

abbreviata 238

acutiformia 260

aduBta 222

aenea 222

aeativalia 234

alata 220

albirana 236

alboiutcscena 210

alburaina 243

alopecoidea 227 .

alpina 232

altocaulia 238

amphibola 244

aquatilia 230

arcta 224

arctata 247

arcnaria 229

aristata 250

Aaa-CJrayi 253
aasitiiboinenaia 246

atlantxca 223

atrata 233

atratijormi* 233

aurea 232

Backu 234

BaUeyi 252

Brbbii 221

BicknelUi 220

bicolor 232

bromoidea 224

brunneaccna 224

bullata 256
bullutii X uiricuhita
256

BtulKiumii 233

caiHScena 224

capillttria 246

rapitata 229

Can'vana 24 1

carnlitiiana 233

caryophylira 237

cnwtnura 246

rrphal«M(lpn 227

rrphfilophora 226

rh«Tt>kiN>nm« 246

chordorrhiu 22t

892

INDEX

Carex Collinsii 254

comosa 251

communis 236

concinna 240

conjuncta 228

conoidea 243

costellata 233

Crawei 245

Crawfordii 218

crinita 230

cristata 218

cristatella 219

crus-corvi 228

Davisii 234

debilis 247

decomposita 228
deflexa 235, 236

Deweyana 224

diandra 228

digitalis 241

durifolia 235

eburnea 240

echinata 223

exilis 222

extensa 245

festucacea 220

filiformis 248

flaccosperma 244

flava 245, 246

foenea 220, 221

folliculata 254

formosa 233

Frankii 250

Fraseri 232

fusca 233

gigantea 253

glareosa 225

glauca 237

glaucodea 244

Goodenowii 231

gracillima 234

Grahami 255

grandis 253

granulans 244

gravida 227

Grayii 253

grisea 244

gynandra 230

gynocrates 222

Halei 252

Halleri 232

Harperi 232

Haydeni 232

helvola 225

hirta 249

Hitchcockiana 243

hormathodes 219

Houghtonii 248

hystericina 251

interior 223

intumescens 253

Jamesii 235

Joorii 248

katahdinensis 243

lanuginosa 248

laxiculmis 241

laxiflora 242
Leavenworthii 226

lenticularis 231

lepidocarpa 245

leporina 221

leptalea 232

limosa 239

lit t oralis 239

livida 237

longirostris 246

louisianica 252

lupuiiformis 253

lupulina 253
lupulina X retrorsa

252

lurida 251

macrokolea 247

magellanica 239

mainensis 255

maritima 229

Meadii 238

Michauxiana 254

miliaris 254, 255

mirabilis 219

monile 255

Muhlenbergii 226

muricata 226
muskingumensis

217
nigro-marginata

235

norvegica 225

novae-angliae 236

ohlita 247

Oederi 245

oligocarpa 243

oligosperma 249

Olneyi 256

oronensis 218

oxylepis 234

pallescens 238

panicea 237

pauciflora 232

paupercula 238

pedicellata 236

pedunculata 240

pennsylvanica 236

picta 239

pilulifera 236

plantaginea 240

platyphylla 241

polygama 233

polymorpha 238

polytrichoides 232

praecox 237

prasina 239

pratensis 218
Pseudo-Cyperus

251

ptychocarpa 241

pubescens 237

Raeana 255

rariflora 239

Redowskiana 222

retroflexa 226

retrorsa 252

Richardsoni 240

rigida 230

nparia 250

rosea 226

rostrata 255

rotundata 255

salina 230

saltuensis 238

Sartwellii 229

saxatilis 254

scabrata 248

Schweinitzii 252

scirpoidea 235

scirpoides 223
scoparia 217, 218

seorsa 223

setacea 227

setifolia 240

Shortiana 234

Shriveri 245

siccata 218

silicea 220

sparganioides 226

squarrosa 250

stellulata 222

stenolepis 251

stenophylla 229

sterilis 223

stipata 228
straminea

219, 220, 221

striata 249

stricta 231

styloflexa 242

suberecta 220

subulata 254

sychnocephala 222

tenella 225
tejiera 219, 220

tenuiflora 225

tenuis 247

teretiuscula 228

tetanica 238

texensis 226

Torreyi 238

torta 231
tribuloides

217, 219, 221

triceps 233

trichocarpa 249

trisperma 225

Tuckermani 256

typhinoides 250

umbellata 235

utriculata 256

vaginata 238

varia 236

venusta 247

verrucosa 247

vesicaria 255

vestita 248

virescens 233

viridula 246

vulgaris 231
vulpinoidea

227, 228

Walteriana 249

Willdenowii 235

xanthocarpa 228

xerantica 221

Carnation 387
Carolina Allspice 409

Carpenter-weed 698

Carpet Weed 377

Carpinus 334

caroliniana 334

Carrion-flower 295

Carrot 623

Carum 614

Carvi 614

Petroselinum 615

Carya 331

alba 331, 332

amara 332

aquatica 332

cordiformis 332

glabra 332

illinoensis 331

laciniosa 332

microcarpa 332

olivaeformis 331

ovata 331, 332

porcina 332

sulcata 332

tomentosa 332

Caryophyllaceae

377

Cashew Family 552

Cassandra 636

calyculata 636

Cassena 554

Cassia 504

acuminata 505

Chamaecrista 505

depressa 505

marilandica

504, S05

Medsgeri 505

nictitans 505

obtusifolia 505

occidentalis 505

Tora 505

Cassiope 633

hypnoides 634

Castalia 391

odorata 391

tuberosa 391

Castanea 338

dentata 338

pumila 338

sativa 338

Castilleja 732

acuminata 732

coccinea 732

pallida 732

sessiliflora 732

Castor-oil Plant 544

Cat Brier 294

Grape 565

Mint 697

Spruce 65

Catabrosa 151

aquatica 151

Catalpa 741

bignonioides 741

Catalpa 741

speciosa 741

Catawba Tree 741

Catchfly 385.. 386

Grass 120

INDEX

893

Catchfly, Night-
flowering 385
Round-leaved 386
Royal 386

Sleepy 385

Sweet William 385
Catgut 514

Catnip 697

Cat's-ear 863

Cat-tail Family 67
Flag 68

Caucalis 623

Anthriscus 623

nodosa

623

Caulophyllum

412

thalictroides

412

Ceanothus

662

americanua

562

ovatus

562

Cebatha Carolina

411

Cedar, Red

67

White 66, 67

Cedronella cor data

697

Celandine

415

Lesser

394

Poppy

415

Celastraceae

556

Celastrus

557

scandens

557

Celosia

373

argentea

373

Celtis

346

canina

346

mississippiensis

346

occidentalis

346

Cenchrus

119

carolinianus

119

macrocephalus

119

tribuloides

119

Centaurea

859

americana

861

benedicta

861

Calcitrapa

860

Cyan us

860

Jacea

860

maculosa

861

melitensis

860

nigra

861

Scabiosa

860

solstitialis

860

vochinensis

861

Centaurella Moseri

660

paniculata

660

Centaurium

655

calycosum

656

pulchellum

656

spicatum

656

texense

656

umbellatum

656

Centaury 655

,656

Centella

611

asiatica

611

repanda

6n

Gentrosema

529

virginianum

629

Centunculua 647

minimus 647

Century Plant 298

Cephalanthus 751

occidentalis 752

Cerastium 383

arvense 383

brachypodon 383

glomeratum 383

longe peduncula-

tum 384

nutans 383

ohlongifolium 383
semidecandrum

383

triviale 383

viscosum 383

vulgatum 383

Ceratophyllaceae

389

Ceratophyllum 389

demersum 389

Cerasus 497

Cercis 505

canadensis 505

Chaerophyllum 612

procumbens 612

Tainturieri 612

Chaetochloa 118

versicolor 118

Chaetopappa 799

asteroides 799

Chaff-seed 736

Chaffweed 647

Chain Fern 37

Chamaecistus 632

Chamaecyparis 66

sphaeroidea 66

thyoides 66

Chamaedaphne 636

calyculata 636

Chamaelirium 283

carolinianum 283

luteum 283

obovale 283

Chamaenirion an-

gustifolium 596

Chamaerhodos 480

erecta 480

Chamaesaracha 7 1 3

conioides 7 1 4

sordida 714

Chamomile 846

Corn 846

Garden 846

Wild 846

Yellow 846

Charlock 428

Jointed 427

Cheat 163

Checkerberry 636

Cheeses 668

Cheilanthes 36

alabamensis 36

Feei 36

lanosa 36

lanuginosa 37

tomentosa «^6

reslila 36

Clieiidonium 415

majua 415

».'helone 723

glabra 723

I^yoni 723

nbli(jua 723

Chenopouiackae

364

Chenopodium 365

album 367

ambrosioidea 306

Berlandiori 367
Bonus-Henricus

366

Boscianum 367

Botrys 366

capitatum 366

glauouin 367

humile 367

hybridum 367

incisum 300

leptophyllum 367

murale 367

polyspermum 367

rubrum 367

urbicum 367

Vulvaria 367

Cherry 497

Birch 334

Bird 498

Chok« 498

Fire 498

Ground 714

Morellr- 499

Perfumed 49S

Pin 498

Rum 497

Sand 499

Sour 499

Sweet 499

Wild Black 497

Wild Red 498

Winter 715

Chervil 617

Chess 163

Soft 163

Chestnut 338

Oak 341

Water 602

Chickasaw Plum 498

Chicken Grape 664

Chick weed 381
Common 382
Common Mouse-
ear 3S3
Field Mou»e-ear

383

Forked 376

Great 382

Indian 377

Jagged 384

Mouso-ear 3vS3

Wintergreen 646

Chicory 862

Common 862

Chimapliila 6J7

DUiculuta 628

rnnMlata 628

Piuiit 716

Chijiquupin 338

WuttT 392

("hioKiiics 637

luHpidula 637

»eT},yUxJul\a 637

Chioiiunttiua 662

virginica 662

(Idoria 146

vcrtiriljnta 146

Cboke t In rry 41*8

("hokcbf-rry 468

Choiidrilla 864

junci-a 864

C'hvndrophora 798

Christ ma* Ft-rn 40

Flower 406

ChroHpirma mutcae-

tvxicum 284

ChrysaritlH-mum 847

Balsamita 847

Corn 847
Leucanthemum

847

Parthenium 847

sogctutn 847

Chrysogonum 826

virginianum 826

Chryaupogon nutans
06

Chrysopsis 787

campurum 788

falcata 787

gossypina 788

graminifolia 787

mariana 787

Nultallii 788

piiosa 788

villosa 788

Chrysospleniura 448

alterni/olium 448

americanum 448

iouense 448

tetrandrum 448

Cichorium 862

Intybus 882

Cicuta 614

bulbifrra 614

Curtishii 614

maculata 614

Cigar Tree 741

Ciinirifuga 407

americana 407

cordUi'lia 407

racemosa 407

Cinna i:J6

arundinacea 136

latifc.lia 137

prndula 137

Cinnamon Fern 47

Rom 4U6

Cinqupfoil 481

Shrubby 483

Silvery 4.S2

Ihr.t-toothe*! 4x3

Circaea 602

894

INDEX

Circaea alpina 602

intermedia 602

lutetiana 602

Cirsium 856

a;ltissimiim 858

arvense 858

canescens 857

canum 859

discolor 857

Hillii 858

iowense 858

lanceolatum 857

mutictim 858

palustre 859

Pitcheri 857

pumilum 858

spinosissimum 857

undulatum 857

virgimanum 858

Cissus 563

Ampelopsis 563

arborea 563

cordata 563

incisa 563

stans 563

CiSTACEAE 576

Cistus canadensis

577

Citrullus vulgaris 765

Cladium 201

jamaicense 202

mariscoides 201

Cladrastis 506

lutea 507

tinctoria 507

Clammy Azalea 631

Cuphea 593

Locust 514

Clary 703

Claytonia 388

caroliniana 388

Chamissonie 388

virginica 388

Clearweed 349

Cleavers 747, 748

Clematis 402

Addisonii 403

crispa 403

cylindrica 403

flaccida 403

Fremontii 403

glaucophylla 403

ligusticifolia 403

missouriensis 402

ochroleuca 403

ovata 403

Pitcheri 403

Simsii 403

versicolor 403

verticillaris 403

Viorna 403

viornioides 403

virginiana 402

Cleome 439

integrifolia 439

lutea 439

serrulata 439

spinosa 439

Clethra 627
acuminata 627
alnifoUa 627
CUff Brake 37
Climbing Bitter-
sweet 557
Dogbane 662
False Buckwheat
362
Fern 46
Fumitory 417
Hemp-weed 784
Rose 495
Clinopodium 705
Acinos 706
glahellum 706
glahrum 706
Nepeta 706
vulgar e 706
Clintonia 290
borealis 291
umbellata 291
umbellulata 29 1
Clitoria 529
mariana 529
Cloak Fern 35
Closed Gentian 658
Clotbur 828
Cloudberry 487
Clover 508
Alsike 509
Buffalo 509
Bur 510
Bush 522
Crimson 509
Hop 509
Italian 509
Low Hop 509
Prairie 513
Rabbit-foot 509
Red 509
Stinking 439
Stone 509
Sweet 510
White 509
Yellow 509
Zigzag 509
Club Moss 54
Common 56
Family 54
Club Rush 187
Clustered Bellflower

767

Cnicus 857, 861

altissimus 857, 85S

arvensis 858

benedictus 861

Hillii 858

horridulus 857

lanceolatus 857

muticus 858

odoratus 858

Pitdieri 857

undulatus 857

virginianus 858

Coast BHte 367

Cocculus 410

caroUnus 410

Cockle, Corn 384

Cocklebur 828

Coeloglossum bractea-

tum 308

Coelopleurum 618

actaeifoUum 619

Gmelini 619

Coffee, Wild 758

Coffee-tree 746

Kentucky 504

Cohosh 407

Black 407

Blue 412

Coleosanthus 785

grandiflorus 785

Colic-root 294

Coliseum Ivy 720

CoUinsia 720

bicolor 721

parviflora 721

verna 720

violacea 721

CoUinsonia 711

canadensis 711

CoUomia linearis 675

Coltsfoot 850

sweet 850

Columbine 405

Garden 405

Wild 405

Columbo, American
659

Comandra 350

livida 350

pallida 350

Richardsiana 350

umbellata 350

Comarum palustre

483

Comfrey 683

Common 683

Wild 681

Commelina 265

communis 265

erecta 265

hirtella 265

nudiflora 265

virginica 265

COMMELINACEAE 264

Compass Plant 825

COMPOSITAE 770

Composite Family

770
Comptonia aspleni-

folia 330

peregrina 330

Cone-flower 830

Purple 832

Conioselinum 622

canadense 622

chinense 622

Conium 613

maculatum 613

Conobea 724

multifida 724

ConophoUs 739

americana 739

Coru-ingia 429

orientalis 429

perfoliata 429

Convallaria 293

ma j alls 293

CONVOLVTJLACEAE

668

Convolvulus 670

arvensis 671

Family 668

japonicus 671

repens 671

sepium 671

spithamaeus 671

Cooperia 298

Drummondii 298

Coptis 404

trifolia 404

Coral Root 316

Coral-berry 757

Corallorrhiza 316

Corallorrhiza 317

innata 317

maculata 317

micraniha 617

multiflora 317

odontorhiza 317

striata 317

trifida 317

Wisteriana 317

Cord Grass 142

Corema 551

Conradii 551

Coreopsis 837

aristosa 842

aurea 841

auriculata 838

hidentoides 840

crassifolia 837

delphinifoUa 838

discoidea 840

grandiflora 837

involucrata 842

lanceolata 837

major 838

palmata 838

pubescens 838

rosea 837

senifolia 838

Tall 838

tinctoria 837

trichosperma 841

tripteris 838

verticillata 838

Coriander 618

Coriandrum .618

sativum 618

Corispermum 368

hyssopifohum 369

Cork Elm 346

Wood 330

Wood Family 330

Corn Chamomile 846

Chry santh emum

847

Cockle 384

Gromwell 685

Marigold 847

Poppy 416

INDEX

895

Com Salad

762

Cowslip 404

, 644

Speedwell

728

American

647

Spurrey

379

Virginian

6S5

CORNACEAE

623

Crab, American

458

Cornel

623

Apple

458

Dwarf

624

Siberian

458

Round-leavec

624

Cracca

514

Silky

624

hispidula

514

Stiff

625

spicata

514

Corn-flower

860

virginiana

514

Comucopiae altis-

Crack Willow

322

sima

133

Cranberry 638

, 641

Cornus

623

American

641

alternifolia

625

High-bush

759

Amomum

624

Large

641

asperifolia

624

Mountain

641

Baileyi

624

Rock

641

canadensis

624

Small

641

candidissima

625

Cranberry-tree

759

circinata

624

CraneFly Orcliis319

florida

624

Cranesbill

534

paniculata

625

Long-stalked

536

Priceae

624

Wild

535

Purpusi

624

Crantzia

617

sericea

624

lineata

617

stolonifera

624

Crassulaceae

441

stricta

625

Crataegus

460

suecica

624

alnorum

471

Coronilla

618

anomala

474

varia

518

apiifolia

470

Coronopus

426

apposita

466

Coronopus

426

aprica

466

didymus

426

Arnoldiana

475

procumbens

426

ascendens

470

Corpse Plant

629

Bartramiana

462

Corydalis

417

Baxteri

465

aurea

418

beata

472

crystallina

418

berberifoha

463

flavula

418

biltmoreana

466

glauca

418

hlandita

470

Golden

418

Boyntoni

465

micrantha

418

Brainerdi

477

Pale

418

Brownii.

465

sempervirens

418

campestris

477

Corylus

333

canadensis

476

americana

333

Canbyi

463

rostrata

333

champlainensis

Costmary

847

476

Cotinus cotinoides

Chapmani

478

553

coccinea 466,

469,

Cotoneaster

479

476, 478

Pyracantha

479

coccinioides

474

Cotton Grass

195

cognata

472

Rose

819

collina

464

Thistle

859

coloradensis

478

Cotton-wood

329

Colorado

478

Cotula

848

Columbiana

467

coronopifolia

848

cordata

477

Couch Grass

166

cristata

475

Cow Lily

390

crudelis

470

Oak

340

Crus-galli

462

Parsnip

621

Crus-galli X macra-

Pea

528

cantha

462

Wheat

732

deltoides

472

Cowbane

622

dispessa

474

Spotted

614

Dodgei

469

Cowberry

641

Douglasii

479

Cow-herb

386

Edsoni

47 J

Eggertii

474

ub«r

471

fecunda

463

unx flora

467

flabdlatn 470

471

Vailia*'

467

flava

46»J

viridis

465

ftuviatilia

470

Crt-epiiig Bent

132

foetida

465

Bullerrup

397

fusca

472

Snow bi-rry

637

glanduloaa 4Q9

,479

Sp<-arwort

395

grand is

463

Thyme

708

Grayana

471

C'ropiB

KM

Ilolniesiana

473

biennis

870

intricata

466

capillaris

see

irrasa

46S

piilclira

K69

Jackii

46.S

runciriata

S09

Jesupi

473

trctorum

S70

Jonesae

469

?-ir«-ri«

h09

Kelloggii

473

Cri'sj^. liittrr

435

lanuginosa

474

Common Wint«r

laureiitiana

46S

432

leiophylla

473

Early Winter

433

leucophleoa

478

Garden

425

lucorum

470

Lake

432

Macaulcyae

46S

Mar«h

432

macracantha

477

Mountain Wutt-r

macrospenna

471

435

Margaretta

464

Mouse-ear

430

Marshallii

470

Penny

424

missouriensis

478

Rock

436

modesta

466

Spring

435

mollis

476

Swine

426

nitida

465

True Water

431

Oakesiana

468

Wart

426

oblongifolia

474

Water

431

Oxyacantha

462

Winter

432

Palmeri

463

Yellow

431

parvifolia

467

Crested Dwarf Iria

pausiaea

463

301

Peckii

466

Crimson Clover

509

pedicellata

475

Crim.Hon-eyed Ilibi»-

Penny packeri

463

cus

570

persimilis

463

CriosantheM boreali*

pertomentosa

477

306

Phaenopyrum 477

Crookneck Squash

poiita

475

765

populnea

471

Croi-s-vine

741

pratensis

463

Crotalaria

507

premora

466

oialis

507

Pringlei

475

Purshii

507

pruinosa

472

rotun.iifolia

507

pruni folia

463

{"agittaliij

507

punctata

463

Cn»ton

541

pyriformis

474

capital u.s

542

roanensis

470

Klanduloeut*

542

Robbinaiana

472

mouanthogynus

rotunda tn

46S

641'

rotundifolia

46.S

texensia

642

Sch uetlei

477

Crotonopsis

542

sequax

472

h near is

542

Sheridana

469

Cro« berry

551

silvicola

472

lUack

651

sputhulata

469

BrtKJin

551

apicioHa

475

Family

551

stolonifera

471

Cn)wf(M)t

394

Storici

466

Hrij<tly

:««<

MibmolliM

470

ItulU.ufl

31W

.sub(>rl>ii'ulatu

4«U

Ciuiimoa White

ttnni folia

474

Wat«v

394

tomeuto8a467.4?5

Cursed

396

896

INDEX

Crowfoot, Early 397

Family 392

Grass 147

Hooked 397

Sea-Side 394
Small-flowered

396

Stiff Water 394

Tall 398

Yellow Water 394

Crownbeard 836

Cruciferae 418

Cryptogramma 37

acrost choides 37

densa 37

Stelleri 37

Cryptotaenia 615

canadensis 615

Ctenium 146

aruericanum 147

aromat'cum 146

Cubelium 579

concokr 579

Cuckoo Flower 436

Cucumber 765
One-seeded Bur

765

Tree 409

Cucumis Melo 765

sativus 765

Cucurbita 764

foetidissima 765

maxima 765

moschata 765

Pepo 765

CUCURBITACEAE 764

Cudweed 823

Low 823

Mountain 823

Purplish 823

Culver's Physic 726

Culver's-root 726

Cunila 709

Mariana 709

origanoides 709

Cup Plant 826

Cuphea 693

Clammy 593

petiolata 593

viscosissima 593

Cupseed 411

Curled Mallow 568

Mustard 428

Curly Grass 45

Family 45

Currant 450

Black 452

Buffalo 452

Indian 757

Missouri 452

Red 452

Skunk 452

Swamp Black 452

Swamp Red 452

Wild Black 451

Cursed Crowfoot 396

Cuscuta 671

arvensis 672

Cephalanthi 672
chlorocarpa 672
compacta 673
Coryli 672
cuspidata 673
decora 672
Epilinum 671
Epithymum 672
europaea 672
glomerata 673
Gronovii 672
indecora 672
inflexa 672
obtusiflora 672
paradoxa 673
Polygonorum 672
rostrata 673
tenuiflora 672
Trifolii 672
Custard Apple Fam-
ily 410
Cut-grass 120
Rice 120
Cut-leaf Germander
693
Cycloloma 365
atriplicifolium 365
platyphyllum 365
Cymhalaria Cymbala-
ria 720
Cymopterus 619
acaulis 619
glomeratus 619
Cynanchum 667
nigrum 667
Vincetoxicum 667
Cynoctonum 653
Mitreola 653
C^modon 144
Dactylon 144
Cynoglossum 681
boreale 681
officinale 681
virginianum 681
virginicum 68 1
Cynosciadium 617
pinnatum 618
Cynosurus cristatus

154

Cynthia 863

Cyperaceae 171

Cyperus 172

acuminatus 175

aristatus 175

Bushii 179

calcaratus 176

compressus 175

cylindricus 178

dentatus 176

diandrus 174

dipsaciformis 178

echinatus 178

Engelmanni 177

erythrorhizos 177

esculentus 176

ferax 177

filiculmis 179

flavescens 174

flavicomTM 175

flavus 179

fuscus 176

Gatesii 175

Grayu 179

Halei 177

Hallii 176

haspan 176

Houghtonii 179

hystricinus 178

inflexus 175

lancastriensis 177

microdontus 174

Nuttallu 174

ovularis 178

polystachyus 175
pseudovegetus 175

refractus 177

retrofractus 178

rivularis 174

rotundus 176

Schweinitzii 175

speciosus 177

strigosus 177

Torreyi 178

Cypress 66

Bald 66

Spurge 549

Standing 675

Vine 670

Cypripedium 306

acaule 307

arietinum 306

candidum 307

hirsutum 307

parviflorum 306

passerinum 307

puhescens 307

spectabile 307

Cyrilla 653

Family 653

racemiflora 553

Cyrillaceae 653

Cystopteris 43

bulbifera 43

fragilis 43

Cytisus 507

scoparius 508

Dactylis 154

glomerata 154

Dactyloctenium 147

aegyptiacum 147

aegyptium 147

Daffodil 298

Dahoon Holly 554

Daisy 799
Fleabane 817,818

Ox-eye 847

Western 799

White 847

Yellow 831

Dalea 513

alopecuroides 613

enneandra 613

laxiflora 513

DaUbarda 493

repens 493

Dame's Violet 430

Dandelion 864

Common 865

Dwarf 862

Fall 863

False 869

Red-seeded 865

Dangleberry 638

Danthonia 14]

compressa 14£;

epilis 142

glabra 142

intermedia 142

sericea 142

spicata 142

Daphne 690

Mezereum 590

Darbya 351

umbellulata 351

Darlingtonia 439

Darnel 165

Bearded 165

Common 165

Dasiphora fruticosa

483

Dasystoma fiava 730

grandiftora 729

laevigata 730

pedicularia 729

serrata 730

virginica 730

Datisca hirta 552

Datura 717

Metel 717

Stramonium 717

Tatula 717

Daucus 623

Carota 623

Day Lily 287

Day-flower 265

Dead Nettle 700

Decodon 592

verticillatus 592

Decumaria 450

barbara 450

Deerberry 639

Deergrass 593

Delphinium 405

Ajacis 406

albescens 406

azureum 406

camporum 406

carolinianum 406

Consolida 406

exaltatum 406

Nortonianum 406

Penardi 406

Treleasei 406

tricorne 406

urceolatum 406

Dendrium 632

Dennstaedtia puncti-

lobiUa 45

Dentaria 434

anomala 435

diphylla 434

heterophylla 434

incisifolia 434

USD EX

897

Dentaria laciniata

435

maxima

434

Deptford Pink

387

Deringa canadensis

615

Deschampsia

140

atropurpuvea

140

caespitosa

140

flexuosa

140

Desmanthus

503

brachylobus

503

illinoensis

503

Desm odium

519

acuminatum

519

bracteosum

520

canadense 5^0,521

canescens

520

ciliare

522

cuspidatum

520

Dillenii

521

glabellum

520

grandiflorum

519

humifusum

520

illinoense

520

laevigatum

521

lineatum

522

marilandicum

522

nudiflorum

519

obtusum

522

ochroleucum

519

paniculatum

521

pauciflorum

519

rhombifolium

521

rigidum

522

rotundifolium

519

sessilifolium

522

strictum

521

viridiflorum

521

Devil's Bit 283

, 763

Club

606

Paint-brush

872

Dewberry

41>2

Lucretia

492

Dianthera

742

americana

742

ovata

742

Dianthus

387

Armeria

387

barbatus

387

deltoides

387

prolifer

387

Diapensia

642

Family

642

lapponica

642

DiAPENSIACKAE

642

Diarrhena

153

americana

153

diandra

153

Dicentra

417

canadensis

417

Cucullaria

417

eximea

417

Dichondra

669

erolvulacea

669

repens

669

Dichromena

185

colorata

185

latifolia 185

leucocephala 185

Dicksonia 44

piiosiuscula 45

punctilobula 45

Diclytra 417

Didiplis 591

diandra 591

linearis 59 1

Dielytra 417

Diervilla 754

Dicrvilla 754

Lonicera 754

Irifida 754

Digitalis 726

purpurea 726

Digitaria 95

fiUformis 95

humifusa 95

paspalodes 99

sanguinalis 96

serotina 96

villosa 95

Dill 621

Diodia 751

teres 75 1

virginiana 751

Dioscorea 297

villosa 297

DiOSCOREACEAE 297

Diospyros 648

virginiana 648

Diphylleia 412

cymosa 412

Diplachne acuminata

148

fascicularis 148

procumbens 148

Diplopappus amyg-

dalinus 815

comi folium 815

linariifolius 815

umbellatus 815

Diplotaxis 428

muralis 428

teiuiifolia 429

DiPSACACEAE 763

Dipsacus 763

laciniatus 763

sylvestris 763

Dirca 589

palustris 590

Discopleura 613

capillacea 613

Nuttallii 614

Disporum 291

lanuginosum 291

Distichlis 153

maritima 154

spicata 153

Ditaxis mercurialina
543

Ditch Grass 78

Stonecrop 442

Dittany 709

Common 709

Dock 354, 355

Bitter 356

Golden 357

Great Water 355

Pale 356

Patience 355

Prairie 825

Swamp 356

White 355

"bellow 355

Dockmackie 759

Dodder 671

Flax 671

Dodecatheon 647

Meadia 647

Doellingeria humilis

815

infirma 815

uinbellata 815

Dog Fennel 782, 846

Rose 496

Dogbane 662

Climbing 662

Family 661

Spreading 662

Dogberry 451

Dogwood 623

Family 623

Flowering 624

Poison 552

Red-osier 624

Round-leaved 624

Dog's-tail Grass 154

Dog's-tooth Violet

289
Dolichos 529

Lablab 529

Dondiu americana

370

depressa 370

maritima 370

Downy Arrow-wood

759

False Foxglove

730
Green Alder 336
Poplar 329

Yellow Violet 5S5
Draba 422

arabisans 423

brachycarpa 422
caroliniana 422
cuneifolia 422

incana 423

nemorosa 423

ramosissima 423
stylaris 423

verna 422

Dracocophalum 697
parvifloruin 697
Dragon Arum 257
Green 257

Head 697

Head, False 69S
Root 257

DroF>-see<l 127, 129
Drosera 4-l()

anglica 41 1

br.-vif..lia 441

filiroriiii- 441 I

xntn-medm 441

linearis 44!

lotigifolia 441

rotundifolia 440

Drohkuackak 440

Urymucallia argula

4H1

DryopieriM Buottu 42
crintnta 42, 43

Filis-maa 42

fniiiriina 42

(loldiiina 42

(joldunna 42

mari/intilit 42

nortlxiriicenns 42
simulata 41

Bpiunliiita 43

Thdypteria 41

Duchcsnea 4K0

indica 4S0

Duck's-meat 259

Duckwee<i 259

Family 259

Dulichium ISO

arundiriaceum ISO
spathnrrum 1^0

Duponlia Cooleyi 140

Du.sty Miller 849

Dutchman's

Breeches 417
Pipe 353

Dwarf Bilberry 040
Birch 336

Buttercup 316

Cornel 624

Dandelion 862

Ginseng 000

Gray Willow 320
Huckleberry Oas
Iris 300

Larkspur 406

Mistletoe 351

Raspberry 4S7

Sumach 552

White Trillium

•2\)A

Dyer's Green wee<l

507
Rocket 439

WiH'<l 439

Weld 439

Dyschoriste 743

obl<.iiKif.>lia 743

Dyssodia 845

chryfuint)\emuities '

845
pap[HJsa 845

I'jir-lcaved Uinbrflla
Tree 4(n»

Early (.'rt)wf«)iit 397
Mea.iow Hue 400
Saxifrage 440

Swe«'t Blueberry

63U
Winter CrcM 4:i3
\\-\h>\\ Violet 5.SP

Kaftl^ro Caina.>«s 28S

«RAY 8 MANUAU— b/

898

INDEX

tJatonia 138

Dudleyi 138

intermedia 138

pennsylvanica 138

Ebenaceae 648

Ebony Family 648

Echinacea 832

angustifolia 832

pallida 832

purpurea 832

Echinochloa 117

colona 118

crusgalli 117

frumentacea 117

Walter! 117

Echinocystis 765

lobata 765

Echinodorus 84

cordifolius 84

parvulus 84

radicans 84

roctratus 84

tenellus 84

Echinopanax 606

horrida 606

Echinops 856

sphaerocephalus

856

Echinospermum 681

deflexum 682

floribundum 682

Lappula 682

virginicum 681

Echium 688

vulgare 688

EcUpta 830

alba 830

Eel Grass 78, 85

Egg-plant 712

Eglantine 496

Elaeagnaceae 590

Elaeagnus 690

argentea 590

Elatinaceae 575

Elatine 576

americana 576

brachysperma 576

triandra 576

Elatinoidea Elatine

720

spuria 720

Elder 761

Box 658

Marsh 827

Poison 552

Red-berried 761

Wild 606

Elecampane 824

Eleochans 180

acicularis 183

acuminata 184

albida 184

atropurpurea 182

capitata 182

compressa 184

diandra 182

dispar 182

Engelmanni 182

eguisetoides 181

intermedia 184

interstincta 181

Macounii 185

melanocarpa 184

mutata 181

nitida 184

obtusa 182

ochreata 181

olivacea 182

ovata 182

palustris 183

pauciflora 189

pygmaea 189
quadrangulata 181

Robbinsii 181

rostellata 185

tenuis 184

Torreyana 183

tortilis 183

tricostata 184

tuberculosa 183

Wolfii 183

Elephantopus 78 1

carolinianus 781

nudatus 781

tomentosus 781

Elephant's-foot 781

Eleusine 147

aegyptia 147

indica 147

ElUsia 677

Nyctelea 677

Elm 345

American 345

Cork 346

English 345

Red 345

Reck 346

Slippery 345

Wahoo 346

Water 346

White 345

Winged 346

Elodea 85, 676

campanulata 675

canadensis 85

Elodes 675

Elsholtzia 712

Patrini 712

Elymus 168

arenariiis 170

australis 169
brachystachys 169

canadensis 169

diversiglumis 170

glaucus 170

Macounii 170

mollis 170

robustus 169

striatus 169

virginicus 169

Empetraceae 551

Empetrum 551

nigrum 551

Enchanter's Night-
shade 602

English Elm 345

Hawthorn 462

Plantain 745

Violet 685

Enslenia 667

albida 667

Epifagus 739

virginiana 739

Epigaea 636

repens 636

Epilobium 596

adenocaulou 597

alpinum 597
anagaUidifolium

597

angustifolium 596

coloratura 597

densum 696

hirsutum 696

Hornemani 597

lactiflorum, 697
lineare 696, 597

molle 696

oliganthum 697

palustre 597

spicatum, 696

atrictum 696

Epipactis SIS, 315

decipiens 315

Helleborine 313

lati folia 313

pubescens 315

repens 315

tesselata 315

viridi flora 313

Epiphegus 739

Equisetaceae 61

Equisetum 61

arvense 62

fluviatile 63

hyemale 63

laevigatum 53

limosum 53

htorale 62

palustre 62

pratense 52

robustum 63

scirpoides 64

sylvatictun 62

variegatum 64

Eragrostis 149

campestris 151

capillaris 150

Eraffrostis 151

Frankii 150

hypnoides 150

major 150

megastachya 150

minor 160

pectinacea 161

pilosa 150

Purshii 15o

refracta 150

reptana 151

tenuis 151

trichodes 151

Eranthis 405

hyemalis 405

Erechtites 851

hieracifolia SSI

Erianthus 92

alopecuroides 93

brevibarbis 93

compactus 93

contortus 93

divaricatus 93

saccharoides 93

Erica cinerea 637

Tetralix 637

Ericaceae 625

Erigenia 612

bulbosa 612

Erigeron 817

acris 818

annuus 817

asper 817

bellidifoHue 817

canadensis 818

divaricatus 818

droebachiensis 818

glabellus 817

hyssopifoUus 817

nudicaulis 817
philadelphicus 817

pulchellus 817

ramosus 818

strigosus 818

vernus 817

Eriocarpum, spinulo'

sum 798

Eriocaulaceae 260

Eriocaulon 261

articulatum 261

compressum 261

decangulare 261

gnaphalodes 261

Parkeri 261

septangulare 26 1

Eriogonum 353

Alleni 354

longifolium 353

Eriophorum 195

alpinum, 190

angustifolium 197

cailitrix 196

Chamissonis 196

cyperinum 195
gracile 196, 197

lineatum 194

opacum 196

paucinervium 197

polystachion 197

"msseolum 196

teneUum 196

vaginatum 196

virginicum 197
viridi-carinatum

197

Eriihrea 656

Erodium 536

cicutarium 536

moschatum 536

Eryngium 60y

aquaticum 610
Leaven wort hii 610

prostratum 610

virginianum 610

INDEX

899

Eryngiurn yucci-

folium 609

Eryngo 609

Erysimum 430

asperum 43 1
cheiraiithoides 431

incunspicuum 431

parvifiorum 431

repMmhim 431

syrticnlum 431

Erythraea 656

calycosa C56

Ceiitcnirium 656

ramosissima 656

spicata 656

texeyisis 656

Erythronium 2S9

alhidum 289

americanum 2S9

mesochoreura 289

propullans 289

Euloplius 616

americanus 617

Eupaturium 781

ngeratoides 784

album 782

altissimum 783

aromaticurq 784

capillifolium 782

coelestinum 784

foeniculaceum 782
hyssopifolium

782, 783

incarnatum 784

leucolepis 782

macuJatum 782

perfoliatum 783

pubescens 783

purpureum 782

resinosura 783

rotunclifoliura 783

semiserratum 783

serotinum 782

sessilifolium 783

teucrifolium 783

Torreyanum 783

trifoliaium 782

urticaefolium 784
verbenaefolium

783

Euphorbia 545

arkansana 549

commutata 549

coroHata 547

Cyparissias 549

Darlingtonii 548

dentata 548

dictyosperma 54S

Esula 549

Geyeri 545

glyptospenna 546

Helioscopia 549

hcterophylla 54S

hexagona 547

hJrsuta 546

humistrata 547

hiipn-iri folia 546

Ipecacuanliae 548

Lathyrua 649

lucida 549

rnaculata 547

marginata 547

marilandica 547

nicaccnsis 549

nutans 546

Nulla liii 546

obtusata 548

Peplus 549

petaloidea 546

platypliylla 548

polygonifolia 545

Preslii 546

serpens 546

serpyllifolia 546

stictospora 547
zygophylloides

546

EUPHORBIACEAE 540

Euphrasia 733

americana 733

arctica 733

canadensis 733
hirtella 733

latifolia 733

Oakesii 733

Randii 733

WiUiamsii 733

European Biooklime
727
Fly Honeysuckle

755
Gooseberry 45 1
Millet 104

Mountain Ash 459
Spindle Tree 556
Vervain 6SS

Euthamia caroliniana
798
graminifolia 797
gymnospertnoides

798
leptocephala 798
tenuifolia 798

Evening Primrose

598
Common 598

Family 694

White 600

Evergreen Blueberry
639

Everlasting

820, 822, 823
Common 823

Pea 527

Pearly 822

Plantain-leaved

820

Evolvulus 669

argentous 60;)

p^losus 670

Evonymup 556

airierit anus 556
atropurpureuc 556
enrnpapus 556

(jh()vatu>7 656

EyebrJKht 7iJd

Faoackak jKf?

I'UKoovr'iin 363

e.s< nil iiiuu) 363

l-ai/<>l)!/ruin 303

taturicum 30:i

Fagu.s 337

americana 33S

ferruginea 33.S

grandifolia 338

Falcala 530

cotnosa 530

Pilrhen 530

Fall Dandelion 803

Witeh Grass 96

False Acacia 614

Aloe 298

Asphodel 283

Beach Drops 630

Buckthorn 64S

Biijrbane 399

Dandelion 80;*

Dragon Head 698

Flax 426

Goat's Beard 444

Golden-rod 798

Gromwell 687

Hellebore 285
Jndigo 505, 512

Jessamine 653

Loosestrife 594

Mallow 567

Mermaid 552
Mermaid Family

1351

Mistletoe 447

Miterwort 351

Nettle 349

Pennyroyal 693

Pimpernel 725
Solomon's Seal

291

Spikenard 291

Farkleberry 63S

Fatsia 606

horrida 606

Feather Geranium

306

Grass 123

Featherfoil 644

Fchvort, Marsh 658

Fennel 616

Dog 782, 840

Flower 405

Fern, Heech 35

Bla.lder 43

Chain 37

Chri.-tmaa 40

Cinnamon 47

Clind)ing 46

Cloak 35

Family 33

Filmy 33

FlowerinK 40

llav-sceutcd 45

Holly 40

Ijidy 40

Oak 35

0«tnob 45

Hattlennake 49
SeIl^itlVL• 45
Shifid 41
Sweet 33C
W.kmI 41
Fe- < .: I(i0
-M 162
SI , 10!
'luUer 10:i
FcHtuca 160
diftridra 153
clatior 102
Kinaritea 102
niyuros 101
nutans 102
occidontalis 101
octoflora 161
ovina 161
jinilnttda 102
rubra 101
8(iurea 101
Shortii 102
spicata 106
tcnclla 161
Fetid Buckeye 559
Horrhound 700
Marigold S45
W'iKl Pumpkin 705
Fetter liu.sh &.\-i. 6;i5
Fever Bush 414
Feverfew 847
liverwort 758
Ficaria Ficarin 304
Field Bindwee<l 671
Garlic 2s7
Larkspur 406
Madder 747
Mouse-ear Chick-
weed 3S3
Penny Cress 424
Sorrel 3.57
Sow Thistle 805
Spec. I well 72.H
Fig, ln<liun 6Stf
Figwoit 721
Family 717
Filago germanica SI9
I'ilbert 3:W
lilipendula 4M
rubra 484
Ulinaria AsTt
Filix bulbifera 43
fragilis 43
Filmy Fern 33
I'amily 'X,\
Fimbri.'.tylis IsO
autumnulis 1S7
copillari* Xsd
cnstnnea 186
Frankii 1S7
laxa 187
fipadiccn 1^0
Vahlii 187
linger UraM 05
li-.rin 132
lir 6.".
Balm-of-CiM««i 05
(ittlHatu 65

900

INDEX

Fir, Scotch 64

Fire Cherry 498

Pink 386

Thorn 479

Fire weed 596,_ 851

Fissipes acaulis 3U7

Five-finger 481

Marsh 483

Flag, Cat-tail 68

Larger Blue 299
Slender Blue 300
Sweet 258

Flame-colored Aza-
lea 631

Flaveria 843

angusti folia 843
campestris 843

Flax 631

Common 531

Dodder 671

False 426

Family 531

Fleabane 817

Daisy 817, 818
Marsh 819

Salt Marsh 819

Fleur-de-Us 299, 300

Floating Foxtail

Grass 129

Heart 660

Floerkea 552

proserpinacoides
552

Flowering Dogwood
624
Fern 46

Fern Family 46
Moss 642

Spurge 547

Wintergreen 538

Flower-of-an-hour

570

Fly Poison 283, 284

Foeniculum 616

Foeniculum 616
officinale 616

vulgar e 616

Fog-fruit 689

Fool's Parsley 618

Foresliera 652

acuminata 652

Forget-me-not 683
True 683

Forked Chickweed

376

Fothergilla 453

Carolina 453

Garden! 453

Four-o'clock 375

Family 375

Fowl Meadow Grass
156, 159

Foxberry 641

Foxglove 726

Downy False 730
Mullein 729

Smooth False 730

Foxtail 118

Grass

129

volubiUs

530

Green

118

Galax

642

Fragaria

479

aphylla

642

americana

480

Galeopsis

699

canadensis

479

Ladanum

699

illinoensis

479

Tetrahit

699

indica

480

Galeorchis spectabilis

terrae-novae

479

307

vesca

479

Galingale

172

virginiana

479

GaUnsoga

843

Franseria

828

caracasana

843

acantliicarpa

828

hispida

843

toment-osa

828

parvifiora

843

Frasera

659

Gahum

747

carohniensis

659

anglicum

748

Fraxinus

650

Aparine

748

americana

650

arkansanum

749

biltmoreana

651

asprellum

750

caroUniana

651

boreale

749

Darlingtonii

651

circaezana

749

nigra

651

Claytoni

750

pennsylvanica 651

concinnum

750

platycarpa

651

erectum

749

profunda

651

hispidulum

750

pubescens

651

kamtschaticum

quadrangulata 651

749

samhucifolia

651

labradoricum

750

viridis

651

lanceolatum

749

French Mulberry 690

latifoUum

749

Frenchweed

425

Mollugo

749

Fringed Gentian 656

palustre

749

Orchis

308

parisiense

748

Polygala

538

pilosum

748

Fringe-tree

652

spurium

748

Froelichia

374

sylvaticum

749

campestris

374

tinctorium

750

floridana

374

tricorne

748

gracihs

374

trifidum 749

, 750

Frog's Bit, Ame

rican

trifiorum

750

86

verum

748

Family

85

virgatum

748

Frost Grape 564

,565

Wirtgenii

748

Frost-flower

799

Gall-of-the-earth 871

Frostweed

577

Gama Grass

92

Fuirena

197

Garden Asparagus

hispida

197

290

simplex

198

Burnet

404

squarrosa

197

Chamomile

846

Fumaria

418

Col umbine

405

officinalis

418

Cress

425

FUMARIACEAE

416

HeUotrope

762

Fumitory

418

Orpine

443

Climbing

417

Sorrel

357

Common

418

Garget

374

Family

416

GarUc

286

Furze

508

Field

287

Mustard

429

Gaertneria

828

Wild

287

acantliicarpa

828

Gaultheria

636

tomentosa

828

procumbens

636

Gaillardia

844

Gaura

601

aristata

845

biennis

601

lanceolata

845

coccinea

601

lutea

845

fiHpes

602

Galactia

530

Michauxii

602

glabella

530

parvifiora

601

pilosa

530

Gaylussacia

637

regularis

530

baccata

638

brachycera 638

dumosa 638

frondosa 638

resinosa 638

ursina 638

Gelsemium 653

sempervirens 653

Gemmingia 301

Genista 507

tinctoria 507

Gentian 656

Closed 65S

Family 654

Fringed 656

Horse 758

Soapwort 657

Spurred 659

Gentiana 656

acuta 657

affinis 657

alba 658

Amarella 657

Andrewsii 658

angustifolia 658

crinita 65(^

detonsa 657

flavida 658

hnearis 658

och roleuca 658

Porphyrio 658

procera 657

puberula 657

quinqueflora 657

quinquefolia 657

rubricaulis 658

Saponaria 657

serrata 657

villosa 658

Gentianaceae 654

Georgia Pine 64

Gkraniaceae 534

Geranium 534

Bicknellu 535

carolinianum 535

columbinum 536

Family 534

Feather 366

maculatum 535

Mint 847

molle 536

pratense 535

pusillum 535

pyrenaicum 535

Robertianum 535

rotundifolium 535

sibiricum 535

Gerardia 729

aspera 730

auriculata 730

Besseyana 731

decemloba 731

densiflora 730

fasciculata 730

flava 730

Gattingeri 731

grandiflora 729

Holmiana 73 1

laevigata 73C

INDEX

901

Gerardia linifolia 730

maritima 731

parvifolia 731

paupercula 731

pedicularia 729

Purple 731

purpurea 731

quercifulia 730

Sea-side 731

3etacea 731

Skinneriana 731

Slender 731

tenuifolia 731

virginica 730

German Millet 119

Germander 692

American 693

Cut-leaf 693

Sage 693

Geum 485

album 485

canadense 485

cHiatum 486

flavum 485

macrophyllum 485

Peckii 486

pulchrum 486

radiatum 486

rivale 486

stricturn 485

triflorum 486

urbanum 48o

vernum 486

virginianum 485

Giant Hyssop 696

Reed 148

Gifola 819

germanica 819

Gilia 675

coronopifolia 675

linearis 675

rubra 675

Gillenia 457

stipulacea 457

stipulata 457

trifoliata 457

Gill-over-the-Ground
697

Ginger, Wild 352

Ginseng 606

Dwarf 606

Family 605

Glade Mallow 568

Glassvvort 369

Glaucium 415

flavum 416

Glaticium 416

luteum 416

Glaucous Willow 325

Glaux 647

maritima 647

Glecovia hederoxea

697

Gleditsia 504

aquatica 504

triacanthos 504

Globe Amaranth 374

Thistle 856

Globeflower 404

Spreading 404

Glyceria 158

acutiflora 160

borealis 160

canadensis 158

elongnta 158

fluitans 159

grandis 159

laxa 159

nervata 159

obtusa 158

pallida 159

septentrionalis 159
Torreyana 158

Glycine comosa 530

Glycyrrhiza 518

lepidota 518

Gnaphalium 823

decurrens 823

Helleri 823

ohtusifolium 823
polycephalum 823
purpureum 823
supinum 823

sylvaticum 823
uliginosum 823

Goat's Beard

457, 864
False 444

Goat's Rue 514

Golden Alexanders
616
Aster 787

Club 258

Corydalis 418

Dock 357

Lungwort 874

Ragwort 854

Saxifrage 448

Seal 408

Golden-rod 788

False 798

Rayless 798

Sweet 793

Golden-Wonder Mil-
let 119

Goldthread 404

Gomphrena 374

globosa 374

Gonolobus 667, 668
Baldwininnus 668
carolincnsis 668
hirsutus 66S

laevis 667, 66S
obliqutis 668

Shortii 668

suberoRus 668

Good-King-Henry

366

Goodyera 315

MenzieKii 315

pubesceris 315

repens 315

tesselntn 315

Goose Grass

147. 160, 748

Gooseberry 450

European

451

Missouri

451

Prickly

451

Smooth

451

Southern

639

Goosefoot

365

Fariuly 364

Maple-leaved 367
Oak-leaved 367
Gordonia 571

Lasianthus 571
Gorse 508

Gourd 764, 765

Family 764

Missouri 765

Gout weed 614

Gramineae 86

Grape 563

Bullace 565

Cat 565

Chicken 564

Frost 564, 565

Hyacinth 290

Muscadine 505

Northern Fox 564
Pigeon 564

Red 505

River-bank 505
Sand 565

Southern Fox 505
Sugar 565

Summer 564

Sweet Winter 564
Grap/iephorum mcli-
coides 139, 140
Grass. Alkali 153
Arrow 80

Awned Wheat 167
Barnyard 117

Beach 136

Bear 290

Beard 93, 133

Bent 132

Bermuda 144

Billion-Dollar 117
Black 270

Black Oat 123

Blue-eye<i 301

Blue-joint 135

Bottle lis

Bottle-brush 170
Bristly Foxtail

118
Brome 162

Brown licnt 133
Buffalo 14S

Bur 119

Canada Blue 155
Canary 121

Catch-fly 120

Coriunon Hair 140
Cord 142

Cotton 195

Couch 1(>6

Crowfoot 147

Ditch 78

Dog's-tail 154

Eel 78,85

Fall Witch 96

Family K6

Feather 123

Fescue 16U

Finger 95

Floating Foxtail

129
Fowl Meadow

156. 159
Foxtail V*»

Gama 92

Goo.se 147, 160. 74H
Hair 128, 132, 137
Herd's 129. 132
Holy 121

Hungarian 119
In<Iian 95

Italian Rye 16.1
Johnson 9.5

June 156

Kentucky Blue

156
Low Spear 155
Lyme 168

Manna 1.58

Marsh 142

Meadow 154

Meadow Foxtail

129
Melic 151

Mesquite 145

Millet 122

Oat 141

of Pi rnai^sus 449
Old-witch 103

Orange 575

Orchard 154

Panic 100

Perennial Ray 165
Pigeon lis

Porcupine 124

Poverty 124

Quaking 154

Quick 166

Quitch 166

Rattlesnake 15M
Reed Bent 134

Reed Meadow 159
Rhode Island Bent

133
Rib 745

Ribbon 12!

Ripple 745

RoiiKli-stulke<l

Meadow 157

Rush 12t»

Rye ia->

Salt Marsh 143
Salt Reed 143

Saixl 149

Saw 202

Scurvy 4.33

Scutch 14-1

Sea Spear 160

Soneca 122

Sesame 92

Slou«h 142

Smut 131

902

INDEX

Grass, Snake 150
Spear 154, 156

Spike 153

Squirrel-tail 167
Star 294, 299

Stink 150

Sweet Vernal 121
Switch 104

Tall Oat 141

Tape 85

Thin 133

Toothache 146

Triple-awned 124
Umbrella 197

Vanilla 122

Velvet 137

White 120

White Bent 132
Whitlow 422

Wild Oat 141

Wire 155

Wood 95

Wood Reed 136
Wool 195

Woolly Beard 92
Wrack 78

Yard 147

Yellow-eyed 262

Gratiola 725

acuminata 724

anagallidea 725
aurea 726

dubia 725

pilosa 726

sphaerocarpa 726
virginiana 726

viscosa 726

Gray Birch 334, 335
Oak 341

Pine 64

Great Buh-ush 192
Burdock 855

Chickweed 382
Indian Plantain

852
Laurel 632

Lobelia 768

Ragweed 828

St. John's-wort

572
Solomon's Seal

292
Water Dock 355
Willow-herb 596

Greater Bladderwort
737

Great-laaved Mag-
noha 409

Great-spurred Violet
584

Greek Valerian 676

Green Alder 336

Amaranth 371

Ash 651

Brier 294, 295

Dragon 257

Foxtail 118

Hellebore 405

Milkweed 666

Violet 579

Grim the Collier 872

Grindelia 786

lanceolata 786

squarrosa 786

Gromwell 685

Common 686

Corn 685

False 687

Ground Cherry 714

Hemlock 62

Ivy 697

Laurel 636

Pine 57

Pink 675

Plum 515

Groundnut 528, 606

Groundsel 852

Common 853

Tree 819

Guelder Rose 759

Gum Succory 864

Tree. Sweet 453

Gum-plant 786

Gutierrezia 786

Euthamiae 787

Sarothrae 787

Gymnadeniopsis cla-

vellata 309

Integra 309

nivea 309

Gymnocladus 504

canadensis 504

dioica 504

Gymnopogon 145

ambiguus 145

brevifoUus 145

racemosus 145

Gypsophila 387

muraus 387

Gyrostachys 313

striata 315

Gyrotheca tinctoria

296

Habenaria 308

Andrewsii 311
blephariglottis 310

blephariglottis X

cristata 310

bracteata 308

Canbyi 310

ciUaris 310

clavellata 309

cristata 310

dilatata 308

fimbriata 311

flava 308

grandiflora 311

Hookeri 309

hyperborea 308

Integra 309

lacera 310
lacera X psychodes
311

leucophaea 310

macrophyllct 310

nivea 308

obtusata 309

orbiculata 390

peramoena 311

psychodes 311

rotundifolia 307

tridentata 309

unalascensis 309

virescens 308

Hackberry 346

Hackmatack 65

Haemodoraceae

296
Hair Grass

128, 132, 137

Hairy Honeysuckle

756

Pipewort 261

Vetch 526

Halberd-leaved Rose

Mallow 670

Tear-thurab 362

Violet 585

Halenia 659

deflexa 659

Halesia 649

Carolina 649

tetraptera 649

Haloragidaceae

602
Hamamelidaceae

452
Hamamelis 453

virginiana. 453

Harbinger-of-Spring
612
Hardhack 456

Harebell 767

Hare's Tail 196

Hare's-ear Mustard

429

Hartmannia speciosa

600

Hart's Tongue 40

Haw, Black 760

Hawkbit 863

Hawk's Beard 869

Hawkweed 872

Orange 872

Hawthorn 460

English 462

Hay-scented Fern 45

Hazelnut 333

Beaked 333

Heal-all 698

Heart's-ease579, 587

Heath Family 625

Heather 637

Hedeoma 705

hispida 705

pulegioides 705

Hedge Bindweed 671

Hyssop 725

Mustard 429

Nettle 701

Hedysarum 518

americanum 518

boreale 518

Helenium 844

autumnale 844

nudiflorum 844

tenuifohum 844

Heleochioa 128

schoenoides 128

Helianthemum 576

canadense 577

corymbosum 577

majus 577

propinquum 577

Helianthium tenel-

lum 84

Helianthus 833

angustifolius 834

annuus 833

atrorubens 834

Dalyi 835

decapetalus 836

divaricatus 835

doronicoides 835

giganteus 835

grosseserratus 835

hirsutus "35

illinoensis 834

Kellermani 835

laetiflorus 834

laevigatus 835

Maximiliani 835

microcephalus 835

mollis 834

occidentalis 834

orgyaUs 833

parvifiorus 835

petiolaris 833

rigidus 834

scaberrimus 834
scrophulariifolius

836

strumosus 836

tomentosus 834

tracheUifoUus 836

tuberosus 836

HeUopsis 829

helianthoides 830

• Uevis 830

scabra 830

Heliotrope 680

Garden 762

Seaside 680

Heliotropium 680

curassavicum 680

europaeum 680

indicum 680

tenellum 6S0

Hellebore 405
American White

285

False 285

Green 405

Helleborus 405

viridis 405

Helonias 282

bullata 283

Hemerocallis 287

fulva 288

Hemicarpha 198

Drummondii 198

INDEX

903

Hemicarpha mi-

crantha 198

occidentalis 198

subsquarrosa 198

Hemlock 66

Ground 62

Parsley 622

Poison 613

Water 614

Hemp 347

Indian 662

Nettle 699
Nettle, Common

699

Nettle, Red 699

Water 373

Hemp-weed, Climb-
ing 784

Henbane 716

Black 716

Henbit 700

Hen-and-chickens

443

Hepatica 400

acuta 401

acutiloba 401

Hepatica 400

triloba 400

Heracleum 621

lanatum 621

Sphondylium 621

Herb Robert 535

Herba Impia 819

Hercules' Club 606

Herd's Grass 129, 132

Herpestis 724

amplexicaulis 724

Monniera 724

nigrescens 724

rotundifolia 724

Hesperis 430

matronalis 430

Heteranthera 266

dubia 267

graminea 267

limosa 266

rcniformis 266

Heterotheca 787

Lamarckii 787

subaxillaria 787

Heuchera 447

americana 447

crinita 447

Curtisii 448

glauca 448

hirsuticaulis 448

hispida 448

lancipetala 447

longiflora 448

macrorhiza 447

parviflora 447

pubescens 448

roseola 448

Rugelii 447

villosa 447

Hexalectris 319

aphylla 319

Hexastylia 352

arifolia 352

Shuttleworthii 352

virginica 352

Hibiscus 569

Crimson-eyed 570

incauus 570

lasiocarpuB 570

militaris 570

Moscheutos 569

oculiroseus 570

syriacus 569

Trionum 570

White 570

Hickory 331

Broom 332

Shag-bark 331

Shell-bark 331

Swamp 332

White-heart 332

Hicoria 331

alba 332

aquatica 332

borealis 332
carolinae-septen-

trionalia 33 1

glabra 332

laciniosa 332

microcarpa 332

minima 332

ovata 331

pallida 332

Pecan 331

villosa 332

Hicorius 331

Hieracium 872

aurantiacum 872

canadense 874

florentinum 873

floribundum 872

Greenii 873

Gronovii 873

longipilum 874

marianum 873

murorum 874

paniculatum 873

Pilosella 872

praealtum 873

pratense 872

Bcabrum 873

umbellatum 874

venosum 873

vulgatum 874

Hierochloe 121

alpina 122

borealis 122

odorata 122

High Blueberry 640

Mallow 568

High-bush Cran-
berry 759

Highwater-shrub 827

Hippuris 605

vulgaris 605

Hoary Alder 337

Pea 614

Plantain 745

T'ervain 689

VviUow 327

Hobble-bush 759

Hog Peanut 629

Hog-weed 828

Holcus 137

lanatus 137

Holly 654

American 654

Dahoon 654

Family 554

Fern 40

Mountain 655

Hollyhock 668

Holosteum 384

umbollatum 384

Holy Grass 121

Homalubus tenellus

517

Homalocenchrua 1 20

Honesty 433

Honewort 615

Honey Locust 504

Honeysuckle 754

American Fly 755

Bush 754

European Fly 755

Family 754

Hairy 756

Japanese 755

Mountain Fly 755

Swamp Fly 755

Tartarian 755

Trumpet 756

White Swamp 631

Yellow 757

Hooked Crowfoot 397

Hop 347

Clover 509

Common 347

Hornbeam 333

Tree 537

Hordeum 167

jubatum 167

nodosum 168

Pammeli 168

pusillum 168

Horehound 696

Black 701

Common 696

Fetid 700

Water 709

Horn Pondweed 78

Poppy 415

Hornbeam 334

American 334

American Hop 334

Hop 333

Horno.1 Rush 199

Horinvort 3S9

Family 389

Horse Balm 711

Brier 295

Gentian 75S

Mint 703. 704. 710

Nettle 713

Sugar 649

Horse-chestnut 559

Cnnuiiou 559

UorseruJiAh 432 |

Honietail 61

Cumiiujf 52

Funiily 51

Horse- w«fd 818, 866

llusuckiu 511

americana 611

I'urahuina 51 1

Hottoniu 644

inflata 644

Houiiil's Tongue 681

Common 681

Hf)useittk 443

HouHtotiia 752

ungiiHtifolia 75.'J

cH<Tiil«-a 752

ciliolata 753

laiHfolata 753

longifolia 753

minima 752

minor 752

patens 752

purpurea 753

serpyliifolia 752

tenuifolia 753

Huckleberry 6.37

Bear 638

Black 638

Blue 638

Box 6.38

Dwarf 6:i8

S<iuaw 639

White 6^i8

Hudsonia 577

ericoidcs 577

tomentosa 577

Humulus 347

japonicus 347

I.upulus 347

Hungarian Cirass 1 19

Huntsman's Cup 440

Hyacinth Bean 529

CIrape JiH)

Wild 2.S9

Hybanthus 579

concolur 579

Hydrangea 450

arborescena 450

cinerea 450

radiiila 4.'>0

Wild 450

Hydrastis 408

canadensis 408

HyDKUCHAHITAC KAK

85

Hydrocotyle 611

americana 611

aaintirn 611

australis 611

Canbyi 611

ranunculoido« 611

umbcllata 61 1

verticillata 61 1

Hy.irol.a 679

affmia 679

ovata 679

quadrivnlvis 679

Hydkopiitllaceak

67^

904

INDEX

Hydrophyllum 676
appendKfclatum

677
canadense 677

macrophylium 677
patens 677

virginianum 677

Hymenocallis 298
occidentalis 298

Hymenopappus 843
carolinensis 843
corymbosus 843
scabiosaeus 843

Hymenofhyllaceae
33

Hyoscyamus 716
niger 716

Hypericaceae 571

Hypericum 571

adpressum 573
angulosurn, 574
Ascyron 572

Bissellii 574

boreale 574

canadense 674, 575
cistifolium 574
corymhosum 573
densiflorum 573
dolabriforme 574
Drummondii 575
elliptirum 574

galioides 573

gentianoides 575
graveolens 573
gymnanthum 575
Kalmianum 573
maculatum 573
majuB 575

mutilum 574

nudicaule 575

perforatum 573
petiolatum 575
prolificum 573

pseudomaculatum
573
punctatum 573
sphaerocarpum 574
virgatum 574

virginicum 575

Hypochaeris 863

glabra 863

radicata 863

Hypopitys americana

630

Hypopitys 630

lanuginosa 630

Hypoxia 299

erecta 299

hirsuta 299

Hyssop 706

Giant 696

Hedge 725

Water 724

Hyssopus 706

officinialiE 706

Hystrix 170

Hystnx 171

patula 171

Ilex 554

Beadlei 555

hronxensis 555

Cassine 554

Dahoon 554

decidua 554

glabra, 555

laevigata 555

lucida 555

mollis 555

monticola 554

myrtifolia 554

opaca 554

verticillata 555
vomitoria 554

Ilicioides mucronata

555

Illecebraceae 376

Ilysanthes 725

anagallidea 725

attenitata 725

dabia 725

riparia 725

Immortelle 374

Impatiens 560

aurea 560

biflora 560

fulva 560

noli-tangere 560

pallida 560

Imperatoria 621

Ostruthium 621

Indian Bean 741

Chickweed 377

Cucumber-root

293
Currant 757

Fig 589

Grass 95

Hemp 662

Mallow 566

Physic 457

Pink 653

Pipe 629

Plantain 852

Poke 285

Rice 119, 120

Strawberry 480
Tobacco 769

Turnip 257

India-wheat 363

Indigo, Blue False

506

False 505, 512

Wild 506

Inkberry 555

Innocence 752

Inula 824

Helenium 824

lodanthus 433

pinnatifidus 433

lonactis linanifolia

815
lonidium 579

loxylon pomiferum

347
Ipecac, American

457

Tpomoea 670

coccinea 670

hederacea 670

lacvmosa 670

pandurata 670

purpurea 670

Quamoclit 670

Iresine 373

celosioides 374

paniculata 374

Iridaceae 299

Iris 299

caroliniana 300

cristata 301

Dwarf 300

Dwarf Crested 301

Family 299

foliosa 300

fulva 300

germanica 300

hexagona 300

Hookeri 300

lacustris 301

Lake Dwarf 301

ochroleuca 300

orientahs 300

prismatica 300

pseudacorus 300

setosa 300

verna 300

versicolor 299

Yellow 300

Iron Oak 339

Iron weed 780

Iron wood 333, 334

Isanthus 693

brachiatus 693

caeruleus 693

Isnardia palitstris

595

Isoetaceae 58

Isoetes 58

Boottii 60

Butleri 61

canadensis 61

Dodgei 61

Eatoni 60

echinospora 60

Engelmanni 61

foveolata 60

Gravesii 61

Harveyi 59

heterospora 59

hieroglyphica 59

macrospora 59

melanopoda 61

riparia 60, 61

saccharata 60

Tuckermani 59

Isopyrum 404

biternatum 404

Isotrta affinis 312

verticillata 312

Italian Clover 509

Rye Grass 165

Woodbine 756

Itea 450

virginica 450

Iva 827

ciliata 827

^utescens 827

imbricata 827

oraria 827

xanthifolia 827

Ivy, Coliseum 720
Ground 697

Kenilworth 720
Poison 552

Ivy-leaved Speedwel'
728

Jack-in-the-Pulpit

257
Jagged Chickweed

384
Jamestown Weed

717

Japanese Barnyard

Millet 117

Honeysuckle 755

Jasione 768

montana V68

Jatropha 541

stimulosa 541

Jeffersonia 412

binata 412

diphylla 412

Jersey Pme 64

Jerusalem Artichoke

836

Oak 366

Sage 699

Jessamine, False 653

Yellow 653

Jewelweed 560

Jimson Weed 717

Joe Pye Weed 782

Johnson Grass 95

Jomted Charlock 427

Judas Tree 505

Juglandaceae 330

Juglans 330

cinerea 331

cordijormis 332

nigra 331

Juncaceae 267

Juncaginaceae 79

Juncodes 278

Juncoxdes 278

bulbosa 279

pilosurn 279

Juncus 267

acuminatus

276, 271
alpinus 277

aristulatus 278
articulatus 277
asper 273

balticus 272

brachycarpus 276
brachycephalus

274
brevicaudatus 274
bufonius 270

bulbosus 275

caesarzenszs 274

IJ^DEX

yoh

Juncus canadensis

274
conglomeratus 273
dehilis 276

dichotomus 271
diffusissimus 276
Dudley! 271

effusus 273

fiiifonnis 273

Gerardi 270

Greenei 272

gymnocarpus 273
interior 271

Lecrsii 273

marginatus 278
maritimus 273

megacephalus 276
militaris 275

monostichus 271
nodosus 275, 276
oronensis 272

pelocarpus

274, S7S
polycephalus 275
ivpens 278

Richardsonianus

277

robustus 277

Roemerianus 273

scirpoides 275, 276

secundus 271

setaceus 272

Smithii 273

stygius 277

subtilis 275

tenuis 270, 271

Torreyi 276

trifidus 270

Vaseyi 272

June Grass 156

Juneberry 459

Jungle Rice 118

Juniper 67

Common 67

Juniperus 67

communis 67

horizontalis 67

nana 67

Sabina 67

virginiana 67

JuBsiaea 594

decurrens 594

diffusa 594

repens 594

Kallstroemia 536

maxima 536

Kalmia 633

angustifolia 633

Carolina 633

glauca 633

hirsuta 633

latifolia 633

polifolia 633

Kalm's St. John's-

wort 573

Kenilworth Ivy 720

Kentucky Blue Grass

150

Coffee-tree 504

Kidney Bean 528

King Devil 872, 873
Nut 332

Kinnikinnik 624

Knapweed 861

Knautia 764

arvensis 764

Knawel 376

Kneiffia 599

Alleni 600

fruticosa 600

glauca 600

linearis 600

linifolia 600

longipedicellata 600
pratensis 600

pumila 600

Knotweed 357

Knotwort Family

376

Kobresia 203

elachycarpa 203

Kochia 365

Scoparia 365

Koeleria 139

cristata 139

Koellia 707

albescens 708

aristata 707

clinopodioides 707
flexuosa 707

hyssopifolia 707
incana 708

mutica 708

montana 708

pilosa 708

pycnanthemoides

707
verticillata 708

virginiana 708

Koniga maritima 424

Korycarpits diandrus
153

Kosteletzkya 569
virginica 569

Kraunhia 515

frutescens 515

macrostachys 515

Krigia 862

amplexicaulis 863
Dandelion 863

occidentalis 862
virginica 862

Kuhnia 785

eupatorioides 78.5
glutinosa 785

Kuhniastera Candida

513

foliosa 5 1 3

villosa 5 1 3

Kuhnistera 613

multiflora 513

vii>lacea 613

Kyllinga 179

pumila 179

Labiaiae 690

Lalirador Tea 030

L<u-ituiriti 7s.')

gramini/ului 786

scarioaa 786

Smallii 786

spicnta 786

sqiuirruaa 78.")

Laciniaria 78.'j

cylindracea 7H')

elegans l^fj

graminifolia 786

punctata 785

pyrnostachya 786

srarioaa 786

8 pica In 786

sqwirrosa 785

Laonanthcs 296

tinctoria 296

Lachiiocaulon 261

anceps 262

Lactuta 866

acumin/ita 868

cam post r is 867

canadensis 866

floridana 868

hirsuta 867

integrifolia

866, 867

leucophoea 86S

ludoviciana 867

Morssii 867

pulchella 867

sagittifolia 867

saligna 866

sativa 866

scariola 866

spicata 868

Steelei 867

villosa 868

virosa 866

Ladies' Tobacco 820

Tresses 313

Lady Fern 40

Lady's Mantle 493

Lady's Slipper 306

Large Yellow 307

Ram's Head 306

Showy 307

Small White 307

Smaller Yellow 306

St em less 307

Ladv's Sorrel 534

Thistle 8.09

Thumb 361

Lagenaria vulgaris

76.')

Lake Cress 432

Dwarf Iris 301

I^mb Succory 862

I^mbkill 6:?3

Lamb's lettuce 762

(^ifirtors 367

Lamiuin 70<)

album 700

amplexicaule 7(H)

maculHtum 700

purpureum 700

lAimptnrui 861

Ijuice-lfuvcd Violet
684

Lapland Hoao Hay

632

Lap«)rtea 348

c'lmadenBis 349

Lap|)ul:i 681

d.flixa 681

ecliifiatu 682

fl<jri)>unda 682

Hedowskii 682

texana 6S2

virginiana 6KI

Lapsana 861

coiiimunis 801

Larch 64

Anicrican 65

Black 65

Large Cane 171

Cranberry 6-11

Yellow Lady's
Slipper :i07

Larger Blue Flag

299

I^rge-toothed Aspen
328

I>arix 64

americana 65

decidua 65

europaea 65

laricina 6-5

Larkspur 40.5

Dwarf 406

Field 406

Tall 406

Late Low Blueberry
640

Lathyrus 527

latifoliufl 527

marititnus 527

myrtifiiliits 527

ochroleucus 527
palustrifl 527

pratensis 627

tuberosus 527

venosus 627

Lai-raceae, 413

Laurel 6.3.3

Family 413

Ground 6:<6

Great 6.32

Magnolia 409

Moimtain 6.33

Oak 344

Pale 6:i3

Sheep 6.^3

I>aurr8tin»i8 758

lAiraxtxia triloba 601

Ijivender, Sea 643

I>ead riant 612

Ix'adwort Family

643

Ix«afrup 82-<

Ix^nthor Flower 403
l^af 6;io

LeAtherwood

653.680

d06

INDEX

Leavenworth' a 433

Michauxii 434

torulosa 434

uniflora 434

Lechea 577

intermedia 578

juniperina 578

Leggettii 579
major 577, 578

maritima 578

minor 578

moniliformis 579

racemulosa 579

stricta 578

tenuifolia 578

thymifolia 578

villosa 578

Ledum 630
groenlandicum 630

la ti folium 630

palustre 630

Leek, Wild 287

Leersia 120

lenticularis 120

oryzoides 120

virginica 120

Legouzia 766

hiflora 766

leptocarpa 766

perfoliata 766

Leguminosae 499

Leitneria 330

floridana 330

Leitneriaceae 330

Leiophyllum 632

buxifolium 632

Lemna 259

cyclostasa 259
minor ^59, 260

perpusilla 259

trisulca 259

valdiviana 259

Lemnaceae 259

Lemon Mint 704

Lentibulariaceae
736

Leontodon 863

autumnalis 863

hastilis 863

hirtus 864

hispidus 863

nudicaulis 864

Leonurus 700

Cardiaca 700
Marrubiastrum

700

sibiricus 700

Lepacliyu 832

columnaris 833

pinnata 832

Lepargyrea 590

argentea 590

canadensis 590

Lepidium 425

apetalum 425

campestre 426

Draba 426

intermedium 425

ruderale 425

sativum 425

virginicum 425

Lepigonum, 378

Leptam,nium, 739

Leptandra virginica
727

Leptilon canadense

818

divaricatum 818

Leptocaulis 613

echinata 613

patens 613

Leptochloa 147

attenuata 147

fascicularis 148

filiformis 147

m,ucronata 147

Leptoloma 96

cognatum 96

Lepturus 165

filiformis 165

Lespedeza 522

acuticarpa 524

angustifolia 524

Bicknellii 524

Brittonii 523

capitata 524

frutescens 524

hirta 524

leptostachya 525

Manniana 524

Nuttallii 523

polystachya 524

prairea 523

procumbens 523

repens 523

reticulata 524

simulata 524

striata 525

Stuvei 524

velutina 524

violacea 523

virginica 524

Lesquerella 424

argentea 424

globosa 424

gracilis 424

ludoviciana 424

Lesser Celandine 394

Lettuce 866

Blue 867

Lamb's 762

Prickly 866

Saxifrage 446

White 871

Wild 866

Leucophysalis grandi-

flora 714

Leucothoe 634

axillaris 634

Catesbaei 634

racemosa 634

recurva 634

Leverwood 334

Levisticum 620

Levisticum 621

officinale 621

I Liatris 785

cylindracea 785
elegans 785

graminifolia 786
punctata 785

pycnostachya 786
scariosa 786

spicata 786

squarrosa 785

Ligusticum 618

actaeifolium, 618
canadense 618

scothicum 618

Ligustrum 652

vulgare 652

Lilac 652

Common 652

Lilaeopsis 617

lineata 617

Liliaceae 279

Lilium 288

canadense 288

carolinianum 288
Catesbaei 288

Grayi 288

lanceolatum, 288
philadelphicum

288
superbum 288

tigrinum 288

umbellatum 288

Lily 288

Atamasco 298

Blackberry 301
Common Day 288
Cow 390

Day 287

Family 279

of the Valley 293
Southern Red 288
Sweet-scented

Water 391

Tiger 288

Turk's-cap 288
Water 391

Wild Orange-red

288
Wild Yellow 288
V/ood 288

Yellow Pond 390

Lime-tree 565

Limnanthaceae 551

Limnanthem,um 660
aguaticum 661

lacunosum, 661

nym,phoides 66 1
trachyspermum, 661

Limnobium 86

Spongia 86

Lim,norchis dilatata

308
hyperborea 308

Limodorum 312

Limonium 643

caiolinianum 643

Limosella 725

aquatica 725

tenuifolia 725

LiNACEAE 531

Linaria 719

canadensis 720

Cymbalaria 720

Elaine 720

minor 720

spuria 720

supina 719

vulgaris 719

Linden 565

Family 565

Lindera Benzoin 414

melissaefolia 414

Ling 637

Linnaea 757

borealis 757

Linum 531

catharticum 532

floridanum 532

h'omile 531

Lewisii 531

medium 532

rigidum 531

striatum 532

sulcatum 532

usitatissimum 531

virginianum 532

Lion's-foot 871

Liparis 318

liliifolia 318

Loeselii 318

Lipocarpha 198

maculata 198

Lippia 689

cuneifolia 690

lanceolata 689

nodiflora 690

Liquidambar 453

Styraciflua 453

Liquorice 518

Wild 518, 749

Liriodendron 409

Tulipifera 409

Listera 316

auriculata 316

australis 316

convallarioides 316

cordata 316

Smallii 316

Lithospermum 685

angustifolium 686

arvense 685

canescens 686

Gmelini 686

hirtnm 686

latifolium 686

linearifolium 686

officinale 686

Litsea 414

geniculata 414

Littorella 744

lacustris 744

uniflora 744

Live Oak 341

Live-for-ever 443

Liverleaf 400

Lizard's Tail 329

Loasa Family 588

LNDEX

907

fjOASACEAE 688

Lobelia 768

amoena 769

Canbyi 769

cardinalis 768

Dortmanna 770

Family 768

glandulosa 769

Great 768

infiata 769

Kalmii 769

leptostachys 769

Nuttallii 769

paludosa 770

puberula 769

siphilitica 768

spicata 769

Water 770

LOBELIACEAE 768

Loblolly Bay 571

Pine 63

Lobularia 424

maritima 424

Locust 514

Bristly 514

Clammy 514

Common 514

Honey 504

Water 504

Logania Family 652

LOGANIACEAE 652

Loiseleuria 632

procumbens 633

Lolium 165

festucaceum 165

multiflorum 165

perenne 165

temulentum 165

Lomatium 619

daucifolium 620

orientale 620

Lombardy Poplar

329

Long Moss 265

Long-leaved Pine 64

Long-spurred Violet
587

Long-stalked Cranes-
bill 536

Lonicera 754

caerulea 755

canadensis 755

Caprifolium 756

ciliata 755

dioica 756

flava 757

glauca 757

glaucescens 756

grata 756

hirsuta 756

involucrata 755

japonica 755

Morrowi 755

oblongifolia ■ 755

sempervirens 756

Sullivantii 756

tatarica 755

Xylosteum 755

Loosestrife 592, 645

False 504

Family 591

Spiked 592

Swamp 592

Tufted 646

Lophanthus 696

anisatus 697

nepetoides 696

scrophulariaefulius

697

Lophiocarpvjt 83

Lophiola 296

americana 297

aurea 297

Lophotocarpus 83

calycinus 84

depauperaiua 83

spatulalus 83

spongiosus 83

Lopseed 743

Family 743

LORAXTHACEAE 351

Lotus 392,511

americanus 511
corniculatus 511

Lousewort 734

Common 734

Lovage 618, 620

Scotch 618

Love-in-a-Mist 405

Love Vine 671

Low Birch 336

Black Blueberry

639
Cudweed 823

Hop Clover 509
Spear Grass 155
Sweet Blueberry

639

Lucerne 510

Lucretia Dewberry

492

Ludvigia 594

alata 595

alternifoHa 595
arcuata 595

cylindrica 595

glandulosa 595
hirtella 595

linearis 595

palustris 595

polyoarpa 595

sphaerocarpa 595

LudwigianOia arcwiUi
595

Lunaria 433

annua 433

rctliviva 43.3

Lungwort 6S5

Golden 874

Sea 685

Lupine 508

Wild 508

Lupinus 50S

pcrennis 50S

Luzula 27S

arcuata 279

canippstris 270

coiifusa 279

hy/niborea 279

nemorosa 279

parviflora 279

sultuensis 279

apadicea 279

spicata 279

vcrnnlis 279

Lychnis 384

alba 384

chalcedonica 384

core naria 384

di(jica 384

diurnu 384

Drumrnondii 385

Flos-cuculi 384

Githaao 384

Scarlet 384

vesperlina 384

Lycium 716

halii'iifolium 716

vuliidre 716

Lycopersicon escu-

lentum 712

Ly( OPODIACEAB 54

Lycopodium 54
adpressum 55, 56

alopccuroides 55

annotinum 56

carolinianum 56
Chamaecyparisaus
bl

clavatum 56

complanatum 57

dcndroideum 56

inundatum 56

lucidulum 55

obscurum 56

pvrxplnluvi 55

sabinaefoUum 56

S« l;igo 55

sitchcnse 66

tristachyum 57

Lycopsis 683

arvcnsis 683

Lycopus 709

americanus 710

aaper 709

communis 709

europaeua 710

lucidus 7(H)

mcml)nmaceu9 709

nilxihis 7(K>

BcwsiiifoliuH 7(K»

ainmtlua 71*'

uniflorus 709

virgiiiicua 709

Lygodismia 868

junrcH 86s

n "Strata 868

LyK.ulium 46

palniatum 46

Lyme Grnss IbS

Lyoniu 635

liKUHtrina 635

niarianu 63."i

uitidu 636

LynvloavwJ Snu*-
LyHUta Jioukeruin

crhiruiiita
l.ynulUi »>blu4ata
L.Nsirnurhia

Ji/liomi

Nuiiiniuloha

prcidurtii

puiirtatu

<jua(lrif«)lia

atrirtii

tf-rrcHf ris

tlijrsiflDra

vul^ariH
Lytiiha( KAIl
Lylhrum

alutum

Hy8»<Ji>if(jlia

linear*'

Salicaria

virgatum

Vulncraria

702
a

3(i9
310
:»(H»
645
645
645
645
645
645
645
645
646
645
591
692
692
692
692
692
693
692

Macartny Hose 496

Madura 347

auruutinca 347

pomifera 347

Macrocalyx 677

Madder Family 746

Field 747

Mad-dog Skullcap

694

Madwort 682

Magnolia 4().S

acuminata 409

P'amiiy 408

Fra.seri 409

gin uca 409

Great -loave<l 4()9

Laurel 4()9

niacrophylla 409

Small 400

tripctala Am

Umbrella 409

virginiana 400

Ma(;noi.ia< kae 408

Maiaiitht-tnuni 291

caiiadcMsc 291

Maiden Pink 387

Maidenhair 36

Mairania alpina 637

Mala/H't'tina grnic-

uUitn 414

^falnxiN 317

paludosa 317

Mule IW-rry 6;i5

Mallow 668

Common 6(W

Curloil 66S

False 567

Family 566

(.lade 660

Halboni-lcavfHl

i{ose 670

Ilich 6<VH

luilinn 666

Marsh 667

908

INDEX

Mallow, Musk 568

Poppy 568

Red False 567

Rose 569

Swamp Rose 569

Yellow False 567

Malus 458

angustifolia 458

baccata 458

coronaria 458

ioensis 458

Malm 458

Malva 568

Alcea 568

crispa 568

moschata 568

rotundifolia 568

sylvestris 568

verticillata 568

Malvaceae 566

Malvastrum 567

angustum 567

coccineum 567

Mamillaria 588

missouriensis 588

vivipara 588

Mandrake 411

Manisuris cylindrica

92

rugosa 92

TManna Grass 158

Man-of-the-Earth

670
Maple 557
Black Sugar 558
Family 657
Mountain 558
Red 558
Rock 658
Silver 658
Striped 658
Sugar 658
Swamp 658
White 658
Maple-leaved Goose-
foot 367
Marantaceae 304
Mare's-tail 605
Marguerite 847
Mariana mariana

859

Marigold, Corn 847

Fetid 845

Marsh 404

Water 842

Marjoram, Wild 706

Marram 136

Marrubium 696

vulgare 696

Marsh Bellflower 767

Cress 432

Elder 827

Felwort 658

Five-finger 483

Fleabane 819

Grass 142

Mallow 567

Marigold 404

Pine 64

Rosemary 643

St. John's-wort 575

Speedwell 727

Marshallia 842

grandiflora 842

latifolia 842

obovata 842

trinervia 842

Marsilea 49

quadrifolia 50

vestita 50

Marsileaceae 49

Martynia 741

Family 741

louisiana 742

■prohoscidea 742

Martyniaceae 741

Maruta Cotula 846

Marvel of Peru 375

Masterwort 621

Matriearia 846

Chamomilla 847

discoidea 847

inodora 846

matricarioides 847

suaveolens 847

Matrimony Vine 716

Common 716

Matteuccia Struthi-

opteris 45

May Apple 411

Mayaca 263

Aubleti 263

Family 263

Michauxii 263

Mayacaceae 263

Mayflower 636

Maypops 687

May-weed 846

Mazzard 499

Meadow Beauty 593

Fescue 162

Foxtail Grass 129

Grass 154

Parsnip 619

Rue 399

Rue, Early 400

Rue, Tall 400

Meadow-sweet 456

Medeola 293

virginiana 293

Medicago 610

arabica 510

denticulata 510

falcata 510

hispida 610

lupulina 610

maculata 610

sativa 610

Medick 610

Black 610

Spotted 610

Meehania 697

cordata 697

Megapterium mis-

souriense 601

Meibomia 519

arenicola 522

hracteosa 520

canadensis 522

canescens 520

Dillenii 521

glabella 520

grandiflora 519

illinoensis 621

laevigata 621

longifolia 620

marilandica 522

Michauxii 619

nudi flora 619

obtusa 522

ochroleVfCa 519

paniculata 52 1

pauciflora 519

rhombifolia 521

rigida 522

sessilifolia 622

stricta 621

viridi flora 621

Melampyrum 732

americanum 733

latifolium 733

lineare 733

Melanthium 284

latifolium 285

parviflorum 285

racemosum 285

virginicum 285

Melastoma Family
593

Melastomacea e

593

Melic Grass 151

Melica 151

diffusa 152

mutica 152

nitens 152

parviflora 152

Porteri 152

Smithii 152

striata 152

MeUlot 510

White 510

Yellow 610

Melilotus 610

alba 610

altissima 510

indica 510

officinalis 510

Melissa 705

officinalis 705

Melothria 765

pendula 765

Menispermaceae

410

Menispermum 41 1

canadense 411

Mentha 710

alopecuroides 710

aquatica 710

arvensis 711

canadensis 711

Cardiaca 7^ 1

citrata 711

crispa 710

gentilis 711

longifolia 710

piperita 710

Pulegium 705

rotundifoUa 710
sativa 711

spicata 710

sylvestris 710

viridis 710

MentzeUa 588

decapetala 588
oligosperma 588

Menyanthes 660

trifoUata 660

Menziesia 632

glabella 632

globularis 632

pilosa 632

Mercurialis 543

annua 543

Mercury 543

Three-seeded 543

Meriolix intermedia
601
serrulata 601

Mermaid-weed 605

Mertensia 685

maritima 685

paniculata 685
virginica 685

Mesadenia atriplici-

folia 852

reniformis 852

tuberosa 852

Mespilus apiifolia
470
canadensis 460
cordata 477

fiabellata 470, 471
Phaenopyrum 477

Mesquite Grass 145

Mexican Poppy 416
Tea 366

Mezereum 590

Family 589

Micrampelis 765

Micranthemum 725
micranthemoides

725
Nuttallii 725

MicrostyHs 318

monophyllos 318
ophioglossoides 318
unifoUa 318

MignoDfitte 439

Family 439

Mikania 784

scandens 784

Mild Water Pepper
362

Milfoil 845

Water 603

Milium 122

A mphicarpon 97
etfusum 122

racemosum 12*"

Milk Pea 530

Purslane 547

INDEX

90U

Milk Thistle 859

Vetch 515

Milkweed 663

Common 665

Family 663

Green 666

Poke 665

Purplo 664

Swamp 664

Milkwort 53S

Family 538

Sea 647

Millegrana 532

Radiola 532

Millet 119

European 104

German 119

Golden- Wonder

119
Grass 122

Japanese Barn-
yard 117

Mimosa angustis-
sima 503

illinoensis 503

Mimulus 723

alatus 723

glabratus 723

guttatus 724

Jamesii 724

Langsdorfii 724
moschatus 724
ringens 723

Mint 710

Cat 697

Family 690

Geranium 847

Horse

703, 704, 710
Lemon 704

Mountain 707

Water 710

Wood 705

Mirahilis Jalapa 375

Missouri Currant 452
Gooseberry 451
Gourd 765

Mist-flower 784

Mistletoe, American

351

Dwarf 351

False 351

Family 351

Mitchella 751

repens 751

Mitella 448

diphylla 448

nuda 448

prostrata 448

Miterwort 448, 653
False 447

Mithridate Mustard
424

Mitreola 653

petiolata 653

Moccasin Flower 306

Mock Bishop's-wred
613

Orange 449

Pennyroyal 705

Mocker Nut 332

Modiola 567

caroliniana 567

multifida 567

Moehringia lateri-
flora 380
macrophylla 380

Mohrodendron 649

carolinum 649

Mole Plant 54!)

Mollugo ?77

verticillata ;i;7

Monarda 703

Bradburiana 704

citriodora 704

clinopodia 704

didyma 703

fistulosa 704

media 704

mollis 704

punctata 704

scahra 704

Moneses 628

grandiflora 628

uniflora 628

Moneywort 645

Moniera 724

Monkey Flower 723

Monkshood 406

Wild 407

Monniera 724

acuminata 724

caroliniana 724

Monniera 724

rotundifolia 724

Monolepis 368

Nuttalliana 368

Monotropa 629

Hypopitys 630

uniflora 629

Monotropsis 630

odorata 630

Montia 388

Chamissoi 388

fontana 388

perfoliata 388

Moonseed 411

Family 410

Moonw^ort 47, 433

Moose wood

558, 589, 759

Morello Cherry 499

Morning Glory 670

Common 670

Morongia 503

angustata 504

uncinata 504

Morus 347

alba 348

rubra 348

Moschatel 761

Moss, Black 20",

Campion SSJi
Cntnnion Long 26")

L..ng 2G5

Pink '375

Mossy Stonecrop 443

M()s.sy-fup Oak 340

Moth Mullein 719

Motherwort 700

Common 7(X)

Mountain Alder 336

Ash 459

Ash, American 459

A.sh, European 459

Cranljerry 64 1

Cudweed 823

Fly Honeysuckle

755
Holly 555

Laurel 633

Maple 558

Mint 707

Rice 122

Rose Bay 632
St.John's-wort573
Sandwort 381

Saxifrage 447

Sorrel 354

Water Cress 435
Mouse Tail 398

Mouse-ear 872

duckweed 383
Chickweed, Com-
mon 383
Chickweed, Field,
Cress 430
Moxie Plum 637
Mud Plantain 266
Mudwort 725
Mugwort, Common
849
Western 849
Muhlenbcrgia 126
ambiyua 127
capillaris 128
diffusa 127
foliosa 127
glomerata 127
mexicana 127
palustria 128
polystachya 127
racemosa 127
Schrebcri 127
sobolifera 126
sylvatica 127
tenuiflora 127
Willdenowii 127
Mulberry 317
French » 0
Paper 347
Ret! 34S
White 348
Mullein 719
Common 719
Foxglove 729
Moth 719
Pink 3.S4
White 719
Muscadine Grape 565
Muscari 290
butryoidos 2!K)
HK-cmosiim 21K)
Musk Flower 724

Mallow 568

ThifttU- K56

Mu.skiMi'lun 765

Mu.H<|uu»h Hoot 614

Mu.stard 427

Ball 427

Black 428

Curled 42f-

Family 418

(larlic 42U

Ilaro's-ear 4'JM

IUuIkp 429

Mitliri<latc 424

Tower 437

'IVeacle 430

Tumble 420

White 428

Worm-seed 431

Myosotis 6.H3

arvensis 684

cullina 6K4

laxa 6.S4

macrosperma 684

micrantha 6S4

pnlustns 6X4

scorpioidea 6«3

verna 6.S4

versicolor 6.S4

virginica 684

Myosurus 398

minimus 398

Myrica 329

a.'^plenifolia 330

carolincnsis .'i30
cerifera 329. 330

Gale 3M

Mykicackak 329

Myriophyllum 6()3

alterniHorutn 603
amlnguum(MA, <><)5

Farweliii 6<>4
heteropliylluni 6()4

hippuroidfs 604

humilc 6(>4

pinnatum 604

scabratum 604

spicatum 6<)3

tencllum 6<>5

verticillatum 6<>4

Myrtle 662

Sand 632

Wax 329

Nabalus

870

aU)U»

87 1

alhxnmua

872

asprr

870

crrpuiinrus

870

nanus

871

rarrmotus

870

terpen Uiriti*

871

tri/oholatu*

871

viroatuM

870

Naia.l

79

NAJAOArKAE

09

Najjis

79

n<<xiliM

79

gracUUma

79

910

INDEX

Najas guadalupensis

79

indica 79

marina 79

microdon 79

Nama 679

Nannyberry 760

Napaea 569

dioica 669

Narcissus 298

poeticus 298

Poet's 298

Pseudo-Narcissus

298

Narthecium 282

americanum 282

Nasturtium 431

lacustre 432

ohtusum 432

officinale 431

palustre 432

sessiliflorum 432
sinuatum 432

sphaerocarpum 432
sylvestre 431

Necklace Poplar 329

Neckweed 728

Negundo 558

aceroides 559

Nelumbium luteum

392

Nelumbo 392

lutea 392

nucifera 392

Yellow 392

Nemastylis 301

acuta 301

geminiflora 301

Nemopanthes fascicu-
larts 555

Nemopanthus 555
mucronata 555

Nemophila 677

microcalyx 677

Neottia Ittcida 314

Nepeta 697

Cataria 697

Glechoma 697

hederacea 697

Nephrodium 41

Boottii 42

cnstatum 42

fragrans 42

Gotdianum 42

marginale 42

spmulosum 43
Thelypieris 41

Neslia 427

paniculata 427

Nestronia 350

umbellula 351

Nettle 348

Common Hemp

699
Dead 700

False 349

Family 344

Hedge 701

713

Hemp
Horse
Red Hemp 699
Spurge 541
Stinging 348
White Hor^e 713
Wood 348
Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower 767
Nettle-tree 346
New Jersey Tea 562
Nicandra 716
Physalodes 716
Nicotiana 717
longifloia 717
rustica 717
Tabacum 717
Nigella 405
damascena 405
Nigger-head 831
Night-flowering

Catchfly 385

Nightshade 712

Common 713

Enchanter's 602

Family 712

Nimble WiU 127

Nine-bark 456

Nipple-wort 861

Nondo 618

Nonesuch 510

North American

Papaw 410

Northern Bedstraw

749

Fox Grape 564

Prickly Ash 537

Scrub Pine 64

Norway Spruce 65

Nothocalais cuspi-

data 869

Notholaena 35

dealbata 35

nivea 35

Nothoscordum 287

bivalve 287

striatum 287

Nuphar 390

advena 391

Kalmianum 391

sagittifolium, 391

Nut Rush 202

Nyctaginaceae 375

Nymphaea 390,35/

advena 390

hybrida 391

Kalmiana 391

microphylla 391

minima 39 1

odorata 39 1

reniformis 391

rubrodisca 391

sagittifolia 391

tuber osa 391

vanegata 391

Nymphaeaceae 389

Nymphoides 660

8quaticum 661

lacunosum 660

peltatum 661

Nyssa 625

aquatica 625

biflora 625

muUiflora 625

sylvatica 625

uniJaora 625

Oak 338

Barrei> 344

Basket 340

Bear 343

Black 342, 343
Black Jack 344
BJack Scrub 343
Bur 340

Chestnut 341

Cow 340

Fern 35

Gray 341

Iron 339

Jerusalem 366

Laurel 344

Live 341

Mossy-cup 340
Over-cup 339, 340
Pin 342

Poison 552, 553
Post 339

Red 341, 342

Scarlet 342

Shingle 344

Spanish 343

Swamp Post 339
Swamp Spanish

342
Swamp White 340
Water 343

White 339

Willow 344

Yellow 341, 342
Yellow-barked 343

Oakesia 286

puberula 286

sessilifolia 286

Oak-leaved Goose-
foot 367

Oat 140

Animated 141

Grass 141

Sea 153

Oats, Water 120

Obolaria 660

caroliniana 724
virginica 660

Odontites 734

Odontites 734

rubra 734

Oenothera 598

albicaulis 599

argillicola 598

biennis 598, 599
cruciata 598

fruticosa 600

glauca 600

grandiflora 599
humifusa 599

laciniata 599

linearis 600

linifolia 600
longipedicellata

600
missounensis 601
muricata 598
Oakesiana 598
palhda 599
pratensis 600
pumila 600
rhombipetala 599
serrulata 601
sinuata 599
ppeciosa 600
trik)ba 601
Ohio Buckeye 559
Oil-nut 350
Old Fieid Birch 335
Field Pine 63
Man's Beard 652
Witch Grass 103
Woman 849
Oldenlandia 753
glomerata 753
uniflora 753
Oleaceae 650
Oleaster Family 590
Olive Family 650
Onagra 598
argillicola 598
biennis 599
cruciata 598
grandiflora 599
Oakesiana 598
strigosa 598
Onagraceae 594
One-flowered Cancer-
root 740
Pyrola 628
One-seeded Bur Cu-
cumber 765
Onion 286
Wild 287
Onoclea 45
sensibilis 45
Struthiopteris 45
Onopordum 859
Acanthium 859
Onosmodium 687
carolinianum 687
hispidissimum 687
moUe 687
occidentale 687
subset osum 687
virginianum 687
Ophioglossaceae 47
Ophioglossum 47
arenwium 47
Engelmanni 47
Grnyi 47
polyphyllum. 47
vulgatum 47
Oplopanax 606
Opossum Wood 649
Opulaster intermedius
456
opulifoliui, 456

INDEX

(♦11

Opuntia

589

cespitosa

589

fragilis

589

humifusa

589

mesacantha

589

missouriensis

589

polyacantha

589

RafinesQuii

589

vulgaris

589

Orach

368

Orange Grass

575

Hawkweed

872

Mock

449

Osage

347

Orange-root

408

Orchard Grass

154

Orchidaceae

304

Orchis

307

Crane Fly

319

Family

304

Fringed

308

Ragged Fringed

310

Rein

308

rotundifolia

307

Showy

307

spectabilis

307

White Fringed 310

Yellow Fringed

310

Origanum

706

vulgare

706

Ornithogalum

289

nutans

290

umbellatum

289

Orobanchaceae 739

Orobanche

740

fasciculata

740

ludoviciana

740

minor

740

purpurea

740

ramosa

740

uniflora

740

Orontium

258

aquaticura

258

Orpine

442

Family

441

Garden

443

Orthocarpus

732

luteus

732

Oryzopsis

122

asperifolia

123

canai. sis

122

juncea

122

melanocarpa

123

pungens

122

racemosa

123

Osage Orange

347

Osier 320, 327

Osmorhiza

612

hrevistylis

612

Claytoni

612

divaricata

613

longistylis

612

obtusa

613

Osmunda

46

cinnamomea

47

Claytoniana

46

regalis 46

spectabilis 46

OsMUNDACKi»R 46

Ostrich Fern 45

Ostrya 333

virginiana 334

virgin ica 334

Oswego Tea 703

Over-cup Oak

339, 340

OXALIDACEAE 532

Oxalis 532

Acetosella 533

Brittonae 533

Bushii 534

corniculata 534

cymosa 534

filipes 533

grandis 533

Priceae 533

repens 534

rufa 534

stricta 533, 534

violacea 533

Ox-eye 829

Daisy 847

Sea 833

Ox-tongue 864

Oxybaphus 375

albidus 375

angustifolius 375

floribundus 375

hirsutus 375

linearis 375

nyctagineus 375

ovatus 375

Oxycoccus erythro-

carpus 641

macrocarpus 641

Oxycoccus 641

palustris 641

Oxydendrum 636

arboreum 636

Oxygraphis Cymba-

laria 394

Oxypolis 621

fiHformi3 622

rigidior 622

Oxyria 354

digyna 354

Oxytropis 517

cainpt'stris 517

Lambert i 517

splendens 518

Oyster-plant 864

Pachistima 556

Canliyi 557

Pachysandra 550

procuinbcns 551

Paepala nlh us flavi-

dus 261

Painted Cup 732

Cup, Scarlet 732

Leaf 548

Trillium 294

Paint-brush, Devil's
872

Pale Corydalis 418
Dock 356

Indian Plantain

8.'32
Laurel 633

Touch-me-not 500

Panax 6()«)

ginseng 606

quinquefolium 600
trifolium 600

Panic Cirass 100

Paniculiiria 158

americnna 159

brdchyphylla 159

Panicum 100

ariculare 106

aculeatum 116

Addisonii 112

agrostoides 104
albo-marginatum

113
amaroides 104

amarum 104

an cops 105

angusfifolium 106
annulum lOS

Ashci 113

atlanticnm 111

anburne 111

autumnale 96

barbulatum

107, lOS
Ricknollii 107

boreale 108

Bosfii 116

Brittoni 113

Bushii 107

capillaro 103

claiidostinum 110
Cluiei 108

cognatum 96

colonum lis

columbianum 112
Commonsianum

112
commutatum

112, 113
conflensum 105
consanguineum

106
crus'idHi 117

Curtisn 103

decuhmitum 116
depaupcrafum 105
dichotomiflorum

104
dichotomum 107
digiUtrioides 103
Eat, mi 109

ensifolium 113

filirulme 110

fill for me 95

filirameum 107

flexile ia3

GnttinRori 103

ffibhum 117

glabrum 90

hacmacarpon 111

hemitomum 103

hixjivlum IIX

hua<hurap 109

itiipliratum 109

lanceuriiim 114
lanuginosum

109. no

latifolium 117

laxifiorum 10(5

Lcil.orjjii 115

Ifucothrix 109

Mn<lli<-imcTi 109
linearc 96

liiicurifolium 100
loneifolium 104
lucidum 107

mamicnrpnn 117
niattamuskeetense
108
meridionale 110
microcarpon

108. lis
miliaceum 104
minimum 103
mintia 103
mutabile 114
Nashianum 114
nemopanthum 107
neuranthum 107
nitidum 109
oligosanthea 114
oricola 110
ovale 111. 112
patulum 114
pauciflorum 115
pourijnlum 109
perlonpum 105
philadelphicum

103

pilosum 110
polyanthca

109, 113
praecocius 1 1 1
proli/erum 104
jisammophilum 112
pubtsrrna 109
pubijulium 117
llavenelii 115
rostriilum KV5
sanguinale 96
scabriusoulum 110
scoparioidea 111
sroparium 115
Scribnrrianum 1 15
srrtititium 90
8pliaerocarpK)n 1 13
pprotum 1C8
Ptipitatiim 105
ptrijcdsuin 100
aubsxmplrx 113
8ubvilli<s«im 110
tennessmido 110
tenue 113
tsuKotonim 112
unciphyUum

100. no. 113
vcrrurosum 103
viUosisaimum 1 1 1

912

INDEX

PanicTim vtlloaumlOQ
virgatum 104

Walteri 118

Werneri 106

Wilcoxianum 115
xalapense 106

xanthophysum 115
xanthospermum

111
yadkinense 107

Pansy 587

Wild 587

Papaver 416

Argemone 416

dubium 416

Rhoeas 416

somniferum 416

Papaveraceae 414

Papaw, Common

410
North American

410

a.Der Birch 335

Mulberry 347

Pappoose Root 412

Parietaria 349

debilis 349

pennsylvanica 349

Parnassia 449

asarifolia 449

caroliniana 449
grandifolia 449
palustris 449

parviflora 449

Paronychia 376

argyrocoma 376
dichotoma 377

Parosela 513

Dalea 513

Parsley 614 |

Common

615

Family

607

Fool's

618

H-mlock

622

Piert

493

Parsnip

620

Cow

621

Meadow-

619

Water

615

Parsonsia peticlata

593

Parthenium 826

auriculatum 827
integrifolium 826
repens 826

Parthenocissus 563
quinquefolia 563
vitacea 563

Partridge Berry 751
Pea 505

Paspalum 97

angustifolium 99
arundinaceum 99
Boscianum 99

Bushii 98

ciliatifolium 98
circulare 99

difforme 99

dilatatum 99

dissectum 98

distichum 99

Elliottii 100

floridanum 99
fluitans 98

laeve 98

laeviglume 99

longipeduncula-

tum 98

membranaceum 98
mucronatum 97
Muhlenbergn 98
plenipilum 99

praelongum 99

prostratum 98

psammophilum 98
pubescens 98

setaceum 98

stramineum 98
Walterianum 98
Paspalus furcatas

100

Pasque Flower 401

Passiflora 587

incarnata 587

lutea 587

Passifloraceae 587

Passion Flower 587

Family 587

Pastinaca 620

sativa 620

Pasture Thistle 858

Patience Dock 355

Paulo wnia 723

imperialis 723

tomentosa 723

Pea, Beach 527

Butterfly 529

Cow 528

Everlasting 527

Hoary 514

Milk 530

Partridge 505

Perennial 527

Peach 499

Peach-leaved Willow

321

Peanut, Hog 529

Pear 457

Prickly 589

Pearlwort 379

Pearly Everlasting

822

Pecan 331

Bitter 332

Pedicularis 734

canadensis 734

Furbishiae 734

lanceolata 734

palustris 734

parviflora 734

Pellaea 37

atropurpurea 37

densa 37

gracilis 37

Pellitory 349

Peltandra 257

undulata 258

virginica 258

Penny Cress 424

Field 424

Pennyroyal 705

American 705

Bastard 694

False 693

Mock 705

Pennywort 660

Water 611

Penthorum 442

sedoides 442

Pentstemon 721

acuminatus 722

albidus 722

calycosus 722

canescens 722

Cobaea 722

Digitalis 722

glaber 722

gracilis 722

grandiflorus 722

hirsutus 722

laevigatus 722

pallidus 722

Pentstemon 722

pvhescens 722

tubiflorus 722

Pepper Family 320

Pepperbush, Sweet

627

Peppergrass 425

Wild 425

Pepperidge 625

Peppermint 710

Pepper-root 434

Pepper-vine 563

Pepperwort 425

Peramium 315

Perennial Pea 527

Ray Grass 165

Perfumed Cherry 498

PeriUa 711

frutescens 711

ocymoides 711

Periwinkle 661

Common 662

Persea 413

Borbonia 413

carolinensis 413

pubescens 413

Persica 499

Persimmon 648

Common 648

Perularia flava 308

Peruvian Bark Tree

746

Petalostemum 513

candidum 513

foliosum 513

multiflorum 513

purpureum 513

villosum 513

violaceum 513

Petasites 850

palmatus 850

sagittatus 850

trigonophyllus 850

vulgaris 850

Petroselinum 614

hortense 615

sativum 615

Petty Spurge 549

Petunia 712

axillaris 712

violacea 712

Peucedanum 620

ntuiicaule 620

villosum 620

Phacelia 678

bipinnatifida 678

Covillei 678

dubia 678

fimbriata 678

Franklinii 678

hirsuta 678

parviflora 678

Purshii 678

Phalaris 121

arundinacea 121

canariensis 121

minor 121

Phaseolus 528

perennis 528

polystachyus 528

Pheasant's Eye 399

Phegopteris 35

calcarea 35

Dryopteris 35
hexagonoptera 35

Phegopteris 35

polypodioides 35

Robertiana 35

Philadelphus 449

coronarius 449

grandiflorus 449

inodorus 449

Philotria ruruidensis
85

Phleum 128

alpinum 129

pratense 129

Phlomis 699

tuberosa 699

Phlox 673

acuminata 674

amoena 674

amplifolia 674

bifida 675

Blue 675

Brittonii 6^5

divaricata 675

glaberrima 674

glandulosa 674

Hentzii 675

maculata 674

ovata 674

paniculata 674

pilosa 674

reptans 674

Stellaria 675

stolonifera 674

subulata 675

Phoradendron 351

fiavescens 351

INDEX

9i:

c'hragmites 148

communis 148

Phragmitea 148

vulgaris 148

Phryma 743

Leptostachya 743

Phrymaceae 743

Phyllanthus 544

caroliniensis 645

Phyllitis Scolopen-

drium 40

Phyllodoce 633

coerulea 633

Physalis 714

aequata 714

Alkekengi 715

angulata 714

barbadensis 715

Francheti 715

grandiflora 714

heterophylla 715

ixocarpa 714

ianceolata 7i5, 716

longifolia 715

missouriensis 715

obscura 715

pendula 714

philadelphica 715

pruinosa 715

pubescens 715

pumila 715

subglabrata 715

virginiana 715

viscosa 715

Physalodes 716

Physalodea 716

Physocarpus 456

opulifolius 456

physostegia 698

denticulata 699

intermedia 699

parviflora 698

virginiana 698, 699

Phytolacca 374

decandra 374

Phytolaccaceae

374

Picea 65

Abies 65

alba 65

australis 65

brcvifolia 65

canadensis 65

excelsa 65

mariana 65

nigra 65

rubens 65

rubra 65

Pickerel-weed 266

FamUy 266

Picradenia 844

Picris 864

echioides 864

hieracioides 864

Pieris floribunda 635

mariana 635

nitida 635

Pigeon Berry 374

Grape 664 \

Grass lis

Pignut 332

Pigwoed 365, 367,371

Winged 365

Pi lea 349

pumila 349

Pimbina 759

Pimpernel 647

Common 647

False 725

Water 644

Pimpinella 616

iiitegerrima 616

Saxifraga 616

Pin Cherry 498

Oak 342

PiNACEAE 62

Pine 63

Drops 630

Family 62

Georgia 64

Gray 64

Jersey 64

Loblolly 63

Long-leaved 64

Marsh 64
Northern Scrub 64

Old Field 63

Pitch 64

Pond 64

Prince's 628

Red 64

Scotch 64

Scrub 64
Table Mountain 64

White 63

Yellow 64
Pineapple Family

265
Pineapple-weed 847
Pine-barren Sand-
wort 381
Pinesap 629. 630
Sweet 63U
Pineweed 675
Pinguicula 738
vulgaris 739
Pink 387
Deptford 387
FamUy 377
Fire 3S6
Ground 675
Indian 653
Maiden 3S7
Moss 675
MuUeia 384
Wild 3SG
Pink-root 653
Pinus 6-^
australis 64
Banksiana 64
divarirnla 64
echinata 64
inops 64
mitis 64
palustria 64
puneens o4

resinoaa

64

rigida

64

wTdtiiia

64

Strobus

63

»ylv«'Htrifl

64

Tueda

03

virginiana

64

Pinwoctl

677

Piiixter Flower

631

Pipe Vino

353

1'iI'1;KA( KAE

320

Pil>tria unalaacenain \

ZW

Pipes

63

Pipownrt

201

Fuinily

260

Hairy

201

Pipsissowa 627,

62S

Pitch Pine

04

Pitcher-plant

440

Family

439

Plane Tree Family 1

454

Planer Tree

340

Planera

340

aiiu.'itira

346

Plantaginaceak

743

Plantago

744

aristata

740

borvdlia

745

cordata

744

decipiens

745

eiongata

740

eriopoda

745

halophila

745

heterophylla

740

lanceolata

745

major

745

maritima

745

media

745

paUiqonica 745, 740

Purshii

745

■pu^illa

740

rhodospcrina

740

Rugelii

745

sparsiflora

745

virginica

740

Plantain

744

Coiniuon

745

English

745

Family

743

Great Indian

852

Hoary

745

Indian

852

Mud

260

Pale Indian

852

Poor Robin'i

873

Rattlesnake

315

Robin's

817

Seaside

745

Water

84

Plantain-leaved

Everlasting 820

Pl.ATAN VCKAK

4^.4

Platan>ia

4:. 4

nreidentalia

4 '.4

Pleiirisv-root

604

Pleiir'tryiM* 668

carinOiiaea ft6tt

rotnta 458

Plurhea 8ie

bi front 810

raiuphormtA 810

fcH-tida 810

prtiuUtta 810

Plum 4'»7

liwich 4HH

Hullare *MS

('twuwia 4l»'.«

ChirkjuQlW 4'.»S

Ground 515

Moxie 6:47

Sand 49H

Wild 400

Wil<l GooM 41IU

Pl.L'MIIAUINACKAr.

643
Plume Poppy 415
IMumeil Thi;<tlc h56
I'lumcleMa Thiatie

856
Pvrumaria manr-

tima 6h6

Poa 164

alpfna 166

aliKxlcs 167

annua 166

autumnaliii 167

brachyphylla 167

brcvifolia 167

cneaia 150

Chapmaiiioiia 156

compri-AHa 166

dcbilis 167

cmincns 155

flara 149, M^

flrxuuta 167

glaura 1''<J

glumuri* l'**!

laxa 150

neinomlis 156

pratensiff 16<

rrfr,:.ii 161

.«4Ti ■ . : .1 Kio

^vl^.-t^- 157

tri flora 150

trivialii* 167

Wolfii 157

PtKlophyUum 411

jK-ltntuin 412

l'i>i..»*Ti MArr-AK 441

p.Hli..Hti-imiin 441

rrratophyl^""' "*■* '

INx-t'i* Nar«r»ua Ji*

Piiitonia 311

nfTmi* 312

divnrJraU 312

ophitvUiwaidM

311
jtrttduJa 311

t riant hopluwm 311
vrrtinllntn 312

F.Mrr Wjj

llrmliick 61J

914

INDEX

Poison Ivy 552

Oak 552, 553

Sumach 552

Poke, Common 374

Milkweed 665

Pokeweed 374

Family 374

Polanisia 438

graveolens 438

trachysperma 438

POLEMONIACEAE 673

Polemonium 676

coeruleum 676

Family 673

reptans 676

Van Bruntiae 676

Polycodium candi-

cans 639

melanocarpum 639

veglectum 639

stamineum 639

Polygala 538

amhigua 540

brevifolia 540

cruciata 539

Curtissii 539

cymosa 540

fastigiata 539

Fringed 538

incarnata 539

lutea 540

mariana 539

Nuttallii 539

pauciflora 538

polygama 539

ramosa 540

sanguinea 539

Senega 539

verticillata 540

viridescens 539

POLYGALACEAE 538

POLYGONACEAB 353

Polygonatum 292

biflorum 292

boreale 292

commutatum 292

cuneatum 292

giganteum 292

virginicum 292

Polygonella 363

americana 363

articulata 363

ericoides 364

Polygonum 357

acre 361

amphibium 360

arifolium 362

aviculare 358

camporum 359

Careyi 361

cilinode 362

Convolvulus 362

cristatum 363

cuspidatum 363

densiflorum 360

Douglasii 359

dumetorum 363

emersum 361

erectum 359

exsertum 358

Fowleri 358

Hartwrightii 361
Hydropiper 361
hydropiperoides

362
incarnatum 360
lapathifolium 360
liUorale 359

longistylum 361
maritimum 358
Muhlenbergii 361
opelousanum 362
orientale 361

pennsylvanicum

361
Persicaria 361

portoricense 360
prolificum 358

punctatum 361
ramosissimum

358, 359
Rayi 358

sagittatum 362
scandens 362

setaceum 362

tenue 359

tomentosum 360
virginianum 362
viviparum 359

Zuccarinii 363
Polymnia 824

canadensis 824
uvedalia 824

POLYPODIACEAB 33

Pplypodium 34

incanum 34

polypodioides 34

vulgare 34

Polypody 34

Polypogon 133

monspeliensis 133

Polypremum 653

procumbens 654

Polypteris 843

oallosa 844

Polystichum 40

acrostichoides 40

Braunii 41

Lonchitia 40

Polytaenia 620

Nuttallii 620

Pomme blanche 512

Pommede Prairie 512

Pond Pine 64

Spice 414

Pondweed 70

Family 69

Horn 78

Pontederia 266

cordata 266

PONTEDERIACEAE

266
Poor Man's Weather-
glass 647
Robin's Plantain
873

Poplar 328, 409

Balsam 329

Black 329

Downy 329

Lombardy 329

Necklace 329

Silver-leaved 328

White 328

Poppy 416

Celandine 415

Common 416

Corn 416

Family 414

Horn 415

Mallow 568

Mexican 416

Plume 415

Prickly 416

Sea 415

Populua 328

alba 328

balsamifera 329

candicans 329

deltoides 329

grandidentata 328

heterophylla 329

monilifera 329

nigra 329

tremuloides 328

Porcupine Grass 124

Porteranthua 457

stipulatus 457

Portulaca 389

neglecta 389

oleracea 389

pilosa 389

retusa 389

PORTULACACEAE 387

Post Oak 339

Potamogeton 70

acutifolius 75

alpinus 72

americanus 73

amplifolius 73

angustifolius 74

bupleuroides 75

confervoides 77

crispus 75

dimorphus 77

diversifolius 77

epihydrus 72

Faxoni 73

fiUformis 77

fiuitans 73

fohosus 77

Friesii 75

gemmiparus 76

heterophyllus 73

Hillii 75

hybridus 77

illinoensis 73

interior 77

interruptus 78

laterahs 76

lonchites 73

lucens 74

marinus 77

mucronatus 75

mysticus 75

natans 72

nitens 75

Nuttallii 72

Oakesianus 72

obtusifoUus 75

paucifiorus 77

pectinatus 78

pensylvanicus 72
perfohatus 74, 76

pinnatum 604

polygonifolius 72

praelongus 74

pulcher 73

pusillus 76

rectifohus 73

Richardsonii 74

Robbinsii 78

rufescens 73

rutilus 76

spathaeformis 74
spathulaeformis 74

Spirillus 77

strictifoUus 76

Tuckermani 77

Vaseyi 76

Zizii 74

zosterifolius 75

Potato 712

Potato- vine, Wild

670

Potentilla 481

Anserina 484

argentea 482

arguta 481

canadensis 484

caroliniana 484

effusa 483

Egedii 484

frigida 483

fruticosa 483

Hippiana 483

intermedia 482

leucocarpa 482

litoralis 482

monspeliensis 482

nemoralis 484

Nicolletu 482

norvegica 482

NuttaUii 483

palustris 483

paradoxa 482
pennsylvanica 482

pentandra 482

procumbens 484

pumila 484

recta 483

reptans 484

rivalis 482

Robbinsiana 483

simplex 484

sulphur ea 483

supina 482

tridentata 483

Poterium 494

canadense 494

Sanguisorba 494

Poverty Grass 124

I

I

INDEX

916

Prairie Clover 513

Dock 825

Rose 495

Willow 326

Prenanthea 870

alba 871

altissima 871

aspera 870

Boottii 872

crepidinea 870

mainensis 870

nana 871

racemosa 870

serpentaria 871

trifoliolata 871

virgata 870

Prickly Ash 537

Gooseberry 451

Lettuce 866

Pear 589

Poppy 416

Prim 652

Primrose 644

Bird's-eye 644
Common Evening
598

Evening 598

Family 643
White Evening 600

Prim rose-] eaved

Violet 584

Primrose-willow 594

Primula 644

farinosa 644

mistassinica 644

PRIMULACEAE 643

Prince's Feather

361, 371

Pine 628

Prionopsis ciliata 798

Privet 652

Swamp 652

Proserpinaca 605

palustris 005

pectinata 605

Prunella 698

laciniata 698

vulgaris 698

Prunus 497

alleghaniensis 498

americana 499

angustifolia 498

avium 499

Cerasus 499

Chicasa 498

cuneata 498

Gravesii 498

hortulana 499

instititia 498

Mahaleb 498

maritima 498

nigra 499

pennsylvanica 498

Persica 499

pumila 499

serotina 497

spinosa 498

virginiana 498

Watsoni 498

Psamma 136

Psedera 562

quinquefolia 563

vitacca 563

Pseudotaenidia 620

montana 020

Psilocarya 185

nitens 1S6

scirpoides 1S6

Psoralea 511

argophylla 512

digitata 512

esculenta 512

floribunda 512

lanceolata 512

melilotoidcs 511

micranlha 512

Onobrychis 511

pedunculata 511

stipulata 511

teriuiflura 512

Ptelea 537

trifoliata 537

Pteridium aquilinum
36

Pteris 36

aquiUna 36

Pterospora 630

andromedea 030

Ptilimnium 613

capillaceum 013

Nuttallii 614

PuccineUia 160

airoides 160

angustata 160

Borreri 160

distans 160

maritima 160

Puccoon 685, 686

Yellow 408

Pulsatilla hirsutis-

sima 401

Pulse Family 4D9

Pumpkin 764, 765

Ash 651

Fetid Wild 756

Purple Amaranth 372
Avens 486
Azalea 631
Cone-flower 832
Flowering Rasp-
berry 487
Gerardia 731
Milkweed 664
Thorn Apple 717
Willow 328

Purplish Cudweed

823

Purslane 389

Common 389

Family 387

Milk 547

Sea 377

Speedwell 728
Water 591, 595

Pussy's Toes 820

Putty-root 319

Pycnanthemum
albescens ■
aristatuiii
clinopodioides
fiexuosuiii
iiuaiium
laMceolatum
k'ptodcni
linifoliurn
montanum
niuticum

707
70.S
707
707
707
70.S
708
707
707
70S
70S

pilosum 70S
pycuanthemoitlca

707

Torrei 708

Tullia 707

vcrtieillatum 70S

virginianuni 707

Pyracantfia coccinca
479

Pyrola 62S

americana 629

asarifolia 629

chlorantha 029

elliptica 629

minor 628

One-flowered 628

oxypetala 629

rolundifolia 629

secunda 628

uliginosa 629

Pyrrhopappus 869

carolinianus 869

Pyrularia 350

pubera 350

Pyrus 457

americana 459

angustifolia 458

arbutifolia 458

Aucuparia 459

baccata 458

communis 457

coronaria 458

ioensis 458

Malus 458

melanocarpa 459

prunifolia 458

sambucifolia 459

sitchensis 459

Soulardi 458

Pyxidanthcra 042

barbulata 642

Pyxie 642

Quaking Grass 154
Quamasia esculenta
289
hyacinthina 289
Qnamoclit coccinea

670

Quamoclit 670

Quassia Family 53S

( jufon of the Meadow

4S5

of the Prairie 484

Queen's-delinht 544

(Jueen's-root 544

Quercitron 343

Querent 338

acuminata 'A41

alba 3:jy

ambiijiut 3-42

uqiuilua 343

bi color 340

burcalia 342
coccinea '<A2, SJ^S

diyitata 343

ciliptioidalii 342

fulcata 343

ilicif<ilia 343

iiiibricaria 344

la uri Julia 344

lyrata 3.39

niacrocarpa 340

MarKuretta 339

inariiuiidica 344

Midiaiixii 340

minor 339

Muhlenbergii 341

nana 343
nigra 3 13. SU

payodaefulia 343

palustris 342

phclloa 344

plalaniiidea 340

prinoidea 341

Prinus 341

rubra 34 1

stcllata 339

tcxana 342

tinctoria 343

velutina 343

rireti8 341

virginiana 341

Quick Gra.ss 166
Quilhvort 58

Family 58

Quitch Grass 160

Rabbit-foot CU)ver

609

RacUcula 431

aquatica 432

Armoracia 432
Nasturtium-aquat-

icum 431

obtusa 432

palustris 432

scssiliflora 432

sinuata 432

sylvestria 431

Radiola 532

Linoidca 532

Ra.iish 427

Wild 427

Raggoil Fringeil Or-
chis 310
Rol)in 384

Ragwotnl S27

Great 828

Ragwort 852

Golden 854

W.M.Uv 855

Haif^in, Wil.I 760

Kam'H llfn<l I^aily'a

SlipiHT 306

916

INDEX

Ramsted 719

Ranunculaoeae392
Ranunculus 394

abortivus 396

acris 398

allegheniensis 396
ambigens 395

aquatilis 394

arvensis 398

bulbosus 398

circinatus 394

Cymbalaria 394
delphinifolius 394
divaricatus 394
fascicularis 397
Ficaria 394

Flammula 395

Harveyi 396

hederaceus 394
hispidus 397, S98
lapponicus 395
laxicaulis 395

Macounii 398

micranthus 396
missouriensis 395
multifidus 395

muricatus 398

oblongifolius 395
obtusiusculus 395
ovalis 396

parviflorus 398
parvulus 397

pennsylvanicus

398
Purshu 395

pusillus 395

recurvatus 397
repens 397

reptans 395

rhomboideus 396
sceleratus 396

septentrionalis 397
Rape 428

Raphanus 427

Raphanistrum 427
sativus 427

Raspberry 486

Black 487

Dwarf 487

Purple Flowering

487

WUd Red 486

Ratihida columnaris

833

pinnata 832

Rattle, Yellow 734

Rattle-box 507

Rattlesnake Fern 49

Grass 158

Master 609

Plantain 315

Rattlesnake-root

870, 871
Slender 870

Rattlesnake-weed

873
Rayless Golden-rod
798

Razoumofskya pusilla
351

Red Ash 651

Baneberry 408
Bay 413

Birch 335

Buckeye 560

Campion 384

Cedar 67

Clover 509

Currant 452

Elm 345

False Mallow 567
Grape 565

Hemp Nettle 699
Maple 558

Mulberry 348

Oak 341, 342

Pine 64

Spruce 65

Top 132

Top, TaU 149

Red-berried Elder

761

Redbud 505

Red-osier Dogwood
624

Red-root 296, 562

Red-seeded Dande-
lion 865

Reed 148

Bent Grass 134
Giant 148

Meadow Grass 159

Rein Orchis 308

Reseda 439

alba 439

lutea 439

Luteola 439

odorata 439

Resedaceae 439

Rhamnaceae 560

Rhamnus 561

alnifolia 561

caroliniana 562
cathartica 561

Frangula 562

lanceolata 561

Rheumatism Root

412

Rhexia 593

aristosa 593

ciliosa 693

mariana 593

virginica 593

Rhinanthus 734

Crista-galli 735
KyroUae 735

major 735

minor 735

oblongifolius 735
stenophyllus 735

Rhode Island Bent
133

Rhodiola rosea 443

Rhododendron 631
arborescens 631
calendulaceom 631

canadense 631

canescens 631

catawbiense 632

lapponicum 632

luteum 631

maximimi 632

nudifiorum 631

Rhodora 631

viscosum 631

Rhodora 631

canadense 631

Rhus 552

aromatica 553

canadensis 553

copallina 552

cotinoides 553

Cotinus 553

glabra 552

hirta 552

microcarpa 553

quercifoUa 553

Rydbergi 553
Toxicodendron

552

typhina 552

venenata 552

Vernix 552

Rhynchosia 530

erecta 530

latifolia 530

reniformis 531

simplicifolia 531

tomentosa 530

Rib Grass 745

Ribbon Grass 121

Ribes 450

aureum 452

Cynosbati 451

floridum 451

gracile 451

Grossularia 451

hudsonianum 452

huronense 451

lacustre 452

missouriense 451

nigrum 452
oxyacanthoides

451

prostratum 452

rotundifoUum 451

Tuhrum 452

triste 452

Uva-crispa 451

vulgare 452

Ribwort 744

Rice Cut-grass 120

Indian 119, 120

Jungle 118

Mountain 122

Water 119

Richweed 349, 711

Ricinus 544

communis 544

Ripple Grass 745

River Birch 335

Bulrush 192

Weed 441

Weed Family 441

River-bank Grape

565

Robinia 514

hispida 514

Pseudo-Acacia 514

viscosa 514

Robin's Plantain 817

Rock Brake 37

Cranberry 64 1

Cress 436

Elm 346

Maple 558

Rocket 430

Dyer's 439

Sea 427

Yellow 432

Rockrose 576

Family 576

Roman Wormwood
828

Roripa 431

americana 432

Armor acia 432

hispida 432

Nasturtium 43 1

obtusa 432

palustris 432

sessiliflora 432

sinuata 432

sphaerocarpa 432

sylvestris 431

Rosa 494

acicularis 495

arkansana 496

blanda 496

bracteata 496

canina 496

caroUna 496

cinnamomea 496

Engelmunni 495

galHca 496

humilis 497

lucida 497

nitida 496

pratincola 495

rubiginosa 496

setigera 495

spinosissima 496

vlrginiana 497

WoodsU 496

ROSACEAE 454

Rose 494

Acacia 514

Cinnamon 496

CUmbing C95

Cotton 819

Dog 496

Family 454

Guelder 759

Macartny 496

Mallow 569

Prairie 495

Scotch 496

Rosemary, Bog 635

Marsh 643

Roseroot 443

Rosin-weed 825

Rotala 59i

LNDEX

\m

Rctala ramosior 591
Kottl)ocllia 92
cyliiulri'.a 92
ruRosa 92
Roubieva 36.5
multifida 36.5
RouRh I'edstraw 750
Rough-stalked Mead-
ow Grass 157
Round-leaved Catch-
fly 386
Cornel 624
Dogwood 624
Sundew 440
Violet 585
Rowan Tree 459
Royal Catchfly 386
Rubacer 487
RUBIACEAE 746

Rubus 486

abbrevians 49 1

allegheniensis 489

amah His 490

amcricanus 4SS

amnicolus 490

Andrewsianus 491

arcticus 4SS

argutus 4G0

arundelanus 490

BaiU ijd n us 49 2

bifonnispinus 491
canadensis

490, 492

Chamaemorus 487

columbianus 487

cuneifolius 491

elegantulus 490

Enslenii 492

flavinanus 489

floricomus 491

frondi.sentis 489

frondosus 489

fruticosus 491

glandicaulis 489

hispid OS 492

idaeus 486

invisus 492

jacens 492

Jeckylanus 491

junceus 489

laciniatus 491

Millspaughi 491

neglectus 487

nigricans 491
■nigrobacci'^

489, 490

nutkami-s 487

oeciclentalis 487

odoratus 487

orarius 490

parviflorus 487

peculiaris 490

pergratus 490

permixtus 492

philadelphiciis 490

phoeiiicolasius 4S7

prociimbens 492

Randii 490

recurvans 490

recur vicaulis 490

rubrisetus 492

sativus 490

semisetosvs 492

setosus 491, 4^2

strigosus 4X0

suhuni/lorus 492

tardatus 492

triflorus 487

trivialis 492

vermontamis 492

villosus 4S9, 490,
492

Rudbeckia 830

amplexicaulis 832

BritUmii 831

fulgida 83 1

hirta 831

laciniata 831

maxima 832

missouriensis 831

monticola 831

pahistris 831

spathulata 831

speciosa 831

subtouientosa 831

SuUiranti 831

triloba 830

umbrosa 831

Rue 537

Anemone 400

Common 538

Early Meadow 400

Family 537

Goat's 514

Tall Meadow 400

Ruellia 742

ciliosa 742

pedunculata 743

strepens 743

Rum Cherry 497

Rumex 354

Acetosa 357

Acetosella 357

altissimus 356

Britannica 355

conglomeratus 356

crispus 355

elongatus 355

hastatulus 357

maritimus 357

mexicanus 356

obtusifolius 356

occitlentalis 355

pallidus 355

Patientia 355

persicarioides 357

pulcher 357

salicifoliua 356

venosus 355

verticillatus 356

Ruppia 78

maritima 78

Rush 267

I'.ald 185

Beak 199

Bojr 267

Club

1«7

Family

267

Gra.s.4

]_«»

H()rne<l

1J9

Nut

202

Scouring

53

Spike

ISO

Twig

201

Woo J

278

Russian Thistle

370

Ruta

537

gravcolens

53S

Rutal)aga

42S

RUTACKAE

537

Rye Grass

165

Wild

168

Rynchospora

199

alba

200

axillaris

201

capillacea

201

cephdlanlha

201

comprci>!sa

199

coniiculata

199

cymosa

199

fusca

200

glomerata

201

gracilcnta

200

incxpansa

200

Knio^;kcrnii

201

macrostachya

199

oligantha

200

pallida

200

Torreyana

200

Sabatia

654

angularis

6.5.5

anfjustifolia

65.5

brachiata

655

calycina

655

cobjcosa

655

campdnulata

655

campostris

655

d dor aides

655

dotlccandra

655

gracilis

6,55

lanceolata

655

paniculata

655

stcllaris

655

Sabbalia

654

Sacciolcpis

117

striata

117

Sacred Bean

392

Sage

702

Germander

693

Jerusalem

6(»9

Lyro-lcave»l

702

White

849

Willow

327

Wood

693

Sagina

379

apctala

379

decumbcns

379

fonlinnlis

a^2

nodosa

379

procumbena

379

Sagittaria

SI

ambigua

S2

orifolio

82

bre\nroBtra 82

Cillj/rimi S.{. SI

crisUiUi s;{

cuuKita s-2

luUmii k;j
llnnflmuniuoim 82

f/TfUl/M K*

graiiuriea S3

hdHtiita 82

hcttrophylla «2

isoitiftrrmU S3

luncifojia Si'

latifolia SI

loiigiroHtra SI

uattirit S.'i

itl/luxa S2

platyphylla S3

pusilla 83

■suliulata S3

teres S3

rariabilia S2
St. Andrew's Cross

571

St. J<>hn'»-wort 571

Coiiinion 57.'J

Family 571

Great 572

Kalm's 573

Marsh 575

Mountain 573

Shrul)by 573

St. Petcr's-wort 571

Salicackae 320

Sulicornia 369

ambigua 3GU

Biuclowii 369

europaoa 369

herbacea 369

mucronata 369

rubra 369

Salix 320

adcnophylla 324

alba 322

amygdaluidcs 321

argyrocarpa 327

babylonica 722

balsam ifera 324

Btbbiana 326

Candida 327

ddorophylla 32.S

coactilis 327

con lata 32.3

discoUir 325

cruictphala 325

Jluriiitilia 323

fragilis 322

glaucuphylla 323

herbacea 325

humilis 320

inUrior 323

longifolia 323

li'iiinpen 321

lucidft 321

nii»i.<M)urionsL4 323

m\/rtiUoide$ 324

nigra 320, SSt

pniicrlhiris 324

pellita 327

918

INDEX

Salix pentandra 321

petiolaris 325

phylicifolia 328

prinoides 325

purpurea 32S

rostrata 326

sericea 326

serissima 322

syrticola 324

tristis 326

Uva-ursi 325

viminalis 327

Wardi 321

Salmon Berry 487

Salomonia biflora 292

commvtata 292

Salsify 864

Salsola 370

Kali 370

salsa 370

Tragus 371

Salt Marsh Fleabane

819

Marsh Grass 143

Reed Grass 143

Saltwort 370

Common 370

Sahaa 702

azurea 703

lanceaefolia 703

lanceolata 703

lyrata 702

Pitcheri 703

Sclarea 703

urticifolia 703

Verbenaca 703

Salvinia 50

natans 50

Salviniaceae 50

Sambucus 761

canadensis 761

yubens 761

racemosa 761

Samolus 644

floribundus 645

Valerandi 645

Samphire 369

Sampson's Snake-
root 658

Sand Bar Willow 323

Blackberry 491

Cherry 499

Grape 565

Grass 149

Myrtle 632

Plum 498

Spurrey 378

Sandalwood Family
349

Sandbur 119

Sandwort 379

Mountain 381

Pine-barren 381

Thyme-leaved 380

Sanguinaria 415

canadensis 415

Sanguisorba 494

canadensis 494

minor 494

officinalis 494

Sanicle 610

Sanicula 610

canadensis 610

gregaria 610

niarilandica 610

trifoliata 610

Santalaceae 349

Sapindaceae 559

Sapindus 559

acuminatus 559

Drummondi 559

Sapodilla Family 648

Saponaria 386

officinaUs 386

Vaccaria 3S6

Sapotaceae 648

Sarothra gentianoides

575

Sarothamnus scopa-

rius 508

Sarracenia 439

flava 440

purpurea 440

Sarraceniaceae

439

Sarsaparilla 606

Bristly 606

Wild 606

Sassafras 413

officinale 414

Sassafras 414

variifolium 414

Satureja 705

Acinos 706

glabella 706

glabra 706

hortensis 705

Nepeta 706

vulgaris 706

Saururus 320

cernuus 320

Savastana 122

Nashii 122

Savin 67

Savory 705

Summer 705

Saw Brier 295

Grass 202

Saxifraga 445

aizoides 446

Aizoon 446

autumnalis 446
carohniana 446
comosa 446

erosa 446

Forbesii 446

Grayana 446

leucanthemifoha

446
Michauxii 446
micranthidifolia

446
oppositifolia 447
pennsylvanica 446
riviilaris 446

stellaris 446

tricuspidata 446

virginiensis 446

Saxifragaceae 444

Saxifrage 445

Alpine Brook 446

Early 446

Family 444

Golden 448

Lettuce 446

Mountain 447

Swamp 446
Yellow Mountain
446

Scabiosa 764

arvensis 764

australis 764

succisa 764

Scabious, Sweet 817

Scandix 617
Pecten-Veneris 617

Scarlet Lychnis 384

Oak 342

Painted Cup 732

Schedonnardus 144

paniculatus 144

texanus 144

Scheuchzeria 80

palustris 80

Schizaea 45

pusilla 46

Schizaeaceae 45

Schmaltzia 553

illinoensis 553

Schrankia 503

angustata 504

uncinata 504

Schwa Ibea 736

americana 736

Schweinitzia 630

Scilla esculenta 289

Scirpus 187

alpinus 190

americanus 191

atrocinctus 195
atrovirens 193, 194

caespitosus 190

campestris 193

Canbyi 191

Clintonii 189

cylindricus 191

cyperinus 195

debilis 190

divaricatus 194

Eriophorum 195

etuberculatus 191

Fernaldi 193

fluviatiUs 192

georgianus 194

Hallu 190

heterochaetus 192

hudsonianus 190

lacustris 192

Hneatus 194

maritimus 193

mucronatus 191

nanus 189

novae-angliae 193

Occident alls 192

Olneyi 191

pallidus 194

paludusus 193

pauciflorus 189

Peckii 194

pedicellatus 195

planifolius 189

polyphyllus 194

pungens 191

robust us 192

rubrotinctus 193

rufus 190

Smithii 19C

subterminaUs 190

supinus 190

sylvaticus 193

Torreyi 191

validus 192

Scleranthus 376

annuus 376

Scleria 202

ciliata 203

Elliottii 20o

oligantha 202

pauciflora 202

reticularis 203

Torreyana 203

trichopoda 203

triglomerata 202

verticillata 203

Sclerolepis 781

imiflora 781

verticillata 781

Scoke 374

Scolochloa 158

festucacea 158

Scolopendrium 40

vulgare 40

Scoria 331

Scotch Broom 508

Fir 64

Lovage 618

Mist 749

Pine 64

Rose 496

Thistle 859

Scrophularia 721

aquatica 721

leporella 721

marilandica 721

nodosa 721

SCROPHULARIACEAE
717

Scorpion-grass 683

Scouring Rush 53
Scrub Oak, Black

343

Pine 64

Scutellaria 694

Bushii 695

campestris 696

canescens 695

Churchilliana 695

cordifolia 694

galericulata 695

incana 695

integrifolia 695

INDEX

919

Scutellaria lateri-
flora 694
nervosa 696
parvula 696
pilosa 695
saxatilis 694
serrata 695
versicolor 694

Scurvy Grass 433

Scutch Grass 144

Sea Elite 369
Lavender 643
Lungwort 685
Milkwort 647
Oats 153
Ox-eye 833
Poppy 415
Purslane 377
Rocket 427
Rocket, Ameri-
can 427
Sand-reed 136
Spear Grass 160

Seaside Alder 337

Crowfoot 394

Gerardia 731

Heliotrope 680

Plantain 745

Spiu-ge 645

Sedge 204

Family 171

Sedum 442

acre 443

Fabaria 443

Nevii 443

Nuttallianum 443

pulchellum 443

purpureum 443

reflexum 443

Rhodiola 443

roseum 443

stoloniferum 443

telephioides 443

Telephium 443

ternatum 443

Torreyi 443

Seedbox 595

Selaginella 57

apus 58

rupestris 57

selaginoides 57

spinoaa 57

Selaginellaceae

57

Selenia 433

aurea 433

Self-heal 698

Sempervivum 443

tectorum 443

Senebiera 426

Coronopus 426

didyma 426

Seneca Grass 122

Snakeroot 539

Senecio 852
antennariifolius

855

aureus 854

Balsamitae

can us

Crawfordii

discoideus

glahellus

integerrimus

Jacobaea

lobalus

obovatus

palustris

plattensis

854
855
854
854
853
855
853
853
854
853
855

Pseudo- Arnica 855

Robbinsii

Smallii

sylvaticus

tomentosus

viscosus

vulgaris
Senna

Wild 504, 505

Sensitive Brier 503

Fern

Joint Vetch

Plant, Wild
Serapias

Ilelleborine
Sericocarpus

asteroides

bifoliatus

conyzoides

linifolius

solidagineUrS

tortifolius
Serinia

oppositifolia
Service Berry
Sesame Grass
Sesban
Sesbania

macrocarpa
Sesuvium

maritimum

pentandrum
Setaria

glauca

imberbis

italica

magna

verticillata

viridis
Seymeria

macrophylla
Shad Bush
Shag-bark Hickory

331
Sheep Laurel

Sorrel
Sheepberry
Sheep's Fescue
Sheep's-bit
Shell-bark Hickory

331
Shepherd's Purse 426
Shepherdia 590

argentea 590

canadensis 590

Sherardia 747

arvenaia 747

854
854
853
855
853
853
504

45

518

505

313

313

818

818

818

818

818

818

819

862

862

459

92

514

514

514

377

377

377

IS

18

18

19

19

18

18

729

729

459

633
357
760
161
768

Shield Fern 41

Shin Leaf 628. 629
Shingle Oak 344

Shining Willow 321
Shooting Star 647
Showy Lady's Slip-
per 307
Orchis 307
Shrub Yellow-root

408

Shrubby Altliaea 569

Bitter-sweet 557

Cinquefoil 4S3

St. John's-wort 573

Trefoil 537

Sibbaldia 480

procumbens 480

Sibbaldiopsis triden-

tata 483

Siberian Crab 458

Sickle-pod 438

Sicyos 765

angulatus 765

Sida 567

Elliottii 567

hermaphrodita 567

Napaea 567

spinosa 567

Sideranthics spinu-

losus 798

Side-saddle Flower

440
Sieversia ciliata 486
Peckii 486

Silene 385

acaulis 386

alba 386

anglica 385

antirrhina 385

Armeria 385

caroliniana 386
conica 385

Cucubalus 386

dichotoma 385

gallica 385

infiata 386

latifolia 3S6

Menziesii 385

nivea 386

noctiflora 385

nutans 385

pennsylvanica 386
regia 386

rotundifolia 3S6
stellata 3S6

virginica 3S6

vulgaris 386

Silkweeil 663

Common 665

Silky Cornel 624

Willow 326

Silphium 825

Astoriscus 825

integrifoliuni 825
laciniatuin S25

perfoliiitiun S20
terebiuthiuuci'utn
b-'o

trifoliatum 825
Silver Muple 558

\Vc«l 4«4

Silver-hfll Tree 649
Silvcrborry 590

Silver-leave*! Poplar
328
Silvery Cinquefoil

482
Silybum 859

marianum 859

SlMARlIlA< KAK 538

Sinapis aUni 428

arvenna 428

Sisymbrium 429

altissiinum 429

cancscens 430

humilis 4.'iO

incisum 430

Irio 4:i0

N asturtium-<iqxuiti-

cum 431

officinale 429

Sophia 430

Thalianum 430

Sisyrinrhium 301

all)idum 302

aricepa 303

angustifolium 302

apiculatum 303

arenicola 303

atlanticum 303

campostre 302

Farwellii 303

flaviflorum 302

gramiiipum 303

graminoidea 303

hastile 302

intermedium 303

montanum 303

mucronatum 302

strictum 303

Sitanion longifolium

170

Sitiliaa 869

caroliniana 869

Slum 615

angustifolium 615

Caraonii 615

cicutaefolium 615

lineare 615

Skeleton-wee*i 864

Skullcap 694

Mud-<loK 694

Skunk Cabbage 258

Currant 452

SUH>py Catchtly 385

Slender Blue Flag

300

Goranlia 731
Rattlesnake- root

870

Slippery Elm 345

Sloe 498

Slough Crass 142

Small Buclos3 6S3

Cane 171

Cranberry 641

920

INDEX

Small Magnolia 409
Solomon's Seal 292
White Lady's Slip-
per 307
Smaller Bladderwort
737
Spearwort 395
Yellow Lady's
Slipper 306
Small-flowered Crow-
foot 396
Smartweed, Common
361
Water 361
Smilacina 291
racemosa 291
stellata 291
trifolia 291
Smilax 294
Bona-nox 295
ecirrhata 295
glauca 295
herbacea 295
hispida 296
lanceolata 296
laurifolia 296
pseudo-china 296
pulverulenta 295
rotundifolia 295
tamnifolia 295
tnmnoides 295
Walteri 295
Smoke-tree 553
Smooth Alder 337
Azalea 631
False Foxglove

730

Gooseberry 451

Sumach 552

Winterberry 555

Yellow Violet 585

Smut Grass 131

Snake Grass 150

Snakehead 723

Snakeroot, Black

407, 610

Button 609, 785

Sampson's 658

Seneca 539

Virginia 352

White 784

Snapdragon 720

Sneezeweed 844, 845

Snow Trillium 294

Snow-ball Tree 759

Snowberry 757

Creeping 637

Snowdrop Tree 649

Snow-on-the-Moun-

tain 547

Soapberry 559

Family 559

Soapwort 386

Gentian 657

Soft Chess 163

SOLANACEAE 712

Solanum 712

carolinense 713

citrullifolium 713

Dulcamara 713
elaeagnifolium 713

heterodoxum 713

Melongena 712

nigrum 713

rostratum 713
sisymbriifolium

713

triflorum 713

tuberosum 712

Solea 579

concolor 579

Solidago 788

alpestris 790
altissima 794, 796

arguta 792

aspera 794

asperula 794

bicolor 789

Boottii 792

caesia 788

calcicola 790
canadensis 795, 796

Curtisii 789

Cutleri 790

decumbens 791

Drummondii 796

Elliottii 794

elongata 796

erecta 789

fistulosa 793

flexicaulis 789

Gattingeri 795

graminifolia 797
gymnospermoides
798

hispida 789

Houghtonii 797

humilis 791

juncea 793

lanceolata 797

latifolia 789

leptocephala 798
Lindheimeriana

789

macrophylla 790

minor 797

missouriensis 794

mollis 795

monticola 789

Moseleyi 798

neglecta 793

nemoralis 795

odora 793

ohioensis 796

patula 792

petiolaris 788

pilosa 794

polycephala 797

procera 796

puberula 791

Purshii 791

racemosa 791

radula 795

Randii 790

Riddellu 797

rigida 796

rigidiuscula 792

roanensis 789

rugosa 794

rupestris 796

sempervirens 792

serotina 796

Shortii 795

speciosa 792

squarrosa 788

stricta 791

tenuifolia 797

tortifolia 793

uliginosa 791

ulmifolia 794

uniligulata 793

Virgaurea 790, 791

Wardii 788

Solomon's Seal 292

False 291

Great 292

Small 292

Sonchus 865

arvensis 865

asper 866

oleraceus 865

Sophia brachycarpa

430

incisa 430

pinnaia 430

Sophia 430

Sophora 507

sericea 507

Sorbaria 457

sorbifolia 457

Sorbus 459

americana 459

Aucuparia 459

sitchensis 459

Sorghastrum 95

nutans 95

Sorghum halapense

95
Sorrel 354, 357

Common Wood

533

Field 357

Garden 357

Lady's 534

Mountain 354

Sheep 357

Violet Wood 533

Wood 532

Sorrel-tree 636

Sour Cherry 499

Gum 625

Sour-top Blueberry

640

Sour-wood 636

Southern Buckthorn

648

Fox Grape 565

Gooseberry 639

Prickly Ash 537

Red Lily 288

Southernwood 849

Sow Thistle 865

Common 865

Field 865

Spiny-leaved 866
Spanish P.ayonet 290
Buttons 861

Needles 841

Oak 343

Sparganiaceae 68
Sparganium 68

americanum 69
androcladum 69
angustifolium 69
diversifolium 69
eurycarpum 68
fluctuans 69

hyperboreum 69
lucidum 69

minimum 69

simplex 69

Spartina 142

caespitosa 143

cynosuroides 143
glabra 143

juncea 143

Michauxiana 142
patens 143

polystachya 143
stricta 143

Spalhyema foetida

258

Spatter-dock 390

Spear Grass 154, 156

Spearmint 710

Spearwort 395

Creeping 395

Smaller 395

Water Plantain

395

Speckled Alder 337

Specularia 766

biflora 766

leptocarpa 766

perfoliata 766

Speedwell 726

Common 727

Corn 728

Field 728

Ivy-leaved 728

Marsh 727

Purslane 728

Thyme-leaved 728

Water 727

Spergula 379

arvensis 379

sativa 379

Spergularia 378

borealis 379

canadensis 378

marina 378

media 379

rubra 378

salina 378

Spermacoce 750

glabra 751

Spermolepis 613

echinata 613

patens 613

Sphaeralcea 566

acerifolia 566

remota 566

INDEX

921

Sphenopholis 138

nitida 138

ohtusata 138

pa liens 138

palustris 139

Spice Hush 414

Spider-flower 439

Spitlerwort 264

Family 264

Spiesia 517

campestris 517

Lumber ii 518

splendens 518

Spigelia 653

marilandica 653

Spike Grass 153

Rush 180

Spiked Loosestrife

592

Spikenard 606

False 291

Spilanthes 833

americana 833

repens 833

Spindle Tree 556

European 556

Spiny-leaved Sow

Thistle 866

Spiraea 456

Aruncus 457

betuli folia 456

corymbosa 456

japonica 456

latifolia 456

lobata 484

opulifolia 456

prunifolia 456

salicifolia 456

sorbi folia 457

tomentosa 456

Ulmaria 485

virginiana 456

Spiranthes 313

Beckii 313

cernua 314

decipiens 315

gracilis 313
gracilis X vernalis

314

intermedia 314

latifolia 314

lucida Sl<f

odorata 314

ovalis 314

praecox 314
Romanzoffiana

314

simplex 313

vernalis 313

Spirodela 259

polyrhyza 259

Spleenwort 38

Spoon-wood 633

Sporol)olus 129

asper 130

brevifolius 130

canoviren^s 130

clandostinus 130

compressus 131
crypt and rus 131
cuspidatus \M)

depaiiperatua I'M)
ejuncidus 131

gracilis 131

heterolepis 131
indicus 131

junceus 131

longifolitia 130

neglectus 131

Richardsonis 130
serotinus 132

Torreyanus 131
uniflorus 131

vaginiflorus 130
virginicus 131

Spotted Cowbane

614

Medick 510

Touch-me-not 560

Wintergreen 628

Sprangle-top 158

Spreading Dogbane

662

Globeflower 404

Spring Beauty 388

Cress 435

Vetch 526

Spruce 65

Black 65

Bog 65

Cat 65

Norway 65

Red 65

White 65

Spurge 545

Caper 549

Cypress 549

Family 540

Flowering 547

Nettle 641

Petty 549

Seaside 545

Spurred Gentian 659

Spurrey 379

Corn 379

Sand 378

Squash 764, 765

Crookneck 765

Squashberry 759

Squaw Huckleberry

639
Squaw-root 739

Squaw- weed 852

Squirrel Corn 417
Squirrel-tail Grass

167
Stachys 701

ambigua 701

annua 701

arenicola 702

arvensis 701

aspera 701, 702
cordata 702

hyssopifolia 701
latidens /OJ

Nuttallii 702

palustris 702

salviiiidoa 702

t on ui folia 701

Stuff ']>ce 557

Family 556

Staggor-bush 635

Stagliorn Sumach

552

Standing Cypress

675

Sfaphylea 557

trifolia 557

Stai'uyleaceae 557

Star Flower 646

Grass 294, 299

of liethlehem 2.S9
Thistle 859. S60

Starry Campion 3S6

Starwort 381, 799
Water 550

Statice 643

Limonium 643

Steeple Jiush 456

Stcinchisma hians

117

Steironema 646

ciliatum 646

intermedium 646
lanceolatum 646
longifolinm 646
quadriflorum 646
radicans 646

ton sum, 646

Stellaria 381

aquatica 383

borealis 381

crassifolia 382

fontinalis 382

glauca 382

graminea 382

Holostea 382

humifusa 382

longifolia 382

longipes 382

metlia 382

neglecta 382

pubera 382

uliginosa 381

St em less Lady's

Slipper 307

Stenanthium 284

anguj^tifolium 284
gramincum 2i<4
robust um 284

Stenophragma

Thalianum 430

Stenophyllus 186
capillaris l.'^6

Stenosiphon 602

linifolius 002

virgntus 602

Stewart ia 570

Malachodendron

570
prnta«yna 570
firgiriica 570

Stick Loaf 5.VS

Stick*eed %1

Stirk-tiRht R40. 841

Stiff Ccrnel 625

Water Crowfoot

304

StillinKia 544

sylvatjca 544

StinKiriK Nettle 348

Stink Crass 150

Stinking Clover 439

Willie 853

Stipa 123

avenarea 123

canadensis 123

comata 124

Macounii 123

RichnrdBoni 123

spartea 124

viridula 123

Stone Clover 509

Stonecrop 442

Ditch 442

Mossy 443

Stone-root 711

Storax aOO

Family 6-J9

Storksbill 536

Stromoniura 717

Strawberry 479

Barren 4S0

Blite 366

Bush ."iSe

In.lian 480

Tomato 715

Streptopus 292

amplcxifoliufl 292

longipea 292

roseus 292

Striped Maple 558

Strophostyles 528

atiguliisa 529

helvola 528

pauciflora 529

peduixcxilnns 629

umbollata 529

Stylophorum 415

•liphylium 415

Stylosiinthes 525

biflora 525

elatuir 525

riparia 525

Styhacaceae 649

Sty rax 650

americana 6.">0

grandifolia 6.'>()

pulveruleuta ti.'>"

Suae* la 3tH>

atnericana 370

deprc.HSJi 370

linearis 370

muritima 370

Richii 370

Subulnrin 426

atiuntica 426

Surcisa "6.3

australis "04

pratonsia "<^'*

Succory 862

Gum W4

922

INDEX

Succory, Lamb 862

Sugar Grape 565

Maple 558

Sugarberry 346

Sullivantia 445

ohionis 445

Sullivantii 445

Sumach 552

Dwarf 552

Poison 552

Smooth 552

Staghorn 552

Sumjner Grape 564

Savory 705

Sundew 440

Family 440

Round-leaved 440

Sundrops 600

Sunflower 833

Common 833

Tickseed 841

Supple-jack 561

Swamp Beggar-ticks

841

Birch 336

Blackcurrant 452

Blueberry 640

Buttercup 397

Dock 356

Fly Honeysuckle

755

Hickory 332

Loosestrife 592

Maple 558

Milkweed 664

Post Oak 339

Privet 652

Red Currant 452

Rose Mallow 569

Saxifrage 446

Spanish Oak 342

Thistle 858

Valerian 762

White Oak 340

Sweet Alyssum 424

Bay 409

Birch 334

Buckeye 560

Cherry 499

Cicely 612

Clover 510

Coltsfoot 850

Fern 330

Flag 258

Gale 329

Gale Family 329

Golden-rod 793

Gum 453

Gum Tree 453

Leaf 649

Pepperbush 627

Pinesap 630

Scabious 817

Vernal Grass 121

Viburnum 760

Violet 585

White Violet 584

WilUam 387

William Catchfly

385
William, Wild 674
Winter Grape 564

Sweetbrier 496

Sweet-scented Bed-
straw 750
Water Lily 391

Swine Cress 426

Switch Cane 171

Grass 104

Sycamore 454

Symphoricarpos 757
occidentalis 757
orbiculatus 757
pauciflorus 757
racemosus 757

Symphoricarpos

757
vulgaris 757

Symphytum 683

asperrimiun 683
officinale 683

tuberosum 683

Symplocarpus 258
foetidus 258

Sjonplocos 649

tinctoria 649

Synandra 699

grandiflora 699
hispidula 699

Syndesmon thalic-
troides 400

Syngonanthus 261
flavidus 261

Synosma suaveolens
852

Syntherisma 95

fimbriata 96

Synthyris 728

BuUii 729

Houghtoniana 729

Syringa 449, 852

vulgaris 652

Table Mountain

Pine 64

Tacamahac 329

Taenidia 616

integerrima 616

Talinum 388

calycinum 389

parviflorum 388

rugospermum 388

teretifoUum 388

Tall Bellflower 767

Buttercup 398

Coreopsis 838

Crowfoot 398

Larkspur 406

Meadow Rue 400

Oat Grass 141

Red Top 149

Taller Fescue 162

Tamarack 65

Tan Bay 571

Tanacetum 848

huronense 848

vulgare
Tansy

Common
Tape Grass
Taraxacum

848

848

848

85

864

Dens-leonis 865
erythrospermum

865
officinale 865

Taraxacum 865

Tare 525

Tartarian Honey-
suckle 755

Tar-weed 786

Taxaceae 62

Taxodiimi 66

distichum 66

Taxus 62

canadensis 62

Tea Family 570

Labrador 630

. Mexican 366

New Jersey 562
Oswego 703

Plant 570

Teaberry 636

Tear-thumb, Arrow-
leaved 362
Halberd-leaved

362

Teasel 763

Family 763

Wild 763

Tecoma 741

radicans 74 1

Tephrosia 514

hispidula 514

spicata 514

virginiana 514

Ternstroemiaceae
570

Tetragonotheca 830
helianthoides 830

Tetragonanthus 659
deflexus 659

Tetraneuris 844

herbacea 844

Teucrium 692

boreale 693

Botrj^s 693

canadense 693

littorale 693

occidentale 693
Scorodonia 693

Thalesia fasciculata
740
uniflora 740

Thalia 304

dealbata 304

Thalictrum 399

anemonoides 400
caulophylloides

399
clavatum 399

confine 399

coriaceum 399

Cornuti 400

dasycarpum 400

dioicura 400

polygamum 400
purpurascens 400
revolutum 400

Thaspium 619

aureum 619

barbinode 619

pinnatifidum 619

Thelesperma 838
gracile 838

trifidum 838

Thelypodium pinna-
tifidum 433

Thermopsis 506

mollis 506

Therofon aconitifo-
lium 445

Thimbleberry 487

Thimbleweeds 401

Thin Grass 133

Thistle, Barnaby's

860
Blessed 861

Bull 857, 858

Canada 858

Common 856, 857
Common Sow 865
Cotton 859

Field Sow 865

Globe 856

Lady's 859

Milk 859

Musk 856

Pasture 858

Plumed 856

Plumeless 856

Russian 370

Scotch 859

Sow 865

Spiny-leaved Sow

866
Star 859, 860

Swamp 858

Yellow 857

Thlaspi 424

arvense 424

perfoUatum 425

Thorn Apple 717
Apple, Purple 717
Fire 479

White 460

Thorny Amaranth

372

Thorough- wax 617

Thoroughwort

781, 783

Three-seeded Mer-
cury 543

Three-toothed

Cinquefoil 483

Throatwort 767

Thuja 66

occidentalis 67

Thunbergia 742

Thvme 708

Basil 706

Creeping 708

Thymelaeaceae 589

INDEX

923

Thyme-leaved Sand-
wort 380
Speedwell 728

Thymus 708

Serpyllum 708

Tiarella 447

cordifolia 447

Tick Trefoil 519

Ticksecd 837

Sunflower 841

Tiedema nnia 62 1

rigida 622

teretifolia 622

Tiger Lily 288

Tilia 565

americana 565

heterophylla 566

Michauxii 565

pubescens 566

TiLIACEAE 565

Tillaea 442

aquatica 442

simplex 442

Vaillantii 442

Tillandsia 265

usneoides 265

Timothy 129

Tinker's Weed 758

Tipularia 319

discolor 319

unifolia 319

Tissa 378

canadensis 379

marina 378

Ti-ti, Black 553

Toadflax 719

Bastard 350

Tobacco 717

Indian 769

Ladies' 820

Wild 717

Tofieldia 283

glutinosa 283

palustris 283

racemosa 283

Tomatillo 714

Tomato 712

Strawberry 715
Toothache Grass 146

Toothache-tree 537

Toothwort 434
Torilis 623

Anthriscus 623
nodosa 623

Touch-me-not Fam-
ily 560
Pale 560
Spotted 560
Tower Mustard 437
Toxicodendron 552
Toxylon pomiferum

347
Trachelospermum

062

difforme 66-'

Fradescantia 264

bract eata 265

brevicauUs 264

flexuosa 264

montana 265

occidentalis 265

pilosa 264

refiexa 264

rosea 264

virginiana 264

viroinica 264

Tragia 544

cordata 544

innocua 544

macrocarpa 544

nopetaefolia 544

ramosa 544

stylnris 544

urens 544

urticae folia 54 1

Tragopogon 864

porrifolius 864

pratensis 864

Trailing Arbutus

636

Wolfsbane 407

Trapa 602

natans 602

Trautvetteria 399

carolinensis 399

palmata 399

Treacle Mustard 430

Tread-softly 541

Tree of Heaven 538

Trefoil 508

Bird's-foot 511

Shrubby 537

Tick 519

Triadenum peiicla-

ium 575

virginicum 575

Tribulus 536

terrestris 636

Trichodium mon-

tanum 133

Trichomanes 33

Boschianum 33
radicans 33

Trichostema 693

dichotomum 694

lineare 694

Tricuspis purpurea

149

Tridens 149

flavus 149

strictus 149

Trientalis 646

americana 646

Trifolium 508

agrarium 509

arvense 509

aureum 509

carolinianum 509

dubium 510

hybridum 509

incarnatum 509

medium 509

pratense 509
procumbens

509. 610

reflexum 609

repens 509 ]

stoloiiiferum 509
virginicum 50*J
Triglochin 80

maritima 80

palustria 80

striata 80

iriaiidra 80

Trilisa 784

odoralissima 784
paniculata 784

Trillium 293

ccnuium 294

declinatum 294
Dwarf White 294
crectum 293. 2f)Jf
erytltrorarpum 2JM
grandiflorum 294
nivale 294

Painted 294

recurvatum 293
sessile 293

Snow 294

undulatum 294
viride 293

Triodia 149

aipren 149

purpurea 149

senlerioides 149

stricla 149

Triosteum 75S

angustifolium 758
aurantiacum 758
perfoliatum 758

Tripliora pendula 311

Triplasis 149

purpurea 149

Triple-awned Grass
124

Tripsacum 92

dactyloides 92

Trisetum 139

melicoides 139

polustre 139

pennsylvanicum

139
spicatum 139

subspiculum 139

Trollius 404

laxus 404

Troximon cuspida-
tum 869

glaucum 869

True Forget-me-not
683
Water Cress 431

Trumpet Creeper

741
Honeysuckle 756
Wee.l 7S2

TrurniH't-flower 741

Trump«M.s 440

Tsuga 06

canadensis 06

curolinianu 66

Tufted Lot-sestrife

046

TuUp Tree 409

Tulipn sylvestrm 289
Tuml.lo Mujjturd 429

WiHNi 372

Tunica 387

Suxifroga 387

TuiM'lo 625

Turk'8-cap Lily 288
Turnip 427. 428

Indian 257

Turnsole fi80

Turtl.head 723

Turriiia brachycarpa
437
Tussilago 850

Farfara 850

Twaybla.lo 316. 318
Twig liush 201

Twin-llowor 757

Twinleaf 412

Twist e< 1-st alk 292
Typha 68

angnstifolia 68

latifolia &S

Tyimiackae 67

Ulex 508

europaeufl 508

Ultnariii rubra 484
Ulmaria 485

Ulmus 34o

alata 34e

americana 345

campestris 345
fulva 345

racemosa 346

serotina 346

Thonmsi 3-18

Umhki-i.ifkrak 607

Umbrella Grass 197

Leaf 412

Tree 40£

Tree, Ear-leaved

409

Unicorn-plant 741

Uni/ulium canadentt
291

Uniola 153

gracilis 153

latifolia 153

laxa 133

paniculata 153

Upland Bonowt 783

Urtica 348

chamaetiryoides

348
(lioica 348

gracilis 348

Lyallii 348

urens 348

Urtua<kak. 344

I'rtirnstntm (iiivinm-
tum 349

Utricularia 736

biflorn 737

rhunlrstina 736
deist oiranm 738
cornuta 738

(ibros* 7XJ

924

INDEX

Ctriculariagibba 737

inflata 736

intermedia 737

juncea 738

minor 737

purpurea 737

resupinata 738

simplex 738

subulata 738

virgatula 738

vulgaris 737

Uvularia 285

flava 286

grandiflora 286

perfoliata 286

puberula 286

sessili/olia 286

Vaccaria Vaccaria

386
vulgaris 386

Vaccinium 638

arboreuna 638

atrococcura 640
caespitosum 640
canadense 640

corymbosum 640
ery t hrocarpum

641
macrocarpon 641
melanocarpum 639
memb ranaceum

640
Myrsinites 639

■myHilloides 641
neglectura 639

nigrum 640

ovalifolium 641
Oxycoccus 641

pallidum 640

pen.-3ylvanicum

639
stamineum 639
uliginosum 640
. vacillans 640

virgatum 639

"*'itis-Idaea 641

Vagnera racemosa

291
stellata 291

trifolia 291

Valerian 761

Family 761

Greek 676

Swamp 762

Valeriana 761

edulis 762

officinalis 762

pauciflora 762

sylvatica 762

uliginosa 762

Valerianaceae 761

Valerianella 762

chenopodifolia 762
Locusta 762

longiflora 763

olitoria 762

radiata 762

stenocarpa 763

Woodsiana 763

Vallisneria 85

spiralis 86

Vanilla Grass 122

Velvet Grass 137

Leaf 566
Velvet-leaf Blueberry
640

Venus' Comb 617

Looking-glass 766

Veratrum 285

parviflorum 285

viride 285

Woodu 285

Verbascum 719

Blattaria 719

Lychnitis 719

phlomoides 719

Thapsus 719

virgatum 719

Verbena 688

angustifolia 689

Aubletia 689

bipinnatifida 689

bracteosa 689

canadensis 689

Drum7nondi 689

hastata 689

officinalis 688

stricta 689

urticaefolia 688

Verbenaceae 688

Verbesina 836

alternifolia 836

encelioides 837

helianthoides 837

occidentalis 836

virginica 837

Verncnia 780
altissima 780, 781

arkansana 780

Baldwini 781

crinita 780

fasciculata 780

glauca 780

illinoensis 780

interior 780

inaxima 781

missurica 781
noveboracensis

780

Veronica 726

agrestis 728

alpina 728

americana 727
Anagallis-aquatica
727

arvensis 728

Bachofenii 727

Beccabunga 727

Buxbaumii 728

byzantina 728

Chamaedrys 727

hederaefolia 728

humifusa 728

longifolia 727

officinalis 727

peregrina 728

scutellata 727

serpyllifolia 728

Teucrium 727

Tournefortii 728

virginica 726

Wormskjoldi 728

Vervain 688

Blue 689

European 688

Family 688

Hoary 689

White 688
Vesicaria gracilis 424

Shortii 4 '^4

Vetch 525

Common 526

Hairy 526

Milk 515
Sensitive Joint

518

Spring 526

Vetchling 527

Viburnum 758

acerifolium 759

alnifolium 759

americanum 759

cassinoides 760

Dem,etrionis 760

dentatum 760

Lantana 759

lantanoides 759

Lentago 760

molle 760

nuduna 760

Opulus 759

pauciflorum 759

prunifolium 760

pubescens 759

rufidulum 761
rufotomentosum

761

scabrellum 760
seniitomentosum

760

Sweet 760

venosum 760

Vicia 525

americana 526

angustifolia 526

caroliniana 526

Cracca 526

hirsuta 526

ludoviciana 526

sativa 526

sepium 526

tetrasperma 526

villosa 526

Vigna 528

Catjang 528

sinensis 528

Vinca 661

minor 662

Vincetoxicum 667
Baldwinianum 668

carolinense 668

gonocarpos 668

hirsutunr 668 I

668

obliquum

Shortii 668

suberosum . 668

Vine Family 562

Viola 579

affinis 581

amoena 584

arenaria 586

arvensis 587

atlantica 583

Bernardi 583

blanda 584

Brittoniana 583

canadensis 586

canina 586

congener 582

conspersa 586

cucullata 581

emarginata 583

fimbriatula 583

hastata 585

hirsutula 582

incognita 584

indivisa 583

labradorica 586

lanceolata 584

latiuscula 581

missouriensis 581
Muhlenbergiana

586

Muhlenhergii 586

muUicaulis 586

nephrophylla 581

novae-angliae 583

Nuttallii 585

odorata 585

ovata 583

pallens 584
palmata 581, 582

palustris 584

papilionacea 582

pectinata 583

pedata 580

pedatifida 583

primulifolia 584

pubescens 585

Rafinesquii 587

renifolia 584

rostrata 587

rotundifolia 585

sagittata 583

scabriuscula 585

Selkirkii 584

septemloba 583
septentrionalis 582

sororia 582

Stoneana 582

striata 586

subsagittata 583

tenella 587

tricolor 587

triloba 582

vagula 581

venustula 581

viarum 584

villosa 582

V/alteri 586

VIOI.ACEAF 579

INDEX

92^

Violet 579

Bird-foot 580

Canada 580

Dame's 430

Dog's-tooth 289
Downy Yellow 585
Early Yellow 585
English 585

Famib" 579

Great-spurred 584
Green 579

Halberd-leaved

585
Lance-leaved 584
Long-spurred 587
Primrose-leaved

584
Round-leaved 585
Smooth Yellow

585

Sweet 585

Sweet White 584

Water 644

White Dog's-tooth

289

Wood Sorrel 533

Viper's Bugloss 688

Virgilia 506

Virginia Creeper 562

Snakeroot 352

Virginian Cowslip

685
Virgin's Bower 402

VlTACEAE 662

Vitis 563

aestivalis 564

Baileyana 564

bicolor 564

cinerea 564

cordifolia 564

labrusca 564

palmata 565

riparia 565

rotundifolia 565

rubra 565

rupestris 565

vulpina 565

Vitis-Idea Vitis-

Idea 641

Waahoo 556

Wahoo Elm 346

Wake Robin 293

Waldsteinia 480

fragarioidea 480

parvijlora 480

Walking Leaf 40

Wall-flower, Western

431

Walnut 330

Black 331

Family 330

White 33'

Ward's Willow 321

Wart Cress 426

Wartweed 549

Wash irwtonia 6 1 2

Clayloni 612

divaricata 613
lungialylia 612
obtuaa 613
Water Arum 258
Ash 651
Avena 486
Beech 334
Caltrop 602
Chestnut 602
Chinquapin 392
Cress 431
Elm 346
Hemlock 614
Hemp 373
Horehound 709
Hyssop 724
Lily 391
Lily Family 3S9
Lobelia 770
Locust 504
Marigold 842
Milfoil 603
Milfoil Family 602
Mint 710
Nut 602
Nymph 391
Oak 343
Oats 120
Parsnip 615
Pennywort 611
Pepper 361
Pepper, Mild 362
Pimpernel 644
Plantain 84
Plantain Spear-
wort 395
Purslane 591, 595
Rice 119
Shield 392
Smartweed 361
Speedwell 727
Starwort 550
Starwort Family

549

Violet 644

Willow 592, 742

Waterleaf 676

Family 676

Watermelon 765

Water-plantain

Family 80

Water-weed 85

Waterwort 676

Family 675

Wax Myrtle 329

Waxwork 657

Wayfaring Tree 759

Weeping Willow 322

Weigela 754

Western Daisy 799

Mugwort 849

Wall-flower 431

Wheat, Cow 732

Whin 507

Whit" Alder 627

Ash 6.")()

Haiicbcrry 4()S

1 Basswood 500

Bent Grass 132
Birch Xir,

Blackberry 489
Campion 3.S1

Cedar 60. 07

Clover 509

Daisy 847

Dock 355

Dog's-tooth Violet
2S9
Elm 345

Evening Primrose
6(KJ
Fringed Orchis

310
Grass 120

Hibiscus 670

Horse Nettle 713
Huckleberry 638
Lettuce 871

Maple 658

Meliiot 610

Mulberry 348

Mullein 719

Mustard 428

Oak 339

Pine 63

Poplar 328

Sage 849

Snake-root 784
Spruce 65

Swamp Honey-
suckle 631
Thorn 460
Vervain 6SS
Walnut 331
Water Crowfoot.

Common 394

Willow 322

White-heart Hickory

332

White-topped Aster

818

White-weed 847

Whitewood 409. 56.5

Whitlow Grass 422

Whitlow-wort 376

Wicky 633

Wicopy 590

Wild Allspice 414

Balsam-apple 765

Bean 528

Berg'amot 704

Black Cherry 497

Black Currant 451

Chamomile 846

Coffee 758

Columbine 405

Comfrcy 681

Cranc8l)ill 535

El.ler 606

Garlic 287

Ginger 352

Goosp Plum 499

Hyacinth 289

Hydrangea 450

liKligo 500

Leek 287

I^ettuoe 860
Li(|uoric« 618. 74U

Lupine 50S

Murjorum 706

M<>Mk8ho<Ml 407

(Jilt Gnuw 141

Onion 287
Orango-red Lily

288

Punsy 587

iVpiKTgraas 425

Pink .im

Plum 499

Potato-vine 670

Radish 427

Raisin 760

Re<l Cherry 498
Red Raspberry 4H6

Rye 16S

Sarsuparilla 606
Senna 504. .5(«
Censitive Plant 505
Sweet William 674

Teasel 763

Tobacco 7 1 7

Yam-root 297

Yellow Lily 288

Willoughbya $can-

dent 784

Willow 320

Autumn 322

Bay-leaved 321

Black 320

Crack 322

Dwarf Gray 326

Family 320

Glaucous 325

Hoary 327

Oak 344

Peach-leaved 321

Prairie 326

Purple 328
Sage 327

San<l Bar 323
Shining 321

Silky 326

Ward's 321

Water 692. 742
Wi-eping 322

White 322

Willow-herb 696

Great 59(^

WUluobtirya 7S4

Wineberry 4S7

Wingetl Elm 3-J6

Pigwotnl 365

Winter Aconite 405
Cherry 715

Cress 432

Vetch 526

Winterberry 655

SinfM)th 655

Wititergpeen 628

Aromatic 6:Ml

Chickweoi 640

Flowering /*38

Sjx.tt.Nl 628

I Wire GnuM \U

926

INDEX

Wisiaria 515
Wisteria 515
frutescens 515
macrostachya 515
Witch Hobble 759
Witch-hazel 453
Family 452
Withe-rod 760
Woad-waxen 507
Wolfberry 757
Wolffia 260
hrasiliensis 260
Columbiana 260
gladiata 260
papulifera 260
punctata 260
Wolffiella 260
floridana 260
Wolfsbane 406
Trailing 407
Wood Anemone 402
Betony 734
Fern 41
Grass 95
Lily 288
Mint 705
Nettle 348
Reed Grass 136
Rush 278
Sage 693
Sorrel 532
Sorrel, Com-
mon 533
Sorrel Family 532
Sorrel, Violet 533
Woodbine 562
American 756
Italian 756
Woodsia 43
alpina 44
Cathcartiana 44
glabella 44
hyperhorea 44
ilvensis 44
obtusa 44

oregana 44

scopulina 44

Woodwardia 37

angustifolia 38

areolata 38

virginica 38

Wool Grass 195

Woolly Beard Grass

92

Ragwort 855

Worm-grass 653

Wormseed 366

Mustard 431

Wormwood 848, 850

Beach 849

Roman 828

Woundwort 702

W^rack, Grass 78

Wulfenia Hough-

toniana 729

Xanthium 828

canadense 829

commune 829

echinatum 829

gldbratum 829

inflexum 829

pensylvanicum 829
pungens 829

speciosum 829

spinosum 829

Xanthorrhiza 408

Xanthoxylum ameri-
canum 537

Xerophyllum 282
asphodeloides 282
setifolium 282

Xolisma foliosiflora
635
Ugustrina 635

Xyridaceae 262

Xyris 262

arenicola 263

caroliniana 262
Congdoni 263

difformis

262

elata

263

fimbriata

263

flexuosa

S6£, 263

montana

262

Smalliana

263

torta

263

Yam

297

Family

297

Yard Grass

147

Yarrow

845

Yaupon

554

Yellow Adder's-

tongue 289

Bedstraw 748

Birch 334

Chamomile 846
Clover 509

Cress 431

Daisy 831

Dock 355

False Mallow 567
Fringed Orchis 310
Honeysuckle 757
Iris 300

Jessamine 653

MeUlot 510

Mountain Saxi-
frage 446
Nelumbo 392
Oak 341, 342
Pine 64
Pond Lily 390
Puccoon 408
Rattle 734
Rocket 432
Thistle 857
Water Crowfoot

394
Wood 506

Yellow-barked Oak

343
Yellow-eyed Grass

262

Grass Family 262
Yellow-root, Shrub

408

Yew 62

American 62

Family 62

Yucca 290

angustifolia 290

filament osa 290

glauca 290

Zannichellia 78

palustris 78

Zanthorhiza 408

apiifolia 408

Zanthoxylum 537

americanum 537

carolinianum 537
Clava-Herculis 537

ZephjTanthcs 298

Atamasco 298

Zigzag Clover 509

Zizania 119

aquatica 120

miliacea 120

palustris 120

Zizaniopsis 120

miliacea 120

Zizia 615

aurea 616

Bebbii 616

cordata 616

Zornia 525

bracteata 525

Zostera 78

marina 79

Zygadenus 284

chloranthus 284

elegans 284

glaberrimus 284

leimanthoides 284

Nuttallii 284
Zygophyllaceae

536

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